<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">hkhzdRKxs5sTccNn6Dtt5VJ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001700011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700411</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001700011</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e &#237;ndice de massa corporal como preditores da hipertens&#227;o arterial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Peixoto</surname>
            <given-names>Maria do Ros&#225;rio Gondim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ben&#237;cio</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Helena D'Aquino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Latorre</surname>
            <given-names>Maria do Ros&#225;rio Dias de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo C&#233;sar Brand&#227;o Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>462</fpage>
      <lpage>470</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) e hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) e avaliar a capacidade desses &#237;ndices na predi&#231;&#227;o da HA. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo transversal populacional realizado em Goi&#226;nia (GO), em 2001, com amostra de 1.238 adultos, de vinte a 64 anos. Foi definida como obesidade total (IMC &gt; 30 kg/m&#178;), como obesidade abdominal (CC no n&#237;vel 2 - CC &gt; 88 cm para mulheres e &gt; 102 cm para homens) e como HA (press&#227;o sist&#243;lica &gt; 140 mmHg ou press&#227;o diast&#243;lica &gt; 90 mmHg, ou uso de hipotensores). Foi realizada an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla para avaliar as associa&#231;&#245;es entre os &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos e a HA. An&#225;lise de curva ROC para avaliar a sensibilidade e especificidade do IMC (&gt; 30) e n&#237;vel 2 da CC na predi&#231;&#227;o da HA e para determinar os pontos de corte com melhor predi&#231;&#227;o da HA. RESULTADOS: A CC apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o com a HA em ambos os sexos. O n&#237;vel 2 da CC e o IMC &gt;30 kg/m&#178; apresentaram baixa sensibilidade em identificar a HA. Os pontos de corte com melhor capacidade preditiva de HA coincidiram com o n&#237;vel 1 da CC (&gt; 80 cm) e com o IMC &gt;25 kg/m&#178; (sobrepeso), para as mulheres, e foram inferiores aos valores do n&#237;vel 1 da CC e de sobrepeso, para os homens. CONCLUS&#195;O: O n&#237;vel 2 da CC e o IMC &gt; 30 kg/m&#178; n&#227;o s&#227;o adequados para identificar os grupos de maior risco de HA, j&#225; que esse risco se eleva com pequenos aumentos na adiposidade.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura</kwd>
        <kwd>&#237;ndice de massa corporal</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>predi&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e &#237;ndice de massa corporal como preditores da hipertens&#227;o arterial</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Maria do Ros&#225;rio Gondim Peixoto; Maria Helena D'Aquino Ben&#237;cio; Maria do Ros&#225;rio Dias de Oliveira Latorre; Paulo C&#233;sar Brand&#227;o Veiga Jardim</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial - Goi&#226;nia, GO</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) e hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) e avaliar a capacidade desses &#237;ndices na predi&#231;&#227;o da HA. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo transversal populacional realizado em Goi&#226;nia (GO), em 2001, com amostra de 1.238 adultos, de vinte a 64 anos. Foi definida como obesidade total (IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), como obesidade abdominal (CC no n&#237;vel 2 - CC <underline>&gt;</underline> 88 cm para mulheres e <underline>&gt;</underline> 102 cm para homens) e como HA (press&#227;o sist&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mmHg ou press&#227;o diast&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg, ou uso de hipotensores). Foi realizada an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla para avaliar as associa&#231;&#245;es entre os &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos e a HA. An&#225;lise de curva ROC para avaliar a sensibilidade e especificidade do IMC (<underline>&gt;</underline> 30) e n&#237;vel 2 da CC na predi&#231;&#227;o da HA e para determinar os pontos de corte com melhor predi&#231;&#227;o da HA. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A CC apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o com a HA em ambos os sexos. O n&#237;vel 2 da CC e o IMC <underline>&gt;</underline>30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> apresentaram baixa sensibilidade em identificar a HA. Os pontos de corte com melhor capacidade preditiva de HA coincidiram com o n&#237;vel 1 da CC (<underline>&gt;</underline> 80 cm) e com o IMC <underline>&gt;</underline>25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (sobrepeso), para as mulheres, e foram inferiores aos valores do n&#237;vel 1 da CC e de sobrepeso, para os homens. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O n&#237;vel 2 da CC e o IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> n&#227;o s&#227;o adequados para identificar os grupos de maior risco de HA, j&#225; que esse risco se eleva com pequenos aumentos na adiposidade.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, hipertens&#227;o arterial, predi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A obesidade &#233; definida como um excesso de gordura corporal, resultante do desequil&#237;brio cr&#244;nico entre consumo alimentar e gasto energ&#233;tico<sup>1</sup>. Entre os preju&#237;zos causados pela obesidade, destaca-se o fato de ela ser um fator de risco independente para o desenvolvimento das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e alguns tipos de c&#226;nceres. Est&#225; ainda fortemente associada a outros fatores de risco cardiovasculares (hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e dislipidemias), elevando a magnitude da morbidade e mortalidade pelas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<sup>1-4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para o diagn&#243;stico da obesidade, existem v&#225;rios m&#233;todos indiretos que permitem estimar com precis&#227;o a quantidade total de gordura corp&#243;rea, assim como sua distribui&#231;&#227;o. Entre esses m&#233;todos destacam-se a tomografia computadorizada, a absorciometria por raios X de dupla energia (DEXA) e a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica. Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos, entretanto, considerando-se a simplicidade e os custos dos diversos m&#233;todos, tem sido recomendada a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos: o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), a rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril (RCQ) ou apenas a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) e as dobras cut&#226;neas (DC)<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar de n&#227;o medir a composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, o IMC possui bom potencial como indicador do estado nutricional em estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos. Sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o se baseia nos resultados de estudos populacionais que mostram que o IMC &#233; pouco correlacionado com a altura e altamente correlacionado com a massa de gordura absoluta e na associa&#231;&#227;o existente entre IMC elevado e morbidade e mortalidade por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, diabete melito, c&#226;ncer de c&#243;lon e doen&#231;as das vias biliares<sup>1,4-6</sup>.</p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre IMC e risco de morbidades, no entanto, pode ser afetada pela distribui&#231;&#227;o da gordura corp&#243;rea, visto que as principais complica&#231;&#245;es da obesidade, que incluem doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, diabete melito, hipertens&#227;o e hiperlipidemia, est&#227;o associadas ao maior ac&#250;mulo de gordura abdominal, independente do peso corp&#243;reo<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
    <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o das medidas antropom&#233;tricas com exames de diagn&#243;stico por imagens, como a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica e a tomografia computadorizada, mostra que a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura foi a vari&#225;vel antropom&#233;trica que apresentou melhor correla&#231;&#227;o com o tecido adiposo visceral<sup>9</sup>. Dessa maneira, uma medida mais sens&#237;vel para avaliar a gordura abdominal pode ser mais &#250;til do que o IMC para identificar fatores de risco associados &#224; obesidade.</p>
    <p>Os pontos de corte atualmente utilizados para a classifica&#231;&#227;o da CC foram definidos por Lean e cols.<sup>10</sup> em um estudo transversal com uma amostra de 904 homens e 1.014 mulheres entre 25 e 74 anos de idade, da popula&#231;&#227;o do norte de Glasgow. Foram identificados os pontos de corte da CC que se associavam ao IMC 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e/ou a RCQ <underline>&gt;</underline> 0,95 para os homens e <underline>&gt;</underline> 0,80 para as mulheres. Para facilitar sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o, tanto no uso cl&#237;nico como em programas de promo&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de, esses pontos de corte foram descritos como n&#237;veis de a&#231;&#227;o: no n&#237;vel 1 de a&#231;&#227;o (CC <underline>&gt;</underline> 80 cm em mulheres e CC <underline>&gt;</underline> 94 cm em homens), o indiv&#237;duo apresenta risco aumentado para morbidades associadas &#224; obesidade e deve ser aconselhado a parar de ganhar peso e adotar um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel; no n&#237;vel 2 (<underline>&gt;</underline> 88 em mulheres e <underline>&gt;</underline> 102 em homens), o indiv&#237;duo apresenta risco muito aumentado para as morbidades associadas &#224; obesidade e deve procurar ajuda, urgente, de um profissional de sa&#250;de para perda de peso e pesquisa de outros fatores de risco.</p>
    <p>Questiona-se, no entanto, o uso universal desses pontos de corte, visto que a sensibilidade desses na identifica&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco associados &#224; obesidade pode variar entre as diversas popula&#231;&#245;es e os grupos et&#225;rios<sup>11-14</sup>.</p>
    <p>A possibilidade da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de uma medida simples, barata, de f&#225;cil interpreta&#231;&#227;o e, principalmente, que pode ser realizada pela pr&#243;pria popula&#231;&#227;o como forma de triagem em programas de promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de e preven&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares, estimulou a realiza&#231;&#227;o deste estudo, cujos objetivos foram avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos IMC e CC com a hipertens&#227;o arterial, sua capacidade preditiva global, o desempenho dos pontos de corte recomendados e os pontos de corte com maior capacidade preditiva para esses &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos na identifica&#231;&#227;o do risco de hipertens&#227;o arterial da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta do munic&#237;pio de Goi&#226;nia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Delineamento</italic> - Para o desenvolvimento deste estudo, foram utilizados dados do Estudo da Preval&#234;ncia e do Conhecimento da Hipertens&#227;o Arterial e alguns Fatores de Risco em uma Regi&#227;o do Brasil, projeto aprovado e financiado pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq). Trata-se de um estudo com delineamento transversal, de base populacional, realizado nas capitais e em duas cidades do interior dos estados de Goi&#225;s e Mato Grosso. No presente estudo foram analisados apenas os dados relativos a Goi&#226;nia, coletados no per&#237;odo de junho a dezembro de 2001.</p>
