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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">jtj7RVnQxbBsWTfm8qbjQmf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001700014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700414</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001700014</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fatores preditivos de hipertens&#227;o gestacional em adolescentes prim&#237;paras: an&#225;lise do pr&#233;-natal, da MAPA e da microalbumin&#250;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Regina Coeli Marques de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Henry de Holanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bruno</surname>
            <given-names>Zenilda Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Rosa Maria Salani</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Integrado de Hipertens&#227;o e Diabetes</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Maternidade Escola Assis Chateaubriand </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>487</fpage>
      <lpage>495</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Quantificar a preval&#234;ncia de HG em adolescentes prim&#237;paras; definir fatores de preditividade para a ocorr&#234;ncia de HG e sua repercuss&#227;o nos rec&#233;m-nascidos. M&#201;TODOS: Foram acompanhadas 29 adolescentes prim&#237;paras durante o pr&#233;-natal at&#233; a 12&#170; semana de puerp&#233;rio, com idade m&#233;dia de dezesseis anos, do ambulat&#243;rio do Servi&#231;o de Adolescentes da Maternidade Escola Assis Chateaubriand (MEAC) da Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; (Fortaleza). As gestantes foram dividas em dois grupos; ou seja, nas que permaneceram normotensas (Grupo I) e naquelas que desenvolveram hipertens&#227;o gestacional -HG - (Grupo II). As vari&#225;veis investigadas na avalia&#231;&#227;o de valor de preditividade no desenvolvimento de HG foram valores antropom&#233;tricos, aspectos socioecon&#244;micos, o h&#225;bito de fumar, a hereditariedade para HAS (pai/m&#227;e), os exames do pr&#233;-natal solicitados na primeira consulta do pr&#233;-natal e a microalbumin&#250;ria e a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) na 28&#170; semana de gesta&#231;&#227;o. As gestantes foram acompanhadas no parto e no puerp&#233;rio tardio (12&#170; semana de puerp&#233;rio). Os rec&#233;m-nascidos das m&#227;es do nosso estudo foram avaliados ao nascer pelos &#237;ndices de APGAR e de Capurro, peso, estatura e pela presen&#231;a de hip&#243;xia perinatal. RESULTADOS: A preval&#234;ncia de HG foi de 51,7% . A hereditariedade para HAS apresentou-se com o maior valor de preditividade para HG com odds ratio de 10,99. A press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica maior ou igual a 70 mmHg, na idade m&#233;dia gestacional de 35 semanas, apresentou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica como valor de preditividade para HG. Na MAPA encontramos valor de preditividade para HG: carga press&#243;rica diast&#243;lica em vig&#237;lia, carga press&#243;rica sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica no sono noturno, variabilidade press&#243;rica e press&#227;o m&#225;xima diast&#243;lica no sono. Especificamente a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) m&#225;xima na MAPA no per&#237;odo do sono noturno &#179;64 mmHg apresentou odds ratio de 6 para HG com sensibilidade de 80% e especificidade de 60% para o desenvolvimento de HG. CONCLUS&#195;O: A pesquisa de fatores de preditividade de HG em adolescentes prim&#237;paras se demonstrou de f&#225;cil aplicabilidade e &#250;til para estratificar gestantes de alto risco no desenvolvimento de HG.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o gestacional</kwd>
        <kwd>microalbumin&#250;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA)</kwd>
        <kwd>gesta&#231;&#227;o na adolesc&#234;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fatores preditivos de hipertens&#227;o gestacional em adolescentes prim&#237;paras: an&#225;lise do pr&#233;-natal, da MAPA e da microalbumin&#250;ria</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Regina Coeli Marques de Carvalho; Henry de Holanda Campos; Zenilda Vieira Bruno; Rosa Maria Salani Mota</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Maternidade Escola Assis Chateaubriand e Centro Integrado de Hipertens&#227;o e Diabetes - Fortaleza, CE</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Quantificar a preval&#234;ncia de HG em adolescentes prim&#237;paras; definir fatores de preditividade para a ocorr&#234;ncia de HG e sua repercuss&#227;o nos rec&#233;m-nascidos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram acompanhadas 29 adolescentes prim&#237;paras durante o pr&#233;-natal at&#233; a 12&#170; semana de puerp&#233;rio, com idade m&#233;dia de dezesseis anos, do ambulat&#243;rio do Servi&#231;o de Adolescentes da Maternidade Escola Assis Chateaubriand (MEAC) da Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; (Fortaleza). As gestantes foram dividas em dois grupos; ou seja, nas que permaneceram normotensas (Grupo I) e naquelas que desenvolveram hipertens&#227;o gestacional &#150;HG - (Grupo II). As vari&#225;veis investigadas na avalia&#231;&#227;o de valor de preditividade no desenvolvimento de HG foram valores antropom&#233;tricos, aspectos socioecon&#244;micos, o h&#225;bito de fumar, a hereditariedade para HAS (pai/m&#227;e), os exames do pr&#233;-natal solicitados na primeira consulta do pr&#233;-natal e a microalbumin&#250;ria e a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) na 28&#170; semana de gesta&#231;&#227;o. As gestantes foram acompanhadas no parto e no puerp&#233;rio tardio (12&#170; semana de puerp&#233;rio). Os rec&#233;m-nascidos das m&#227;es do nosso estudo foram avaliados ao nascer pelos &#237;ndices de APGAR e de Capurro, peso, estatura e pela presen&#231;a de hip&#243;xia perinatal. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A preval&#234;ncia de HG foi de 51,7% . A hereditariedade para HAS apresentou-se com o maior valor de preditividade para HG com odds ratio de 10,99. A press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica maior ou igual a 70 mmHg, na idade m&#233;dia gestacional de 35 semanas, apresentou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica como valor de preditividade para HG. Na MAPA encontramos valor de preditividade para HG: carga press&#243;rica diast&#243;lica em vig&#237;lia, carga press&#243;rica sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica no sono noturno, variabilidade press&#243;rica e press&#227;o m&#225;xima diast&#243;lica no sono. Especificamente a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) m&#225;xima na MAPA no per&#237;odo do sono noturno &#179;64 mmHg apresentou odds ratio de 6 para HG com sensibilidade de 80% e especificidade de 60% para o desenvolvimento de HG. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A pesquisa de fatores de preditividade de HG em adolescentes prim&#237;paras se demonstrou de f&#225;cil aplicabilidade e &#250;til para estratificar gestantes de alto risco no desenvolvimento de HG.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Hipertens&#227;o gestacional, microalbumin&#250;ria, monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA), gesta&#231;&#227;o na adolesc&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>As doen&#231;as hipertensivas gestacionais continuam sendo as maiores causas de mortalidade materno-fetal nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento e s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por 60% das mortes maternas obst&#233;tricas diretas<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>O grupo espec&#237;fico de adolescentes prim&#237;paras se constitui, nos grandes levantamentos populacionais, na faixa et&#225;ria que mais se correlaciona com o pior progn&#243;stico materno-fetal, com altos &#237;ndices de partos prematuros, com rec&#233;m-nascidos (RN) pequenos para a idade gestacional (PIG)<sup>2-4</sup> e com risco de morte materna aproximadamente sessenta vezes maior do que em mulheres na faixa et&#225;ria de vinte a 24 anos<sup>5-8</sup>.</p>
