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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">BXcSHMht93mtGkWhDsjdCVL</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00018</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001700018</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700418</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001700018</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeito da L-arginina na neoprolifera&#231;&#227;o intimal e no remodelamento arterial ap&#243;s les&#227;o por bal&#227;o, em il&#237;acas de coelhos hipercolesterol&#234;micos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Knopfholz</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pr&#233;coma</surname>
            <given-names>Dalton B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brofman</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bier</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Elisete</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Ruy Fernando Kuenzer C. da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Anna Paula Kuchnir</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Carolina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Jacqueline Dompsin de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Paran&#225;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>520</fpage>
      <lpage>524</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: A neoprolifera&#231;&#227;o intimal e o remodelamento t&#234;m sido implicados como os maiores fatores causadores de reestenose. O objetivo deste trabalho &#233; estudar a a&#231;&#227;o da L-arginina por via oral, nesses dois fatores, ap&#243;s les&#227;o por bal&#227;o, em art&#233;rias il&#237;acas de coelhos hipercolesterol&#234;micos. M&#201;TODOS: Foram utilizados dezenove coelhos, que foram divididos em dois grupos: controle (GC) e arginina (GA), respectivamente com dezenove e dezessete art&#233;rias estudadas. Os animais foram submetidos a les&#227;o por bal&#227;o de angioplastia, em suas art&#233;rias il&#237;acas, quinze dias ap&#243;s in&#237;cio de dieta hipercolesterol&#234;mica a 2%. A seguir, os animais do GA passaram a receber uma solu&#231;&#227;o de L-arginina, por via oral, na dose de 1 g/kg/dia. Ap&#243;s o sacrif&#237;cio, no 15&#186; dia ap&#243;s a les&#227;o por bal&#227;o, procedeu-se a cortes histol&#243;gicos das art&#233;rias, as quais foram coradas e fixadas. Utilizou-se como representativa do desenvolvimento da les&#227;o a raz&#227;o da &#225;rea da neo&#237;ntima (em mm&#178;) pela camada m&#233;dia (em mm&#178;). Por sua vez, a raz&#227;o da &#225;rea total do vaso em sua por&#231;&#227;o medial (de maior contato com o bal&#227;o) pela &#225;rea total do vaso no segmento referencial (de menor contato com o bal&#227;o) foi a definidora do remodelamento. RESULTADOS: A m&#233;dia do espessamento neointimal (NI/M) foi de 0,8151&#177;0,2201 no GC e de 0,3296&#177;0,1133 no GA. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os tipos de remodelamento entre os dois grupos estudados. CONCLUS&#195;O: No modelo experimental utilizado, a L-arginina foi capaz de reduzir o espessamento intimal em coelhos hipercolesterol&#234;micos e n&#227;o teve a&#231;&#227;o sobre o remodelamento arterial.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Reestenose</kwd>
        <kwd>neoprolifera&#231;&#227;o intimal</kwd>
        <kwd>remodelamento</kwd>
        <kwd>&#243;xido n&#237;trico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Efeito da L-arginina na neoprolifera&#231;&#227;o intimal e no remodelamento arterial ap&#243;s les&#227;o por bal&#227;o, em il&#237;acas de coelhos hipercolesterol&#234;micos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jos&#233; Knopfholz; Dalton B. Pr&#233;coma; Paulo Roberto S. Brofman; Gabriela Elisete Bier; Ruy Fernando Kuenzer C. da Silva; Anna Paula Kuchnir Silva; Ana Carolina Lemos; Priscila de Oliveira Silva; Jacqueline Dompsin de Moraes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; - Curitiba, PR</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> A neoprolifera&#231;&#227;o intimal e o remodelamento t&#234;m sido implicados como os maiores fatores causadores de reestenose. O objetivo deste trabalho &#233; estudar a a&#231;&#227;o da L-arginina por via oral, nesses dois fatores, ap&#243;s les&#227;o por bal&#227;o, em art&#233;rias il&#237;acas de coelhos hipercolesterol&#234;micos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram utilizados dezenove coelhos, que foram divididos em dois grupos: controle (GC) e arginina (GA), respectivamente com dezenove e dezessete art&#233;rias estudadas. Os animais foram submetidos a les&#227;o por bal&#227;o de angioplastia, em suas art&#233;rias il&#237;acas, quinze dias ap&#243;s in&#237;cio de dieta hipercolesterol&#234;mica a 2%. A seguir, os animais do GA passaram a receber uma solu&#231;&#227;o de L-arginina, por via oral, na dose de 1 g/kg/dia. Ap&#243;s o sacrif&#237;cio, no 15&#186; dia ap&#243;s a les&#227;o por bal&#227;o, procedeu-se a cortes histol&#243;gicos das art&#233;rias, as quais foram coradas e fixadas. Utilizou-se como representativa do desenvolvimento da les&#227;o a raz&#227;o da &#225;rea da neo&#237;ntima (em mm<sup>2</sup>) pela camada m&#233;dia (em mm<sup>2</sup>). Por sua vez, a raz&#227;o da &#225;rea total do vaso em sua por&#231;&#227;o medial (de maior contato com o bal&#227;o) pela &#225;rea total do vaso no segmento referencial (de menor contato com o bal&#227;o) foi a definidora do remodelamento. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A m&#233;dia do espessamento neointimal (NI/M) foi de 0,8151&#177;0,2201 no GC e de 0,3296&#177;0,1133 no GA. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os tipos de remodelamento entre os dois grupos estudados. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> No modelo experimental utilizado, a L-arginina foi capaz de reduzir o espessamento intimal em coelhos hipercolesterol&#234;micos e n&#227;o teve a&#231;&#227;o sobre o remodelamento arterial.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Reestenose, neoprolifera&#231;&#227;o intimal, remodelamento, &#243;xido n&#237;trico.</p>
