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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">qDpStJDntd5PcJXfTNNWfyD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00019</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001700019</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700419</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001700019</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estudos hemodin&#226;micos e da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em porcas saud&#225;veis ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o em bolus endovenoso de azul de metileno</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Menardi</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Viaro</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vicente</surname>
            <given-names>Walter Vilella de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#201;vora</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>525</fpage>
      <lpage>532</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos obtidos pelo azul de metileno (AM) no tratamento da vasoplegia induzida pela a&#231;&#227;o do &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) t&#234;m sido relatados na sepse, na s&#237;ndrome da resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica (SIRS) em cirurgia card&#237;aca e no choque anafil&#225;tico, mas a sua seguran&#231;a &#233; muitas vezes questionada, principalmente relacionada aos seus efeitos hemodin&#226;micos e &#224; possibilidade de causar disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar os efeitos hemodin&#226;micos e a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial da infus&#227;o endovenosa in vivo do AM em porcos. M&#201;TODOS: O protocolo de estudo incluiu dois grupos experimentais de porcas f&#234;meas: Grupo I (Controle) - os animais (n = 6) n&#227;o receberam AM; Grupo II (AM) - os animais receberam 3 mg/kg de AM em forma de bolus endovenoso. Ap&#243;s quinze minutos de registro dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos os animais foram sacrificados por exsang&#252;ina&#231;&#227;o, e os estudos in vitro foram conduzidos usando segmentos de art&#233;rias coron&#225;ria, hep&#225;tica, mesent&#233;rica superior, renal, para determinar o efeito do AM na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial relacionada com a libera&#231;&#227;o de NO. Mediu-se tamb&#233;m o NO plasm&#225;tico nos dois grupos experimentais. RESULTADOS: Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo foram: 1) a infus&#227;o endovenosa de AM (3,0 mg/kg) n&#227;o causou nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica significativa; 2) os valores absolutos e porcentuais e nitrito/nitrato plasm&#225;tico (NOx) n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as nos dois grupos experimentais; 3) o estudo in vitro dos segmentos arteriais (coron&#225;ria, hep&#225;tica, renal e mesent&#233;rica superior) n&#227;o apresentou disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial nos dois grupos. Os resultados sugerem que a inje&#231;&#227;o endovenosa de AM &#233; segura. Esse dado concorda com dados cl&#237;nicos no qual o AM foi utilizado para tratar a s&#237;ndrome vasopl&#233;gica ap&#243;s circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, s&#237;ndrome da resposta infamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica (SIRS) e anafilaxia. Os resultados n&#227;o foram inesperados porque os animais n&#227;o apresentavam vasoplegia, n&#227;o se esperando que a inibi&#231;&#227;o da guanilatociclase tenha algum efeito. CONCLUS&#195;O: A infus&#227;o em bolus endovenoso in vivo na dose investigada (3 mg/kg) n&#227;o causou altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas e comprometimento da libera&#231;&#227;o in vitro de NO.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>&#211;xido n&#237;trico</kwd>
        <kwd>azul de metileno</kwd>
        <kwd>vasoplegia</kwd>
        <kwd>choque distributivo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estudos hemodin&#226;micos e da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em porcas saud&#225;veis ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o em <italic>bolus</italic> endovenoso de azul de metileno</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Antonio Carlos Menardi; Fernanda Viaro; Walter Vilella de Andrade Vicente; Alfredo Jos&#233; Rodrigues; Paulo Roberto Barbosa &#201;vora</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#150; USP - Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos obtidos pelo azul de metileno (AM) no tratamento da vasoplegia induzida pela a&#231;&#227;o do &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) t&#234;m sido relatados na sepse, na s&#237;ndrome da resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica (SIRS) em cirurgia card&#237;aca e no choque anafil&#225;tico, mas a sua seguran&#231;a &#233; muitas vezes questionada, principalmente relacionada aos seus efeitos hemodin&#226;micos e &#224; possibilidade de causar disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar os efeitos hemodin&#226;micos e a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial da infus&#227;o endovenosa <italic>in vivo</italic> do AM em porcos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> O protocolo de estudo incluiu dois grupos experimentais de porcas f&#234;meas: Grupo I (Controle) &#150; os animais (n = 6) n&#227;o receberam AM; Grupo II (AM) &#150; os animais receberam 3 mg/kg de AM em forma de <italic>bolus</italic> endovenoso. Ap&#243;s quinze minutos de registro dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos os animais foram sacrificados por exsang&#252;ina&#231;&#227;o, e os estudos <italic>in vitro</italic> foram conduzidos usando segmentos de art&#233;rias coron&#225;ria, hep&#225;tica, mesent&#233;rica superior, renal, para determinar o efeito do AM na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial relacionada com a libera&#231;&#227;o de NO. Mediu-se tamb&#233;m o NO plasm&#225;tico nos dois grupos experimentais. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo foram: 1) a infus&#227;o endovenosa de AM (3,0 mg/kg) n&#227;o causou nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica significativa; 2) os valores absolutos e porcentuais e nitrito/nitrato plasm&#225;tico (NOx) n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as nos dois grupos experimentais; 3) o estudo <italic>in vitro</italic> dos segmentos arteriais (coron&#225;ria, hep&#225;tica, renal e mesent&#233;rica superior) n&#227;o apresentou disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial nos dois grupos. Os resultados sugerem que a inje&#231;&#227;o endovenosa de AM &#233; segura. Esse dado concorda com dados cl&#237;nicos no qual o AM foi utilizado para tratar a s&#237;ndrome vasopl&#233;gica ap&#243;s circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, s&#237;ndrome da resposta infamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica (SIRS) e anafilaxia. Os resultados n&#227;o foram inesperados porque os animais n&#227;o apresentavam vasoplegia, n&#227;o se esperando que a inibi&#231;&#227;o da guanilatociclase tenha algum efeito. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A infus&#227;o em <italic>bolus</italic> endovenoso <italic>in vivo</italic> na dose investigada (3 mg/kg) n&#227;o causou altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas e comprometimento da libera&#231;&#227;o <italic>in vitro</italic> de NO.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> &#211;xido n&#237;trico, azul de metileno, vasoplegia, choque distributivo.</p>