    <p>O tamanho da amostra para o munic&#237;pio de Goi&#226;nia foi calculado considerando-se uma popula&#231;&#227;o de 1.004.098 habitantes<sup>15</sup>, a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial no Brasil (20% da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta)<sup>16</sup>, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% e erro de estima&#231;&#227;o de 10%. &#192; amostra obtida (n = 1.534) foram acrescidos 30% para cobrir as perdas (n = 1.994). A amostra efetivamente estudada constituiu-se de 1.454 indiv&#237;duos maiores de dezoito anos de ambos os sexos, n&#227;o institucionalizados e residentes na &#225;rea urbana (72,9% da amostra total e 95% da amostra necess&#225;ria).</p>
    <p>Os domic&#237;lios foram selecionados por amostragem probabil&#237;stica, por conglomerados, em duas etapas. A primeira consistiu na identifica&#231;&#227;o, junto ao IBGE, dos setores censit&#225;rios utilizados na Pesquisa Nacional por Amostragem de Domic&#237;lios (PNAD) de 1998 na zona urbana do munic&#237;pio de Goi&#226;nia. A segunda etapa constou da sele&#231;&#227;o dos domic&#237;lios. Para essa sele&#231;&#227;o foram considerados o n&#250;mero de domic&#237;lios em cada setor e o tamanho total da amostra. A partir do c&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra por setor foram sorteados, de forma aleat&#243;ria e sistem&#225;tica, os domic&#237;lios de cada setor.</p>
    <p>Nos domic&#237;lios selecionados foi entrevistado apenas um morador sorteado entre os moradores maiores de dezoito anos, para evitar problemas de interdepend&#234;ncia de informa&#231;&#227;o entre entrevistados. Foram exclu&#237;das do sorteio gestantes e m&#227;es de crian&#231;as menores de seis meses, para evitar erros na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados. Foram tamb&#233;m exclu&#237;dos moradores que estivessem hospitalizados.</p>
    <p>No estudo original, a amostra de vinte a 64 anos correspondeu a 1.252 indiv&#237;duos, 433 homens e 819 mulheres. Desses, foram exclu&#237;dos dois homens (um n&#227;o apresentava a medida da CC e o outro apresentava uma CC com valor biologicamente n&#227;o plaus&#237;vel) e treze mulheres (nove n&#227;o apresentavam os valores da press&#227;o arterial e quatro n&#227;o apresentavam os valores da press&#227;o arterial e da CC), sendo a amostra final deste estudo composta por 1.237 pessoas.</p>
    <p>A coleta de dados foi realizada por entrevistadores treinados que preencheram um question&#225;rio padronizado incluindo quest&#245;es sobre condi&#231;&#245;es sociodemogr&#225;ficas, dieta, atividades f&#237;sicas, consumo de &#225;lcool, tabagismo e uso de medica&#231;&#227;o hipotensora, al&#233;m das medidas da press&#227;o arterial, peso, altura e CC. A entrevista foi realizada ap&#243;s a assinatura do termo de consentimento, cujo protocolo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa M&#233;dica Humana e Animal do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
    <p><italic>Vari&#225;veis do estudo</italic> - As medidas antropom&#233;tricas foram feitas de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de Lohman e cols.<sup>17</sup>. Os indiv&#237;duos foram pesados e medidos descal&#231;os e com roupas leves, utilizando balan&#231;a eletr&#244;nica da marca Plenna, modelo Giant Lithium, com capacidade para 150 kg e precis&#227;o de 100 g, e estadi&#244;metro port&#225;til (Seca), com precis&#227;o de 0,1 cm.</p>
    <p>O IMC foi calculado pela divis&#227;o do peso (kg) pelo quadrado da altura (m). Os valores de IMC foram classificados em: &lt; 18,5 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (baixo peso); 18,5 a 24,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (normal); 25 a 29,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (sobrepeso); e <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (obesidade, neste artigo denominada obesidade total)<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>A medida da CC foi realizada com fita m&#233;trica inextens&#237;vel, no n&#237;vel natural da cintura, ponto m&#233;dio entre a crista il&#237;aca anterior superior e a &#250;ltima costela, com precis&#227;o de 0,1 cm. O ac&#250;mulo de gordura na cintura, ou obesidade abdominal, foi classificado em dois n&#237;veis. O n&#237;vel 1 correspondeu aos valores de CC entre 80,0 e 87,9 cm para as mulheres, e entre 94,0 e 101,9 cm para os homens; o n&#237;vel 2 correspondeu a uma CC<underline>&gt;</underline> 88,0 cm e <underline>&gt;</underline> 102,0 cm para mulheres e homens, respectivamente. Valores abaixo de 80,0 cm para as mulheres e 94,0 cm para os homens foram classificados como adequados<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para a medida da press&#227;o arterial (PA) foi utilizado aparelho semi-autom&#225;tico (marca OMRON &#150; HEM 705 CP). Esse aparelho foi escolhido por diminuir a influ&#234;ncia do entrevistador na coleta da press&#227;o arterial e por j&#225; ter sido validado<sup>18</sup>, sendo seus dados compar&#225;veis aos obtidos por meio das medidas com coluna de merc&#250;rio (padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia). Foram realizadas duas aferi&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o arterial, com intervalo m&#237;nimo de cinco minutos entre elas. A medi&#231;&#227;o foi realizada no bra&#231;o esquerdo seguindo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es propostas pelo Programa Nacional de Controle de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial. Para fins de an&#225;lise, considerou-se a segunda medida. Foram considerados como hipertensos os indiv&#237;duos com press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mmHg e/ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg, ou em uso atual de medica&#231;&#227;o hipotensora<sup>19</sup>.</p>
    <p>Foram utilizadas como vari&#225;veis de controle o sexo; a idade (em anos completos: 20-24; 25-34; 35-44; 45-54; 55-64); a paridade (n&#250;mero total de filhos de cada mulher entrevistada); a escolaridade (anos de estudo: 0-3 anos, 4-8 anos e <underline>&gt;</underline> 9 anos); a renda familiar mensal <italic>per capita</italic> (expressa em quartis); o tabagismo (fumante, ex-fumante e nunca fumou); o consumo de bebidas alco&#243;licas na &#250;ltima semana (categorizada de acordo com a ingest&#227;o di&#225;ria de gramas de etanol: &lt; 30 g ou <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 g em homens e &lt; 15 g ou <underline>&gt;</underline> 15 g em mulheres) e a realiza&#231;&#227;o de atividades f&#237;sicas nos momentos de lazer.</p>
    <p>A atividade f&#237;sica nos momentos de folga ou de lazer foi avaliada em quatro categorias de intensidade de esfor&#231;o: 1) sedent&#225;rio &#150; nenhuma atividade f&#237;sica, apenas atividades como ler e assistir televis&#227;o; 2) leve &#150; atividades f&#237;sicas ocasionais, tais como caminhar, andar de bicicleta e fazer exerc&#237;cios leves; 3) moderado &#150; atividade f&#237;sica regular (correr, gin&#225;stica, nata&#231;&#227;o, jogos de equipe); 4) intensa &#150; treinar v&#225;rias vezes por semana pesadamente ou participar de competi&#231;&#245;es esportivas regularmente. Em raz&#227;o do pequeno n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos nessa &#250;ltima categoria, a terceira e a quarta categorias foram agrupadas.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> - Ap&#243;s a revis&#227;o dos question&#225;rios, os dados foram digitados duplamente para avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade da digita&#231;&#227;o. Para a an&#225;lise, utilizou-se o STATA (vers&#227;o 7.0)<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>As an&#225;lises foram feitas separadamente para homens e mulheres. Foram apresentados as m&#233;dias e os intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% das vari&#225;veis estudadas. Foi realizado teste de tend&#234;ncia para avaliar a preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o nas categorias do IMC e da CC.</p>
    <p>O IMC e a CC foram testados separadamente em modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, ajustados por idade, escolaridade, renda, tabagismo, paridade (em mulheres), consumo de &#225;lcool e atividades f&#237;sicas no lazer. Em raz&#227;o da alta colinearidade entre IMC e CC, essas medidas n&#227;o foram colocadas como vari&#225;veis independentes no mesmo modelo de regress&#227;o, tendo como desfecho a hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <p>An&#225;lises de Curvas Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) foram utilizadas para avaliar e comparar a capacidade de identificar a hipertens&#227;o pelos &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos, IMC e CC. As &#225;reas sob a curva ROC fornecem a probabilidade global de esses &#237;ndices classificarem corretamente a presen&#231;a ou a aus&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o. Um teste perfeito tem uma &#225;rea sob a curva ROC igual a 1,0, j&#225; uma &#225;rea igual a 0,5 significa que a <italic>performance</italic> do teste n&#227;o &#233; melhor do que ao acaso<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Foi calculada a sensibilidade e a especificidade do n&#237;vel 2 da CC (<underline>&gt;</underline> 88 cm e <underline>&gt;</underline>102 em mulheres e homens, respectivamente) e do IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> na identifica&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o. A sensibilidade foi definida como a propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos hipertensos corretamente identificados e a especificidade como a propor&#231;&#227;o de normotensos corretamente identificados. Foram tamb&#233;m identificados os pontos de corte da CC e do IMC com melhor capacidade preditiva de hipertens&#227;o, local onde as curvas de sensibilidade e especificidade se cruzam<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram corrigidas pelo delineamento complexo da amostra, por meio da utiliza&#231;&#227;o do conjunto de comandos SVY do STATA, que consideram a estrutura complexa da amostra, utilizando os pesos associados a cada conglomerado da amostra e o efeito do desenho amostral. Em todos os testes, foi considerado o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o em estudo s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref>. Os homens apresentaram m&#233;dias mais altas de peso, altura, CC, PAS e PAD do que as mulheres; as m&#233;dias de idade e do IMC foram semelhantes.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0462-00011-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>As preval&#234;ncias de obesidade total (IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) e obesidade abdominal (n&#237;vel II da CC) foram, respectivamente, de 10,6% e 9,3% para os homens, e de 13,7% e 19,6% para as mulheres.</p>
    <p>Houve aumento significativo da preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o com o aumento da CC, para o total de homens. Enquanto para as mulheres, independentemente da faixa et&#225;ria, a preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o aumentou tanto com o aumento do IMC, quanto com o aumento da CC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0462-00011-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla mostrou que o <italic>odds ratio</italic> para a hipertens&#227;o foi cerca de duas vezes maior para os homens com valores elevados de CC (<underline>&gt;</underline> 94 cm e <underline>&gt;</underline> 102 cm), em compara&#231;&#227;o com a categoria de refer&#234;ncia (&lt; 94 cm). O IMC elevado n&#227;o apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o com a hipertens&#227;o quando ajustado pelas vari&#225;veis de controle, no entanto a magnitude da associa&#231;&#227;o para o IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> foi pr&#243;ximo aos valores observados para os n&#237;veis 1 e 2 da CC. Para as mulheres, os valores elevados de IMC e CC apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o com a hipertens&#227;o arterial nos modelos ajustados, e as mulheres com a CC <underline>&gt;</underline>88 cm apresentaram um aumento de cerca de tr&#234;s vezes no <italic>odds ratio</italic>, e aquelas com o IMC <underline>&gt;</underline>30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> um aumento de 4,7 vezes em compara&#231;&#227;o com as categorias de refer&#234;ncia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tab. 3</xref>). Nesses modelos, foram testadas as intera&#231;&#245;es da idade tanto com a obesidade total como com a obesidade abdominal, as quais n&#227;o foram estatisticamente significativas.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0462-00011-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Na predi&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o, a &#225;rea sob a curva ROC para o IMC foi de: 0,71 (0,67; 0,75) para as mulheres, e de 0,57 (0,52; 0,63) para os homens. J&#225; para a CC, a &#225;rea sob a curva ROC foi de: 0,71 (0,67; 0,75) para as mulheres, e de 0,58 (0,52; 0,64) para os homens. Esses valores mostram que a CC e o IMC apresentam probabilidades semelhantes, em ambos os sexos, para classificarem corretamente a presen&#231;a ou a aus&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o, sendo essa capacidade um pouco maior entre as mulheres.</p>