    <p>O espessamento neointimal do vaso tem sido amplamente valorizado, pois sua presen&#231;a est&#225; ligada a v&#225;rias complica&#231;&#245;es de interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas. Em enxertos venosos implantados na circula&#231;&#227;o arterial, esse fator est&#225; implicado na g&#234;nese em reoclus&#245;es no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio<sup>1</sup>. Na vasculopatia relacionada ao cora&#231;&#227;o transplantado, esse fen&#244;meno tem mostrado papel decisivo<sup>2</sup>, e a reestenose ap&#243;s angioplastia com <italic>stent</italic> &#233; quase exclusivamente explicada pela hiperplasia neointimal<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>A forma&#231;&#227;o da neo&#237;ntima difere da placa ateroscler&#243;tica, pois essa &#233; formada fundamentalmente por c&#233;lulas musculares lisas (CML) e matriz extracelular. Essas c&#233;lulas migram da camada m&#233;dia para a &#237;ntima em diferentes momentos desse fen&#244;meno<sup>4</sup>. Tal fato pode sofrer inibi&#231;&#227;o por mecanismos mediados pelo &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO)<sup>5</sup>. O conhecimento dos fatores estimuladores e limitadores de crescimento neointimal precisa ser aprofundado e, nesse contexto, precursores do NO podem ter seu papel na interven&#231;&#227;o sobre esse fator.</p>
    <p>S&#227;o alguns os estudos com a L-arginina, precursora do &#243;xido n&#237;trico, que, al&#233;m de um custo acess&#237;vel, &#233; bem tolerada e dispon&#237;vel comercialmente<sup>6</sup>. H&#225;, entretanto, alguma diverg&#234;ncia nos trabalhos publicados, havendo benef&#237;cio bem estabelecido quando se utiliza o agente em forma de aplica&#231;&#227;o local (intravascular)<sup>7,8</sup>. &#201; v&#225;lido ressaltar que pesquisas experimentais conclu&#237;ram haver maior express&#227;o vascular no &#243;xido n&#237;trico, com alguns tipos de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, ocorrendo, inclusive, benef&#237;cio na hiperplasia neointimal e na ades&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria em angioplastia com <italic>stent</italic>, em ratos<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Antes de sua realiza&#231;&#227;o, o experimento foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa em Animais.</p>
    <p>Foram utilizados dezenove coelhos machos albinos (<italic>Oryctolagus cunicullus</italic>) da linhagem New Zealand, provenientes do biot&#233;rio da PUCPR, com a m&#233;dia de seis meses de idade, os quais foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo controle (GC) (n = 10) e grupo arginina (GA) (n = 9). De cada coelho foram consideradas duas art&#233;rias que, para efeito das vari&#225;veis deste estudo, foram tidas como observa&#231;&#245;es independentes. Dessa forma, essa an&#225;lise foi feita com base nos resultados obtidos em dezenove art&#233;rias do grupo controle (uma art&#233;ria foi perdida por problemas t&#233;cnicos) e dezessete art&#233;rias do grupo arginina (uma art&#233;ria foi perdida por problemas t&#233;cnicos).</p>
    <p>Para a alimenta&#231;&#227;o dos animais, foi preparada uma dieta hipercolesterol&#234;mica. Para tal, foram utilizados 200 g de colesterol (Sigma-Aldrich&#174;), dissolvidos em 800 ml de clorof&#243;rmio (Biotec&#174;), distribu&#237;dos em 10 kg de ra&#231;&#227;o Nuvital&#174;, constituindo uma alimenta&#231;&#227;o hipercolesterol&#234;mica a 2%. O colesterol dissolvido foi distribu&#237;do com aux&#237;lio de pulverizador sobre a ra&#231;&#227;o, a qual era colocada num recipiente plano e raso. Ap&#243;s as 24 horas exigidas para adequada evapora&#231;&#227;o do clorof&#243;rmio, a ra&#231;&#227;o foi distribu&#237;da para os animais. A les&#227;o arterial foi induzida no 15&#186; dia ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da dieta, e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dessa dieta se deu at&#233; o sacrif&#237;cio dos animais.</p>
    <p>Os coelhos foram anestesiados com Xilazina (Coopazine&#174;-Coopers) na dose de 5 mg/kg e Ketamina (Vetanarcol&#174; K&#246;nig) na dose de 3,5 mg/kg, por via intramuscular, na coxa. Foi, ent&#227;o, colhida amostra de sangue para dosagem de colesterol total. Ap&#243;s indu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica, foram realizadas tricotomias nas regi&#245;es inferior do abdome e inguinal, seguidas de limpeza adequada do local, assepsia e antisepsia. Procedeu-se, ent&#227;o, &#224; incis&#227;o na pele com 2 a 3 cm de extens&#227;o no sentido longitudinal na prega inguinal, para exposi&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias femoral direita e esquerda, as quais foram reparadas com fio de algod&#227;o 3-0. Em seguida, realizou-se pequena arteriotomia transversal, atrav&#233;s da qual introduziu-se uma guia met&#225;lica n&#250;mero 0, 014, pela qual adentrava o cateter-bal&#227;o de 3,0 mm de di&#226;metro por 20 mm de comprimento (raio bal&#227;o/art&#233;ria de 2,5:1), que foi inserido no l&#250;men da art&#233;ria il&#237;aca direita (AID) e art&#233;ria il&#237;aca esquerda (AIE). Em cada art&#233;ria, o cateter-bal&#227;o foi insuflado pelo tempo de cinco minutos, na press&#227;o de 5 atm, levando a distens&#227;o da parede arterial. Ap&#243;s desinsufla&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o, procedeu-se &#224; ligadura das art&#233;rias, para conten&#231;&#227;o do fluxo, em ponto imediatamente acima do orif&#237;cio de entrada do sistema cateter- bal&#227;o, com fio de algod&#227;o 3-0. Por fim, a pele foi suturada com fio de Vicryl 3-0. Foram administrados analg&#233;sicos e antibi&#243;ticos para ambos os grupos.</p>