    <p>O &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) parece participar da fisiopatologia da modula&#231;&#227;o das mudan&#231;as sist&#234;micas quando associado &#224; vasoplegia.</p>
    <p>Benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos com o azul de metileno (AM) no tratamento da vasoplegia t&#234;m sido reportados na sepse<sup>1-6</sup>, na s&#237;ndrome da resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica (SIRS) em cirurgias card&#237;acas<sup>7-11</sup> e no choque anafil&#225;tico<sup>12-14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos experimentais demonstram que a inibi&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ntese do NO pelos an&#225;logos da L-arginina revertem a hipotens&#227;o e antagonizam os efeitos dos vasoconstritores liberados durante os quadros de sepse e anafilaxia. Mas esses inibidores causam queda do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar. Entretanto, &#233; importante enfatizar que os an&#225;logos da L-arginina inibem as isoformas, constitucional (ecNOS) e induz&#237;vel (iNOS), da &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintase (NOS). O ideal seria a inibi&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica da iNOS, respons&#225;vel pelas rea&#231;&#245;es vasopl&#233;gicas, preservando as atividades da ecNOS, a qual &#233; de vital import&#226;ncia para a fisiologia da microcircula&#231;&#227;o. A atua&#231;&#227;o na s&#237;ntese do NO ainda &#233; uma quest&#227;o controversa, e at&#233; mesmo um assunto de bio&#233;tica. Considerando essas preocupa&#231;&#245;es sobre a s&#237;ntese do NO, seria uma boa id&#233;ia bloquear os efeitos do NO no m&#250;sculo liso vascular pela inibi&#231;&#227;o da guanilatociclase, que &#233; respons&#225;vel por aumentar os n&#237;veis de GMPc. O AM, provavelmente, &#233; o agente mais seguro para fazer isso, porque &#233; amplamente empregado em cl&#237;nica desde o final do s&#233;culo XIX.</p>
    <p>O principal objetivo da presente investiga&#231;&#227;o foi, basicamente, responder &#224; seguinte quest&#227;o: ser&#225; que o AM pode ter algum efeito agudo indesej&#225;vel se utilizado independente da situa&#231;&#227;o de vasoplegia com aumento da libera&#231;&#227;o de NO? O nosso grupo vem estudando o AM nos &#250;ltimos doze anos em situa&#231;&#245;es de vasoplegia associadas a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de protamina, s&#237;ndrome vasopl&#233;gica em cirurgia card&#237;aca, anafilaxia, pancreatite e isquemia/reperfus&#227;o. A id&#233;ia fundamental &#233; divulgar que nas doses cl&#225;ssicas n&#227;o existem efeitos delet&#233;rios agudos hemodin&#226;micos e de reatividade vascular dependente do endot&#233;lio. Assim, o presente estudo foi conduzido com os seguintes objetivos: 1) avaliar, experimentalmente <italic>in vivo</italic> a a&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica do AM, em porcos; 2) avaliar, experimentalmente, as a&#231;&#245;es do AM, <italic>in vitro</italic>, no t&#244;nus vascular dependente do endot&#233;lio, em art&#233;rias coron&#225;ria, hep&#225;tica, renal e mesent&#233;rica superior, de porcos saud&#225;veis; e; 3) determinar as altera&#231;&#245;es do NO plasm&#225;tico nos grupos experimentais.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O protocolo do estudo incluiu dois grupos experimentais, Grupo I (Controle) &#150; os animais foram observados sem a infus&#227;o do AM; Grupo II (AM) &#150; Os animais receberam a infus&#227;o venosa de AM 3 mg/kg;</p>
    <p><italic>Estudo in vivo -</italic> Porcas pr&#233;-p&#250;beres da ra&#231;a Dalland (22-26 kg) foram anestesiadas com a inje&#231;&#227;o intramuscular de 15 mg/kg de midazolan (Dormid&#174;, Cristalia, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil), e de 10 mg/kg de tietilamina/zolazepan (Telazol&#174;, Fort Dodge, IA, EUA), seguido da infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua de 100 &#181;g/h de sulfentanil (Fastfan&#174;, Crist&#225;lia, Itapira, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil), e 10 mg/kg/h de propofol (Propovan&#174;, Crist&#225;lia, Itapira, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil), utilizando-se uma bomba de seringa (Harvard Apparatus, South Natick, MA, EUA), e relaxante muscular na dose de 6 mg/h de brometo de pancur&#244;nio (Pancuron&#174;, Crist&#225;lia, Itapira, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil).</p>
    <p>As veias jugular ou femoral e as art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas ou femoral foram isoladas, respectivamente, para se obter acessos venosos e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial. As amostras de NO plasm&#225;tico foram obtidas em cada etapa dos experimentos, em todos os grupos estudados.</p>
    <p>Estudos <italic>in vivo</italic> foram realizados por meio de registro e medida dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos utilizando-se o MP System 100 THE (BioPac System, Santa Barbara, CA, EUA), e pelas medidas cont&#237;nuas de d&#233;bito card&#237;aco por meio do Vigilance System (Monitor e Swan-Ganz CCOmbo, cateter CCO/SvO<sub>2</sub> 744HF75 &#150; Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA, EUA), e medidas plasm&#225;ticas de nitrito/nitrato por concentra&#231;&#245;es de quimioluminesc&#234;ncia pelo Analyser 280i NOA (Sievers, Boulder, CO, EUA).</p>