    <p>A HG definida como a presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o arterial transit&#243;ria na gravidez, sem protein&#250;ria e normaliza&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial ap&#243;s a 12&#170; semana de gesta&#231;&#227;o, est&#225; sendo mais correlacionada com a recorr&#234;ncia em futuras gesta&#231;&#245;es e com um maior risco no desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<sup>9-10</sup>.</p>
    <p>A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) vem, nos &#250;ltimos anos, tornando-se um m&#233;todo n&#227;o-invasivo de extrema utilidade na cl&#237;nica obst&#233;trica, em gestantes hipertensas ou normotensas com fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a hipertensiva espec&#237;fica da gesta&#231;&#227;o (DHEG)<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>A microalbumin&#250;ria &#233; considerada um marcador independente de les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo nos pacientes hipertensos<sup>12</sup> e diab&#233;ticos<sup>13-14</sup>. Em gestantes n&#227;o h&#225; consenso sobre seu valor de preditividade para DHEG<sup>15-18</sup>, necessitando de estudos que venham a validar seu uso em gesta&#231;&#245;es de alto risco no desenvolvimento de DHEG.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Vinte e nove adolescentes prim&#237;paras foram recrutadas do ambulat&#243;rio do Servi&#231;o de Adolescentes da Maternidade Escola Assis Chateaubriand (MEAC), da Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; (Fortaleza), para a participa&#231;&#227;o do estudo. A ades&#227;o ao estudo foi de forma volunt&#225;ria e ap&#243;s consentimento dos representantes legais, por serem todas menores de dezoito anos de idade (m&#233;dia de dezesseis anos). Nenhuma delas era portadora de doen&#231;as e permaneceram no estudo aquelas que tiveram comparecimento de no m&#237;nimo seis visitas do pr&#233;-natal. As gestantes foram separadas em dois grupos distintos: Grupo I, as que permaneceram normotensas, e, no Grupo II, as gestantes com diagn&#243;stico de HG. Todas as vari&#225;veis investigadas foram correlacionadas, com o diagn&#243;stico final de HG e determinado o valor de preditividade para HG. As vari&#225;veis pesquisadas na investiga&#231;&#227;o de preditividade para HG foram: peso (kg), altura (m), &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>), aspectos socioecon&#244;micos (escolaridade, estado civil, moradia, h&#225;bito de fumar); a hereditariedade para hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS); os exames laboratoriais (hemat&#243;crito, hemoglobina, sum&#225;rio de urina, glicemia de jejum) solicitados na primeira consulta do pr&#233;-natal; as medidas press&#243;ricas na primeira e na &#250;ltima consulta de pr&#233;-natal; a microalbumin&#250;ria e a MAPA na 28&#170; semana gestacional. As adolescentes foram acompanhadas no trabalho de parto (vaginal, ces&#225;rea, f&#243;rceps) e foram posteriormente visitadas em seus domic&#237;lios ap&#243;s a 12&#170; semana de puerp&#233;rio. Os RN foram avaliados suas condi&#231;&#245;es de nascimento (an&#243;xia perinatal, APGAR no primeiro e no quinto minutos, Capurro), o peso (gr), a estatura (cm) e se AIG (adequados para a idade gestacional), GIG (grande para a idade gestacional), PIG (pequeno para a idade gestacional) e correlacionados os dados com o diagn&#243;stico materno de HG. O trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;.</p>
    <p>Na MAPA utilizamos os monitores DYNAMAP (device for indirect noninvasive automatic mean arterial pressure). As leituras dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos foram feitas pelo m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico, segundo o protocolo da British Hypertension Society<sup>19</sup> e com os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos pela American Association of Medical Instrumentation<sup>20</sup> e pela IV Diretrizes para o Uso da MAPA da Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o<sup>21</sup>. O monitor da MAPA era ajustado &#224; cintura da gestante, contralateral ao bra&#231;o utilizado para as medi&#231;&#245;es da PA. Os per&#237;odos de vig&#237;lia e de sono noturno da MAPA foram definidos e programadas para aferi&#231;&#245;es press&#243;ricas a cada vinte minutos no per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia, e a cada trinta minutos no sono noturno. A MAPA foi aceita como v&#225;lida para an&#225;lise se tivesse no m&#237;nimo quatorze medidas em vig&#237;lia e de sete medidas no sono noturno<sup>21</sup>. As seguintes vari&#225;veis da MAPA foram avaliados com valor de preditividade para HG:</p>
    <p>- Press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (mmHg) &#150; (PAM);</p>
    <p>- M&#233;dia da PAS (press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica) e da PAD (press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica) (mmHg) na vig&#237;lia e no sono;</p>
    <p>- Valor m&#225;ximo registrado da PAS ou PAD em vig&#237;lia e no sono (mmHg);</p>
    <p>- Variabilidade press&#243;rica sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica (desvio padr&#227;o);</p>
    <p>- Varia&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica (mmHg) &#150; varia&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima da PA em rela&#231;&#227;o ao padr&#227;o de normalidade em vig&#237;lia (PAS de 140 mmHg e PAD de 90 mmHg) e no sono (PAS de 120 mmHg e PAD de 80 mmHg no sono);</p>
    <p>- Carga press&#243;rica sist&#243;lica (% de medidas da PAS superiores a 140 mmHg) e diast&#243;lica (% de medidas da PAD superiores a 90 mmHg) em vig&#237;lia;</p>
    <p>- Carga press&#243;rica sist&#243;lica (% de medidas da PAS superiores a 120 mmHg) e diast&#243;lica (% de medidas da PAD superiores a 80 mmHg) no sono noturno;</p>
    <p>- Descenso noturno &#150; percentagem da redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis tensionais, durante o sono, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia (queda dos n&#237;veis tensionais igual ou superior a 10% em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos em vig&#237;lia).</p>