    <p>Vinte e quatro horas ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o arterial, iniciou-se a administra&#231;&#227;o de L-arginina para o grupo arginina, na dose de 1 g/kg/dia. Esta subst&#226;ncia foi administrada na forma de solu&#231;&#227;o, previamente homogeneizada, preparada na concentra&#231;&#227;o de 3g/10 mL de solu&#231;&#227;o. A mesma foi retirada atrav&#233;s de seringa graduada, a qual foi inserida na cavidade oral do animal e teve o &#234;mbolo pressionado lentamente para n&#227;o haver perda da solu&#231;&#227;o. Enquanto este procedimento era realizado, o coelho se encontrava em uma caixa com orif&#237;cio adequado para sua cabe&#231;a, que limitava seus movimentos e facilitava a aceita&#231;&#227;o da droga.</p>
    <p>No 15&#186; dia ap&#243;s a les&#227;o arterial, cada animal foi novamente pesado e anestesiado e, ap&#243;s procedimentos de antisepsia e coloca&#231;&#227;o de campos est&#233;reis, foi realizada uma incis&#227;o longitudinal, que se estendia desde a transi&#231;&#227;o toracoabdominal at&#233; a regi&#227;o p&#233;lvica, a partir da qual era prolongada at&#233; as regi&#245;es inguinais direita e esquerda. Foram visualizadas e reparadas as art&#233;rias femorais, il&#237;acas e aorta. Ap&#243;s sacrif&#237;cio com dose letal de barbit&#250;rico, as art&#233;rias foram lavadas e fixadas com formalde&#237;do a 10%, tamponado com fosfato (pH = 7,6), pelo per&#237;odo de dez minutos. Realizou-se, a seguir, a remo&#231;&#227;o do bloco envolvendo parte da aorta e il&#237;acas. Para identifica&#231;&#227;o, a AID foi armazenada com um ponto na por&#231;&#227;o distal.</p>
    <p>Para an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica e morfom&#233;trica, os esp&#233;cimes arteriais, constitu&#237;dos pelo segmento distal da aorta at&#233; as art&#233;rias il&#237;acas, foram fixados em formalina, por 24 horas, e processados para a confec&#231;&#227;o dos cortes histol&#243;gicos. As art&#233;rias foram submetidas a cortes transversais, com 2 a 3 mm de espessura cada. As amostras foram colocadas em c&#225;psulas histol&#243;gicas identificadas, separando o segmento medial, de maior contato com o bal&#227;o, do referencial (distal e proximal ao bal&#227;o). As amostras foram identificadas com anota&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero do coelho e o lado da art&#233;ria il&#237;aca em uma das extremidades da l&#226;mina, seguidos pelo registro do local dos cortes.</p>
    <p>Para efeito de an&#225;lise morfom&#233;trica e de remodelamento, foram consideradas as seguintes vari&#225;veis: &#225;rea neointimal, &#225;rea da camada m&#233;dia e &#225;rea total do vaso, expressas em mm<sup>2</sup>. O espessamento intimal foi avaliado pela rela&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea neointimal pela &#225;rea da camada m&#233;dia, para que fosse levado em conta o tamanho da art&#233;ria a ser analisada. Utilizou-se, portanto, como representativa do desenvolvimento da les&#227;o, a &#225;rea neointimal que foi relativizada de acordo com a dimens&#227;o de cada vaso, ou seja, mediu-se o valor porcentual da neo&#237;ntima em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; &#225;rea da camada m&#233;dia. Por sua vez, a raz&#227;o da &#225;rea total do vaso em sua por&#231;&#227;o medial, pela &#225;rea total do vaso no segmento referencial, expressa em porcentagem, foi a definidora do remodelamento. Esse era considerado positivo quando a &#225;rea relativa do segmento medial (de interesse) fosse 10% maior do que a &#225;rea referencial, e era dito negativo, quando a &#225;rea do segmento medial fosse 10% menor do que a &#225;rea referencial.</p>
    <p>Os resultados das vari&#225;veis NI/M, &#225;rea do vaso e remodelamento foram expressos por m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o, enquanto os resultados da vari&#225;vel remodelamento foram expressos por freq&#252;&#234;ncias e porcentuais. Para comparar os dois grupos: controle e arginina em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s m&#233;dias das vari&#225;veis NI/M, &#225;rea do vaso e remodelamento, foi usado o teste t de Student para amostras independentes, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o a homogeneidade das vari&#226;ncias. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o dos locais medial e referencial, dentro de cada grupo, foi usado o teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> para amostras pareadas. A condi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade foi verificada pelo teste de <italic>Shapiro-Wilks</italic>. Nos casos de n&#227;o-normalidade, foi aplicada uma transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica aos dados. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o do tipo de remodelamento foi usado o teste de Qui-Quadrado. Em todos os testes, valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Peso e dosagem de colesterol dos animais</italic> - O peso dos animais, aferido no in&#237;cio do fornecimento da dieta e no dia do sacrif&#237;cio, est&#225; demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref>. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre o grupo controle e o grupo arginina. Os n&#237;veis de colesterol em amostras colhidas no momento da les&#227;o por bal&#227;o foram estatisticamente semelhantes e elevados em ambos os grupos, conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0520-00018-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Espessamento intimal</italic> - A compara&#231;&#227;o do grau de crescimento intimal, comparando-se o grupo controle e o grupo arginina, est&#225; representada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref>. Houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre o grupo tratado e o grupo n&#227;o-tratado com o agente do estudo. Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref> demonstra-se um corte de art&#233;rias de ambos os grupos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0520-00018-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0520-00018-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Tipos de remodelamento</italic> - Os resultados encontrados s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3">tabela 3</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0520-00018-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A inibi&#231;&#227;o da forma&#231;&#227;o neointimal tem sido objetivada para resolu&#231;&#227;o da reestenose na era <italic>p&#243;s-stent</italic>. A diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica importante detectada neste estudo sugere que a L-arginina &#233; capaz de inibir a neoprolifera&#231;&#227;o intimal no modelo experimental em quest&#227;o. Tais resultados foram semelhantes aos encontrados por Le Tourneau e cols.<sup>10</sup> em experimento com coelhos hipercolesterol&#234;micos.</p>
    <p>Alguns estudos de L-arginina em seres humanos n&#227;o demonstraram efeitos favor&#225;veis na taxa de reestenose. Dudek e cols.<sup>11,12</sup> aplicaram o agente de maneira intravascular, seguido de administra&#231;&#227;o oral de 6 g/dia, por quatorze dias, ap&#243;s a angioplastia. Apesar de n&#227;o ter havido diferen&#231;a na taxa de reoclus&#227;o e na neoprolifera&#231;&#227;o intimal, essa dose &#233; bem mais baixa do que a utilizada no presente trabalho. Mesmo n&#227;o havendo possibilidade de se extrapolar a dose experimental para seres humanos, trabalhos demonstraram seguran&#231;a com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o desse amino&#225;cido em doses de 12 g/dia<sup>13</sup>. H&#225; pouca literatura, entretanto, sobre o uso da L-arginina por via oral, na esp&#233;cie humana. Por este trabalho acredita-se haver possibilidade de reconsiderar a quest&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o do NO com o remodelamento pode ter seu fundo fisiopatog&#234;nico na inibi&#231;&#227;o do espessamento intimal, na produ&#231;&#227;o de metaloproteinases e na apoptose das c&#233;lulas musculares lisas<sup>5</sup>. A ativa&#231;&#227;o da matriz de metaloproteinases &#233; necess&#225;ria para que o remodelamento adaptativo arterial ocorra, e um dos fatores capazes de levar a essa produ&#231;&#227;o &#233; o NO, pois ele &#233; capaz de regular a express&#227;o dessas, bem como de mediar fatores inibit&#243;rios das metaloproteinases. Em estudo feito <italic>ex vivo</italic>, sugeriu-se que as defici&#234;ncias de NO alteram a homeostase entre os fatores formadores e inibidores, favorecendo a degrada&#231;&#227;o da matriz extracelular<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar da grande redu&#231;&#227;o da espessura neointimal obtida neste estudo, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no remodelamento. Tal fato pode ser explicado, pois o modelo experimental utilizado apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es para o estudo desse fen&#244;meno. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de art&#233;rias sem fixa&#231;&#227;o com press&#227;o sist&#234;mica tem sido apontada como uma metodologia que superestima os valores reais desse fator<sup>15</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, a retra&#231;&#227;o do tecido, ap&#243;s o sacrif&#237;cio, pode levar a falhas no dimensionamento do remodelamento.</p>
    <p>Em um dos poucos trabalhos sobre o tema, Le Tourneau e cols.<sup>10</sup> notaram aus&#234;ncia de remodelamento favor&#225;vel (alargamento do vaso) no grupo de animais tratados com L-arginina, fato que n&#227;o ocorreu no grupo controle. Esses autores sugerem, portanto, que esse agente teria efeito inibit&#243;rio no remodelamento favor&#225;vel. Nesse estudo, o sacrif&#237;cio dos animais ocorreu em quatro semanas. Isso pode significar que a a&#231;&#227;o do &#243;xido n&#237;trico no remodelamento ocorre entre duas e quatro semanas ap&#243;s a angioplastia. &#201; importante ressaltar algumas diferen&#231;as, entretanto, entre o trabalho desses autores e o presente estudo. Naquele trabalho, a L-arginina foi acrescentada na &#225;gua dos animais, fato que se considera pouco eficiente, pois n&#227;o h&#225; controle sobre a adequada ingesta do amino&#225;cido e a dose real desse. Al&#233;m disso, no trabalho de Le Tourneau e cols.<sup>10</sup>, a les&#227;o foi desenvolvida numa fase inicial, atrav&#233;s de um cateter de Fogarty e a angioplastia foi realizada seis semanas ap&#243;s esse procedimento<sup>16</sup>. Portanto, o modelo experimental foi diferente. Finalmente, no presente trabalho, foi considerada para an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica a m&#233;dia dos cortes arteriais que tiveram contato com o bal&#227;o. No estudo desses autores, considerou-se apenas o corte de menor di&#226;metro luminal, fato que pode aumentar a margem de erro.</p>