    <p>O n&#237;vel 2 da CC e o IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> apresentaram baixa sensibilidade na predi&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o, e os maiores valores foram observados para homens e mulheres de quarenta a 65 anos de idade. A especificidade mostrou-se elevada, em ambos os sexos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela4">tab. 4</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0462-00011-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabela 5</xref> s&#227;o apresentados os pontos de corte da CC e do IMC com maior capacidade preditiva de hipertens&#227;o. Nesses pontos de corte, os valores de sensibilidade e especificidade s&#227;o semelhantes, pois correspondem ao local no qual as curvas de sensibilidade e especificidade se cruzam. Para os homens, esses pontos foram de 86 cm para a CC, e de 24,6 kg/m<sup>2</sup> para o IMC, enquanto para as mulheres foram de 80 cm para a CC e de 25,0 kg/m<sup>2</sup> para o IMC. Esses valores variaram com a idade, sendo inferiores para os indiv&#237;duos de vinte a 39 anos e superiores para os indiv&#237;duos de quarenta a 65 anos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0462-00011-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0462-00011-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo analisou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a obesidade avaliada pelos &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos IMC e CC com a hipertens&#227;o e examinou a capacidade preditiva desses &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos na identifica&#231;&#227;o do risco da hipertens&#227;o arterial da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta do munic&#237;pio de Goi&#226;nia.</p>
    <p>A validade externa e a interna deste estudo foram asseguradas pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o de uma amostra representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta de Goi&#226;nia, com informa&#231;&#245;es coletadas no domic&#237;lio, por pessoal treinado, utilizando question&#225;rio e instrumentos padronizados, e por ter considerado nas an&#225;lises o efeito do delineamento complexo da amostra. &#201; importante ressaltar que, embora tenham sido efetivamente avaliados 72,9% da amostra total, a compara&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada por faixa et&#225;ria e escolaridade com os dados do censo demogr&#225;fico de 2000<sup>15</sup> n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;as significativas para ambos os sexos, o que refor&#231;a que a amostra estudada &#233; representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta de Goi&#226;nia.</p>
    <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi ter um delineamento transversal, o que n&#227;o permite identificar a preced&#234;ncia no tempo entre a exposi&#231;&#227;o e o desfecho. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o foi o fato de que a aprecia&#231;&#227;o dos pontos de corte dos &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos foi realizada exclusivamente com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; hipertens&#227;o. Outras doen&#231;as associadas &#224; obesidade, como a dislipidemia e o diabetes, n&#227;o foram incorporadas neste estudo.</p>
    <p>Assim como em outros estudos<sup>8,10,12</sup>, foi observada uma alta correla&#231;&#227;o entre CC e IMC, para ambos os sexos. Entretanto, para as mulheres, a preval&#234;ncia da obesidade variou de acordo com o indicador antropom&#233;trico utilizado, e a obesidade central, avaliada pelo n&#237;vel 2 da CC (<underline>&gt;</underline> 88 cm para as mulheres e <underline>&gt;</underline> 102 cm para os homens), foi mais prevalente do que a obesidade total (IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). Esses dados sugerem uma diferen&#231;a entre os sexos na capacidade diagn&#243;stica dos pontos de corte recomendados para a CC.</p>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o foi observada tanto nos indiv&#237;duos com IMC na faixa de normalidade quanto nos obesos, e nos indiv&#237;duos de IMC normal, 38,4% e 17,4% dos homens e mulheres, respectivamente, eram hipertensos. J&#225; entre os obesos, a propor&#231;&#227;o de hipertensos aumentou para 59,1% entre os homens e 58,4% entre as mulheres. As preval&#234;ncias de hipertens&#227;o, na presen&#231;a de obesidade abdominal, foram pr&#243;ximas aos valores observados para a obesidade total. De acordo com o observado em outros estudos<sup>23,24</sup>, esses resultados mostram que tanto o ganho de peso como o ac&#250;mulo de gordura abdominal aumenta a probabilidade de o indiv&#237;duo tornar-se hipertenso.</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla, os n&#237;veis 1 e 2 da CC apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o com o risco de hipertens&#227;o para ambos os sexos. J&#225; o sobrepeso e a obesidade total apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o com a hipertens&#227;o apenas para as mulheres. Apesar da obesidade total n&#227;o ter apresentado associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com a hipertens&#227;o entre os homens, a magnitude da associa&#231;&#227;o foi pr&#243;xima aos valores observados para a CC, e a falta de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica pode ter ocorrido em raz&#227;o do menor tamanho da amostra de homens.</p>
    <p>O excesso de tecido adiposo &#233; um dos principais fatores de risco associados &#224; hipertens&#227;o, tanto nos estudos prospectivos quanto nos transversais em diversas popula&#231;&#245;es, independentemente da idade<sup>23-26</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em estudos prospectivos, o ganho de peso em m&#233;dio e longo prazos aumentou consideravelmente a incid&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o e a perda de peso reduziu essa incid&#234;ncia. Estimativas do estudo de Framingham sugerem que cerca de 70% dos casos novos de HA poderiam ser atribu&#237;dos &#224; obesidade ou ao ganho de peso<sup>1</sup>. J&#225; no Nurses' Health Study, um aumento no IMC de 1 kg/m<sup>2</sup> foi associado a um aumento de 12% no risco de hipertens&#227;o<sup>27</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em estudos populacionais transversais realizados no Brasil observou-se que, em Porto Alegre, a hipertens&#227;o foi igualmente associada com o IMC, o RCQ e a CC para as mulheres, enquanto para os homens apenas o IMC apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o<sup>28</sup>. Na Pesquisa Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Sa&#250;de, realizada no munic&#237;pio do Rio de Janeiro, a rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril apresentou maior capacidade preditiva de hipertens&#227;o e menor correla&#231;&#227;o com o IMC do que a CC<sup>29</sup>. Em estudo realizado em S&#227;o Paulo, a rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril e a CC associaram-se de forma semelhante com a hipertens&#227;o<sup>30</sup>. Em uma amostra de mulheres de um centro de sa&#250;de de Belo Horizonte, a CC associou-se significativamente com a HA, por&#233;m os pontos de corte avaliados, 80 cm e 88 cm, mostraram moderada (63,8%) e baixa (42,8%) sensibilidade para hipertens&#227;o, respectivamente<sup>31</sup>.</p>
    <p>J&#225; no &#250;nico estudo longitudinal brasileiro (5,6 &#177; 1,1 ano de seguimento) de base populacional, que explorou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre diferentes &#237;ndices de obesidade com a incid&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o, a raz&#227;o de risco para o n&#237;vel 2 da CC foi de 1,78 (0,76; 4,09) para os homens, e de 1,72 (1,09; 2,73) para as mulheres; enquanto para o IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> foi de 1,08 (0,52; 2,24) para os homens, e de 1,74 (0,93; 3,26) para as mulheres. Concluiu-se que o risco de incid&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o foi mais consistente quando a obesidade foi definida pelo n&#237;vel 2 da CC do que pelo IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, em ambos os sexos<sup>32</sup>.</p>
    <p>Esses estudos confirmam a import&#226;ncia do excesso de peso total e do ac&#250;mulo da gordura visceral na preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o. No entanto, os &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos mais utilizados nos estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos (IMC, CC e RCQ) n&#227;o refletem a mesma quantidade de gordura em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es. J&#225; &#233; bem estabelecido que existem diferen&#231;as na rela&#231;&#227;o entre a gordura corp&#243;rea e o IMC e/ou CC; isso ocorre, em parte, por causa das diferen&#231;as gen&#233;ticas na composi&#231;&#227;o corp&#243;rea, bem como pelas diferen&#231;as na ingest&#227;o alimentar e no padr&#227;o de atividade f&#237;sica.</p>
    <p>Os pontos de corte recomendados para o n&#237;vel 2 da CC apresentaram baixa sensibilidade, para ambos os sexos, para identificar o risco de hipertens&#227;o, o que tamb&#233;m foi observado para o IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. A alta especificidade observada confere aos pontos de corte utilizados a capacidade de classificar poucos indiv&#237;duos normotensos como hipertensos; em contrapartida, a baixa sensibilidade faz que muitos hipertensos sejam classificados como normotensos.</p>
    <p>Em outros estudos, a sensibilidade observada para esses &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos foi de baixa a moderada, e as diferen&#231;as tanto na preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco quanto na composi&#231;&#227;o corp&#243;rea produzem sensibilidades diferenciadas na identifica&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o nas diversas popula&#231;&#245;es. No estudo de Lean e cols.<sup>10</sup>, a sensibilidade do n&#237;vel 2 da CC, na predi&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o, foi de 40,3% e 56,6%, para homens e mulheres adultos, respectivamente. Em uma amostra de adultos americanos com sobrepeso, a sensibilidade do n&#237;vel 2 da CC aumentou com a idade e foi diferente entre as etnias, e, para os homens de 40 a 59 anos, foram observadas sensibilidades de 32,0%, 53,8% e 35,0% para americanos brancos, negros e hisp&#226;nicos, respectivamente<sup>13</sup><bold>.</bold></p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise da curva ROC foi interessante observar que, para o total das mulheres, os pontos de corte que apresentaram a melhor capacidade preditiva do risco de hipertens&#227;o correspondem aos valores atualmente recomendados para o n&#237;vel 1 da CC e para o sobrepeso, 80 cm e 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, respectivamente. J&#225; para os homens, o ponto de equil&#237;brio entre as curvas de sensibilidade e de especificidade foi observado abaixo dos valores atualmente recomendados para o n&#237;vel 1 da CC e para o sobrepeso, 86 cm e 24,6 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, respectivamente. Esses pontos de corte foram menores entre os mais jovens e maiores para os indiv&#237;duos com quarenta anos ou mais, em ambos os sexos. Refor&#231;ando as evid&#234;ncias de que a rela&#231;&#227;o entre adiposidade e hipertens&#227;o &#233; mais forte entre os adultos mais jovens e que o risco para as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o observados a partir de pequenos aumentos na adiposidade total ou abdominal.</p>
