<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Y6N8M5dMG6g9CHDsdV9M67f</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001700017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700417</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001700017</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Radioles&#227;o vascular como efeito delet&#233;rio da braquiterapia intra-arterial com dose elevada de Sam&#225;rio-153 em coelhos hipercolesterol&#234;micos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pr&#233;coma</surname>
            <given-names>Dalton Bertolim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Noronha</surname>
            <given-names>L&#250;cia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>&#193;lvaro Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yamada</surname>
            <given-names>Airton Seiji</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Knopfholz</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dusilek</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;sar Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Perussolo</surname>
            <given-names>Rita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brofman</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto Slud</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Olandoski</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meneghetti</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Cl&#225;udio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Radioimunoensaio e Medicina Nuclear do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hopital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>512</fpage>
      <lpage>519</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar as altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares morfol&#243;gicas e morfom&#233;tricas induzidas pela braquiterapia com Sam&#225;rio-153 (153 Sm) em coelhos hipercolesterol&#234;micos, com doses elevadas. M&#201;TODOS: Foram analisados 43 coelhos hipercolesterol&#234;micos, brancos, da ra&#231;a New Zealand, e o total de 86 art&#233;rias il&#237;acas submetidas a les&#227;o por bal&#227;o de angioplastia. Divididos em tr&#234;s grupos: dois (GI) irradiados com as doses de 15Gy (n=14) e 60Gy (n=36) e um grupo controle (n=36). Foram realizadas avalia&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica morfom&#233;trica e an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica qualitativa para an&#225;lise tecidual. RESULTADOS: Foram observadas uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da neoprolifera&#231;&#227;o intimal (NPI) no GI 15 Gy (p&lt;0,0001), uma redu&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea de camada m&#233;dia (ACM) (p&lt;0,0001) e % estenose (p&lt;0,0001) comparada com os demais grupos. O GI 60 Gy teve o maior &#237;ndice de PNI, aumento da ACM, AV e porcentagem de estenose. No GI 60 Gy, observou-se maior n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas xantomatosas (GI 60Gy:86,11% e GI 15Gy:14,29%, p&lt;0,0001), tecido amorfo hialino (GI 60Gy:58,33% e GI 15 Gy:0%, p=0,0001) e prolifera&#231;&#227;o vascular (GI60 Gy:30,56% e GI15 Gy:0%, p=0,0221). Outras an&#225;lises teciduais n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos. CONCLUS&#195;O: A dose elevada de 60Gy ocasionou intensa prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular considerada radioles&#227;o vascular, ao contr&#225;rio da dose de 15Gy que apresentou excelente inibi&#231;&#227;o da neo-prolifera&#231;&#227;o intimal.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Les&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>braquiterapia</kwd>
        <kwd>sam&#225;rio-153</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Radioles&#227;o vascular como efeito delet&#233;rio da braquiterapia intra-arterial com dose elevada de Sam&#225;rio-153 em coelhos hipercolesterol&#234;micos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dalton Bertolim Pr&#233;coma; L&#250;cia Noronha; &#193;lvaro Vieira Moura; Airton Seiji Yamada; Jos&#233; Knopfholz; C&#233;sar Lopes Dusilek; Rita Perussolo; Paulo Roberto Slud Brofman; M&#225;rcia Olandoski; Jos&#233; Cl&#225;udio Meneghetti</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Centro de Radioimunoensaio e Medicina Nuclear do Paran&#225;, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hopital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP - Curitiba, PR - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar as altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares morfol&#243;gicas e morfom&#233;tricas induzidas pela braquiterapia com Sam&#225;rio-153 (<sup>153</sup> Sm) em coelhos hipercolesterol&#234;micos, com doses elevadas. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram analisados 43 coelhos hipercolesterol&#234;micos, brancos, da ra&#231;a New Zealand, e o total de 86 art&#233;rias il&#237;acas submetidas a les&#227;o por bal&#227;o de angioplastia. Divididos em tr&#234;s grupos: dois (GI) irradiados com as doses de 15Gy (n=14) e 60Gy (n=36) e um grupo controle (n=36). Foram realizadas avalia&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica morfom&#233;trica e an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica qualitativa para an&#225;lise tecidual. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Foram observadas uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da neoprolifera&#231;&#227;o intimal (NPI) no GI 15 Gy (p&lt;0,0001), uma redu&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea de camada m&#233;dia (ACM) (p&lt;0,0001) e % estenose (p&lt;0,0001) comparada com os demais grupos. O GI 60 Gy teve o maior &#237;ndice de PNI, aumento da ACM, AV e porcentagem de estenose. No GI 60 Gy, observou-se maior n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas xantomatosas (GI 60Gy:86,11% e GI 15Gy:14,29%, p&lt;0,0001), tecido amorfo hialino (GI 60Gy:58,33% e GI 15 Gy:0%, p=0,0001) e prolifera&#231;&#227;o vascular (GI60 Gy:30,56% e GI15 Gy:0%, p=0,0221). Outras an&#225;lises teciduais n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A dose elevada de 60Gy ocasionou intensa prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular considerada radioles&#227;o vascular, ao contr&#225;rio da dose de 15Gy que apresentou excelente inibi&#231;&#227;o da neo-prolifera&#231;&#227;o intimal.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Les&#227;o arterial, braquiterapia, sam&#225;rio-153.</p>
    <p>A reestenose permanece um grande desafio na interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana desde o advento da angioplastia, sendo motivo de v&#225;rios estudos sobre as m&#250;ltiplas op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas. Constitui-se numa tentativa de reparo tecidual frente &#224; les&#227;o da parede arterial, cuja resposta se caracteriza pela neoprolifera&#231;&#227;o intimal (NPI) e o remodelamento. Neste mecanismo fisiopatog&#234;nico, destacam-se a migra&#231;&#227;o e a prolifera&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas (CML) e o dep&#243;sito de matriz extracelular, associados a fen&#244;menos inflamat&#243;rios e proliferativos<sup>1,2,3</sup>.</p>
    <p>A braquiterapia intra-arterial come&#231;ou a ser estudada em trabalhos experimentais em 1994<sup>4</sup>, e em humanos desde 1997.<sup>5</sup> Desde ent&#227;o a sua import&#226;ncia tem sido demonstrada em aproximadamente 5.000 pacientes, que participam de estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados. Nos EUA, s&#227;o realizados mais de 40.000 procedimentos por ano em 400 centros<sup>6,7</sup>. A irradia&#231;&#227;o provoca modifica&#231;&#245;es fenot&#237;picas que impedem a reprodu&#231;&#227;o celular pelo &#225;cido desoxiribonucleico (DNA), inibem a prolifera&#231;&#227;o e a migra&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas musculares lisas (CML) e diminuem o grau da hiperplasia neo-intimal, pela emiss&#227;o de radia&#231;&#227;o localizada<sup>8</sup>. O nosso grupo demonstrou a efic&#225;cia na inibi&#231;&#227;o da neoprolifera&#231;&#227;o intimal utilizando pela primeira vez o Sam&#225;rio-153, com a dose de 15 Gy<sup>9</sup>. V&#225;rios estudos demonstraram a melhora dos resultados na inibi&#231;&#227;o da NPI comparando-se doses mais elevadas. Entretanto as doses maiores podem causar efeitos delet&#233;rios no vaso, como descritos com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de irradia&#231;&#227;o tor&#225;cica que afeta os vasos internos<sup>10</sup>. Na literatura, h&#225; poucas publica&#231;&#245;es sobre os efeitos da braquiterapia intra-arterial com o uso de doses maiores.</p>
    <p>Recentemente, com a demonstra&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia dos <italic>stents</italic> recobertos com subst&#226;ncias antiproliferativas, houve grande expectativa na redu&#231;&#227;o da reestenose<sup>11</sup>. Estudos comparativos demonstraram maior efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; braquiterapia, por&#233;m a reestenose &#233; um campo aberto para a pesquisa, pois os m&#233;todos dispon&#237;veis at&#233; o momento n&#227;o conseguiram solucionar esse problema<sup>7,12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar as altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares morfol&#243;gicas e morfom&#233;tricas induzidas pela braquiterapia utilizando-se uma dose elevada de Sam&#225;rio-153 (<sup>153</sup>Sm) em coelhos hipercolesterol&#234;micos, comparada com uma dose considerada ideal.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Experimenta&#231;&#227;o animal -</italic> Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o deste estudo, o protocolo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal do hospital. Foram utilizados 43 coelhos brancos da ra&#231;a New Zealand (<italic>Oryctolagus cunicullus</italic>), com a m&#233;dia de 4 meses de idade, com o peso de 2,6&#177;0,5Kg, tratados previamente com ra&#231;&#227;o de colesterol a 2%, 14 dias antes do procedimento e mantida at&#233; o dia do sacrif&#237;cio.</p>