    <p>Diante do exposto, a possibilidade da L-arginina ter seu papel na preven&#231;&#227;o do espessamento neointimal surge em um momento no qual a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial normal est&#225; cada vez mais sendo valorizada, sendo a doen&#231;a do endot&#233;lio responsabilizada pela doen&#231;a coronariana em geral. Independentemente do aspecto terap&#234;utico, os resultados deste trabalho evidenciam a necessidade de melhor conhecimento fisiopatol&#243;gico da forma&#231;&#227;o neointimal e, mais do que isso, ressaltam o papel do &#243;xido n&#237;trico nesse fen&#244;meno. Portanto, a aplicabilidade da L-arginina pode ser aperfei&#231;oada, melhorada ou at&#233; substitu&#237;da, desde que se conhe&#231;am os mecanismos pelos quais ela inibe o crescimento da neo&#237;ntima.</p>
    <p>O resultado encontrado neste estudo difere do que havia na literatura at&#233; a presente data, pois a L-arginina agiu positivamente na neoprolifera&#231;&#227;o intimal e de forma neutra no remodelamento. Levando-se em conta sua baixa toxicidade, esse agente poderia ser uma op&#231;&#227;o isolada ou associada a demais estrat&#233;gias de inibi&#231;&#227;o da forma&#231;&#227;o neointimal, ap&#243;s novos estudos e, ainda, abrir caminhos para novas estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas.</p>
    <p>Por este trabalho &#233; poss&#237;vel concluir que, no modelo experimental utilizado, a L-arginina foi capaz de reduzir a neoprolifera&#231;&#227;o intimal em coelhos hipercolesterol&#234;micos, e n&#227;o teve a&#231;&#227;o sobre o remodelamento arterial<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Agradecemos ao Prof. Dr. Jo&#227;o Carlos Repka por sua fundamental contribui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Jos&#233; Knopfholz </p>
        <p> Rua Carlos de Carvalho, 2620 </p>
        <p> 80730-201 &#150; Curitiba, PR </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="jknopfholz@hotmail.com">jknopfholz@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 10/04/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 12/08/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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              <surname>Gradus-Pizlo</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Haarer SL,    Emig LL, Keiser JA. Vascular remodeling in balloon injured rabbit iliac arteries.    Basic Res Cardiol 1998; 93: 210-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Vascular remodeling in balloon injured rabbit iliac arteries</article-title>
          <source>Basic Res Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>210</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Haarer</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Emig</surname>
              <given-names>LL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Keiser</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">The effect of L-arginine on neointimal proliferation and artery remodeling on an iliac artery lesion caused by a balloon catheter in hypercholesterolemic rabbits</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: It has been implied that neointimal proliferation and remodeling are the major causes of restenosis. The objective of this study is to assess the effect of orally administered L-arginine on these two factors in hypercholesterolemic rabbits that had suffered an injury to their iliac arteries caused by a catheter balloon. METHODS: The study included nineteen rabbits that were divided in two groups: control (CG) and arginine (AG). There were 19 arteries studied from the control group and 17 in the arginine group. The animals were placed on a 2% hypercholesterolemic diet for 15 days and then submitted to a balloon angioplasty in order to produce a lesion in their iliac arteries. Next, the AG animals were given a 1g/kg/day oral dose of a L-arginine solution. The animals were sacrificed 15 days after the angioplasty procedure and histological artery sections were prepared, stained and fixed. The ratio between the neointimal area (in mm&#178;) and the media layer (in mm&#178;) was used to represent lesion development. In order to determine remodeling, the ratio between the total area of the medial portion of the vessel (greater balloon contact) and the total area of the reference segment of the vessel (less balloon contact) was used. RESULTS: Mean neointimal thickness (NI/M) was 0.8151&#177;0.2201 in CG and 0.3296&#177;0.1133 in AG. Remodeling patterns for the two groups studied were similar. CONCLUSION: In the experimental model used, L-arginine was able to reduce intimal tissue thickness in hypercholesterolemic rabbits but did not act on artery remodeling.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Restenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>neointimal proliferation</kwd>
        <kwd>remodeling</kwd>
        <kwd>nitric oxide</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>The effect of L-arginine on neointimal proliferation and artery remodeling on an iliac artery lesion caused by a balloon catheter in hypercholesterolemic rabbits</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jos&#233; Knopfholz; Dalton B. Pr&#233;coma; Paulo Roberto S. Brofman; Gabriela Elisete Bier; Ruy Fernando Kuenzer C. da Silva; Anna Paula Kuchnir Silva; Ana Carolina Lemos; Priscila de Oliveira Silva; Jacqueline Dompsin de Moraes</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; - Curitiba, PR - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> It has been implied that neointimal proliferation and remodeling are the major causes of restenosis. The objective of this study is to assess the effect of orally administered L-arginine on these two factors in hypercholesterolemic rabbits that had suffered an injury to their iliac arteries caused by a catheter balloon.