    <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o universal da CC e do IMC tem sido questionada por v&#225;rios pesquisadores, principalmente para as popula&#231;&#245;es de origem asi&#225;tica<sup>11,33</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em uma subamostra de homens (n = 4.388) e mulheres (n = 4.631) brancos participantes da terceira Pesquisa Nacional de Sa&#250;de e Nutri&#231;&#227;o (NHANES III), Zhu e cols.<sup>14</sup> observaram que uma CC <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 cm (homens) e <underline>&gt;</underline> 83 cm (mulheres) apresentam o mesmo <italic>odds ratio</italic> para os fatores de risco cardiovascular associados ao IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, enquanto uma CC <underline>&gt;</underline>100 cm e <underline>&gt;</underline> 93 cm para homens e mulheres, respectivamente, equivale ao <italic>odds ratio</italic> observado para o IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os resultados do presente estudo mostram que, para os homens, o impacto da obesidade abdominal sobre a hipertens&#227;o arterial foi maior do que o impacto da obesidade total; j&#225; para as mulheres, tanto a obesidade abdominal quanto a total associaram-se significativamente com a hipertens&#227;o. Os pontos de corte para a obesidade abdominal n&#237;vel 2 e a obesidade total IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> apresentaram baixa sensibilidade para detectar a hipertens&#227;o, em ambos os sexos. Para os homens, os pontos de corte mais adequados para a triagem do risco de hipertens&#227;o foram inferiores aos valores recomendados para o n&#237;vel 1 da CC (<underline>&gt;</underline> 94 cm) e para a classifica&#231;&#227;o do sobrepeso (<underline>&gt;</underline> 25,0 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). J&#225; para as mulheres, corresponderam aos pontos de corte recomendados para o n&#237;vel 1 da CC (<underline>&gt;</underline> 80 cm) e para a classifica&#231;&#227;o do sobrepeso (<underline>&gt;</underline> 25,0 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). Esses resultados refor&#231;am a pertin&#234;ncia de se utilizar esses pontos de corte como parte das estrat&#233;gias dos programas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, tanto para a preven&#231;&#227;o e controle do excesso de peso como para alertar sobre a necessidade de se avaliar a presen&#231;a da hipertens&#227;o arterial e tamb&#233;m de outros fatores de risco associados ao ganho de peso.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Maria do Ros&#225;rio Gondim Peixoto </p>
        <p> Rua T-36, 3855, Qd 165, Lt 1, apto. 304A &#150; Setor Bueno </p>
        <p> 74230-010 &#150; Goi&#226;nia, GO </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="ariapeixoto@cardiol.br">ariapeixoto@cardiol.br</email> ou </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="hbpeixoto@uol.com.br">hbpeixoto@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 03/05/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 22/07/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Hubert HB, Feinleib M, Mcnamara M, Castelli W. Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: A 26-year follow-up of participants in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1983; 67 (5): 968-76.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: A 26-year follow-up of participants in the Framingham Heart Study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1983</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>968</fpage>
          <lpage>76</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hubert</surname>
              <given-names>HB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feinleib</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mcnamara</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Castelli</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Willet WC, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Rosner B, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH. Weight, weight change, and coronary heart disease in women. JAMA 1995; 273 (6): 461-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Weight, weight change, and coronary heart disease in women</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>461</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>273</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Willet</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manson</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stampfer</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colditz</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosner</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Speizer</surname>
              <given-names>FE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hennekens</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Okosun IS, Liao Y, Rotimi CN, Prewitt E, Cooper RS. Abdominal adiposity and clustering of multiple metabolic syndrome in white, black and hispanic americans. Ann Epidemiol 2000; 10: 263-70.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Abdominal adiposity and clustering of multiple metabolic syndrome in white, black and hispanic americans</article-title>
          <source>Ann Epidemiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>263</fpage>
          <lpage>70</lpage>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Okosun</surname>
              <given-names>IS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liao</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rotimi</surname>
              <given-names>CN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prewitt</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cooper</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. World Health Organization. Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Report. Geneva; 1997.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Report</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Calle EE, Thun MJ, Petrelli JM, Rodriguez C, Weath CW. Body-mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of U.S. adults. The New England Journal of Medicine 1999; 341 (15); 1097-105.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Body-mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of U. S. adults</article-title>
          <source>The New England Journal of Medicine</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1097</fpage>
          <lpage>105</lpage>
          <issue>15</issue>
          <volume>341</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Calle</surname>
              <given-names>EE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thun</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petrelli</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodriguez</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weath</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Stevens J. Impact of age on associations between weight and mortality. Nutrition Reviews 2000; 25 (5): 129-37.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Impact of age on associations between weight and mortality</article-title>
          <source>Nutrition Reviews</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>129</fpage>
          <lpage>37</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stevens</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Despr&#233;s J, Allard C, Tremblay A, Talbot J, Bouchard C. Evidence for a regional component of body fatness in the association with serum lipids in men an women. Metabolism 1985; 34 (10): 967-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Evidence for a regional component of body fatness in the association with serum lipids in men an women</article-title>
          <source>Metabolism</source>
          <date>
            <year>1985</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>967</fpage>
          <lpage>73</lpage>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Despr&#233;s</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Allard</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tremblay</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Talbot</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bouchard</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Taylor RW, Keil D, Gold EJ, Williams SM, Goulding A. Body mass index, waist girth, and waist-to-hip ratio as indexes pf total and regional adiposity in women: evaluation using receiver operating characteristic curves. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 67: 44-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Body mass index, waist girth, and waist-to-hip ratio as indexes pf total and regional adiposity in women: evaluation using receiver operating characteristic curves</article-title>
          <source>Am J Clin Nutr</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>44</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Taylor</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Keil</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gold</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Williams</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goulding</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Pouliot MC, Despr&#233;s JP, Lemieux S, et al. Waist circumference and abdominal sagittal diameter: Best simple anthropometric indexes of abdominal visceral adipose tissue accumulation and related cardiovascular risk in men and woman. Am Journal of Cardiology 1994; 73: 460-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Waist circumference and abdominal sagittal diameter: Best simple anthropometric indexes of abdominal visceral adipose tissue accumulation and related cardiovascular risk in men and woman</article-title>
          <source>Am Journal of Cardiology</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>460</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>73</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pouliot</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Despr&#233;s</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lemieux</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Lean MEJ, Han TS, Morrison CE. Waist circumference as a measure for indicating need for weight mangement. BMJ 1995; 311: 158-61.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Waist circumference as a measure for indicating need for weight mangement</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>158</fpage>
          <lpage>61</lpage>
          <volume>311</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lean</surname>
              <given-names>MEJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Han</surname>
              <given-names>TS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morrison</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Ko GTC, Chan JCN, Woo J, Cockram CS. Waist circumference as a screening measurement for overweight or centrally obese Chinese. International Journal of Obesity 1996; 20: 791-93.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Waist circumference as a screening measurement for overweight or centrally obese Chinese</article-title>
          <source>International Journal of Obesity</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>791</fpage>
          <lpage>93</lpage>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ko</surname>
              <given-names>GTC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chan</surname>
              <given-names>JCN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Woo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cockram</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Foucan L, Hanley J, Deloumeaux J, Suissa S. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) as screening tools for cardiovascular risk factors in Guadeloupean women. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2000; 55: 990-96.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) as screening tools for cardiovascular risk factors in Guadeloupean women</article-title>