    <p>Os animais foram anestesiados com xilazina (dose de 5mg.Kg-1) associada a ketamina (dose de 3,5mg.Kg-1), por via intramuscular na regi&#227;o da coxa. Ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de dois a quatro minutos, foi realizada tricotomia nas regi&#245;es inferior do abdome e inguinal e uma incis&#227;o na pele de 2 a 3cm de extens&#227;o no sentido longitudinal na prega inguinal. Foram expostas as art&#233;rias femoral direita e esquerda e, por meio de pequena arteriotomia transversal, foi introduzida uma guia met&#225;lica n&#250;mero 0,014 por onde se deslizou o cateter-bal&#227;o de 3,0mm de di&#226;metro por 20mm de comprimento (raio bal&#227;o/art&#233;ria de 2,5:1), que foi inserido no l&#250;men da art&#233;ria il&#237;aca direita (AID) e art&#233;ria il&#237;aca esquerda (AIE).</p>
    <p>Nesse local o bal&#227;o foi insuflado com solu&#231;&#227;o salina isot&#244;nica com a press&#227;o de 5atm pelo per&#237;odo de 5 minutos, em 18 coelhos (36 art&#233;rias) que constitu&#237;ram o grupo-controle (GC). O mesmo procedimento foi repetido em 7 coelhos (14 art&#233;rias), e, nestes, o bal&#227;o foi insuflado com solu&#231;&#227;o 153 Sm-EDTMP para expor a dose de 15Gy a 1 mm da superf&#237;cie do vaso (GI15Gy), por 13min e 38s. . No terceiro grupo, com 18 coelhos (36 art&#233;rias), o bal&#227;o foi insuflado com a dose calculada para atingir 60 Gy a 1mm da superf&#237;cie do vaso (GI 60Gy) por 6min e 22s no primeiro dia. Nesta fase foi colhido sangue para a dosagem de colesterol.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s 30&#177;1 dias, os animais foram sacrificados com dose letal de barbit&#250;ricos. Imediatamente ap&#243;s foi realizada uma laparotomia com acesso at&#233; a aorta e art&#233;rias il&#237;acas as quais foram lavadas com formalde&#237;do a 10% durante 10 minutos. Foi retirado o bloco composto de aorta terminal e art&#233;rias il&#237;acas, fixadas em formalina e encaminhadas para an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica (vide <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0512-00017-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Preparo das amostras -</italic> Ap&#243;s fixa&#231;&#227;o por 24 horas, foram retiradas 3 a 6 amostras de cada art&#233;ria il&#237;aca em cortes transversais, com 2 a 3mm de espessura cada, que representam os segmentos proximais, mediais e distais em ambas art&#233;rias, em todos os animais. Os segmentos mediais representavam a &#225;rea central de maior contato com o bal&#227;o de angioplatia. Os segmentos proximais e distais da art&#233;ria il&#237;aca de cada lado, denominados de referenciais, correspondiam &#224;s extremidades em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; &#225;rea central de maior contato com o bal&#227;o de angioplastia. Tamb&#233;m foram obtidas amostras aleat&#243;rias de segmentos de aorta. O material foi processado conforme t&#233;cnica convencional, sendo obtidas 110 l&#226;minas coradas com hematoxilina-eosina (HE) e el&#225;stica de Hardt (orce&#237;na) e 521 cortes transversais das art&#233;rias il&#237;acas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">fig. 2</xref>)</p>
    <fig id="figura2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0512-00017-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise histol&#243;gica qualitativa -</italic> Todas as l&#226;minas foram analisadas de maneira cega, em microsc&#243;pio de 5 cabe&#231;as Olympus<sup>&#174;</sup> BX 40, sendo observadas as seguintes vari&#225;veis em todos os cortes realizados: a) graus de les&#227;o vascular; b) graus de les&#227;o da l&#226;mina el&#225;stica interna (LEI) e l&#226;mina el&#225;stica externa (LEE); c) padr&#227;o lesional da advent&#237;cia; d) altera&#231;&#245;es tissulares gerais: d1) prolifera&#231;&#227;o vascular, d2) recanaliza&#231;&#227;o vascular, d3) material amorfo hialino, d4) teleangiectasia, d5) caracter&#237;sticas do endot&#233;lio, d6) tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o e fibrose, d7) atipias celulares, d8) c&#233;lulas xantomatosas, d9 ) trombose vascular e d10) necrose fibrin&#243;ide.</p>
    <p>Essas vari&#225;veis foram classificadas conforme o escore exposto na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">Tabela 1</xref>. (Classifica&#231;&#227;o modificada de Schwartz <sup>13</sup>)</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0512-00017-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise histol&#243;gica morfom&#233;trica (quantitativa) -</italic> A leitura morfom&#233;trica foi realizada a fim de se determinar o l&#250;men arterial, a LEI, a LEE, &#225;rea da neo-&#237;ntima (ANI), &#225;rea da camada m&#233;dia (ACM) e &#225;rea do vaso. A leitura das l&#226;minas foi realizada por meio do programa Pro Image-plus<sup>&#174;</sup> v.4,5 para Windows<sup>&#174;</sup>, acoplado a microsc&#243;pio Olympus<sup>&#174;</sup> BX50 e c&#226;mara de v&#237;deo Sony<sup>&#174;</sup>, utilizando-se o aplicativo chamado morfometria de "&#225;rea", calibrado previamente em &#181;m com a objetiva de quatro vezes. As medidas foram transferidas para o programa Excel Windows<sup>&#174;</sup>. As medidas morfom&#233;tricas foram realizadas em todas as sec&#231;&#245;es transversais da l&#226;mina, no sentido proximal do corte pr&#243;ximo da identifica&#231;&#227;o da l&#226;mina para o distal. Foram desprezados os segmentos com artefatos que impossibilitavam as medidas.</p>
    <p>Para avaliar a &#225;rea luminal (AL), ANI, a ACM e a &#225;rea do vaso, foram utilizados os seguintes crit&#233;rios (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3">fig. 3</xref>):</p>
    <p>a) AL: determinada por uma linha tra&#231;ada junto ao per&#237;metro da borda luminal;</p>
    <p>b) ANI: determinada por uma linha tra&#231;ada sob a borda luminal e a linha do per&#237;metro da LEI, isto &#233;, AL- LEI;</p>
    <p>c) ACM: determinada pelo per&#237;metro da LEI e da LEE, isto &#233;, LEE-LEI;</p>
    <p>d) &#193;rea do vaso: compreendendo a &#225;rea da LEE mais a ANI (LEE + ANI).</p>
    <fig id="figura3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0512-00017-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Graus de les&#245;es do vaso -</italic> Adotou-se a classifica&#231;&#227;o anatomopatol&#243;gica para altera&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gicas dos graus de les&#245;es do vaso, baseada em escores (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">tab. 1</xref>). Em cada vaso, foi comparado o segmento medial com os segmentos referenciais (proximal e distal).</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica -</italic> A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando-se o programa Statistica/w. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, adotou-se a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) e o teste LSD para comparar os grupos dois a dois. Para investigar o grau de associa&#231;&#227;o entre a ANI e a ACM, estimou-se o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson e testou-se a exist&#234;ncia ou n&#227;o de correla&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis correspondentes &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas celulares e ao grau de les&#227;o vascular foram analisadas por meio do teste Exato de Fisher, comparando-se os grupos dois a dois.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grau de les&#227;o avaliado pela classifica&#231;&#227;o de Schwartz, para a compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos dois a dois, adotou-se o teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas em freq&#252;&#234;ncias e percentuais. As compara&#231;&#245;es foram feitas considerando-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia corrigido de Bonferroni (p&lt;0,0167 para grau de les&#227;o e p&lt;0,0125 para altera&#231;&#245;es tissulares e vari&#225;veis morfom&#233;tricas). Nos demais testes estat&#237;sticos, valores de p&lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia do colesterol total foi de 1362,28 &#177; 273,00 mg/dl.</p>
    <p><italic>1. An&#225;lise histol&#243;gica morfom&#233;trica (mensura&#231;&#245;es quantitativas de &#225;rea) -</italic> Esta an&#225;lise foi feita considerando-se as vari&#225;veis: ANI, ACM, &#225;rea do vaso e a raz&#227;o entre a ANI/ACM. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>, s&#227;o apresentados os resultados de m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#245;es dessas vari&#225;veis para cada um dos grupos e os valores de p obtidos nas compara&#231;&#245;es de m&#233;dias entre os grupos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0512-00017-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p><italic>1.1 &#193;rea neo-intimal (ANI) -</italic> Houve significativa redu&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea da neo-&#237;ntima no GI 15 Gy quando comparada aos outros grupos. Houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos com p&lt;0,0001, pela an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA). Na compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos dois a dois, constatou-se diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre os GC e GI 15Gy (p=0,0007), entre os GC e GI 60Gy (p=0,0121) e entre os GI 15Gy e GI 60Gy (p&lt;0,0001), pelo teste LSD. Em m&#233;dia, a ANI do GI 15Gy &#233; 2,5 vezes menor do que a ANI do GC e 3,6 vezes menor do que a ANI do GI 60Gy. O GC &#233; 1,4 vezes menor do que o GI 60Gy .</p>