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The study included nineteen rabbits that were divided in two groups: control (CG) and arginine (AG). There were 19 arteries studied from the control group and 17 in the arginine group. The animals were placed on a 2% hypercholesterolemic diet for 15 days and then submitted to a balloon angioplasty in order to produce a lesion in their iliac arteries. Next, the AG animals were given a 1g/kg/day oral dose of a L-arginine solution. The animals were sacrificed 15 days after the angioplasty procedure and histological artery sections were prepared, stained and fixed. The ratio between the neointimal area (in mm<sup>2</sup>) and the media layer (in mm<sup>2</sup>) was used to represent lesion development. In order to determine remodeling, the ratio between the total area of the medial portion of the vessel (greater balloon contact) and the total area of the reference segment of the vessel (less balloon contact) was used.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Mean neointimal thickness (NI/M) was 0.8151&#177;0.2201 in CG and 0.3296&#177;0.1133 in AG. Remodeling patterns for the two groups studied were similar.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> In the experimental model used, L-arginine was able to reduce intimal tissue thickness in hypercholesterolemic rabbits but did not act on artery remodeling.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Restenosis, neointimal proliferation, remodeling, nitric oxide.</p>
      <p>The neointimal thickness of a vessel has been given great importance since it is linked to various therapeutic intervention complications. For vein grafts inserted into arterial circulation this factor is implicated as the genesis for postoperative recurrent occlusions<sup>1</sup>. In vasculopathies related to heart transplants, it has been proven that this phenomenon plays a decisive role<sup>2</sup>. Restenosis after an angioplasty and stent implantation procedures is almost exclusively explained by neointimal hyperplasia<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Neointimal formation is different from atherosclerotic plaque which is basically formed by smooth muscle cells and an extracellular matrix. These cells migrate from the media layer to the intimal layer during different stages of this phenomenom<sup>4</sup>. This process could be inhibited by mechanisms mediated by nitric oxide (NO)<sup>5</sup>. More profound knowledge regarding the stimulating and limiting factors of neointimal growth is needed and, in this context, the nitric oxide precursors could have a role in the intervention of this process.</p>
      <p>A few studies have been conducted with L-arginine, the precursor of nitric oxide, that in addition to an accessible cost is well tolerated and commercially available<sup>6</sup>. There is however some divergence in the studies published, but the benefits have been well established when the drug is injected locally (intravenously)<sup>7,8</sup>. It is worth noting that experimental research has concluded that physical exercise increases nitric oxide vascular expression and reduces neointimal hyperplasia and platelet adhesion after angioplasty and stenting procedures in rats<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Before the experiment was conducted it was approved by the Animal Research Ethics Committee.</p>
      <p>The study included nineteen male New Zealand albino rabbits (<italic>Oryctolagus cunicullus</italic>) obtained from the vivarium of the Pontifical Catholic University in the state of Parana with a mean age of six months that were divided into two groups: control group (CG) (n=10) and arginine group (AG) (n=9). that For the purposes of the variables in this study two arteries were chosen in each rabbit and were considered as independent observations. As such the analysis was based on the results obtained from 19 arteries in the control group (1 artery was lost due to technical problems) and 17 arteries in the arginine group (1 artery was lost due to technical problems).</p>
      <p>The animals were fed a hypercholesterolemic diet. The 2% hypercholesterolemic diet was prepared by dissolving 200g of cholesterol (Sigma-Aldrich&#174;) in 800 milliliters (ml) of chloroform (Biotec&#174;) and distributing the solution in 10 kilograms (kg) of Nuvital&#174; animal feed. The dissolved cholesterol was distributed using a spray gun over the feed which was placed in a flat and shallow dish. After the 24 hours required for adequate evaporation of the chloroform the feed was distributed to the animals. This diet was fed to the animals for fifteen days before the procedure to induce the arterial lesion and continued up to the day that the animals were sacrificed.</p>
      <p>The rabbits were anesthetized with a 5mg/kg dose of Xylazine (Coopazine&#174;-Coopers) and a 3.5mg/kg dose of Ketamine (Vetanarcol&#174; K&#246;nig) injected in the thigh muscle. A blood sample was then drawn to measure total cholesterol. After anesthetic induction, a trichtomy was performed in the lower abdomen and groin followed by an aseptic and antiseptic cleaning of the area. Next, a 2 to 3cm longitudinal incision was made in the groin skinfold to expose the left and right femoral arteries which were repaired with 3-0 cotton thread. Next a small cross-sectional arteriotomy was performed and a 0.014 metal guide wire was inserted through which a 3.0 mm diameter balloon catheter with a length of 20 mm was entered (balloon/artery radius of 2.5:1) and inserted in the lumen of the right iliac artery (RIA) and left iliac artery (LIA). The balloon catheter was inflated for five minutes in each artery at a pressure of 5 atm. causing the artery wall to expand. After the balloon was deflated, the arteries were ligated immediately above the balloon catheter entrance orifice with 3-0 cotton thread to contain blood flow. Lastly, the skin was closed with Vicryl 3-0 sutures. Analgesics and antibiotics were administered to both groups.</p>