          <source>Journal of Clinical Epidemiology</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>990</fpage>
          <lpage>96</lpage>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Foucan</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hanley</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deloumeaux</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Suissa</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Okosun IS, Liao Y, Rotimi CN, Choi S, Cooper RS. Predictive values of waist circumference for dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes and hypertension in overweight white, black, and hispanic american adults. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2000; 53: 401-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Predictive values of waist circumference for dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes and hypertension in overweight white, black, and hispanic american adults</article-title>
          <source>Journal of Clinical Epidemiology</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>401</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Okosun</surname>
              <given-names>IS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liao</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rotimi</surname>
              <given-names>CN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Choi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cooper</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Zhu SK, Wang ZM, Heshka S, Heo M, Faith MS, Heymsfield S. Waist circumference and obesity-associated risk factors amosng whites in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: clinical action thresholds. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76: 743-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Waist circumference and obesity-associated risk factors amosng whites in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: clinical action thresholds</article-title>
          <source>Am J Clin Nutr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>743</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>76</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhu</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>ZM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heshka</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Faith</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heymsfield</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Funda&#231;&#227;o    IBGE. Censo demogr&#225;fico 2000 (2000). Dispon&#237;vel em URL:<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ibge.gov.br">http://www.ibge.gov.br</ext-link></mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Censo demogr&#225;fico 2000</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. Controle da hipertens&#227;o arterial: uma proposta de integra&#231;&#227;o ensino-servi&#231;o. Rio de Janeiro: CDCV/NUTES, 1993. 233p.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Controle da hipertens&#227;o arterial: uma proposta de integra&#231;&#227;o ensino-servi&#231;o</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>233</fpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Lohman TG, Roche AF, Martorel R. Anthropometric standardization reference manual. Illinois: Human Kinetics Books, 1988.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Anthropometric standardization reference manual</source>
          <date>
            <year>1988</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lohman</surname>
              <given-names>TG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roche</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martorel</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Artigao LM, Llavador JJ, Puras A, et al. Evaluation and validation of Omron Hem 705 CP and Hem 706/711 monitors for self-measumement of blood pressure. Atencion Primaria 2000; 25(2): 96-102.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Evaluation and validation of Omron Hem 705 CP and Hem 706/711 monitors for self-measumement of blood pressure</article-title>
          <source>Atencion Primaria</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>96</fpage>
          <lpage>102</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Artigao</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Llavador</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Puras</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o, Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia e Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia. IV Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial. Campos do Jord&#227;o, Arq Bras Cardiol 2004;82(Supl IV): 1-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>IV Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>4</lpage>
          <volume>82</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Stata Corp. Stata Statistical Software: Release 7.0. Stata Corporation. (2001)</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Stata Statistical Software: Release 7.0. Stata Corporation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Hanley JA, Mcneil BJ. The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Radiology 1982; 143: 29-36.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve</article-title>
          <source>Radiology</source>
          <date>
            <year>1982</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>29</fpage>
          <lpage>36</lpage>
          <volume>143</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hanley</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mcneil</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Altman DG, Bland JM. Diagnostic tests 1: sensitivity and specificity. BMJ 1994; 308: 1552.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Diagnostic tests 1: sensitivity and specificity</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1552</fpage>
          <volume>308</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Altman</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bland</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Guagnano MT, Ballone E, Colagrande V, et al. Large waist circumference and risk of hypertension. International of Obesity 2001; 25:1360-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Large waist circumference and risk of hypertension</article-title>
          <source>International of Obesity</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1360</fpage>
          <lpage>4</lpage>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Guagnano</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ballone</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colagrande</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Doll S, Paccaud F, Bovet P, Burnier M, Wietlisbch. Body mass index, abdominal adiposity and blood pressure: consistency of their association across developing and developed countries. International Journal of Obesity 2002; 26: 48-57.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Body mass index, abdominal adiposity and blood pressure: consistency of their association across developing and developed countries</article-title>
          <source>International Journal of Obesity</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>48</fpage>
          <lpage>57</lpage>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Doll</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paccaud</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bovet</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burnier</surname>
              <given-names>M, Wietlisbch</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Han TS, Leer EM, Seidell JC, Lean MEJ. Waist circumference action levels in the identification of cardiovascular risk factors: prevalence study in a random sample. BMJ 1995; 311: 1401-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Waist circumference action levels in the identification of cardiovascular risk factors: prevalence study in a random sample</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1401</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <volume>311</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Han</surname>
              <given-names>TS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leer</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seidell</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lean</surname>
              <given-names>MEJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Kroke A, Bergmann M, Klipstein-Grobusch K, Boeing H. Obesity, body fat distribution and body build: Their relation to blood pressure and prevalence of hypertension. International Journal of Obesity 1998; 22: 1062-70.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Obesity, body fat distribution and body build: Their relation to blood pressure and prevalence of hypertension</article-title>
          <source>International Journal of Obesity</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1062</fpage>
          <lpage>70</lpage>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kroke</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bergmann</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klipstein-Grobusch</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boeing</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>27. Huang Z, Willet WC, Manson JE, Rosner B, Stampfer MJ, Speizer FE, Colditz GA. Body weight, weight change, and risk for hypertension in women. Annals of Internal Medicine 1988; 128: 81-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Body weight, weight change, and risk for hypertension in women</article-title>
          <source>Annals of Internal Medicine</source>
          <date>
            <year>1988</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>81</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>128</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Willet</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manson</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosner</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stampfer</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Speizer</surname>
              <given-names>FE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colditz</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>28. Gus M, Fuchs SC, Moreira LB, et al. Association between different measurements of obesity and the incidence of hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension 1998; 17: 50-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Association between different measurements of obesity and the incidence of hypertension</article-title>
          <source>American Journal of Hypertension</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>50</fpage>
          <lpage>3</lpage>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gus</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fuchs</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moreira</surname>
              <given-names>LB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <mixed-citation>29. Pereira RA, Sichieri R, Marins VMR. Raz&#227;o cintura/quadril como preditor de hipertens&#227;o. Cad Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica 1999; 15: 333-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Raz&#227;o cintura/quadril como preditor de hipertens&#227;o</article-title>
          <source>Cad Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>333</fpage>
          <lpage>44</lpage>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sichieri</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marins</surname>
              <given-names>VMR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <mixed-citation>30. Martins IS, Marinho SP. O potencial diagn&#243;stico dos indicadores da obesidade centralizada. Rev Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica 2003; 37: 760-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>O potencial diagn&#243;stico dos indicadores da obesidade centralizada</article-title>