    <p><italic>Estudo in vitro</italic> - Os estudos <italic>in vitro</italic> dos segmentos arteriais foram realizados em c&#226;maras de &#243;rg&#227;os padronizadas. Ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o das observa&#231;&#245;es <italic>in vivo,</italic> os animais foram exsang&#252;inados, o t&#243;rax e o abdome foram rapidamente abertos, e as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias (descendente anterior ou circunflexa), hep&#225;tica, mesent&#233;rica superior e renal foram cuidadosamente dissecadas, liberadas do tecido conjuntivo adjacente, e imersas numa solu&#231;&#227;o salina fisiol&#243;gica, oxigenada, pH 7,4, com a seguinte composi&#231;&#227;o milimolar: NaCl - 118,0; KCl - 4,7; CaCl<sub>2</sub> - 2,5; KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> -1,2; MgSO<sub>4</sub> -1,66; Glicose - 11,1; NaHCO<sub>3</sub> -25,0 (Solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs-Henseleit). Os protocolos foram analisados e aprovados pela comiss&#227;o de &#233;tica em experimenta&#231;&#227;o animal da Institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Os segmentos vasculares (4 a 5 mm de largura) foram preparados com grande cuidado evitando-se tocar a superf&#237;cie intima. Os segmentos arteriais de cada animal foram escolhidos ao acaso; dessa forma, quatro pares de cada art&#233;ria (com e sem endot&#233;lio) foram dispostos nas mesmas condi&#231;&#245;es experimentais. Em muitos segmentos, a fun&#231;&#227;o da musculatura lisa vascular foi testada sem a influ&#234;ncia do endot&#233;lio. Nesses segmentos, o endot&#233;lio foi removido, atritando-se a &#237;ntima do vaso pela inser&#231;&#227;o de uma pin&#231;a angulada em sua luz. Esse procedimento, realizado com cuidado, remove o endot&#233;lio, sem afetar a habilidade de contra&#231;&#227;o e relaxamento da musculatura lisa vascular.</p>
    <p>Os segmentos arteriais, com e sem endot&#233;lio, foram suspensos nas c&#226;maras de &#243;rg&#227;os (25 ml), imersos numa solu&#231;&#227;o, oxigenada com uma mistura carbog&#234;nica, composta por O<sub>2</sub> 95% e CO<sub>2</sub> 5% (White Martins, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP, Brasil), aquecida a 37&#186;C e denominada solu&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o. Cada anel vascular foi suspenso por duas al&#231;as de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel passadas atrav&#233;s da luz arterial. Uma das al&#231;as foi ancorada na c&#226;mara de &#243;rg&#227;os, e a outra conectada ao transdutor de for&#231;a isom&#233;trica Grass FT03 (Grass Instrument Company, Quincy, MA, EUA). Os an&#233;is foram progressivamente estirados at&#233; o ponto &#243;timo da curva de distens&#227;o, equivalente &#224; resposta de contra&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima obtida pelo KCl (20 mMol/l). Em todos os experimentos, a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de endot&#233;lio foi determinada pela resposta &#224; acetilcolina (Ach: 10<sup>-4</sup>M) nos an&#233;is contra&#237;dos com KCl (20 mMol/l). As c&#226;maras de &#243;rg&#227;os foram lavadas com a solu&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o, e os segmentos arteriais foram equilibrados na linha de base por sessenta minutos na presen&#231;a de indometacina, para prevenir a s&#237;ntese end&#243;gena de prostaglandinas. Depois disso, prostaglandina F<sub>2a</sub> foi acrescentada &#224; c&#226;mara de &#243;rg&#227;os, atingindo um n&#237;vel est&#225;vel de contra&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Agentes utilizados: Difosfato de adenosina (ADP: 10<sup>-9</sup> to 10<sup>-4</sup> M), Fluoreto de s&#243;dio (0,5 to 9,5 mM), C&#225;lcio ion&#243;foro (A<sub>23187</sub><bold>-</bold> 10<sup>-9</sup> to 10<sup>-6</sup> M), Nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio (NPS: 10<sup>-9</sup> to 10<sup>-4</sup> M), Prostaglandina F<sub>2a</sub> e Indometacina (todas manufaturadas pela Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, MO, EUA). Todos os agentes foram dilu&#237;dos com &#225;gua destilada, exceto pela indometacina que foi dissolvida em Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (10<sup>-5</sup> M). As concentra&#231;&#245;es foram expressas como concentra&#231;&#227;o final nas c&#226;maras de &#243;rg&#227;os. As mudan&#231;as nas tens&#245;es dos vasos foram expressas em porcentagens em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; tens&#227;o m&#225;xima encontrada pela a&#231;&#227;o da prostaglandina F<sub>2a</sub>, uma conven&#231;&#227;o que corrige pela variabilidade entre animais a resposta do tecido ao agente. Em todos os experimentos, (n) refere-se ao n&#250;mero de animais dos quais os segmentos vasculares foram coletados.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica -</italic> Os resultados foram expressos em m&#233;dias &#177; erro padr&#227;o, analisados pelo teste estat&#237;stico ANOVA, Teste T pareado e, quando necess&#225;rio, p&#243;s-teste de Bonferroni, realizados com o aux&#237;lio do programa Prism 3.0 (GraphPad Software Incorporated, 1999). Os valores foram considerados estatisticamente significantes para p menores que 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Quatorze f&#234;meas foram estudadas e duas morreram durante a manipula&#231;&#227;o para a passagem do cateter de Swan-Ganz, que induziram a fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular. O peso m&#233;dio foi de 22,59 &#177; 1,18 kg. N&#227;o houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica do peso corporal nos grupos estudados. (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
    <p><italic>Observa&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas -</italic> A infus&#227;o endovenosa de AM (3,0 mg/kg) n&#227;o causou mudan&#231;as na press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM), d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (DC), resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica (RVS), press&#227;o na art&#233;ria pulmonar (PAP), press&#227;o capilar pulmonar (PCP), resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar (RVP), e press&#227;o venosa central (PVC), quando comparadas ao grupo controle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figs. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0525-00019-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0525-00019-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Nitrito/Nitrato plasm&#225;tico (Nox) -</italic> Valores absolutos e porcentuais de nitritos/nitratos plasm&#225;ticos (NOx) n&#227;o diferiram entre os grupos experimentais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0525-00019-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Reatividade vascular dependente do endot&#233;lio -</italic> Ap&#243;s a contra&#231;&#227;o com PGF<sub>2a</sub> dos an&#233;is das art&#233;rias coron&#225;ria, hep&#225;tica, mesent&#233;rica superior e renal<sub>,</sub> a adi&#231;&#227;o progressiva de adenosina difosfato (ADP, 10-9 a 10-4M) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">fig. 4</xref>), fluoreto de s&#243;dio (0,5 a 9,5 mM) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">fig. 5</xref>), c&#225;lcio ion&#243;foro (A23187, 10-9 a 106M) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">fig. 6</xref>), induziram relaxamento das art&#233;rias com endot&#233;lio, que foram significativamente maiores do que o relaxamento obtido nas art&#233;rias sem endot&#233;lio. Mas n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos controle e AM (n = 6, p &gt; 0,05).