      <p>Twenty-four hours after inducing the artery injury, the arginine group began receiving a 1g/kg/day dose of L-arginine. This substance was administered in the form of a solution that had been previously homogenized with a concentration of 3g/10 ml of solution. This was drawn using a graduated syringe and administered in the animal's oral cavity by slowly pressing the plunger ensuring that none of the solution was lost. During this procedure the rabbit was confined in a box with an adequate opening for its head that limited its movements and facilitated the acceptance of the drug.</p>
      <p>On the 15<sup>th</sup> day after the artery injury, each animal was weighed and anesthetized once again and after antiseptic procedures and placement of sterile fields, a longitudinal incision was made that extended from the thoracoabdominal transition to the pelvic region and then extended to the right and left groin regions. The femoral, iliac and aorta arteries were exposed and observed. After the animals were sacrificed using a lethal dose of barbiturates, the arteries were cleaned and fixed with 10% phosphate buffered formaldehyde solution (pH=7.6) for 10 minutes. Next the block enveloping part of the aorta and iliac arteries was removed. For identification the RIA was stored with a stitch in the distal portion.</p>
      <p>For histological and morphometric analysis the artery specimens, consisting of the distal segment of the aorta up to the iliac arteries, were fixed in formalin for 24 hours and processed for the making of the histological sections. Cross sectional slices of the arteries were cut with a thickness of 2 to 3 mm each. The samples were placed in identified histological containers, separating the medial segment which had greater contact with the balloon from the reference segment (distal and proximal to the balloon). The samples were identified by the number of the rabbit and the side of the iliac artery in one of the extremities of the slide followed by the register of the section location.</p>
      <p>The following variables were used for morphometric and remodeling analysis: neointimal area, media layer area and total vessel area expressed in mm<sup>2</sup>. The intimal thickness was evaluated using the ratio between the neointimal area and the media layer area, so that the size of the artery to be analyzed could be considered. Therefore in order to assess the development of the lesion, the neointimal area was compared to the size of each vessel or in other words the percentage of neointimal tissue in relation to the media layer area was measured. In order to determine remodeling, the ratio between the total area of the medial portion of the vessel and the total area of the reference segment of the vessel expressed as a percentage was used. This was considered positive when the relative medial segment area (of interest) was 10% greater than the reference segment area and negative when the medial segment area was 10% less than the reference segment area.</p>
      <p>The results of the variables NI/M, vessel area and remodeling were expressed as averages and standard deviations while the results of the variable remodeling pattern were expressed as frequencies and percentages. To compare the two groups: control and arginine in relation to the averages of the variables NI/M, vessel area and remodeling, the Student's t-test was used for the independent samples, considering the homogeneity of the variations. To compare the medial and reference locations within each group, the Student's t-test was used for paired samples. Normality was verified using the Shapiro-Wilks test. In the cases of non-normality a logarithmic transformation was applied to the data. To compare the groups in relation to remodeling type distribution the chi-square test was used. For all tests statistical significance was considered as p&lt;0.05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Animal weight and cholesterol dosage-</italic> Animal weights before the start of the diet and on the day they were sacrificed are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="e18t2-body2">table 1</xref>. There was no statistical difference between the control group and the arginine group. The cholesterol levels of the samples collected at the time of the balloon injury were statistically similar and elevated in both groups as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="e18t1-body2">table 1</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e18t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0520-00018-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e18t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0520-00018-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Intimal tissue thickness</italic> - The comparison of the degree of intimal tissue growth between the control group and the arginine group is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="e18t2-body2">table 2</xref>. There was a significant difference between the group that received the study drug and the group that did not. An artery section from both groups is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="e18f1-body2">figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e18f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0520-00018-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Remodeling patterns</italic> - The results are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3-body2">table 3</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0520-00018-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The inhibition of neointimal formation has been targeted as the solution for restenosis in the post stent era. The notable statistical difference detected in this study suggests that L-arginine is able to inhibit neointimal proliferation in the experimental model in question. These results are similar to those found by Le Tourneau et al<sup>10</sup>, in an experiment with hypercholesterolemic rabbits.</p>