    <p>Os dados foram coletados em ficha individual e armazenados em banco de dados criado no programa Access 7.0 e analisados nos programas Excel e SPSS 7.5 para Windows (Microsoft Corporation). O teste t de Student e testes n&#227;o-param&#233;tricos de Mann-Whitney foram utilizados para a compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias entres as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas entre os Grupos I e II. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram analisadas pelo teste exato de Fisher e pelo teste de raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a, sendo definido como estatisticamente significante o valor de p &lt; 0,01. Para an&#225;lise multivariada dos fatores de risco no desenvolvimento de HG utilizamos a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. O teste de Wald foi usado para avaliar a signific&#226;ncia do odds ratio (OR) ajustado por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC 95%) e escala de Hopkins para a OR.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A idade das adolescentes variou de quatorze anos a dezoito anos, e 58,6% tinham idade inferior a dezesseis anos. A idade m&#233;dia gestacional da primeira e da &#250;ltima consultas do pr&#233;-natal foi de 13,5 semanas e de 35, respectivamente. O parto ocorreu com a idade m&#233;dia de 38 semanas de gesta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Quatorze adolescentes (48,3%) permaneceram normotensas (Grupo I) e quinze (51,72%) apresentaram HG (Grupo II) com a m&#233;dia da PA no trabalho de parto de 146,6/ 97,3 mmHg (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">tab.1</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig14q1">quadro 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="fig14q1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A PAD na &#250;ltima consulta do pr&#233;-natal das gestantes do Grupo II apresentou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Grupo I (p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig14q1">quadro 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>Quatorze gestantes (48,3%) apresentavam o peso no in&#237;cio da gesta&#231;&#227;o abaixo do ideal; nove (31,0%), com peso ideal; e seis (20,7%), com sobrepeso (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig14q2">quadro 2</xref>) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>). O ganho de peso corporal durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o se mostrou com diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre os dois grupos (11,4 &#177; 3,7 kg no Grupo I e 12,2 &#177; 3,5 kg no Grupo II).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="fig14q2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Dezessete adolescentes (58,6%) cursavam o ensino fundamental; nove (31,0%), o ensino m&#233;dio; e tr&#234;s (10,3%) n&#227;o freq&#252;entavam a escola. Tr&#234;s gestantes (10,34%) continuaram a fumar na gesta&#231;&#227;o e duas (6,89%) desenvolveram HG. Vinte e duas adolescentes (75,8 %) moravam com seus pais ou sogros. Sete casaram em decorr&#234;ncia da gesta&#231;&#227;o e fixaram resid&#234;ncia com o companheiro em moradia pr&#243;pria. N&#227;o encontramos nenhuma correla&#231;&#227;o com as vari&#225;veis sociais analisadas e a ocorr&#234;ncia de HG.</p>
    <p>Quatorze adolescentes tinham antecedentes familiares para HAS e onze (78,6%) desenvolveram HG (p = 0,0092) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3">tab. 3</xref>). A presen&#231;a de antecedentes familiares de HAS representou um risco (odds ratio) de 10,99 para HG (intervalo de confian&#231;a: 1,99- 60,57; n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia 95%).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os exames laboratoriais solicitados na primeira consulta do pr&#233;-natal n&#227;o demonstraram nenhum valor de preditividade para o desenvolvimento de HG (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="quadro3">quadro 3</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="quadro3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A microalbumin&#250;ria com valores acima da normalidade (&gt; 20 mg/dl) foi encontrada em dezenove gestantes, e onze dessas (57,9%) desenvolveram HG (Grupo II) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela4">tab. 4</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>As aferi&#231;&#245;es da MAPA apresentaram boa qualidade t&#233;cnica, com a m&#233;dia das medidas v&#225;lidas de 83,15% no Grupo I e de 85,33% no Grupo II.</p>
    <p>Na vig&#237;lia, tivemos diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre os dois grupos na carga press&#243;rica diast&#243;lica (p &lt; 0,01) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig14q4">quadro 4</xref>). "Picos" press&#243;ricos sist&#243;licos ou diast&#243;licos isolados nesse per&#237;odo da MAPA foram registrados nos dois grupos estudados, apesar de maior predomin&#226;ncia no Grupo II, em que 59,0 % das gestantes apresentaram essa altera&#231;&#227;o na MAPA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela5">tab. 5</xref>). Pelo teste exato de Fisher n&#227;o houve nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o desse evento com o desenvolvimento de HG.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="fig14q4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de sono noturno, as cargas press&#243;ricas sist&#243;licas e diast&#243;licas apresentaram diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os dois grupos (p &lt; 0,01) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig14q5">quadro 5</xref>). No Grupo II, 60,9% das gestantes apresentaram uma maior instabilidade press&#243;rica representada pela presen&#231;a de "picos press&#243;ricos" isolados nesse per&#237;odo da MAPA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela6">tab. 6</xref>). Pelo teste exato de Fisher n&#227;o houve nenhuma correla&#231;&#227;o entre a ocorr&#234;ncia de "picos" hipertensivos registrados na MAPA durante o sono noturno e o desenvolvimento de HG (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela7">tab. 7</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="fig14q5">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela6">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tabela7">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gt07.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis da MAPA ao n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 10% n&#227;o apresentou, pela regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, nenhum valor de preditividade para HG (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig14q6">quadro 6</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="fig14q6">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Segundo o modelo Backward Stepwise para an&#225;lise dos coeficientes de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla com o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 45% podemos encontrar valor de preditividade para HG, m&#233;dia da PAS e da PAD no sono noturno, PAD m&#225;xima na vig&#237;lia e no sono, variabilidade press&#243;rica da PAD no sono e descenso da PAD no sono (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig14q6">quadro 6</xref>). Considerando a an&#225;lise multivariada com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 10% dentre essas vari&#225;veis, encontramos a variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica e a press&#227;o m&#225;xima diast&#243;lica no per&#237;odo de sono noturno, valores de preditividade para HG (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig14q7">quadro 7</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="fig14q7">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Os odds ratio estimados para a variabilidade da PAD no sono foram de 0,5574 (intervalo de 0, 3145- 0,9879- intervalo de confian&#231;a de 90%) e para a PAD m&#225;xima no sono de 1,1347 (IC 1,0215-1,2605 com coeficiente de confian&#231;a de 90%). Podemos supor que o aumento da variabilidade da PAD no sono noturno confere um certo efeito protetor para o desenvolvimento de HG, enquanto uma maior PAD m&#225;xima no sono noturno representaria um maior fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de HG.</p>