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0525-00019-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f5">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0525-00019-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f6">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0525-00019-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Reatividade vascular independente do endot&#233;lio -</italic> Ap&#243;s a contra&#231;&#227;o com a PGF<sub>2</sub> e a progressiva adi&#231;&#227;o do agonista independente do endot&#233;lio, o nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio (10<sup>-9</sup> a 10<sup>-6</sup> M) induziu a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o de todas os segmentos arteriais estudados (coron&#225;ria, hep&#225;tica, mesent&#233;rica superior e renal), com e sem endot&#233;lio. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas, entre os grupos, no relaxamento m&#225;ximo. Houve diferen&#231;as intragrupos: 1) Grupo AM (diferen&#231;as entre os segmentos de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, com e sem endot&#233;lio, nas doses 3,8; 10<sup>-7</sup> e 3,7M); 2) Grupo Controle (diferen&#231;as entre os segmentos de art&#233;ria hep&#225;tica, com e sem endot&#233;lio, nas doses 3,8; 10<sup>-7</sup>; 3,7 e 10<sup>-6</sup>M), e Grupo AM (diferen&#231;as entre os segmentos de art&#233;ria hep&#225;tica e entre art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, respectivamente, com e sem endot&#233;lio, nas doses 3,8; 10<sup>-7</sup> e 3,7M); 3) Grupo Controle (diferen&#231;as entre os segmentos de art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica superior, com e sem endot&#233;lio, nas dosagens 3,8; 10<sup>-7</sup>; e 10<sup>-6</sup>M), Grupo AM (diferen&#231;as entre os segmentos de art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica superior, com e sem endot&#233;lio, nas dosagens 3,8; 10<sup>-7</sup> e 3,7M); 4) Grupo Controle (diferen&#231;as entre os segmentos de art&#233;ria renal, com e sem endot&#233;lio, na dosagem 3,7 e 10<sup>-6</sup>M) e Grupo AM (diferen&#231;as entre os segmentos de art&#233;ria renal, com e sem endot&#233;lio, nas doses 3,7 e 10<sup>-6</sup>M) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">fig. 7</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f7">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0525-00019-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Entre os an&#233;is com endot&#233;lio dos dois grupos experimentais n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica, exceto para os segmentos de art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica superior, nos grupos Controle e AM, na dosagem de 10<sup>-7</sup>M (n = 6, p &lt; 0,05).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na presente investiga&#231;&#227;o observou-se que: 1) a infus&#227;o endovenosa do AM n&#227;o causou altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas relevantes; 2) os valores absolutos e porcentuais de NOx n&#227;o apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es com o uso de AM; 3) a infus&#227;o endovenosa do AM n&#227;o provocou disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.</p>
    <p>Esses resultados mostram que a infus&#227;o venosa de AM parece ser segura. Os achados corroboram experimentos cl&#237;nicos em que o AM foi utilizado para tratar a s&#237;ndrome vasopl&#233;gica p&#243;s-cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio com CEC,<sup>7</sup> na s&#237;ndrome da resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica &#150; SIRS<sup>7-11,15-20</sup> e anafilaxia<sup>12-14</sup>. Esses resultados n&#227;o s&#227;o inesperados, principalmente quando analisados em animais saud&#225;veis, nos quais o estado hemodin&#226;mico apresenta uma regula&#231;&#227;o fina, mas n&#227;o total, sob controle do NO. Nessas condi&#231;&#245;es, nenhuma a&#231;&#227;o &#233; esperada quando ocorre a inibi&#231;&#227;o da guanilatociclase pelo AM.</p>
    <p>A sua elimina&#231;&#227;o &#233; r&#225;pida, bastando observar a mudan&#231;a na colora&#231;&#227;o da urina. Nas situa&#231;&#245;es agudas de choque circulat&#243;rio &#233; conveniente utilizar a infus&#227;o em <italic>bolus</italic> seguida de infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua. A raz&#227;o da observa&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos hemodin&#226;mico por apenas quinze minutos foi realizar o estudo <italic>in vitro</italic> em uma faixa temporal com a prov&#225;vel maior concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica do AM. A viv&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica e experimental permite a infer&#234;ncia de que a manuten&#231;&#227;o da infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua n&#227;o causa manifesta&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas card&#237;acas ao ECG, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e, &#224; medida que o tempo passa, observa-se uma tend&#234;ncia a hipertens&#227;o arterial &#224; custa de uma melhor resposta a aminas, permitindo a supress&#227;o tanto do AM e progressiva diminui&#231;&#227;o das necessidades de vasopressores.</p>
    <p>Como era de se esperar, n&#227;o foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de nitritos/nitratos, confirmando que o AM n&#227;o interfere na via do NO. Acres&#231;a-se, ainda, que, durante a SIRS, os n&#237;veis de nitritos/nitratos, proposto como um &#237;ndice para a ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema imune, alcan&#231;am a concentra&#231;&#227;o de pico somente ap&#243;s vinte horas<sup>21</sup>. Essa observa&#231;&#227;o pode trazer considera&#231;&#245;es especulativas. Mas, somando-se os resultados do estudo hemodin&#226;mico e da reatividade vascular, n&#227;o &#233; improv&#225;vel que a normalidade das dosagens plasm&#225;ticas de nitritos/nitratos possa ser uma evid&#234;ncia de fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial inalterada no caso da infus&#227;o endovenosa <italic>in vivo</italic> do AM.</p>
    <p>A seguran&#231;a do AM em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; capacidade de o endot&#233;lio vascular liberar NO foi comprovada, uma vez que os estudos <italic>in vitro</italic> da reatividade vascular n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as entre os grupos Controle e AM. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes, comparando-se as curvas doses-resposta obtidas por ensaios farmacol&#243;gicos com: 1) ADP que &#233; um ativador de membrana endotelial dependente de receptor; 2) NaF que &#233; um ativador de G-prote&#237;nas e; 3) C&#225;lcio ion&#243;foro A23187 que estimula a libera&#231;&#227;o de NO independente de receptores.</p>
    <p>Observaram-se diferen&#231;as nos relaxamentos causados pelo NPS (relaxamento independente de endot&#233;lio) nos segmentos arteriais sem endot&#233;lio, mas sem diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o ao relaxamento m&#225;ximo. O mesmo fato se deu no grupo Controle, o que traz grandes dificuldades para explicar o ocorrido. A conjetura mais razo&#225;vel &#233; interpretar esse dado em raz&#227;o da instrumenta&#231;&#227;o para remo&#231;&#227;o do endot&#233;lio, ou ainda relacionar o achado com o tamanho da amostra. Relacionar o achado com os horm&#244;nios sexuais<sup>22,23</sup> &#233; muito improv&#225;vel, pois as porcas utilizadas eram pr&#233;-p&#250;beres.</p>