      <p>Some studies of L-arginine in humans have not demonstrated favorable effects on restenosis rates. Dudek et al<sup>11,12</sup> initially administered the drug intravenously followed by an oral dose of 6 g/day for 14 days after the angioplasty. Despite the fact that re-obstruction rates and neointimal proliferation were similar, this is a much lower dose than that used in this study. Even though it is not possible to extrapolate the experimental dose for humans, studies have demonstrated that this aminoacid can safely be prescribed in doses of 12 g/day<sup>13</sup>. However, there is limited medical literature on the oral use of L-arginine in humans. Based on this study it is believed that the issue may be reconsidered.</p>
      <p>The physiopathogenic basis of the relationship between nitric oxide and remodeling could be the inhibition of intimal thickness, the production of metalloproteinase and the apoptosis of smooth muscle cells<sup>5</sup>. The activation of the metalloproteinase matrix is required for adaptive artery remodeling to occur and NO is one of the factors that is able to stimulate this production since it is able to regulate their expression as well as mediate the metalloproteinase inhibiting factors. An <italic>ex-vivo</italic> study suggested that nitric oxide deficiencies alter the homeostasis between the forming and inhibiting factors, promoting the degeneration of the extracellular matrix<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Despite the great reduction of neointimal thickness obtained in this study, remodeling patterns were similar. The explanation for this is that the resources of the experimental model used are limited for the study of this phenomenon. The use of arteries without fixing the systemic pressure has been indicated as a method that overestimates the real values of this factor<sup>15</sup>. Additionally, tissue retraction after the sacrifice could lead to remodeling dimensional errors.</p>
      <p>In one of the few studies on the subject, Le Tourneau et al<sup>10</sup> noted the absence of favorable remodeling (vessel enlargement) in the group of animals treated with L-arginine, a fact that did not occur in the control group. Therefore, these authors suggested that this drug could have an inhibiting effect on favorable remodeling. In this study, the animals were sacrificed after four weeks. This could signify that the action of nitric oxide on remodeling takes place between 2 and 4 weeks after the angioplasty. Nevertheless it is important to note some differences between this study and the study conducted by Le Tourneau. In the Le Tourneau's study, the L-arginine was added to the animals' water which is considered inefficient since there is no control over the adequate intake of the aminoacid or the actual dosage. Additionally, in the Le Tourneau et al<sup>10</sup> study, the lesion was developed during the initial stage using a Fogarty catheter and the angioplasty was performed 6 weeks after this procedure<sup>16</sup>. Therefore, the experimental model was different. Lastly, in the present study, the average of the artery sections that had contact with the balloon was used for histological analysis. In the Le Tourneau's study, only the section with the smallest luminal diameter was considered, a fact that could increase the margin of error.</p>
      <p>Based on the facts presented, the possibility that the role of L-arginine is to prevent neointimal thickening appears at a time when normal endothelial function is gaining importance since endothelial disease, in general, is resposible for heart disease in general. Regardless of the therapeutic aspect, the results of this study emphasize the role of nitric oxide in neointimal formation and prove that a better knowledge of the physiopathology of this phenomenon is required. Therefore the relevance of L-arginine could be perfected, improved or even substituted provided that the mechanisms which inhibit neointimal growth are understood.</p>
      <p>The results of this study differ from those published in medical literature to date, since L-arginine had a positive effect on neointimal proliferation and a neutral effect on remodeling. Considering its low toxicity, this drug could be an isolated option or used in combination with other inhibition strategies for neointimal formation. Further studies will be required to determine these possibilities as well as other new therapeutic strategies.</p>
      <p>From this study it is possible to conclude that in the experimental model used, L-arginine was able to reduce neointimal proliferation in hypercholesterolemic rabbits but did not affect artery remodelling<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We would like to thank Prof. Dr. Jo&#227;o Carlos Repka for his valuable contribution.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Jos&#233; Knopfholz</p>
          <p> Rua Carlos de Carvalho, 2620</p>
          <p> 80730-201 &#150; Curitiba, PR - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="jknopfholz@hotmail.com">jknopfholz@hotmail.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 10/04/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 12/08/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