    <p>Avaliando a PAD m&#225;xima no sono isoladamente verificamos que no ponto de corte da PAD <underline>&gt;</underline> 64 mmHg podemos observar uma dicotomiza&#231;&#227;o entre os dois grupos estudados, havendo uma maior associa&#231;&#227;o com o desenvolvimento de HG com odds ratio de seis vezes (varia&#231;&#227;o de coeficiente de 1,172 a 30,72, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela8">tab. 8</xref>).Encontramos para esse valor press&#243;rico sensibilidade de 80% e especificidade de 60%, com valor preditivo positivo (VPP) de 66,7, valor preditivo negativo (VPN ) de 75,0, com falso-positivo (FP) de 33,33 a falso-negativo (FN) de 25 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig14q8">quadro 8</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="fig14q8">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela8">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gt08.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A variabilidade press&#243;rica m&#225;xima no sono, por sua vez, n&#227;o apresentou nenhum ponto de corte espec&#237;fico que tivesse valor preditivo para HG.</p>
    <p>Vinte e duas gestantes tiveram parto vaginal, um f&#243;rceps e quatro ces&#225;reas por indica&#231;&#227;o obst&#233;trica. A an&#243;xia perinatal ocorreu em doze rec&#233;m-nascidos, e oito deles pertenciam ao Grupo II (66,7%), por&#233;m sem apresentar diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significante entre os dois grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela9">tab.9</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela9">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gt09.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Nas demais vari&#225;veis analisadas dos RN n&#227;o pudemos encontrar nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois grupos estudados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig14q9">quadro 9</xref>) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela10">tab.10</xref>)</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="fig14q9">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gf09.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela10">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gt10.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados advindos do nosso trabalho confirmam que no grupo espec&#237;fico de adolescentes prim&#237;paras temos um risco elevado de HG, com a ocorr&#234;ncia de 51,7% .</p>
    <p>O desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica em mulheres que tenham desenvolvido hipertens&#227;o gestacional &#233; descrito em v&#225;rios trabalhos na literatura<sup>22-25</sup>. Chesley &amp; Sibai demonstraram que em gestantes com a press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM) no segundo trimestre gestacional com valor igual ou maior que 90 mmHg apresentavam uma maior incid&#234;ncia no desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o arterial cr&#244;nica evidenciada em anos de seguimento cl&#237;nico<sup>25</sup>. Portanto, o seguimento cl&#237;nico dessas adolescentes ao longo de anos subseq&#252;entes proporcionar&#225; subs&#237;dios tanto para o diagn&#243;stico precoce da hipertens&#227;o arterial como tamb&#233;m para ado&#231;&#227;o de medidas n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gicas preventivas para HAS, como tamb&#233;m para instituir precocemente terap&#234;utica apropriada quando necess&#225;rio, evitando-se assim as futuras comorbidades associadas na evolu&#231;&#227;o natural da hipertens&#227;o arterial, como insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Segundo o III Consenso Brasileiro de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, para os indiv&#237;duos considerados normais e menores de dezoito anos, os valores press&#243;ricos variam de PAS &lt; 130 mmHg e a PAD &lt; 85 mmHg<sup>26</sup>.Considerando que a m&#233;dia estatural das adolescentes do nosso trabalho era de 161 cm (percentil 50), todas apresentaram as m&#233;dias press&#243;ricas normais tanto na primeira como na &#250;ltima consulta do pr&#233;-natal. Ao comparamos os dois grupos estudados tivemos uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante na PAD medida pelo esfign&#244;metro manual no Grupo II. Os valores absolutos press&#243;ricos, por serem considerados dentro dos padr&#245;es de normalidade, n&#227;o se mostram de signific&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica no pr&#233;-natal.</p>
    <p>A hereditariedade de HAS nos apresentou um valor preditivo significativo para HG, com odds ratio de 10,99 vezes. Sukerman-Voldman<sup>27</sup> encontraram correla&#231;&#227;o de HAS e pr&#233;-eclampsia (PE). A valoriza&#231;&#227;o desse dado no pr&#233;-natal far&#225; que possamos estratificar nesse grupo espec&#237;fico de gestantes, as que t&#234;m um maior risco de desenvolverem HG, ou talvez para as demais doen&#231;as hipertensivas gestacionais, como a PE ou eclampsia (EC).</p>
    <p>Para as vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas ou para os aspectos sociais investigados n&#227;o tivemos nenhuma correla&#231;&#227;o para HG. A gesta&#231;&#227;o nessas adolescentes n&#227;o mostrou, at&#233; o momento do acompanhamento do estudo, que houvesse repercuss&#227;o significativa em suas vidas. A grande maioria das nossas adolescentes, ou seja, 89,7% permaneceram freq&#252;entando a escola, e apenas sete (24,2%) fixaram moradia com o companheiro em casas independentes, enquanto 75,8% delas continuavam a morar com seus pais ou com os pais do companheiro.</p>
    <p>Os exames laboratoriais de rotina do pr&#233;-natal e a microalbumin&#250;ria na 28&#170; semana gestacional n&#227;o se mostraram com nenhum valor preditivo para HG. Talvez a realiza&#231;&#227;o de apenas uma &#250;nica amostra de exames laboratoriais no in&#237;cio da gesta&#231;&#227;o tenha contribu&#237;do para os resultados encontrados.</p>
    <p>A MAPA na 28&#170; semana gestacional demonstrou ser o &#250;nico exame que apresentou valor de preditividade para a HG. Brown e cols.<sup>28</sup> encontraram na MAPA de gestantes normotensas na 26&#170; a 30&#170; semanas gestacional os valores press&#243;ricos m&#225;ximos de 133/81 mmHg na vig&#237;lia, e de 117/68 mmHg no sono<sup>28</sup>. As adolescentes do nosso estudo que evolu&#237;ram com HG (Grupo II) apresentaram os valores m&#225;ximos press&#243;ricos de 150,2 &#177; 11,8/ 86,5 &#177; 16,4 mmHg na vig&#237;lia, e de 118,8 &#177; 9,7/ 68,7 &#177; 11,2 mmHg no per&#237;odo de sono noturno, valores, portanto, superiores aos que s&#227;o aceitos como normais, especificamente nessa idade gestacional. A presen&#231;a de "picos" press&#243;ricos isolados na vig&#237;lia e no sono noturno das gestantes do Grupo II evidencia que, de fato, h&#225; uma maior variabilidade press&#243;rica e instabiliza&#231;&#227;o do ritmo circadiano press&#243;rico dessas gestantes que evolu&#237;ram para HG.</p>
    <p>A carga press&#243;rica diast&#243;lica em vig&#237;lia no Grupo II apresentou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante (p &lt; 0,01) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s gestantes do Grupo I. Os valores da carga press&#243;rica diast&#243;lica em vig&#237;lia s&#227;o absolutamente normais se considerarmos na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral. A nossa popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, por sua vez, &#233; de gestantes adolescentes na segunda metade da gesta&#231;&#227;o e, por estarem num estado de intensa vasodilata&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, dever&#237;amos realmente encontrar valores press&#243;ricos inferiores aos da popula&#231;&#227;o em geral; portanto, essa vari&#225;vel demonstrou ter valor de preditividade para HG.</p>