    <p>Uma palavra de cautela &#233; necess&#225;ria para ressaltar que as condi&#231;&#245;es <italic>in vitro</italic> s&#227;o totalmente diferentes da situa&#231;&#227;o <italic>in vivo.</italic> O acr&#233;scimo do AM nos banhos causa uma diminui&#231;&#227;o de relaxamentos dependentes do endot&#233;lio, fato esse que &#233; revertido quando se lava a prepara&#231;&#227;o com solu&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica. Mas a id&#233;ia aqui &#233; ver se a infus&#227;o <italic>in vivo</italic> cria uma condi&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. O fato de que ap&#243;s os vasos <italic>in vitro</italic> serem lavados passarem a responder normalmente, pode refor&#231;ar a id&#233;ia de que em raz&#227;o da elimina&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida da droga a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, caso ocorra, &#233; facilmente revers&#237;vel. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; preciso ressaltar que a farmacocin&#233;tica do azul de metileno &#233; complexa. A diminui&#231;&#227;o da excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria entre quatro e 24 horas indica que a meia-vida do AM gira em torno de 5,25 horas, com grande queda da concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica dentro da primeira hora<sup>24</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Considerando a fun&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica cardiovascular e a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, a presente investiga&#231;&#227;o aumenta a evid&#234;ncia da seguran&#231;a do AM em humanos, pelo menos agudamente, uma vez que o modelo experimental utilizou a infus&#227;o em bolo e a observa&#231;&#227;o por apenas 15 minutos. &#201; evidente que o aparecimento de uma disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial mais tardia n&#227;o pode ser descartado, considerando-se as caracter&#237;sticas enzim&#225;ticas da NO-sintase endotelial. Mas essa possibilidade &#233; improv&#225;vel, pois apenas poucos autores referem a possibilidade do AM inibir a s&#237;ntese do NO<sup>25,26</sup>. Como j&#225; ressaltado neste texto, o AM age principalmente inibindo a guanilatociclase, e essa a&#231;&#227;o ocorre na musculatura lisa. Tamb&#233;m, n&#227;o foram observadas manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas depois da inje&#231;&#227;o intravenosa do AM, com exce&#231;&#227;o da urina cor verde, confirmando a impress&#227;o de variadas publica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#192; Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP) e Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo ao ensino, Pesquisa e Assist&#234;ncia do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da USP (FAEPA).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Paulo Roberto Barbosa &#201;vora </p>
        <p> Rua Rui Barbosa, 367/16 </p>
        <p> 14015-120 &#150; Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="prbevora@netsite.com.br">prbevora@netsite.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 08/04/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 02/02/06</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Hemodynamic and vascular endothelium function studies in healthy pigs after intravenous bolus infusion of methylene blue</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: Clinical benefit of methylene blue (MB) treating NO-induced vasoplegia has been reported in sepsis, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in cardiac surgery and anaphylactic shock, but its safety is sometimes questioned, mainly regarding its hemodynamic effects and the possibility of causing endothelium dysfunction. To examine the nitric oxide plasma levels and cardiovascular effects of the infusion of MB in vivo and its effects on endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent in vitro vascular relaxation. METHODS: The study protocol included two experimental groups of female pigs: Group I (Control) - the animals (n=6) did not receive MB; Group II (MB) - the animals received 3 mg/kg of MB intravenous bolus infusion. After fifteen minutes of hemodynamic parameter recording the animals were sacrificed by exsanguination, and in vitro studies were conducted using segments of coronary, hepatic, superior mesenteric and renal arteries, to determine the effect of MB on the arterial endothelium function with regard to NO release. Nitric oxide plasma levels (NOx) were measured in each of the experimental groups. RESULTS: The results obtained in the present investigation were: 1) intravenous infusion of MB (3.0 mg/kg) caused no hemodynamic changes; 2) absolute and percent plasma NOx values did not differ between the experimental groups; and 3) in vitro study of vascular relaxation showed no significant difference between groups. These results show that MB intravenous infusion seems to be safe. This finding agrees with data from clinical experiments where MB was used to treat vasoplegic syndrome after cardiopulmonary bypass, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and anaphylaxis. These results were not unexpected because, as in healthy subjects, hemodynamics is only fine tuned and not fully under NO control; therefore, MB inhibiting guanylyl cyclase is not expected to do anything. CONCLUSION: Intravenous use of MB, at the investigated dose, did not cause any abnormal hemodynamic responses or impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Nitric oxide</kwd>
        <kwd>methylene blue</kwd>
        <kwd>distributive shock</kwd>
        <kwd>vasoplegia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Hemodynamic and vascular endothelium function studies in healthy pigs after intravenous <italic>bolus</italic> infusion of methylene blue</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Antonio Carlos Menardi; Fernanda Viaro; Walter Vilella de Andrade Vicente; Alfredo Jos&#233; Rodrigues; Paulo Roberto Barbosa &#201;vora</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#150; USP - Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> Clinical benefit of methylene blue (MB) treating NO-induced vasoplegia has been reported in sepsis, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in cardiac surgery and anaphylactic shock, but its safety is sometimes questioned, mainly regarding its hemodynamic effects and the possibility of causing endothelium dysfunction. To examine the nitric oxide plasma levels and cardiovascular effects of the infusion of MB <italic>in vivo</italic> and its effects on endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent <italic>in vitro</italic> vascular relaxation.