          <source>Rev Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>760</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Martins</surname>
              <given-names>IS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marinho</surname>
              <given-names>SP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <mixed-citation>31. Mel&#233;ndez-Vel&#225;squez G, Kac G, Valente JG, Tavares R, Silva CQ, Garcia ES. Evaluation of waist circumference to predict general obesity and arterial hypertension in women in greater Metropolitan Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Cad Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica 2002; 18: 765-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Evaluation of waist circumference to predict general obesity and arterial hypertension in women in greater Metropolitan Belo Horizonte, Brazil</article-title>
          <source>Cad Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>765</fpage>
          <lpage>71</lpage>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mel&#233;ndez-Vel&#225;squez</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kac</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valente</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tavares</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>CQ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <mixed-citation>32. Gus M, Moreira LB, Pimentel M Gleisener ALM, Moraes RS, Fuchs FD. Associa&#231;&#227;o entre diferentes indicadores de obesidade e preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial, Arq Bras Cardiol 1998; 70: 111-14.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre diferentes indicadores de obesidade e preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>111</fpage>
          <lpage>14</lpage>
          <volume>70</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gus</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moreira</surname>
              <given-names>LB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pimentel</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gleisener</surname>
              <given-names>ALM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moraes</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fuchs</surname>
              <given-names>FD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <mixed-citation>33. Vikram NK,    Pandey RM, Misra A, Sharma R, Devi JR, Khanna N. Non-obese (body mass index    &lt; 25 kg/m2) Asian Indians with normal waist circumference have high cardiovascular    risk. Nutrition 2003; 16: 503-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Non-obese (body mass index &lt; 25 kg/m2) Asian Indians with normal waist circumference have high cardiovascular risk</article-title>
          <source>Nutrition</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>503</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vikram</surname>
              <given-names>NK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pandey</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Misra</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharma</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Devi</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khanna</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Waist circumference and body mass index as predictors of hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between anthropometric indexes - body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) - and hypertension, and to evaluate the predictive value of these indexes in detecting hypertension. METHODS: Cross-sectional population study conducted in the city of Goi&#226;nia (GO) with a sample of 1,238 adults aged twenty to 64 years, in 2001. Total obesity was defined as BMI &gt; 30 kg/m&#178;; abdominal obesity was defined as level 2 WC &gt; 88 cm for women and &gt; 102 cm for men, and hypertension was defined as systolic pressure &gt; 140 mmHg, or diastolic pressure &gt; 90 mmHg, or utilization of hypotensive drugs). Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the associations between anthropometric indexes and hypertension. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate sensitivity and specificity of BMI (&gt; 30) and level 2 WC as predictive factors of hypertension, and to determine the best predictive cut-off points for hypertension. RESULTS: WC was associated with hypertension in both genders. Level 2 WC and BMI &gt;30 kg/m&#178; showed a low sensitivity in identifying hypertension. The best predictive cut-off points for hypertension coincided with level 1 WC (&gt; 80 cm) and with BMI &gt;25 kg/m&#178; (overweight) for women, and were lower than the values of level 1 WC and of overweight for men. CONCLUSION: Level 2 WC and BMI &gt; 30 kg/m&#178; are not adequate to identify the groups at the highest risk of hypertension, since this risk rises with small increases in adiposity.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Waist circumference</kwd>
        <kwd>body mass index</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>prediction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Waist circumference and body mass index as predictors of hypertension</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Maria do Ros&#225;rio Gondim Peixoto; Maria Helena D'Aquino Ben&#237;cio; Maria do Ros&#225;rio Dias de Oliveira Latorre; Paulo C&#233;sar Brand&#227;o Veiga Jardim</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hypertension League - Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the association between anthropometric indexes &#150; body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) &#150; and hypertension, and to evaluate the predictive value of these indexes in detecting hypertension.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Cross-sectional population study conducted in the city of Goi&#226;nia (GO) with a sample of 1,238 adults aged twenty to 64 years, in 2001. Total obesity was defined as BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; abdominal obesity was defined as level 2 WC <underline>&gt;</underline> 88 cm for women and <underline>&gt;</underline> 102 cm for men, and hypertension was defined as systolic pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mmHg, or diastolic pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg, or utilization of hypotensive drugs). Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the associations between anthropometric indexes and hypertension. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate sensitivity and specificity of BMI (<underline>&gt;</underline> 30) and level 2 WC as predictive factors of hypertension, and to determine the best predictive cut-off points for hypertension.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> WC was associated with hypertension in both genders. Level 2 WC and BMI <underline>&gt;</underline>30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> showed a low sensitivity in identifying hypertension. The best predictive cut-off points for hypertension coincided with level 1 WC (<underline>&gt;</underline> 80 cm) and with BMI <underline>&gt;</underline>25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (overweight) for women, and were lower than the values of level 1 WC and of overweight for men.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Level 2 WC and BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> are not adequate to identify the groups at the highest risk of hypertension, since this risk rises with small increases in adiposity.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Waist circumference, body mass index, hypertension, prediction.</p>
      <p>Obesity is defined as an excess body fat resulting from a chronic imbalance between food intake and energy expenditure<sup>1</sup>. Among the harmful effects of obesity we can point out the fact that it is an independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases and some types of cancer. Obesity is also strongly associated with other cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemias), thus increasing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality<sup>1-4</sup>.</p>
      <p>For the diagnosis of obesity, there are several indirect methods able to precisely estimate the total amount of body fat as well as its distribution. Among these methods we can point out computed tomography, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), and magnetic resonance imaging. However, when simplicity and costs of the several methods are considered, the use of anthropometric indexes &#150; body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), or only waist circumference (WC) and skinfolds (SF)<sup>4</sup> &#150; has been recommended to conduct epidemiological studies.</p>
      <p>Although BMI does not measure body composition, it is a potentially good indicator of the nutritional status in epidemiological studies. Its utilization is based on results of population studies showing that BMI is weakly correlated with height and strongly correlated with total fat mass, and on the association between high BMI and morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, colon cancer, and biliary diseases<sup>1,4,5,6</sup>.</p>
      <p>However, the relation between BMI and risk of morbidities may be affected by body fat distribution since the main complications of obesity, which include cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidemia, are associated with a higher accumulation of abdominal fat, regardless of body weight<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
      <p>The comparison of anthropometric measurements with diagnostic imaging tests such as magnetic resonance and computed tomography shows that waist circumference was the anthropometric variable that had the best correlation with visceral adipose tissue<sup>9</sup>. Thus, a more sensitive measurement to assess abdominal fat may be more useful than BMI in identifying risk factors associated with obesity.</p>
      <p>The cut-off points currently used to classify WC were defined by Lean et al<sup>10</sup> in a cross-sectional study with a sample of 904 men and 1,014 women between 25 and 74 years of age, in the population of North Glasgow. WC cut-off points associated with BMI 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and/or with WHR <underline>&gt;</underline> 0.95 for men and <underline>&gt;</underline> 0.80 for women were identified. To facilitate their use both in the clinical practice and in health promotion programs these cut-off points were described as action levels: at action level 1 (WC <underline>&gt;</underline> 80 cm for women and WC <underline>&gt;</underline> 94 cm for men), the individual has a higher risk of morbidities associated with obesity and should be advised to stop gaining weight and to adopt a healthy lifestyle; at level 2 (<underline>&gt;</underline> 88 for women and <underline>&gt;</underline> 102 for men), the individual has a very increased risk of morbidities associated with obesity and should seek urgent help from a health professional to lose weight and be assessed for other risk factors.</p>
      <p>However, the universal use of these cut-off points is questioned, since their sensitivity in identifying risk factors associated with obesity may vary among the different populations and age groups<sup>11-14</sup>.</p>
      <p>The possibility of use of a measurement that is simple, inexpensive, easy to interpret, and mainly, that can be performed by individuals themselves as a form of screening in health promotion and cardiovascular risk-factor prevention programs, encouraged the carrying out of this study, whose purposes were to asses the association between the anthropometric indexes &#150; BMI and WC &#150; and hypertension, their general predictive ability, the performance of the cut-off points recommended, and the best predictive cut-off points of these anthropometric indexes for the identification of the risk of hypertension in the adult population of the city of Goi&#226;nia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Study design</italic> - This study was developed using data from the <italic>Estudo da Preval&#234;ncia e do Conhecimento da Hipertens&#227;o Arterial e alguns Fatores de Risco em uma Regi&#227;o do Brasil</italic> (Study of the Prevalence and Knowledge of Hypertension and some Risk Factors in a Brazilian Region), a project approved and financed by <italic>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico &#150; CNPq</italic> (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development &#150; CNPq). This is a cross-sectional population study conducted in the capitals and in two cities in the interior of the States of Goi&#225;s and Mato Grosso. In the present study only the data collected from June, 2001 to December, 2001 regarding Goi&#226;nia were analyzed.</p>