    <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es do comportamento press&#243;rico da MAPA, no per&#237;odo do sono noturno, em gestantes com PE, s&#227;o bastantes controversas. S&#227;o citadas a presen&#231;a da atenua&#231;&#227;o do descenso noturno e a invers&#227;o do padr&#227;o vig&#237;lia-sono, ou seja, os n&#237;veis tensionais s&#227;o mais elevados no sono do que na vig&#237;lia, como as mais significantes na literatura<sup>29-34</sup>. Halligan e cols.<sup>34</sup> correlacionam o descenso noturno com o grau de severidade da PE. Em nossa casu&#237;stica, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas no descenso noturno entre os dois grupos estudados, mas observamos, atrav&#233;s da odds ratio estimada, que quanto maior for o valor para a PAD m&#225;xima no sono maior ser&#225; o risco para HG. Das gestantes que apresentaram PAD m&#225;xima no sono <underline>&gt;</underline> 64 mmHg, 66,7% evolu&#237;ram para HG (odds ratio de 6,0 vezes para HG). Hermida e cols.<sup>35</sup> observaram que nas gestantes que desenvolveram PE ou HG as altera&#231;&#245;es na MAPA se manifestavam desde o primeiro trimestre gestacional, com uma maior variabilidade press&#243;rica e uma exacerba&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos no &#250;ltimo trimestre da gesta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos RN, n&#227;o encontramos nenhum fator que pudesse haver correla&#231;&#227;o com HG, apesar de que tivemos mais an&#243;xia perinatal (66,7%) nos RN do Grupo II.</p>
    <p>O n&#250;mero de casos acompanhados limita os resultados achados, mas pode nos mostrar que as doen&#231;as hipertensivas gestacionais, especificamente a HG, em adolescentes prim&#237;paras, s&#227;o prevalentes em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. A investiga&#231;&#227;o de fatores de preditividade para HG podem modificar a evolu&#231;&#227;o natural da doen&#231;a hipertensiva gestacional.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A pesquisa de investiga&#231;&#227;o para fatores preditivos de HG no grupo espec&#237;fico de adolescentes prim&#237;paras demonstrou ser de f&#225;cil aplicabilidade e com resultados satisfat&#243;rios. A hereditariedade de HAS e a MAPA na 28&#170; semana gestacional se mostraram com os mais altos valores de preditividade para HG. A PAD m&#225;xima no sono e a variabilidade press&#243;rica no per&#237;odo de sono noturno e a carga press&#243;rica diast&#243;lica na vig&#237;lia na MAPA tiveram valores preditivos significativos para HG. A PAD m&#225;xima no sono noturno <underline>&gt;</underline> 64 mmHg apresentou sensibilidade de 80%, especificidade de 60% com VPP de 66,67 e VPN de 75 para o desenvolvimento de HG.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Regina Coeli Marques de Carvalho </p>
        <p> Rua Dr. Ribamar Lobo, 430/403 </p>
        <p> 60176-140 &#150; Fortaleza, CE </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="rcoeli@cardiol.br">rcoeli@cardiol.br</email> / </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="coelicarvalho@uol.com.br">coelicarvalho@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 06/11/04 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 08/12/05</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Predictive factors for pregnancy hypertension in primiparous adolescents: analysis of prenatal care, ABPM and microalbuminuria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To quantify PH prevalence in primiparous adolescents; define predictive factors for the occurrence of PH and its impact on newborns. METHODS: We followed 29 primiparous adolescents from the prenatal period through the 12th week of the puerperium, with a mean of sixteen years of age, served at the Outpatient Facility for Adolescents of Maternidade Escola Assis Chateaubriand (MEAC) of Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; (Fortaleza, Brazil). The pregnant adolescents were divided into two groups, that is, those who remained normotensive (Group I) and those who developed PH (Group II). The variables investigated in the assessment of the value of predictability for the development of PH were anthropometric measures, socioeconomic aspects, smoking habit, inheritance for SAH (father/mother), prenatal tests requested in the first prenatal care visit in addition to microalbuminuria and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in the 28th week of gestation. The pregnant adolescents were followed up at delivery and late puerperium (12th week after the puerperium). The newborns to the mothers included in our study were assessed at birth according to the Apgar score and the Capurro method, for weight, height and perinatal hypoxia. RESULTS: The prevalence of PH was 51.7%. Inheritance for SAH presented the highest predictive value for PH with an odds ratio of 10.99. Diastolic arterial pressure equal to or above 70 mmHg at the gestational age of 35 weeks was statistically significant as a predictive value for PH. At ABPM we found a predictive value for PH: diastolic pressure load during alertness, diastolic and systolic pressure load during night sleep, pressure variability and maximum diastolic pressure during sleep. Specifically a maximum diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) at ABPM during the period of night sleep &#179;64 mmHg presented an odds ratio of 6 for PH with a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 60% for the development of PH. CONCLUSION: The research for PH predictive factors in primiparous adolescents showed to be easy to apply and useful to stratify high-risk pregnant women as regards the development of PH.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Gestational hypertensive</kwd>
        <kwd>microalbuminuria</kwd>
        <kwd>ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM)</kwd>
        <kwd>pregnancy in adolescents</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Predictive factors for pregnancy hypertension in primiparous adolescents: analysis of prenatal care, ABPM and microalbuminuria</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Regina Coeli Marques de Carvalho; Henry de Holanda Campos; Zenilda Vieira Bruno; Rosa Maria Salani Mota</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Maternidade Escola Assis Chateaubriand e Centro Integrado de Hipertens&#227;o e Diabetes - Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To quantify PH prevalence in primiparous adolescents; define predictive factors for the occurrence of PH and its impact on newborns.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> We followed 29 primiparous adolescents from the prenatal period through the 12th week of the puerperium, with a mean of sixteen years of age, served at the Outpatient Facility for Adolescents of Maternidade Escola Assis Chateaubriand (MEAC) of Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; (Fortaleza, Brazil). The pregnant adolescents were divided into two groups, that is, those who remained normotensive (Group I) and those who developed PH (Group II). The variables investigated in the assessment of the value of predictability for the development of PH were anthropometric measures, socioeconomic aspects, smoking habit, inheritance for SAH (father/mother), prenatal tests requested in the first prenatal care visit in addition to microalbuminuria and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in the 28th week of gestation. The pregnant adolescents were followed up at delivery and late puerperium (12th week after the puerperium). The newborns to the mothers included in our study were assessed at birth according to the Apgar score and the Capurro method, for weight, height and perinatal hypoxia.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The prevalence of PH was 51.7%. Inheritance for SAH presented the highest predictive value for PH with an odds ratio of 10.99. Diastolic arterial pressure equal to or above 70 mmHg at the gestational age of 35 weeks was statistically significant as a predictive value for PH. At ABPM we found a predictive value for PH: diastolic pressure load during alertness, diastolic and systolic pressure load during night sleep, pressure variability and maximum diastolic pressure during sleep. Specifically a maximum diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) at ABPM during the period of night sleep &#179;64 mmHg presented an odds ratio of 6 for PH with a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 60% for the development of PH.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The research for PH predictive factors in primiparous adolescents showed to be easy to apply and useful to stratify high-risk pregnant women as regards the development of PH.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Gestational hypertensive, microalbuminuria, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), pregnancy in adolescents.</p>