    <p><italic>1.2 &#193;rea da camada m&#233;dia (ACM) -</italic> O GI 60Gy teve a maior ACM. Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ACM, foram encontradas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes entre os GC e GI 60Gy (p&lt;0,0001) e entre os GI 15Gy e GI 60Gy (p&lt;0,0001). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa na compara&#231;&#227;o dos GC e GI 15Gy (p=0,0516). Em m&#233;dia, a ACM do GI 15Gy &#233; 1,3 vez menor do que o GC e 1,9 vez menor do que o GI 60Gy. No GC a ACM &#233; 1,5 menor do que o GI 60Gy.</p>
    <p><italic>1.3 Rela&#231;&#227;o entre a ANI e ACM</italic> - A raz&#227;o entre ANI/ACM foi menor no GI 15Gy, com diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos (p=0,0018). A raz&#227;o entre ANI/ACM apresentou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre os GC e o GI 15Gy (p=0,0016), e entre os GI 15Gy e GI 60Gy (p=0,0010), o mesmo n&#227;o ocorreu quando se compararam os GC e GI 60Gy. Em m&#233;dia, a raz&#227;o ANI/ACM &#233; 1,8 vez menor no GI 15Gy em rela&#231;&#227;o ao GC e 1,9 vez ao GI 60 Gy. A rela&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia entre o GC e o GI 60Gy foi de apenas 1,02 vez.</p>
    <p><italic>1.4 &#193;rea do vaso -</italic> A maior &#225;rea do vaso foi encontrada no GI 60Gy, com 2,49 &#177; 0,73mm2, que apresentou uma propor&#231;&#227;o 38% maior do que o GI 15Gy e 22% do GC. A an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) mostrou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, com p&lt;0,0001 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>). Considerando-se a an&#225;lise grupo a grupo, houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos irradiados e entre o GI 60Gy e o controle, com valores de p=0,0001 e p=0,0014, respectivamente, pela an&#225;lise LSD.</p>
    <p><italic>2. Graus de les&#245;es vasculares -</italic> O grau de les&#227;o vascular analisada pela classifica&#231;&#227;o de Schwartz e cols.<sup>13</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">tab. 1</xref>) foi mais freq&#252;ente no GI 60Gy, principalmente no segmento medial, com diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre o CG (p=0,0046) e o GI 15Gy (p=0,0391) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0512-00017-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Utilizando-se a classifica&#231;&#227;o para as les&#245;es da LEI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">tab. 1</xref>), obteve-se maior grau de les&#227;o nos segmentos mediais dos tr&#234;s grupos, por&#233;m na an&#225;lise de grupo <italic>versus</italic> grupo n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tab. 4</xref>)</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0512-00017-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Para an&#225;lise do grau de les&#227;o da LEE, foi empregada a classifica&#231;&#227;o semelhante &#224; LEI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">tab. 1</xref>). Comparando-se grupo <italic>versus</italic> grupo, foi observado maior grau de les&#227;o da LEE para o segmento medial no GI 60Gy, com diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre o GC (p=0,0086) e o GI 15Gy (&lt;0,0001). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre o GC e o GI 15Gy. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tab. 5</xref>)</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0512-00017-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p><italic>3. An&#225;lise histol&#243;gica qualitativa -</italic> As vari&#225;veis qualitativas observadas foram as c&#233;lulas xantomatosas, tecido hialino e amorfo, prolifera&#231;&#227;o vascular e tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o e fibrose.</p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de c&#233;lulas xantomatosas de grau moderado/acentuado foi observada principalmente no GI 60Gy em 86,11% das art&#233;rias, e em 33,33% no GC; houve uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre esses grupos, com p&lt;0,0001. Quando comparados os grupos de art&#233;rias irradiadas, o GI 60Gy apresentou predomin&#226;ncia sobre o GI 15Gy, com 86,11% e 14,29%, respectivamente, com diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa, com p&lt;0,0001, pelo teste de Fisher. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre o GC e o GI 15Gy. Os valores est&#227;o especificados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref>, e os cortes histol&#243;gicos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figuras 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">5</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t6">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0512-00017-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0512-00017-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f5">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0512-00017-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o e fibrose esteve presente em 27,78% no GC; 71,43% no GI 15Gy e 63,89% no GI 60Gy. Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos observou-se signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre GC e GI 15 Gy (p=0,0089) e entre GC e GI 60Gy (p=0,0042), pela an&#225;lise do teste de Fisher. As freq&#252;&#234;ncias e os percentuais s&#227;o demonstrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref> e os cortes histol&#243;gicos, na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 6</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f6">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0512-00017-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O material amorfo e hialino foi observado no GC em 13,89% dos casos e em 58,33% no GI 60Gy. N&#227;o ocorreu altera&#231;&#227;o no GI 15Gy. Houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica quando comparados os GC e GI 60Gy (p=0,0002), e os grupos GI 15Gy e GI 60Gy (p=0,0001), analisados pelo teste Exato de Fisher. Entre os grupos GC e GI15 Gy n&#227;o houve signific&#226;ncia. As freq&#252;&#234;ncias e os percentuais s&#227;o demonstrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref>.</p>
    <p>A prolifera&#231;&#227;o vascular foi predominante no GI 60Gy, presente em 30,56% dos casos. No GC ocorreu em 11,11%. Houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa, quando comparados os GI 15Gy e o GI 60Gy, com p=0,0221. A compara&#231;&#227;o dos demais grupos n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica. Os valores est&#227;o especificados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Utilizando-se a classifica&#231;&#227;o de les&#227;o vascular modificada de Schwartz RS et al<sup>13</sup>, observamos maiores graus de les&#227;o vascular na LEE, no grupo da dose elevada de Sam&#225;rio-153 (GI 60 Gy). Os maiores graus de les&#227;o da LEE podem indicar maior comunica&#231;&#227;o entre a camada m&#233;dia e a advent&#237;cia. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es sugerem que o efeito n&#227;o deve ser dado somente pelo trauma do bal&#227;o, uma vez que os outros grupos (GC e GI 15 Gy) tamb&#233;m foram submetidos &#224; mesma press&#227;o, mas tamb&#233;m pela elevada dose de irradia&#231;&#227;o, que favoreceu as modifica&#231;&#245;es estruturais na LEE.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos para os graus de les&#227;o na LEI, apesar de esta estar mais predisposta ao comprometimento pelo barotrauma do bal&#227;o de angioplastia. A LEI tem a fun&#231;&#227;o de manter a estrutura do vaso, servindo como barreira entre a &#237;ntima e a camada m&#233;dia, impedindo a migra&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas e macromol&#233;culas. A sua estrutura &#233; composta de fibras el&#225;sticas delgadas com fenestra&#231;&#245;es que variam conforme as esp&#233;cies<sup>13,14</sup>. A presen&#231;a de c&#233;lulas xantomatosas freq&#252;entes no espa&#231;o intimal &#233; citada como caracter&#237;stica t&#237;pica de radioles&#227;o quando se associa &#224; hipercolesterolemia. Kwon et al<sup>15</sup>, estudando as mudan&#231;as estruturais da LEI em su&#237;nos hipercolesterol&#234;micos, notaram que h&#225; aumento da comunica&#231;&#227;o entre a &#237;ntima e a camada m&#233;dia. Achados semelhantes foram observados neste estudo. Embora n&#227;o tenha sido demonstrada les&#227;o significativa da LEI entre os grupos, as modifica&#231;&#245;es estruturais da LEI associam-se com significativa comunica&#231;&#227;o entre a &#237;ntima e a camada m&#233;dia, sendo evidenciadas pelo aumento da presen&#231;a de c&#233;lulas xantomatosas. As art&#233;rias irradiadas com 60Gy apresentaram o predom&#237;nio dessas c&#233;lulas no grau moderado e acentuado, sendo observadas em 86,11% dos segmentos arteriais analisados, e somente em 33,33% no grupo-controle e 14,29% no grupo irradiado com 15Gy, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre os grupos (p&lt;0,0001). O aumento da &#225;rea da camada m&#233;dia reflete tais altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais.</p>