      <p>The sample size for the city of Goi&#226;nia was calculated considering a population of 1,004,098 inhabitants<sup>15</sup>, the prevalence of hypertension in Brazil (20% of the adult population)<sup>16</sup>, a 95% confidence interval and an estimation error of 10%. Thirty per cent were added to the sample obtained (n = 1,534) to compensate the losses (n = 1,994). The sample effectively studied consisted of 1,454 individuals older than eighteen years of age, of both genders, not institutionalized and residing in the urban area (72.9% of the total sample and 95% of the required sample).</p>
      <p>The households were selected by clusters in two phases using probabilistic sampling. The first phase consisted of the identification, in the IBGE (<italic>Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica &#150;</italic> Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), of the census sectors used in the 1998 National Household Sampling Survey (<italic>Pesquisa Nacional por Amostragem de Domic&#237;lios</italic> &#150; PNAD) in the urban zone of the city of Goi&#226;nia. The second phase consisted of the selection of households. For this selection, the number of households in each sector and the total size of the sample were considered. Based on the calculation of the sample size by sector, the households of each sector were randomly and systematically raffled out.</p>
      <p>In the households selected only one resident chosen by lot among the residents over eighteen years of age was interviewed to avoid problems of information interdependence between interviewees. Pregnant women and mothers of children under six months of age were excluded from the lot drawing to avoid errors in data interpretation. Hospitalized residents were also excluded.</p>
      <p>In the original study, the sample from twenty to 64 years of age corresponded to 1,252 individuals, 433 men and 819 women. Of these, two men were excluded (the WC measurement of one of them was missing, and the other had a biologically implausible WC); thirteen women were also excluded (blood pressure measurement was missing for nine of them, and blood pressure and WC measurements were missing for four of them). Thus, the final sample of this study consisted of 1,237 individuals.</p>
      <p>Data collection was performed by trained interviewers who filled out a standardized questionnaire including questions on social and demographic conditions, diet, physical activities, alcohol consumption, smoking, and use of hypotensive drugs, in addition to blood pressure, weight, height, and WC measurements. The interview was conducted after individuals had signed the written consent whose protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee on Human and Animal Medical Research of <italic>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</italic></p>
      <p><italic>Study variables</italic> - The anthropometric measurements were taken according to Lohman et al<sup>17</sup> recommendations. The individuals were weighed and measured barefoot and in light clothing, with a Plenna&#174; electronic scale, model Giant Lithium, with a 150-kg capacity and 100-g precision, and a portable stadiometer (Seca&#174;), with a 0.1-cm precision.</p>
      <p>BMI was calculated by dividing weight (kg) by square height (m). BMI values were classified in: &lt; 18.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (low weight); 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (normal); 25 to 29.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (overweight); and <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (obesity, named total obesity in the present article)<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>WC measurement was taken using a non-extensible tape measure at the natural waist level, average point between the anterior superior iliac crest and the last rib, with a 0.1-cm precision. The accumulation of fat around the waist, or abdominal obesity, was classified in two levels. Level 1 corresponded to WC values between 80.0 and 87.9 cm for women, and between 94.0 and 101.9 cm for men; level 2 corresponded to a WC<underline>&gt;</underline> 88.0 cm and <underline>&gt;</underline> 102.0 cm for women and men, respectively. Values below 80.0 cm for women and 94.0 cm for men were classified as adequate<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>For blood pressure measurement (BP) a semi-automatic monitor was used (OMRON &#150; HEM 705 CP). This monitor was chosen because it minimizes the influence of the interviewer on blood pressure reading, and because it has already been validated<sup>18</sup>, and also its data are comparable to those obtained with a mercury column (reference standard). Blood pressure was measured twice, at a minimum interval of 5 minutes. The measurement was taken on the left arm following the recommendations proposed by the National Program of Hypertension Control. For analysis purposes, the second measurement was considered. Individuals were considered hypertensive when the systolic blood pressure (SBP) was <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mmHg and/or the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg, or when they were taking hypotensive drugs<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>Control variables used were gender, age (in full years: 20-24; 25-34; 35-44; 45-54; 55-64), parity (total number of children of each woman interviewed), educational level (years of schooling: 0-3 years, 4-8 years, and <underline>&gt;</underline> 9 years); per capita monthly family income (expressed in quartiles); smoking (smoker, former smoker, and never smoked); consumption of alcoholic beverages in the past week (categorized according to daily intake of ethanol in grams: &lt; 30 g or <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 g for men, and &lt; 15 g or <underline>&gt;</underline> 15 g for women), and performance of physical activities during leisure time.</p>
      <p>Physical activity during free or leisure time was classified in four categories of level of effort: (1) sedentary &#150; no physical activity, only activities such as reading and watching television; (2) light &#150; occasional physical activities, such as walking, bicycle riding, and performing light exercises; (3) moderate &#150; regular physical activity (running, gymnastics, swimming, team games); (4) intense &#150; heavy training several times a week or regular participation in sports competitions. Because of the small number of individuals in the latter category, the third and fourth categories were grouped together.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - After revision of the questionnaires, data were double-keyed for quality assessment of data keying. For the analysis, STATA (version 7.0)<sup>20</sup> was used.</p>
      <p>The analyses were performed separately for men and women. Means and 95% confidence intervals of the variables studied were presented. A trend test was performed to assess the prevalence of hypertension in BMI and WC categories.</p>
      <p>BMI and WC were tested separately in logistic regression models adjusted for age, educational level, income, smoking, parity (in women), alcohol consumption, and physical activities during leisure time. Because of the high colinearity between BMI and WC these measurements were not considered as independent variables in the same regression model having hypertension as the endpoint.</p>
      <p>Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve analyses were used to assess and compare the ability of identifying hypertension using the anthropometric indexes BMI and WC. The areas under the ROC curve provide the global probability of these indexes to correctly classify the presence or the absence of hypertension. An optimal test has an area under the ROC curve equal to 1.0 whereas an area equal to 0.5 means that the test performance is not better than what is achieved at random<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>The sensitivity and specificity of level 2 WC (<underline>&gt;</underline> 88 cm and <underline>&gt;</underline>102 cm for women and men, respectively) and of BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> in identifying hypertension were calculated. Sensitivity was defined as the proportion of hypertensive individuals correctly identified, and specificity was defined as the proportion of normotensive individuals correctly identified. The best predictive WC and BMI cut-off points for hypertension &#150; the point where sensitivity and specificity curves meet<sup>22</sup>, were also identified.</p>
      <p>The statistical analyses were corrected by complex sample design using STATA's SVY commands, which consider the complex structure of the sample using the weights associated to each sample cluster and the effect of the sample design. In all tests a 5% significance level was used.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Characteristics of the population studied are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="e11t1-body2">Table 1</xref>. Mean weight, height, WC, SBP, and DBP were higher in men than in women; mean age and BMI were similar.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e11t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0462-00011-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The prevalence of total obesity (BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and abdominal obesity (level II WC) were 10.6% and 9.3% for men, and 13.7% and 19.6% for women, respectively.</p>
      <p>There was a significant increase in the prevalence of hypertension with the increase in WC for the total of males. However, for females regardless of age bracket, the prevalence of hypertension increased both with the increase in BMI, and with the increase in WC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e11t2-body2">Tab. 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e11t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0462-00011-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the odds ratio for hypertension was approximately twice as high for men with high values of WC (<underline>&gt;</underline> 94 cm and <underline>&gt;</underline> 102 cm), when compared to the reference category (&lt; 94 cm). High BMI was not associated with hypertension when adjusted by control variables. However, the magnitude of the association for a BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> was close to the values observed for level 1 and level 2 WC. For women, high values of BMI and WC were associated with hypertension in the adjusted models, and women with a WC <underline>&gt;</underline>88 cm had an approximately three-fold increase in odds ratio, and those with a BMI <underline>&gt;</underline>30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> had a 4.7-fold increase in comparison with the reference categories (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e11t3-body2">Tab. 3</xref>). In these models, age interactions with both total obesity and abdominal obesity were tested, and they were not statistically significant.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e11t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0462-00011-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>In predicting hypertension, the area under the ROC curve for BMI was 0.71 (0.67; 0.75) for women and 0.57 (0.52; 0.63) for men. For WC, the area under the ROC curve was 0.71 (0.67; 0.75) for women, and 0.58 (0.52; 0.64) for men. These values show that WC and BMI have similar probabilities to correctly classify the presence or the absence of hypertension in both genders; this ability is slightly higher among women.</p>