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The study protocol included two experimental groups of female pigs: Group I (Control) - the animals (n=6) did not receive MB; Group II (MB) &#150; the animals received 3 mg/kg of MB intravenous bolus infusion. After fifteen minutes of hemodynamic parameter recording the animals were sacrificed by exsanguination, and <italic>in vitro</italic> studies were conducted using segments of coronary, hepatic, superior mesenteric and renal arteries, to determine the effect of MB on the arterial endothelium function with regard to NO release. Nitric oxide plasma levels (NOx) were measured in each of the experimental groups.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The results obtained in the present investigation were: 1) intravenous infusion of MB (3.0 mg/kg) caused no hemodynamic changes; 2) absolute and percent plasma NOx values did not differ between the experimental groups; and 3) <italic>in vitro</italic> study of vascular relaxation showed no significant difference between groups. These results show that MB intravenous infusion seems to be safe. This finding agrees with data from clinical experiments where MB was used to treat vasoplegic syndrome after cardiopulmonary bypass, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and anaphylaxis. These results were not unexpected because, as in healthy subjects, hemodynamics is only fine tuned and not fully under NO control; therefore, MB inhibiting guanylyl cyclase is not expected to do anything.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Intravenous use of MB, at the investigated dose, did not cause any abnormal hemodynamic responses or impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Nitric oxide, methylene blue, distributive shock, vasoplegia.</p>
      <p>Nitric oxide seems to play an important pathophysiological role in modulating the systemic changes associated with vasoplegia. Clinical benefit of methylene blue (MB) treatment of nitric oxide (NO) vasoplegia has been reported in sepsis<sup>1-6</sup>, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in cardiac surgery<sup>7-11</sup>, and anaphylactic shock<sup>12-14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Experimental studies demonstrate that NO synthesis inhibition by L-arginine analogs reverses hypotension and antagonizes the effects of vasoconstrictors released in consequence of sepsis and anaphylaxis. However, these inhibitors cause cardiac output decrease and pulmonary vascular resistance increase. Therefore, it is important to emphasize that L-arginine analogs inhibit both constitutional (ecNOS) and inducible (iNOS) nitric oxide synthase isoforms. The ideal would be the specific inhibition of the iNOS, responsible for vasoplegic reactions, preserving ecNOS activity, which has a vital role for microcirculation physiology. NO synthesis is still a matter of controversy and even a matter of bioethics. In view of these concerns about NO synthesis, it would be a good idea to block NO effects on the vascular smooth muscle by inhibiting the guanylate cyclase, which causes the increase in cGMP levels. Methylene blue is probably the safest drug for this, because it has been widely employed in clinics since the end of the nineteenth century.</p>
      <p>The main objective of the present investigation was, basically, to answer the following question: should MB elicit some acute and undesirable effect if used independently of the vasoplegia situation with increased NO release? Over the last 12 years, our group has been studying MB to treat vasoplegia caused by adverse reaction to protamine, vasoplegic syndrome associated with cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, anaphylaxis, pancreatitis and ischemia/reperfusion injury. The fundamental idea is to show clearly that classic mean MB doses do not affect hemodynamic end vascular endothelium functions. Consequently, the aims of the present study were: 1) to assess experimentally MB <italic>in vivo</italic> action in pigs by using hemodynamic parameters; 2) to assess experimentally MB <italic>in vitro</italic> action on the endothelium-dependent vascular tone of coronary, hepatic, renal and superior mesenteric arteries of healthy pigs, and; 3) to determine alterations in plasma nitric oxide in experimental groups of pigs.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study protocol included two experimental groups Group I (Control) - the animals were observed without MB infusion; Group II (MB) &#150; the animals received MB 3 mg/kg intravenous infusion.</p>
      <p><italic>In vivo study-</italic> Female prepubescent Dalland pigs (22-26 kg) were anesthetized with a 15 mg/kg intramuscular injection of midazolan (Dormid&#174;, manufactured by Cristalia, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil), a 10 mg/kg intramuscular injection of Tiletamine/Zolazepam (Telazol&#174;, Fort Dodge, IA, E.U.A.) followed by continuous intravenous infusion of Sulfentanyl 100 &#181;g.h<sup>-1</sup> (Fastfan&#174;, Crist&#225;lia Produtos Qu&#237;micos Ltda., Itapira, S.P., Brasil), and Propofol 10 mg.kg-1.h-1(Propovan&#174;, Crist&#225;lia Produtos Qu&#237;micos Ltda., Itapira, S.P., Brasil), , using an infusion pump (Syringe Infusion Pump, Harvard Apparatus, South Natick, MA, E.U.A.). Pancuronium bromide, 6mg.h<sup>-1</sup>, (Pancuron&#174;, Crist&#225;lia Produtos Qu&#237;micos Ltda., Itapira, S.P., Brazil) was used as the muscle relaxant.</p>
      <p>The jugular or femoral veins and the carotid or femoral arteries were isolated, respectively, to gain venous access and for arterial pressure monitoring. The nitric oxide blood samples were obtained in every step of each experiment in all of the groups.</p>
      <p><italic>In vivo</italic> studies were carried out by registering and measuring hemodynamic parameters through utilization of MP System 100 THE (BioPac System, Inc., Santa Barbara, CA, USA). The Vigilance System (Monitor and Swan-Ganz CCOmbo catheter CCO/SvO2 744HF75 - Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA, U.S.A.) was used to measure continuous cardiac output, and the plasma nitrite/nitrate using chemiluminescence concentrations (Analyzer 280i NOA (Sievers, Boulder, CO, USA).</p>
      <p><italic>In vitro study - In vitro</italic> studies of the arterial segments were carried out in standard organ chambers. Upon conclusion of the <italic>in vivo</italic> observations, the animal was exsanguinated, the thorax and abdomen quickly opened, and the coronary arteries (left anterior descendent or circumflex artery), hepatic artery, superior mesenteric artery and renal artery were carefully dissected, freed of connective tissue, and immersed in cooled, oxygenated physiological pH 7.4 saline solution with the following millimolar composition: NaCl - 118.0; KCl - 4.7; CaCl<sub>2</sub> - 2.5; KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> -1.2; MgSO<sub>4</sub> -1.66; Glucose - 11.1; NaHCO<sub>3</sub> -25.0 (Krebs-Henseleit solution). The procedures and handling of the animals were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care review board.</p>