    <p>Estudos t&#234;m demonstrado a utilidade da irradia&#231;&#227;o com emissores beta na preven&#231;&#227;o da reestenose<sup>16</sup>. Waksman et al<sup>17</sup> testaram diferentes doses absorvidas, utilizando 7, 14, 28 e 56Gy de 90Sr/Y, calculadas para atingirem 2,0mm da parede do vaso e resultaram em adequada inibi&#231;&#227;o da prolifera&#231;&#227;o intimal, conforme a progress&#227;o das doses, n&#227;o sendo observada necrose das camadas da art&#233;ria. Em nosso estudo, as doses foram calculadas para atingir 1 mm da parede do vaso, com as doses de 15 Gy e 60 Gy, na hip&#243;tese de a dose mais exposta obter melhor resultado na inibi&#231;&#227;o tecidual. Contudo, com dose absorvida maior, de 60Gy, foram observados 63,89% de fibrose, em compara&#231;&#227;o com 27,78% no GC e 71,435% com a dose de 15Gy. Esses achados sugerem a presen&#231;a de les&#227;o ocasionada pela irradia&#231;&#227;o, com a prov&#225;vel penetra&#231;&#227;o exacerbada com a dose absorvida elevada do 153Sm de 60Gy. Tal observa&#231;&#227;o &#233; ressaltada ao se analisar o grau de les&#227;o da LEE, que foi 48,5% maior no GI 60Gy do que o GI 15Gy e 31% maior do que o GC. Este fato refor&#231;a a hip&#243;tese de radioles&#227;o e n&#227;o les&#227;o pelo trauma do bal&#227;o de angioplastia. Tal achado corrobora a literatura, sugerindo que essa fibrose seja atribu&#237;da &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o, peculiar aos radiois&#243;topos. Entretanto, com a art&#233;ria exposta &#224; dose de 15Gy, n&#227;o foram observadas as anormalidades celulares e histol&#243;gicas encontradas com a dose de 60Gy, o que pode sugerir que esses fen&#244;menos s&#227;o dose-resposta. Esses achados s&#227;o discutidos por Denham e Hauer-Jensen<sup>18</sup>. Eles descrevem a diferen&#231;a entre a les&#227;o arterial pelo trauma e a les&#227;o pela radia&#231;&#227;o; esta &#250;ltima envolve uma produ&#231;&#227;o excessiva de citocinas, o ac&#250;mulo exagerado de matriz extracelular e a conseq&#252;ente fibrose. Trott e Kamprad<sup>10</sup> estudaram os efeitos antiinflamat&#243;rios e pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios da radia&#231;&#227;o, e assinalam a forte correla&#231;&#227;o com a dose aplicada. Isso pode explicar a diferen&#231;a encontrada entre os dois grupos de art&#233;rias irradiadas neste experimento; com a dose de 15Gy observou-se fibrose semelhante &#224; dose de 60Gy, por&#233;m sem a presen&#231;a de c&#233;lulas xantomatosas, material amorfo hialino nem altera&#231;&#245;es nas &#225;reas intimal e da camada m&#233;dia observadas na dose de 60Gy.</p>
    <p>A principal caracter&#237;stica do dano vascular ap&#243;s bal&#227;o de angioplastia &#233; a hiperplasia neo-intimal, um tipo de les&#227;o fibrocelular, que confere limita&#231;&#227;o ao fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo. As caracter&#237;sticas principais s&#227;o a migra&#231;&#245;es das c&#233;lulas da camada m&#233;dia, as altera&#231;&#245;es fenot&#237;pica e secre&#231;&#227;o de matriz celular<sup>19</sup>. Essas caracter&#237;sticas conferem uma das principais causas da reestenose em humanos submetidos a angioplastia por bal&#227;o, al&#233;m do recolhimento el&#225;stico da parede arterial. A braquiterapia intra-arterial nos &#250;ltimos anos tem sido utilizada como uma das principais terap&#234;uticas da reestenose, por meio de doses espec&#237;ficas e atua como um supressor do crescimento celular. <sup>20,21</sup> Semelhantes observa&#231;&#245;es foram evidenciadas neste estudo, no qual se encontraram resultados significativos na inibi&#231;&#227;o neo-intimal com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da dose de 15Gy, ao contr&#225;rio das art&#233;rias expostas &#224; dose de 60 Gy, que determinaram os efeitos delet&#233;rios da radioles&#227;o, com esta t&#233;cnica de irradia&#231;&#227;o intra-arterial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A irradia&#231;&#227;o intra-arterial com a dose absorvida de 153-Sm de 15 Gy foi adequada para reduzir a &#225;rea neo-intimal, a &#225;rea da camada m&#233;dia e a &#225;rea do vaso. Na dose absorvida de 60 Gy, foi observado aumento significativo das vari&#225;veis morfom&#233;tricas, al&#233;m da presen&#231;a significativa de padr&#245;es celulares anormais, tais como: c&#233;lulas xantomatosas e material amorfo hialino, dados estes compat&#237;veis com efeitos de radioles&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Doutoras Karine Dall'Oglio Tolazzi, Priscila Oliveira Silva e Fl&#225;via Ferreira; doutorandos Ruy Fernando Kuenzer Caetano da Silva e Manuela Oliveira, pelo grandioso aux&#237;lio na fase experimental.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Dalton Bertolim Pr&#233;coma </p>
        <p> R. Dias da Rocha Filho, 1347 </p>
        <p> 80040-050 &#150; Curitiba, PR </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="precoma@cardiol.br">precoma@cardiol.br</email> ou </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="daltonprecoma@onda.com.br">daltonprecoma@onda.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 13/03/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 09/08/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Clowes AW, Schwartz SM. Significance of quiescent smooth muscle migration in the injured rat carotid artery. Circ Res 1985; 56:139-45.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Significance of quiescent smooth muscle migration in the injured rat carotid artery</article-title>
          <source>Circ Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>1985</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>139</fpage>
          <lpage>45</lpage>
          <volume>56</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Clowes</surname>
              <given-names>AW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schwartz</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Galis ZS, Khatri JJ. Matrix metalloproteinases in vascular remodeling and atherogenesis: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Circ Res 2002; 90:251-62.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Matrix metalloproteinases in vascular remodeling and atherogenesis: the good, the bad, and the ugly</article-title>
          <source>Circ Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>251</fpage>
          <lpage>62</lpage>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Galis</surname>
              <given-names>ZS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khatri</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Schwartz SM, deBlois D, O'Brien ERM. The Intima: Soil for atherosclerosis and restenosis. Circ Res 1995; 77:445-65.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The Intima: Soil for atherosclerosis and restenosis</article-title>
          <source>Circ Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>445</fpage>
          <lpage>65</lpage>
          <volume>77</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schwartz</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Blois</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O'Brien</surname>
              <given-names>ERM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Wiedermann JG, Marboe C, Amols H, Schwartz A, Weinberger J. Intracoronary irradiation markedly reduces restenosis after ballon angioplasty in a porcine model. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 23:1491-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Intracoronary irradiation markedly reduces restenosis after ballon angioplasty in a porcine model</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1491</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wiedermann</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marboe</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amols</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schwartz</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weinberger</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Condado JA, Waksman R, Gurdiel O, et al. Long-term angiographic and clinical outcome after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and intracoronary radiation therapy in humans. Circulation 1997; 96:727-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Long-term angiographic and clinical outcome after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and intracoronary radiation therapy in humans</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>727</fpage>
          <lpage>32</lpage>
          <volume>96</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Condado</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Waksman</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gurdiel</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Sapirstein W, Zuckerman B, Dillard J. FDA approval of coronary-artery brachytherapy. N Eng J Med 2001; 344:297-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>FDA approval of coronary-artery brachytherapy</article-title>
          <source>N Eng J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>297</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>344</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sapirstein</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zuckerman</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dillard</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Teirstein PS,King S. Vascular Radiation in a Drug-Eluting Stent World It's Not Over Till It's Over Circulation. 2003; 108:384.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Vascular Radiation in a Drug-Eluting Stent World It's Not Over Till It's Over</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>384</fpage>
          <volume>108</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Teirstein</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>King</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Salame MY, Verheye S, Crocker IR, Chronos NA, Robinson KA, King SB 3rd. Intracoronary radiation therapy.Eur Heart J 2001; 22:629-47.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Intracoronary radiation therapy</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>629</fpage>
          <lpage>47</lpage>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Salame</surname>