      <p>Gestational hypertensive diseases continue to be the major causes of maternal/fetal mortality in developing countries and account for 60% of direct maternal obstetrics-related deaths1.</p>
      <p>The specific group of primiparous adolescents is the age group that more strongly correlates with worse maternal/fetal prognosis in large population surveys, and presents high rates of premature delivery, newborns who are small for the gestational age (SGA)2-4 and with a maternal death risk approximately sixty times higher as compared to women in the 20 to 24 age range5-8.</p>
      <p>Pregnancy hypertension, defined as the presence of transitory arterial hypertension during pregnancy, with no proteinuria, and with normalized arterial pressure after the 12th week of pregnancy, has been more strongly correlated with recurrence in future pregnancies and with a higher risk for the development of cardiovascular diseases9-10.</p>
      <p>In the last years, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) has become a very useful noninvasive method in clinical obstetrics for hypertensive or normotensive pregnant women with a risk factor for developing pregnancy-induced hypertensive disease11.</p>
      <p>Microalbuminuria is considered an independent marker of lesions in target organs of hypertensive12 and diabetic13-14 patients. There is no consensus about its predictive value for pregnancy-induced hypertensive disease15-18 in pregnant women, and studies are needed to validate its use in pregnancy with a high risk for the development of pregnancy-induced hypertensive disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Twenty-nine primiparous adolescents were recruited in the outpatient facility of the Service for Adolescents of Maternidade Escola Assis Chateaubriand (MEAC), of Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; (Fortaleza, Brazil) to participate in the study. Participation in the study was on a volunteer basis upon consent by the patients' legal representative since the patients were all under eighteen years of age (median of sixteen years of age). None of them had diseases and only those who came for at least six visits during the prenatal period remained in the study. They were separated into two different groups: Group I, those who remained normotensive, and Group II, which comprised those who had a PH diagnosis. All the variables investigated were correlated with the PH diagnosis and assessed as regards their predictive power for PH. The variables investigated as regards PH predictability were: weight (kg), height (m), body mass index (kg/m2), socioeconomic aspects (schooling, marital status, type of dwelling, smoking habit); inheritance for SAH; laboratory tests (hematocrit, hemoglobin, urine analysis, fasting glycemia) requested in the first prenatal care visit; pressure measurements taken in the first and last prenatal visit; microalbuminuria and ABPM in the 28th week of pregnancy. The adolescents were followed up during delivery (vaginal, cesarean section, forceps) and were later visited at home after the 12nd week of puerperium. The newborns were assessed as regardstheir conditions of birth (perinatal anoxia, APGAR at the first and fifth minutes, Capurro), weight (gr), height (cm) and whether they were AGA (adequate for gestational age), LGA (large for gestational age), SGA (small for gestational age) and the data were correlated with the data of the mothers' diagnosis of PH. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Medical College of the Federal University of Cear&#225;, Brazil (Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;).</p>
      <p>In the ABPM, we used DYNAMAP monitors (device for indirect noninvasive automatic mean arterial pressure). Pressure level readings were done using the oscillometric method according to the protocol of the British Hypertension Society19 and to the criteria established by the American Association of Medical Instrumentation20 and by the 3rd ABPM Guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Hypertension21. The ABPM monitor was adjusted to the patient's waist, on the opposite side of the arm where the blood pressure was measured. The periods of alertness and night sleep of the ABPM were defined and programmed so that the pressure could be measured every twenty minutes during alertness and every thirty minutes during night sleep. ABPM was accepted as valid for analysis if a minimum of fourteen measurements had been taken during alertness and seven measurements had been taken during night sleep21. The following ABPM variables were assessed with a predictive value for PH:</p>
      <p>- Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) &#150; (MAP);</p>
      <p>- Mean SAP (systolic arterial pressure) and mean DAP (diastolic arterial pressure) (mmHg) during alertness and sleep;</p>
      <p>- Maximum SAP or DAP value recorded during alertness and sleep (mmHg);</p>
      <p>- Systolic and Diastolic pressure variability (standard deviation);</p>
      <p>- Maximum systolic and diastolic variation (mmHg) &#150; maximum AP variation as compared with the normal pattern during alertness (SAP of 140 mmHg and DAP of 90 mmHg) and sleep (SAP of 120 mmHg and DAP of 80 mmHg during sleep);</p>
      <p>- Systolic pressure load (% of SAP measurements above 140 mmHg) and diastolic (% of DAP measurement above 90 mmHg) during alertness;</p>
      <p>- Systolic pressure load (%of SAP measurements above 120 mmHg) and diastolic (% of DAP measurements above 80 mmHg) during night sleep;</p>
      <p>- Nocturnal descent &#150; percentage of pressure level reduction during sleep as compared with the alertness period (a fall of pressure levels by or above 10% as compared with pressure levels during alertness).</p>
      <p>The data were collected in individual records and stored in an Access 7.0 database. They were analyzed in the Excel and SPSS 7.5 for Windows (Microsoft Corporation) programs. Student's t test and Mann-Whitney nonparametric tests were used to compare the means of continuous variables between Groups I and II. Categoric variables were analyzed using Fisher's exact test and the likelihood ratio test, in that a value of p &lt; 0.01 was defined as statistically significant. For the multivariate analysis of risk factors for the development of PH we used logistic regression analysis. Wald's test was used to assess the significance of the odds ratio (OR) adjusted by logistic regression, with a confidence interval of 95% (CI 95%); the Hopkins scale was used for the OR.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The adolescents' age ranged from fourteen to eighteen years, and 58.6% were under sixteen. The average gestational age at the first and last prenatal care visits was 13.5 weeks and 35 weeks respectively. Delivery occurred at the mean gestational age of 38 weeks.</p>