      <p>Blood vessel segments (4 to 5 mm in width) were prepared from the aorta with great care in order not to touch the intimal surface. The artery segments were randomly selected for the experimental conditions so that, at most, four pairs of the segments per artery (with and without endothelium) were assigned to the same experimental condition. In some segments, vascular smooth muscle function was tested without the influence of the endothelium; in these segments, the endothelium was removed by gently rubbing the intimal surface of the blood vessel with a pair of watchmaker's forceps. This procedure removes endothelium but does not affect the ability of the vascular smooth muscles to contract or relax.</p>
      <p>Arterial segments, with and without endothelium, were suspended in organ chambers (25 ml) and immersed in a control solution maintained at 37&#186;C, and bubbled with 95% O2 / 5% CO<sub>2</sub> (pH = 7.4). Each arterial ring was suspended by two stainless steel clips passed through the lumen. One clip was anchored to the bottom of the organ chamber and the other was connected to a strain gauge using Grass FT03 (Grass Instrument Company, Quincy, MA, USA) to measure isometric force. The rings were placed at optimal length-tension by progressively stretching them to maximal contraction in response to potassium chloride (20 mMol/l). In all the experiments, presence or absence of endothelium was determined by response to acetylcholine (Ach: 10<sup>-4</sup>M) in rings contracted with potassium ions (20 mMol/l). The organ chambers were washed with control solution (Krebs-Henseleit solution), and the arterial segments were allowed to equilibrate before experimentation for 60 minutes in the presence of indomethacin (10<sup>-5</sup> M) to prevent synthesis of endogenous prostaglandins. After that, prostaglandin F<sub>2a</sub> was added to the organ bath and optimal tension was achieved. The rings were allowed to equilibrate for 30 minutes before the administration of drugs.</p>
      <p>Drugs used included: Adenosine diphosphate (ADP: 10<sup>-9</sup> to 10<sup>-4</sup> M), sodium fluoride (0.5 to 9.5 mM), calcium ionophore (A<sub>23187</sub><bold>-</bold> 10<sup>-9</sup> to 10<sup>-6</sup> M), sodium nitroprusside (SNP: 10<sup>-9</sup> to 10<sup>-4</sup> M), prostaglandin F<sub>2a</sub>, and indomethacin (all manufactured by Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, MO, USA). All the drugs were diluted with distilled water, except indomethacin, which was dissolved in Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (10<sup>-5</sup> M). The concentrations were expressed as final concentrations in the organ chambers. Changes in wall tension were expressed as percent of the maximal tension achieved following exposure to prostaglandin F<sub>2a</sub>, a convention that corrects for inter-animal variability in tissue response to the drug. In all the experiments, (n) refers to the number of animals from which vascular segments were taken.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis -</italic> Results were expressed as means &#177; standard error and analyzed by ANOVA, paired T-test and, when necessary, Bonferroni post-test, using Prism 3.0 (GraphPad Software Incorporated, 1999). Values were considered to be statistically significant when the p value was lower than 0.05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Fourteen female animals were studied, and two of them died during the Swan-Ganz catheter manipulation, which induced ventricular fibrillation. Mean weight of the animals was 22.59 &#177; 1.18 kg. There was no difference (p &lt; 0.05) in body weight among the studied groups.</p>
      <p><italic>Hemoynamic observations -</italic> Intravenous infusion of MB (2.0 mg/kg) caused no change in Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), cardiac output (CO), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), pulmonary capillary "wedge" pressure (PCP wedge), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), and central venous pressure (CVP), compared to the control group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e19f1-body2">Figs. 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="e19f2-body2">2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e19f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0525-00019-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e19f2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0525-00019-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Plasma nitrate/nitrite (NOx) -</italic> Absolute and percent plasma nitrate (NOx) values did not differ between the experimental groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3-body2">Fig. 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="figura3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0525-00019-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Endothelium-dependent vascular reactivity -</italic> After coronary, hepatic, superior mesenteric and renal artery rings PGF<sub>2a</sub> contraction, progressive addition of adenosine diphosphate (ADP, 10-9 to 10-4M) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e19f4-body2">Fig. 4</xref>), sodium fluoride (0.5 to 9.5 mM) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e19f5-body2">Fig. 5</xref>), A23187 calcium ionophore (10-9 to 10 6M) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e19f6-body2">Fig. 6</xref>) induced endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in arteries with endothelium, which was significantly greater than in arteries without endothelium. But, significant differences between the Control and MB (n = 6, p &gt; 0.05) groups were not observed.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e19f4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0525-00019-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e19f5-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0525-00019-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e19f6-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0525-00019-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Endothelium-independent vascular reactivity -</italic> After PGF<sub>2a</sub> contraction, progressive addition of the endothelium-independent agonist sodium nitroprusside (10<sup>-9</sup> to 10<sup>-6</sup> M) induced vasodilatation of all the studied artery (coronary, hepatic, superior mesenteric and renal) segments with and without endothelium. Maximal relaxations were not different for either experimental group. However, statistical analysis of relaxations showed differences in: 1) MB group (differences among coronary artery rings with and without endothelium in 3.8, 10<sup>-7</sup> and 3.7M doses); 2) control group (differences among hepatic artery rings with and without endothelium, in 3.8, 10<sup>-7</sup>, 37 and 10<sup>-6</sup>M doses), and MB group (differences among hepatic coronary rings with and