              <given-names>MY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verheye</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crocker</surname>
              <given-names>IR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chronos</surname>
              <given-names>NA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Robinson</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>King</surname>
              <given-names>SB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Moura A, Yamada A, Hauer D, et al. Samarium-153 for intravascular irradiation therapy with liquid-filled balloons to prevent restenosis: acute and long-term results in a hypercholesterolemic rabbit restenosis model. Cardiovasc Radiat Med 2001; 2:69-74.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Samarium-153 for intravascular irradiation therapy with liquid-filled balloons to prevent restenosis: acute and long-term results in a hypercholesterolemic rabbit restenosis model</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Radiat Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>69</fpage>
          <lpage>74</lpage>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moura</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yamada</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hauer</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Trott KR, Kamprad F. Radiobiological mechanisms of anti-inflammatory radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 1999; 51:197-203.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Radiobiological mechanisms of anti-inflammatory radiotherapy</article-title>
          <source>Radiother Oncol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>197</fpage>
          <lpage>203</lpage>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Trott</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kamprad</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Goy JJ, Stauffer JC, Siegenthaler M, Benoit A, Seydoux C. A prospective randomized comparison between paclitaxel and sirolimus stents in the real world of interventional cardiology The TAXi trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45(2):308-11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A prospective randomized comparison between paclitaxel and sirolimus stents in the real world of interventional cardiology The TAXi trial</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>308</fpage>
          <lpage>11</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>45</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Goy</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stauffer</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siegenthaler</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benoit</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seydoux</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Herrmann HC. Prevention of cardiovascular events after percutaneous coronary intervention. NEJM 2004; 350:2708-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prevention of cardiovascular events after percutaneous coronary intervention</article-title>
          <source>NEJM</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2708</fpage>
          <lpage>10</lpage>
          <volume>350</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Herrmann</surname>
              <given-names>HC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Schwartz RS, Topol EJ, Serruys PW, Sangiorgi G, Homes DR Jr. Artery size, neointima, and remodeling: time for some standards. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 32:2087-94.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Artery size, neointima, and remodeling: time for some standards</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2087</fpage>
          <lpage>94</lpage>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schwartz</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Topol</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Serruys</surname>
              <given-names>PW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sangiorgi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Homes</surname>
              <given-names>DR Jr</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Wong LCY, Langille BL. Development remodeling of the internal elastic lamina of rabbit arteries. Circ Res 1996; 78:799-805.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Development remodeling of the internal elastic lamina of rabbit arteries</article-title>
          <source>Circ Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>799</fpage>
          <lpage>805</lpage>
          <volume>78</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wong</surname>
              <given-names>LCY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Langille</surname>
              <given-names>BL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Kwon HM, Sangiorgi G, Spagnoli LG, et al. Experimental hypercholesterolemia induces ultrastructural changes in the internal elastic lamina of porcine coronary arteries. Atherosclerosis 1998; 139:283-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Experimental hypercholesterolemia induces ultrastructural changes in the internal elastic lamina of porcine coronary arteries</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>283</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>139</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kwon</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sangiorgi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spagnoli</surname>
              <given-names>LG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Waksman R, Robinson KA, Crocker IR, et al. Intracoronary radiation before stent implantation inhibits neointima formation in stented porcine coronary arteries. Circulation 1995; 92:1383-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Intracoronary radiation before stent implantation inhibits neointima formation in stented porcine coronary arteries</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1383</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>92</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Waksman</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Robinson</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crocker</surname>
              <given-names>IR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Waksman R, Robinson KA, Crocker IR, et al. Intracoronary low-dose -irradiation inhibits neointima formation after coronary artery balloon injury in the swine restenosis model. Circulation 1995; 92:3052-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Intracoronary low-dose -irradiation inhibits neointima formation after coronary artery balloon injury in the swine restenosis model</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>3052</fpage>
          <lpage>31</lpage>
          <volume>92</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Waksman</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Robinson</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crocker</surname>
              <given-names>IR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Denham JW,Haeur-Jensen M. The radiotherapeutic injury-a complex "wound". Radiother Oncol 2002; 63:129-45.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The radiotherapeutic injury-a complex "wound"</article-title>
          <source>Radiother Oncol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>129</fpage>
          <lpage>45</lpage>
          <volume>63</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Denham</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haeur-Jensen</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Meerkin D, Tardif JC, Crocker IR, et al. Effects of intracoronary beta-radiation therapy after coronary angioplasty: an intravascular ultrasound study. Circulation 1999 Apr 6; 99 (13):1660-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effects of intracoronary beta-radiation therapy after coronary angioplasty: an intravascular ultrasound study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <month>04</month>
            <day>06</day>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1660</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <volume>99</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Meerkin</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tardif</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crocker</surname>
              <given-names>IR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Grise MA,Massullo V, Jani S, et al. Five-year clinical follow-up after intracoronary radiation: results of a randomized clinical trial. Circulation 2002; 105:2737-40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Five-year clinical follow-up after intracoronary radiation: results of a randomized clinical trial</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2737</fpage>
          <lpage>40</lpage>
          <volume>105</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grise</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Massullo</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jani</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Johnson GJ,    Griggs TR, Badimon L. The utility of animal models in the preclinical study    of interventions to prevent human coronary artery restenosis: analysis and recommendations.    On behalf of the Subcommittee on Animal, Cellular and Molecular Models of Thrombosis    and Haemostasis of the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International    Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Thromb Haemost 1999; 81:835-43.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The utility of animal models in the preclinical study of interventions to prevent human coronary artery restenosis: analysis and recommendations. On behalf of the Subcommittee on Animal, Cellular and Molecular Models of Thrombosis and Haemostasis of the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis</article-title>