      <p>Level 2 WC and BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> showed a low sensitivity in predicting hypertension, and the highest values were observed for men and women between forty and 65 years of age. Specificity was high for both genders (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela4-body2">Tab. 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0462-00011-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The best predictive WC and BMI cut-off points for hypertension are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="e11f1-body2">Figure 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="e11t5-body2">Table 5</xref>. At these cut-off points, sensitivity and specificity values are similar because they correspond to the point where sensitivity and specificity curves meet. For males, these points were 86 cm for WC, and 24.6 kg/m<sup>2</sup> for BMI, whereas for females they were 80 cm for WC and 25.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup> for BMI. These values varied with age, and were lower for individuals between twenty and 39 years of age, and higher for individuals between forty and 65 years of age.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e11f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0462-00011-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e11t5-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0462-00011-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study analyzed the association between obesity assessed by the anthropometric indexes &#150; BMI and WC &#150; and hypertension, and examined the predictive ability of these indexes to identify the risk of hypertension in the adult population of the city of Goi&#226;nia. The external and internal validity of this study were ensured by using a representative sample of the adult population of Goi&#226;nia, with information collected in the households by trained personnel, with standardized questionnaire and instruments, and by considering the effect of the complex sample design in the analyses. It is important to point out that, although 72.9% of the total sample had been effectively assessed, the comparison of the distribution of the population studied by age group and educational level with data from the 2000 demographic census<sup>15</sup> did not show significant differences for both genders, which supports the hypothesis that the sample studied is representative of the adult population of Goi&#226;nia.</p>
      <p>The major limitation of this study was its cross-sectional design, which does not allow the identification of the precedence in time between exposure and endpoint. Another limitation was the fact that the assessment of the cut-off points of the anthropometric indexes was performed exclusively in relation to hypertension. Other diseases associated with obesity, such as dyslipidemia and diabetes, were not incorporated into this study.</p>
      <p>Similar to other studies<sup>8,10,12</sup>, a high correlation between WC and BMI was observed for both genders. However, for women, the prevalence of obesity varied according to the anthropometric index used, and central obesity assessed by the level 2 WC (<underline>&gt;</underline> 88 cm for women, and <underline>&gt;</underline> 102 cm for men) was more prevalent than total obesity (BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). These data suggest a difference between genders in the diagnostic ability of the cut-off points recommended for WC.</p>
      <p>Hypertension was observed both in individuals with a normal BMI and in obese individuals. Among the individuals with a normal BMI, 38.4% and 17.4% of men and women were hypertensive, respectively. Among the obese, the proportion of hypertensive individuals raised to 59.1% among men and 58.4% among women. The prevalences of hypertension in the presence of abdominal obesity were close to the values observed for total obesity. According to observations of other studies<sup>23,24</sup>, these results show that both weight gain and accumulation of abdominal fat increase the probability of an individual to become hypertensive.</p>
      <p>In the multiple logistic regression analysis, level 1 and 2 WC were associated with the risk of hypertension in both genders. Overweight and total obesity, in turn, were associated with hypertension only in women. Although total obesity was not significantly associated with hypertension in men, the magnitude of the association was close to the values observed for WC, and the lack of statistical significance may have occurred because of the smaller sample size for men.</p>
      <p>The excess adipose tissue is one of the major risk factors associated with hypertension both in prospective studies and in cross-sectional studies in several populations, regardless of age<sup>23-26</sup>.</p>
      <p>In prospective studies, medium and long-term weight gain increased significantly the incidence of hypertension, and weight loss reduced this incidence. Estimates of Framingham's study suggest that approximately 70% of the new cases of hypertension could be attributed to obesity or to weight gain<sup>1</sup>. In the Nurses' Health Study, a 1 kg/m<sup>2</sup> increase in BMI was associated with a 12% increase in the risk of hypertension<sup>27</sup>.</p>
      <p>Cross-sectional population studies conducted in Brazil showed that in the city of Porto Alegre hypertension was equally associated with BMI, WHR, and WC in women, whereas in men only BMI was associated with hypertension<sup>28</sup>. In the Nutrition and Health Research conducted in the city of Rio de Janeiro, the waist-hip ratio showed a higher ability to predict hypertension and a lower correlation with BMI than did WC<sup>29</sup>. In a study conducted in S&#227;o Paulo, the waist-hip ratio and WC were similarly associated with hypertension<sup>30</sup>. In a sample of women from a health care center in the city of Belo Horizonte, WC was significantly associated with hypertension. However, the cut-off points assessed &#150; 80 cm and 88 cm, showed moderate (63.8%) and low (42.8%) sensitivity for hypertension, respectively<sup>31</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the single Brazilian longitudinal population study (5.6 &#177; 1.1-year follow-up) exploring the association between different obesity indexes and the incidence of hypertension, the risk ratio for level 2 WC was 1.78 (0.76; 4.09) for men, and 1.72 (1.09; 2.73) for women, whereas for BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> the risk ratio was 1.08 (0.52; 2.24) for men, and 1.74 (0.93; 3.26) for women. The conclusion was that the hypertension incidence risk was more consistent when obesity was defined using level 2 WC than using BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>, for both genders<sup>32</sup>.</p>
      <p>These studies corroborate the importance of excess total weight and of visceral fat accumulation in the prevalence of hypertension. However, the anthropometric indexes more frequently used in epidemiological studies (BMI, WC, and WHR) do not reflect the same amount of fat in different populations. The occurrence of differences in the relation between body fat and BMI and/or WC is already well established; this is partly due to genetic differences in body composition, as well as to differences in food intake and in the pattern of physical activity.</p>
      <p>The cut-off points recommended for level 2 WC showed low sensitivity for both genders in identifying the risk of hypertension, which was also observed for BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. The high specificity observed provides the cut-off points used with an ability to classify few normotensive individuals as hypertensive; on the other hand, many hypertensive individuals are classified as normotensive because of low sensitivity.</p>
      <p>In other studies, the sensitivity observed for these anthropometric indexes was low to moderate, and the differences both in the prevalence of risk factors and in body composition produce different sensitivities in the identification of hypertension in different populations. In Lean et al's study<sup>10</sup>, the sensitivity of level 2 WC in predicting hypertension was 40.3% and 56.6% for adult men and women, respectively. In a sample of overweight American adults, the sensitivity of level 2 WC increased with age and was different among ethnic groups. For men between forty and 59 years of age, 32.0%, 53.8% and 35.0% sensitivities were observed for White, Black and Hispanic American, respectively<sup>13</sup><bold>.</bold></p>
      <p>In the analysis of the ROC curve it was interesting to observe that, for the total of women, the best predictive cut-off points for risk of hypertension correspond to the values currently recommended for level 1 WC and for overweight &#150; 80 cm and 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, respectively. For men, the balance point between sensitivity and specificity curves was observed below the values currently recommended for level 1 WC and for overweight &#150; 86 cm and 24.6 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, respectively. These cut-off points were lower among the youngest individuals and higher for individuals above forty years of age for both genders. This corroborates the evidences that the relation between adiposity and hypertension is stronger among younger adults and that the risk for cardiovascular diseases is observed as of small increases in total or abdominal adiposity.</p>
      <p>The universal use of WC and BMI has been questioned by several researchers, mainly for Asian populations<sup>11,33</sup>. In a sub-sample of White men (n = 4,388) and women (n = 4,631) participating in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) Zhu et al<sup>14</sup> observed that a WC <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 cm (men) and <underline>&gt;</underline> 83 cm (women) have the same odds ratio for the cardiovascular risk factors associated with a BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, whereas a WC <underline>&gt;</underline>100 cm and <underline>&gt;</underline> 93 cm for men and women, respectively, is equivalent to the odds ratio observed for BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The results of the present study show that for men the impact of abdominal obesity on hypertension was higher than that of total obesity; for women, both abdominal and total obesity were significantly associated with hypertension. The cut-off points for abdominal obesity &#150; level 2, and for total obesity &#150; BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> showed a low sensitivity in detecting hypertension for both genders. For men, the most adequate cut-off points for the screening of risk of hypertension were lower than the values recommended for level 1 WC (<underline>&gt;</underline> 94 cm) and for the classification of overweight (<underline>&gt;</underline> 25.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). For women, in turn, the cut-off points corresponded to the values recommended for level 1 WC (<underline>&gt;</underline> 80 cm) and for the classification of overweight (<underline>&gt;</underline> 25.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). These results corroborate the relevance of using these cut-off points as part of the strategies of public health programs both for the prevention and control of excess weight and to warn about the need to evaluate the presence of hypertension as well as of other risk factors associated with weight gain.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Maria do Ros&#225;rio Gondim Peixoto</p>
          <p> Rua T-36, 3855, Qd 165, Lt 1, apto. 304A &#150; Setor Bueno</p>
          <p> 74230-010 &#150; Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="mariapeixoto@cardiol.br">mariapeixoto@cardiol.br</email> / </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="hbpeixoto@uol.com.br">hbpeixoto@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 05/03/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 07/22/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