      <p>Fourteen adolescents (48.3%) remained normotensive (Group I) and fifteen (51.72%) presented PH (Group II) with a mean arterial pressure (AP) of 146.6/ 97.3 mmHg at delivery (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">Tab. 1</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e14c1-body2">Chart 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e14c1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>DAP in the last prenatal care visit of patients in Group II presented significant statistical difference as compared with Group I (p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e14c1-body2">chart 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>Fourteen patients (48.3%) were underweight in the beginning of pregnancy; nine (31.0%) were within ideal weight limits; and six (20.7%) were overweight (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e14c2-body2">Chart 2</xref>) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e14t2-body2">tab.2</xref>). There was no statistically significant difference as regards body weight gain during pregnancy when the two Groups were compared (11.4 &#177; 3.7 kg in Group I and 12.2 &#177; 3.5 kg in Group II).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e14c2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e14t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Seventeen adolescents (58.6%) were enrolled in elementary/junior high school; nine were enrolled in high school (31.0%); and three (10.3%) did not attend school. Three patients (10.34%) continued to smoke during pregnancy and two (6.89%) developed PH. Twenty-two adolescents (75.8 %) lived with their parents or in-laws. Seven got married as a result of pregnancy and moved with their partners into their own place. We found no correlation between the social variables analyzed and the occurrence of PH.</p>
      <p>Fourteen adolescents had a family history for SAH and eleven (78.6%) developed PH (p = 0.0092) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3-body2">Tab. 3</xref>). A positive family history for SAH represented a risk (odds ratio) of 10.99 for PH (confidence interval: 1.99-60.57; significance level: 95%).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Laboratory tests requested in the first prenatal visit showed no predictive value for the development of PH (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="chart3-body2">chart 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="chart3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Microalbuminuria with values above normal (&gt; 20 mg/dl) was found in nineteen individuals, of which eleven (57.9%) developed PH (Group II) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela4-body2">Tab. 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>ABPM measurements were of good technical quality, with the mean of valid measurements being 83.15% for Group I and 85.33% for Group II.</p>
      <p>During alertness, there were statistically significant differences between the two Groups as regards diastolic pressure load (p &lt; 0.01) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e14c4-body2">chart 4</xref>). Isolated systolic and diastolic pressure "peaks" in the ABPM period were recorded in the two groups studied, although there was greater predominance of this change in Group II, where 59.0 % of the patients presented this alteration on ABPM (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela5-body2">Tab. 5</xref>). Fisher's exact test showed no association between this event and PH development.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e14c4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>During night sleep systolic and diastolic pressure loads presented statistically significant differences between the two Groups (p &lt; 0.01) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e14c5-body2">chart 5</xref>). In Group II, 60.9% of the patients presented greater pressure instability represented by the presence of isolated "pressure peaks" (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela6-body2">Tab. 6</xref>). Fisher's exact test showed no correlation between the occurrence of hypertensive "peaks" and the development of PH (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela7-body2">Tab. 7</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e14c5-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela6-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tabela7-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gt07-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>According to the Backward Stepwise model for analysis of multiple linear regression coefficients with a significance level of 45% we can find the predictive value for PH, the mean SAP and DAP during night sleep, maximum DAP during alertness and sleep, DAP pressure variability during sleep and DAP descent during sleep (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e14c6-body2">chart 6</xref>). Considering the multivariate analysis with a significance level of 10% among these variables we find the predictability value for PH, diastolic pressure variability and maximum diastolic pressure in the period of night sleep (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e14c7-body2">chart 7</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e14c6-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e14c7-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gf07-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The odds ratio estimated for DAP variability during sleep was 0.5574 (interval between 0.3145 &#150; 0.9879- confidence interval of 90%) and for maximum DAP during sleep was 1.1347 (CI 1.0215 - 1.2605 with a confidence coefficient of 90%). We can assume that the increase in DAP variability during night sleep provides a certain protective effect as to the development of PH, whereas increased maximum DAP during sleep would represent a greater risk factor for the development of PH.</p>
      <p>By assessing the maximum DAP during sleep in an isolated fashion we verified that at the cut-off point of DAP<underline>&gt;</underline> 64 mmHg we observe a dichotomy between the two Groups studied, with a greater association with the development of PH with a sixfold odds ratio (variation of coefficient between 1.172 and 30.72, confidence interval of 95%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela8-body2">Tab. 8</xref>). The sensitivity for this pressure value was 80% and the specificity was 60%, with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 66.7, negative predictive value (NPV) de 75.0, false positive (FP) of 33.33 and false negative (FN) of 25 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e14c8-body2">chart 8</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e14c8-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gf08-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela8-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gt08-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Maximum pressure variability during sleep, in turn, did not present any specific cut-off point with a predictive value for PH.</p>