          <source>Thromb Haemost</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>835</fpage>
          <lpage>43</lpage>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Griggs</surname>
              <given-names>TR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Badimon</surname>
              <given-names>L.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Vascular radiolesion as a deleterious effect of high-dose-rate intraarterial brachytherapy with Samarium-153 in hypercholesterolemic rabbits</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to evaluate vascular morphological and morphometric changes induced by brachytherapy with samarium-153 (Sm-153) at high doses in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. METHODS: Forty-three New Zealand White hypercholesterolemic rabbits were analyzed, and the total of 86 iliac arteries underwent balloon angioplasty injury. The rabbits were divided into three different groups: two irradiation groups (IG) assigned to 15 Gy (n=14) and 60 Gy (n=36) irradiation doses, respectively, and a control group (n = 36). Histomorphometric and qualitative histological analyses were performed for tissue evaluation. RESULTS: Significant reductions were found in neointimal proliferation (NIP) (p&lt; 0.0001), media area (MA) (p&lt;0.0001) and percent stenosis (p&lt;0.0001) in the 15-Gy IG, compared to the other groups. The 60-Gy IG had the higher rate of NIP, increase in media and vessel areas (VA) and percent stenosis. The 60-Gy IG also showed the greatest number of xanthomatous cells (60-Gy IG: 86.11% and 15-Gy IG: 14.29%, p&lt;0.0001) and the highest amount of hyaline amorphous tissue (60-Gy IG:58.33% and 15-Gy IG:0%, p=0.0001) and vascular proliferation (60-Gy IG:30.56% and 15-Gy IG:0%, p=0.0221). No statistically significant differences were found among groups concerning other tissue analyses. CONCLUSION: The high-dose irradiation of 60 Gy resulted in intense cell proliferation considered vascular radiolesion, unlike the 15-Gy dose, which was associated with an excellent inhibition of neointimal proliferation.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Artery injury</kwd>
        <kwd>brachytherapy</kwd>
        <kwd>samarium-153</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Vascular radiolesion as a deleterious effect of high-dose-rate intraarterial brachytherapy with samarium-153 in hypercholesterolemic rabbits</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Dalton Bertolim Pr&#233;coma; L&#250;cia Noronha; &#193;lvaro Vieira Moura; Airton Seiji Yamada; Jos&#233; Knopfholz; C&#233;sar Lopes Dusilek; Rita Perussolo; Paulo Roberto Slud Brofman; M&#225;rcia Olandoski; Jos&#233; Cl&#225;udio Meneghetti</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pontifical Catholic University of Paran&#225;, Radioimmunoassay and Nuclear Medicine Center of Paran&#225;, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Heart Institute &#150; University of S&#227;o Paulo School of Medicine (FMUSP) - Curitiba, PR - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> This study was designed to evaluate vascular morphological and morphometric changes induced by brachytherapy with samarium-153 (Sm-153) at high doses in hypercholesterolemic rabbits.</p>
      <p> METHODS: Forty-three New Zealand White hypercholesterolemic rabbits were analyzed, and the total of 86 iliac arteries underwent balloon angioplasty injury. The rabbits were divided into three different groups: two irradiation groups (IG) assigned to 15 Gy (n=14) and 60 Gy (n=36) irradiation doses, respectively, and a control group (n = 36). Histomorphometric and qualitative histological analyses were performed for tissue evaluation.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Significant reductions were found in neointimal proliferation (NIP) (p&lt; 0.0001), media area (MA) (p&lt;0.0001) and percent stenosis (p&lt;0.0001) in the 15-Gy IG, compared to the other groups. The 60-Gy IG had the higher rate of NIP, increase in media and vessel areas (VA) and percent stenosis. The 60-Gy IG also showed the greatest number of xanthomatous cells (60-Gy IG: 86.11% and 15-Gy IG: 14.29%, p&lt;0.0001) and the highest amount of hyaline amorphous tissue (60-Gy IG:58.33% and 15-Gy IG:0%, p=0.0001) and vascular proliferation (60-Gy IG:30.56% and 15-Gy IG:0%, p=0.0221). No statistically significant differences were found among groups concerning other tissue analyses.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The high-dose irradiation of 60 Gy resulted in intense cell proliferation considered vascular radiolesion, unlike the 15-Gy dose, which was associated with an excellent inhibition of neointimal proliferation.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Artery injury, brachytherapy, samarium-153.</p>
      <p>Since the advent of angioplasty, restenosis has been a great challenge in coronary intervention, and several studies have focused on examining the multiple therapeutic options. It is an attempt at tissue repair following arterial wall injury through neointimal proliferation (NIP) and remodeling. Smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration and proliferation plus extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, associated with inflammatory and proliferative phenomena, play key roles role in this pathophysiological mechanism<sup>1-3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Intraarterial brachyterapy was first studied in experimental models in 1994<sup>4</sup>, and in 1997 study of it began in humans<sup>5</sup>. Since then, its importance has been demonstrated in roughly 5,000 patients participating in randomized clinical trials. In the United States, more than 40,000 procedures are performed each year in 400 centers<sup>6,7</sup>. Delivery of local radiation causes phenotypic changes that prevent cell reproduction by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), inhibiting smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and migration and thus decreasing the degree of neointimal hyperplasia<sup>8</sup>. Our group showed that brachytherapy with samarium-153, used for the first time, at a dose of 15 Gy effectively inhibits neointimal proliferation<sup>9</sup>. Several studies, comparing higher doses, have demonstrated better results in NIP inhibition. However, higher doses may have deleterious effects on the vessel wall, affecting internal vessels, as described with thoracic irradiation<sup>10</sup>. Little has been published on the effects of intraarterial brachytherapy using higher doses.</p>
      <p>Recently, as the effectiveness of antiproliferative drug-eluting stents was demonstrated, expectations were high for restenosis reduction<sup>11</sup>. The safety and efficacy of brachytherapy have been established in comparative studies; however, restenosis is open field for research, because no method has thus far been able to solve this problem<sup>7,12</sup>.</p>
      <p>This study is directed towards analyzing morphological and morphometric vascular changes induced by high dose samarium-153 (Sm-153) brachytherapy in hypercholesterolemic rabbits, compared with an optimal dose.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Animal experiment</italic> - The study protocol was approved by the hospital's Animal Research Ethics Committee. Forty-three New Zealand White rabbits (<italic>Oryctolagus cunicullus</italic>), mean age four months and body weight 2.6&#177;0.5Kg, were used. They were fed a 2% cholesterol diet from 14 days before the procedure up to the day of sacrifice.</p>
      <p>The animals were anesthetized intramuscularly with a mixture of xylazine (5 mg.kg-1) and Ketamine (3.5 mg.kg-1) in the thigh region. After 2 to 4 minutes, trichotomy of the lower abdominal and inguinal regions was performed, followed by a 2-3-cm longitudinal skin incision along the inguinal crease. Both the right and left femoral arteries were exposed and, through a small transverse arteriotomy, a balloon catheter 3.00 mm in diameter and 20 mm in length (balloon/artery ratio 2.5:1) was advanced over a n&#186; 0.014 guide-wire up to the right iliac artery (RIA) and left iliac artery (LIA) lumina.</p>
      <p>At this site, the balloon was inflated with isotonic saline solution at 5 atm for 5 minutes in the 18 rabbits (36 arteries) that comprised the control group (CG). The same procedure was performed in 7 rabbits (14 arteries), but this time the balloons were inflated with Sm-153-EDTMP solution, to deliver a dose of 15 Gy (15-Gy IG) at 1 mm from vessel surface for 13 minutes and 38 seconds. In the third group, consisting of 18 rabbits (36 arteries), the balloon was inflated with a dose calculated to reach 60 Gy at 1 mm from the vessel surface (60-Gy IG) for 6 minutes and 22 seconds, on the first day. During this phase, blood samples were collected for serum cholesterol measurements.</p>