without endothelium in the 3.8; 10<sup>-7</sup> and 3.7M doses); 3) control group (differences among superior mesenteric artery rings with and without endothelium in the 3.8; 10<sup>-7</sup>, and 10<sup>-6</sup>M doses), MB group (differences among superior mesenteric artery rings with and without endothelium in the 3.8, 10<sup>-7</sup> and 3.7M doses); 4) control group (differences among renal artery rings with and without endothelium, in the 3.7 and 10<sup>-6</sup>M doses) and MB (differences among renal artery rings with and without endothelium in the 3.7 and 10<sup>-6</sup>M doses) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e19f7-body2">Fig. 7</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e19f7-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0525-00019-gf07-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Among the rings with endothelium of the two experimental groups, there were no statistical differences, except for superior mesentery artery rings with endothelium, in which statistical differences were observed between control and MB groups at the dose of 10<sup>-7</sup>M (n=6, p &lt; 0.05).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present investigation found that 1) intravenous infusion of MB caused no relevant changes in the hemodynamic status; 2) absolute and percent plasma nitrate values were not affected by MB; and 3) methylene blue did not provoke endothelial dysfunction.</p>
      <p>These results show that intravenous infusion of MB seems to be safe. This finding agrees with data from clinical experiments in which MB was used to treat vasoplegic syndrome after cardiopulmonary bypass<sup>7</sup>, systemic inflammatory response syndrome- SIRS<sup>7-11,15-20</sup> and anaphylaxis<sup>12-14</sup>. These results are not unexpected since, as in healthy subjects, hemodynamics is only fine tuned and not fully under control of NO. MB inhibiting guanylyl cyclase is not expected to do anything.</p>
      <p>Its elimination is rapid and may be observed by the quick change in urine color. In severe circulatory shock, it is convenient to use the bolus infusion followed by continuous infusion. The reason for observing the hemodynamic effects for only 15 minutes was to carry out the <italic>in vitro</italic> study in a time range in which plasma MB concentration is likely to be higher. Cumulated clinical and experimental evidence allows the inference that continuous infusion maintenance does not cause ischemic heart manifestations to the ECG, pulmonary hypertension and the fact that the tendency for arterial hypertension is caused by better response to amines allowing both MB suppression and the progressive decrease of vasopressor needs.</p>
      <p>As expected, in the present study we did not observe alterations in the nitrite/nitrate (NOx) plasma levels, thus confirming that MB does not interfere with the nitric oxide pathway. However, during SIRS, plasma nitrate levels, proposed as an index for immune system activation, reaches its peak concentration levels only after 20 hours<sup>21</sup>. This observation could arouse some speculative considerations. But, summing up the results of the hemodynamic and vascular reactivity studies, it is possible to assume NOx normality as evidence of unaffected endothelium function in the case of <italic>in vivo</italic> MB intravenous infusion.</p>
      <p>Moreover, MB safety from endothelial function capacity to release NO was proved, since the <italic>in vitro</italic> studies of the vascular reactivity did not show differences between control and MB groups. Statistically significant differences were not observed when the dose-response curves were compared for 1) adenosine difosphate (ADP), which is endothelial receptor-dependent; 2) sodium fluoride (NaF), which stimulates NO release acting G-proteins signal transduction; 3) calcium ionophore (A23187), which stimulates release of NO independent of receptors.</p>
      <p>Differences were observed in the relaxations elicited by sodium nitroprusside (endothelium-independent relaxations) intermediary concentrations in artery rings without endothelium, but without differences in maximal relaxation. However, the same fact occurred with the control group, making it difficult to explain them. The most reasonable conjecture is to interpret this data in light of the instrumentation for endothelium removal or sample size. Relating the finding to sex hormones<sup>22,23</sup> is very unlikely, because the studied female pig were prepubescent.</p>
      <p>A word of caution is necessary in pointing out that conditions are totally different from the <italic>in vivo</italic> situation. The MB increment in the baths causes a decrease in endothelium-dependent relaxations, which is reverted by washing the preparation with physiologic solution. But, the idea here is to see if <italic>in vivo</italic> MB bolus infusion creates an endothelium dysfunction condition. The possibility that in vitro washing may be enough to normalize the arterial segments reactivity may reinforce the idea that possible endothelium dysfunction caused by MB, if any, is quickly reversible. Moreover, it must be emphasized that the MB pharmacokinetics is complex. The decrease of urinary excretion between 4 and 24 hours indicates that its half-life is around 5.25 hours, with very substantial drop in plasma concentration in the first hour.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In considering hemodynamic and endothelium functions, the present investigation augments the evidence of the safety of using MB in humans, at least acutely, since the experimental model used bolus infusion and observations lasting only 15 minutes. It is evident that later endothelium dysfunction cannot be discarded, considering the enzymatic characteristics of endothelial NO-synthase. However, this possibility is unlikely, because only a few authors refer to the possibility of MB NO synthesis inhibition<sup>24-26</sup>. As already mentioned, MB acts mainly as an inhibitor of guanilyl cyclase in the vascular smooth muscle. Moreover, clinical manifestations were not observed after the MB intravenous injections, except for the greenishness of the urine, confirming the favorable impressions in many clinical publications.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To the Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP) and Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo ao Ensino, Pesquisa e Assist&#234;ncia do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da USP (FAEPA).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Paulo Roberto Barbosa &#201;vora</p>
          <p> Rua Rui Barbosa, 367, apto. 16</p>
          <p> 14015-120 &#150; Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="prbevora@netsite.com.br">prbevora@netsite.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 04/08/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 02/02/06</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