      <p>Twenty two patients had vaginal delivery, one had forceps delivery and four had cesarean sections due to obstetric reasons. Perinatal anoxia occurred in twelve newborns, two of which belonged to Group II (66.7%), but with no statistically significant differences between the two Groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela9-body2">Tab. 9</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela9-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gt09-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>No statistically significant differences were found between the two Groups studied as regards the other variables analyzed in the newborns (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e14c9-body2">Chart 9</xref>) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela10-body2">Tab. 10</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e14c9-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gf09-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela10-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0487-00014-gt10-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The data found in our study confirm that in the specific group of primiparous adolescents there is a high risk for PH, with an occurrence of 51.7%.</p>
      <p>The development of systemic arterial hypertension in women who have developed gestational hypertension is described in many studies in the literature22-25. Chesley &amp; Sibai demonstrated that pregnant women with mean arterial pressure (MAP) in the second quarter of pregnancy equal to or above 90 mmHg presented a higher incidence of development of chronic arterial hypertension evidenced during years of clinical follow up25. Therefore, clinical follow-up of these adolescents in the subsequent years will provide information for the early diagnosis of arterial hypertension and for the adoption of nonpharmacological preventive measures for HAS, as well as for the adoption of early appropriate therapy where necessary, thus avoiding co-morbidities associated with the natural progression of arterial hypertension, such as chronic renal failure, left ventricle hypertrophy and heart failure</p>
      <p>According to the 3rd Brazilian Consensus of Arterial Hypertension, for individuals under eighteen and considered normal, pressure values range from SAP &lt; 130 mmHg and DAP &lt; 85 mmHg26. Considering that the average height of the adolescents in our study was 161 cm (percentile 50), all of them presented normal mean pressure levels in the first and last prenatal care visits alike.</p>
      <p>When the two Groups studied were compared we found a statistically significant difference for DAP measured with the manual sphygmomanometer in Group II. Since absolute pressure levels are considered within normal patterns, they do not have clinical significance in the prenatal period.</p>
      <p>Heredity of SAH had a significant predictive value for PH, with an odds ratio of 10.99 times. Sukerman-Voldman et al27 found a correlation between SAH and PE. If this data is emphasized in the prenatal period we will be able to stratify, in this specific Group of pregnant women, those who are at a greater risk for developing PH, or maybe other gestational hypertensive diseases such as preeclampsia or eclampsia.</p>
      <p>There was no correlation between anthropometric variables or the social aspects investigated and PH. Up to the study's follow-up, pregnancy did not show to have a negative impact on the life of these adolescents. Most of the adolescents in the study, i.e. 89.7% remained in school, and only seven (24.2%) moved in with their partners to their own homes, while most of them, 75.8% continued to live with their parents or with the parents of their partners.</p>
      <p>Routine prenatal laboratory tests and microalbuminuria in the 28th gestational week did not show to have any predictive value for PH. Maybe the fact that only one sample for laboratory tests was collected in the beginning of pregnancy contributed to the results found.</p>
      <p>ABPM in the 28th gestational week demonstrated to be the only test that had a predictive value for PH. Brown et al28 found maximum pressure values of 133/81 mmHg during alertness, and 117/68 mmHg during sleep for normotensive pregnant women between the 26th and 30th gestational week28. The adolescents in our study who developed PH (Group II) presented maximum pressure values of 150.2 &#177; 11.8/ 86.5 &#177; 16.4 mmHg during alertness, and of 118.8 &#177; 9.7/ 68.7 &#177; 11.2 mmHg during the night sleep period, which are therefore above the values deemed normal, specifically in this gestational age. The presence of isolated "pressure peaks" during alertness and night sleep of the pregnant women in Group II evidences that, in fact, there is greater pressure variability and an instability of the circadian rhythm of pressure in those women who come to develop PH.</p>
      <p>The diastolic pressure load during alertness in Group II presented statistically significant differences (p &lt; 0.01) with regard to pregnant women in Group I. Diastolic pressure load values during alertness are absolutely normal if we consider the values of the population in general. The population we studied, in turn, is made up of pregnant adolescents in the second half of pregnancy and, because they are in a state of intense systemic vasodilation, we should actually find pressure values which are lower than those of the population in general; therefore, this variable showed to have a predictability value for PH.</p>
      <p>Changes in pressure behavior during ABPM during night sleep in pregnant women with PE are very controversial. The presence of diminished nocturnal descent and the inversion of the alertness-sleep pattern, i.e., the fact that pressure levels are higher during sleep than during alertness are among the most significant findings included in the literature29-34. Halligan et al34 correlate nocturnal descent with the degree of PE severity. In our casuistics, we did not find statistically significant differences as regards nocturnal descent between the two Groups studied, but we observed, through the odds ratio estimated, that the higher the value of maximum DAP during sleep, the higher the risk for PH. Of the pregnant women who presented maximum DAP during sleep<underline>&gt;</underline> 64 mmHg, 66.7% progressed to PH (odds ratio of 6.0 times for PH). Hermida et al35 observed that the pregnant women who developed PE or PH had ABPM alterations which became manifest since the first quarter of pregnancy with greater pressure variability and an increase in pressure levels in the last quarter of pregnancy.</p>
      <p>As regards the newborns, we did not find any factor that could be correlated with PH, although there were more cases of perinatal anoxia (66.7%) among Group II newborns.</p>
      <p>The number of cases studied limits the results found, but may show us that hypertensive gestational diseases, specifically PH, in primiparous adolescents, are prevalent in our population. The investigation of predictive factors for PH may modify the natural progression of hypertensive gestational diseases.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study to investigate predictive factors for PH in the specific Group of primiparous adolescents showed to be easy to apply and yielded satisfactory results. Heredity of SAH and ABPM in the 28th gestational week were shown to have the highest predictive values for PH. Maximum DAP during sleep and pressure variability during night sleep, as well as the diastolic pressure load during alertness in ABPM had significant predictive values for PH. Maximum DAP during night sleep<underline>&gt;</underline> 64 mmHg presented a sensitivity of 80%, specificity of 60% with PPV of 66.67 and NPV of 75 for the development of PH.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Regina Coeli Marques de Carvalho</p>
          <p> Rua Dr. Ribamar Lobo, 430/403</p>
          <p> 60176-140 &#150; Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="rcoeli@cardiol.br">rcoeli@cardiol.br</email> / </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="coelicarvalho@uol.com.br">coelicarvalho@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 11/06/04</p>
      <p> Accepted on 12/08/05</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