      <p>After 30 &#177; 1 days, the animals were sacrificed with a lethal dose of barbiturates, followed immediately by laparotomy to obtain access to the aorta and iliac arteries, which were flushed with a 10% formaldehyde solution for 10 minutes. The terminal aorta and iliac arteries were removed <italic>en bloc</italic>, fixed in formalin and sent to histological analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1-body2">Fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="figura1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0512-00017-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Sample preparation</italic> &#150; After a 24-hour fixation, 3 to 6 samples were taken from each iliac artery, in 2- to 3-mm thick cross-sections, thus representing the proximal, medial and distal segments of both arteries, in all the animals. Medial segments represented the central area in most contact with the angioplasty balloon. Proximal and distal segments of the iliac artery of each side, named reference segments, corresponded to the ends relative to the central area in greatest contact with the angioplasty balloon. Randomly selected samples were also taken from aorta segments. All the material was processed according to standard technique, and 110 microscope slides stained with hematoxyline-eosine (HE) and Hardt's elastica (orcein) were obtained, as well as 521 iliac artery cross-sections (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2-body2">Fig. 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="figura2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0512-00017-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Qualitative histological analysis</italic> - All slides were blindly analyzed using a 5-head microscope Olympus<sup>&#174;</sup> BX 40. The following variables were observed in every section: a) degree of vascular injury; b) degree of internal elastic lamina (IEL) and external elastic lamina (EEL) injury; c) lesional pattern of the adventitia<bold>;</bold> d) general tissue changes: d1) vascular proliferation, d2) vascular recanalization, d3) hyaline amorphous material, d4) telangiectasia, d5) endothelial characteristics, d6) granulation/fibrous tissue, d7) cellular atypism, d8) xanthomatous cells, d9) vascular thrombosis, and d10) fibrinoid necrosis.</p>
      <p>These variables were classified according to the scoring system shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">Table 1</xref>. (Schwartz' modified classification <sup>13</sup>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0512-00017-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>Quantitative histomorphometric analysis</italic> &#150; Morphometric measurements were performed to determine arterial lumen, IEL, EEL, neointimal area (NIA), media layer area (MA), and vessel area (VA). Slides were examined by means of Image-Pro Plus 4.5 software for Windows<sup>&#174;</sup> coupled to an Olympus<sup>&#174;</sup> BX50 microscope and Sony<sup>&#174;</sup> video camera<bold>,</bold> using the so-called "area" morphometry application previously calibrated in &#181;m with a 4x objective. Measurements were transferred to Excel Windows<sup>&#174;</sup>. Morphometric measurements were performed in all cross-sections of the microscope slide, from proximal, near slide identification, to distal. Segments with artifacts that made it impossible to obtain measurements were disregarded.</p>
      <p>In order to assess the lumen area (LA) and the media layer and vessel areas, the following criteria were followed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3-body2">Fig. 3</xref>): a) LA: determined by drawing a line along the luminal border perimeter; NIA: determined by drawing a line under the luminal border and the IEL perimeter line; MA: determined by IEL and EEL perimeters, i. e., EEL-IEL; d) vessel area: comprising EEL area plus NIA (EEL + NIA).</p>
      <fig id="figura3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0512-00017-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Degrees of vessel lesion</italic> &#150; The pathologic classification of histological changes based on scores was adopted to assess the degree of vessel lesion (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">Table1</xref>). In every vessel, the medial segment was compared with reference segments (proximal and distal).</p>
      <p>Statistical analysis was performed using Statistica/w software. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare groups on categorical variables, and Fisher's LSD test was used for pairwise comparison between groups. To investigate the degree of association between NIA and MA, Pearson's correlation coefficient was estimated and the correlation between these variables tested.</p>
      <p>Variables corresponding to cell characteristics and degree of vascular lesion were analyzed by Fisher's exact test, comparing two groups at a time.</p>
      <p>In regard to the degree of lesion evaluated by Schwartz's classification, by which two groups were compared at a time, the Mann-Whitney nonparametric test was used.</p>
      <p>Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, and categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages. Comparisons were drawn taking into account the Bonferroni-corrected significance level (p&lt;0.0167 for the degree of lesion and p&lt;0.0125 for tissue changes and morphometric variables. For the other statistical tests, p-values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Mean total cholesterol was 1362.28 &#177; 273.00 mg/dL.</p>
      <p><italic>Histomorphometric analysis (quantitative measurements of the area)</italic> &#150; This analysis was performed taking into account the following variables: NIA, MA, vessel area and neointima/media ratio (NI/M). <xref ref-type="table" rid="e17t2-body2">Table 2</xref> shows mean and standard deviation results of these variables for each group and the p values obtained from comparison of means between groups.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e17t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0512-00017-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Neointimal area (NIA)</italic> &#150; Reduction in neointimal area was significant in the 15-Gy IG compared with the other groups. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed statistically significant difference among groups (p&lt;0.0001). When comparing two groups at a time, LDS testing pointed to statistically significant difference between the CG and 15-Gy IG (p = 0.0007), the CG and 60-Gy IG (p = 0.0121) and the 15&#150;Gy IG and 60-Gy IG (p&lt;0.0001). On average, the neointimal area of the 15-Gy IG was 2.5 times smaller than that of the CG and 3.6 times smaller than that of the 60-Gy IG. The CG neointimal area, in turn, was 1.4 smaller than that of the 60-Gy IG.</p>
      <p><italic>Media layer area (MA)</italic> &#150; The largest MA was observed in the 60-Gy IG. When the groups were compared for MA, statistically significant differences were found between the CG and 60-Gy IG (p &lt; 0.0001) and the 15-Gy IG and 60-Gy IG (p &lt; 0.0001). No statistically significant difference was found between the CG and 15-Gy IG (p = 0.0516). On average, the media area of the 15-Gy IG was 1.3 times smaller than that of the CG and 1.9 times smaller than that of the 60-Gy IG. This media area was 1.5 smaller in the CG than in the 60-Gy IG.</p>
      <p><italic>NI/M ratio</italic> &#150; The lowest neointima/media ratio was detected in the 15-Gy IG, with statistically significant difference among groups (p = 0.0018). A statistically significant difference was found between the CG and 15-Gy IG (p=0.0016), and the 15-Gy IG and 60-Gy IG (p=0.0010), but not between the CG and 60-Gy IG. On average, neointima/media ratio was 1.8 times lower in the 15-Gy IG compared to that of the CG and 1.9 times lower than that of the 60-Gy IG. Mean ratio between the CG and 60-Gy IG was only 1.02 fold.</p>
      <p><italic>Vessel area</italic> &#150; The largest vessel area was found in the 60-Gy IG (2.49 &#177; 0.73mm2), the proportion of which was 38% greater than in the 15-Gy IG and 22% greater than in the CG. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed statistical significance, with p &lt; 0.0001 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e17t2-body2">Tab. 2</xref>). Considering the group-to-group analysis, a statistically significant difference was found between the irradiated groups and between the 60-Gy IG and control group, with p values 0.0001 and 0.0014, respectively, using LSD analysis.</p>
      <p><italic>Degree of vascular lesions</italic> &#150; The degree of vascular lesion analyzed according to Schwartz et <italic>a</italic>l classification (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">Table1</xref>) was more frequent in the 60-Gy IG, especially in the medial segment, with a statistically significant difference between the CG (p = 0.0046) and 15-Gy IG (p = 0.0391) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e17t3-body2">Tab. 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e17t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0512-00017-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Using the classification for IEL lesions (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">Tab.1</xref>), the greatest degree of lesion was observed in the medial segments of the three groups; however, in the group <italic>versus</italic> group analysis, no statistically significant difference was found (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e17t4-body2">Tab. 4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e17t4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0512-00017-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>To analyze degree of lesion in the EEL, a classification similar to that of the IEL was used (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">Tab. 1</xref>). Comparing group <italic>versus</italic> group, the greatest degree of EEL lesion was found in the 60-Gy IG medial segment, with a statistically significant difference between the CG (p=0.0086) and 15-Gy IG (p &lt; 0.0001). There was no difference between the CG and 15-Gy IG (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e17t5-body2">Tab. 5</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e17t5-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0512-00017-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Qualitative histological analysis &#150;</italic> Qualitative variables observed were xanthomatous cells, hyaline amorphous tissue, vascular proliferation, and granulation/fibrous tissue.</p>
      <p>The presence of xanthomatous cells in moderate/marked degree was observed in 86.11% of the arteries in the 60-Gy IG and 33.33% of the arteries in the CG, with a statistically significant difference between these groups (p &lt; 0.0001). When the irradiated groups were compared, the 60-Gy IG had higher rates of xanthomatous cells than the 15-Gy IG, 86.11% and 14.29%, respectively, showing a statistically significant difference (p &lt; 0.0001), measured by Fisher's test. No difference was found between the CG and 15-Gy IG. Values are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="e17t6-body2">Table 6</xref>, and histological sections are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="e17f4-body2">Figures 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="e17f5-body2">5</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e17t6-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0512-00017-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e17f4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0512-00017-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e17f5-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0512-00017-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Granulation/fibrous tissue was present in 27.78% in the CG; 71.43% in the 15-Gy IG, and 63.89% in the 60-Gy IG. When the groups were compared, using Fisher's test, a statistically significant difference was found between the CG and 15-Gy IG (p = 0.0089) and the CG and 60-Gy IG (p = 0.0042). Frequencies and percentages are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="e17t6-body2">Table 6</xref>, and histological sections are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="e17f6-body2">Figure 6</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e17f6-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0512-00017-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The presence of hyaline amorphous material was seen in 13.89% of the CG and 58.33% of the 60-Gy IG. No change was found in the 15-Gy IG. There was a statistically significant difference when the CG and 60-Gy IG (p = 0.0002) and the 15-Gy IG and 60-Gy IG were compared (p = 0.0001) by Fisher's exact test. No statistically significant difference was found between the CG and 15-Gy IG. Frequencies and percentages are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="e17t6-body2">Table 6</xref>.</p>
      <p>Vascular proliferation was predominant in the 60-Gy IG, as it occurred in 30.56% of the cases. In the CG, it was detected in 11.11%. A statistically significant difference was found when the 15-Gy IG and 60-Gy IG were compared (p = 0.0221). Comparison of the other groups showed no statistically significant difference. All values are specified in <xref ref-type="table" rid="e17t6-body2">Table 6</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Using Schwartz et al's modified classification for vascular lesion<sup>13</sup> the greatest degrees of lesion in the EEL were observed in the group assigned to the highest dose of samarium-153 (60-Gy IG). The higher degrees of EEL lesion may indicate increased communication between the media and adventitia layers. These changes suggest that the effect may not be due only to the balloon trauma, since the other groups (CG and 15-Gy IG) also underwent the same pressure, but rather to the high dose of irradiation, which triggered structural modifications in the EEL.</p>
      <p>No statistically significant difference was found among groups regarding the degree of lesion in the IEL, although this lamina was more predisposed to being compromised by the barotrauma caused by the angioplasty balloon. The role of the internal elastic lamina is to maintain vessel structure, serving as a barrier for cells and macromolecules migration between the intima and the media layers. Its thin elastic fibers have fenestrations that vary according to the species<sup>13,14</sup>. The presence of frequent xanthomatous cells in the intimal space is typical of radiolesion associated with hypercholesterolemia. Studying IEL structural changes in hypercholesterolemic pigs, Kwon et al<sup>15</sup> observed increased communication between the intima and media layers. Similar findings were observed in this study. Although no significant lesion was manifest in the IEL among groups, structural changes in the IEL are associated with a considerable communication between the intima and media layers, shown by the increased number of xanthomatous cells. Arteries irradiated with 60 Gy showed the highest number of these cells in moderate and marked degree, being observed in 86.11% of the arterial segments analyzed compared with only 33.33% in the control group and 14.29% in the 15-Gy irradiated group, with statistical significance among groups (p &lt; 0.0001). The increase in media area reflects these structural changes.</p>
      <p>Studies have demonstrated the usefulness of irradiation with beta-emitters to prevent restenosis<sup>16</sup>. Waksman et al<sup>17</sup><italic>t</italic>ested different doses absorbed, using 7, 14, 28 and 56 Gy of 90Sr/Y, calculated to reach 2.0 mm from the vessel wall, and achieved adequate inhibition of intimal proliferation, according to dose progression. No necrosis was observed in artery layers. In our study, doses were calculated to reach 1 mm from the vessel wall, with 15 Gy and 60 Gy, hypothesizing that the higher dose would yield better results in tissue inhibition. With the higher absorbed dose of 60 Gy, however, 63.89% of fibrosis was observed, compared with 27.78% in the CG and 71.435% in the 15-Gy IG. These findings suggest the presence of irradiation-induced lesion, probably due to an exacerbated penetration with the absorbed dose of 60 Gy of Sm-153. This is emphasized by the degree of lesion in the EEL, which was 48.5% higher in the 60-Gy IG than in the 15-Gy IG and 31% higher than in the CG. The hypothesis of radiolesion rather than lesion caused by the angioplasty balloon is thus reinforced. This finding corroborates literature data, suggesting that this fibrosis may be attributed to radiation typical of radioisotopes. Nevertheless the artery exposed to the 15 Gy dose did not show the cellular and histological abnormalities found with the 60 Gy dose, suggesting that these may be dose-response phenomena. Denham and Hauer-Jensen discussed these findings<sup>18</sup>. They described the difference between arterial lesion caused by trauma and by radiation, the latter involving excessive production of cytokines, excessive deposition of extracellular matrix and the resulting fibrosis. Trott and Kamprad<sup>10</sup> studied the anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory effects of radiation and point to a strong correlation with the delivered dose. This may explain the difference found between both groups of irradiated arteries in this trial, with similar fibrosis observed with the 15 Gy dose and 60 Gy dose, but without the xanthomatous cells, hyaline amorphous material, and changes in intimal and media layers observed in the 60-Gy IG.</p>
      <p>The primary characteristic of vascular damage following balloon angioplasty is neointimal hyperplasia, a kind of fibrocellular lesion that limits blood flow. The major characteristics are migration of media layer cells, phenotypic changes, and cellular matrix secretion<sup>19</sup>. These are some of the main causes of restenosis in human beings undergoing balloon angioplasty, besides the elastic recoil of the arterial wall. Over recent years, intraarterial brachytherapy has been one of the main techniques for treating restenosis, through specific doses, acting as a cell growth suppressor<sup>20,21</sup>. Similar observations were made in this study, which yield significant results in neointimal inhibition with the 15 Gy dose, unlike the arteries exposed to a 60 Gy dose, determining the deleterious effects of radiolesion using the intraarterial radiation technique.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Intraarterial radiation with the absorbed dose of 15 Gy (Sm-153) was adequate to reduce neointimal, media layer and vessel areas. In the absorbed dose of 60 Gy, a significant increase was found in the morphometric variables, in addition to significant abnormal cell patterns, such as xanthomatous cells and hyaline amorphous material. These data are consistent with the effects of arterial radiolesion.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgement</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Thanks to drs. Karine Dall'Oglio Tolazzi, Priscila Oliveira Silva, and Fl&#225;via Ferreira; and also to the postgraduate students Ruy Fernando Kuenzer Caetano da Silva and Manuela Oliveira, for their great help in the experimental phase.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Dalton Bertolim Pr&#233;coma</p>
          <p> Rua Dias da Rocha Filho, 1347</p>
          <p> 80040-050 &#150; Curitiba, PR - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="precoma@cardiol.br">precoma@cardiol.br</email> or </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="daltonprecoma@onda.com.br">daltonprecoma@onda.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 03/13/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 08/09/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
