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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">kfw9CWym4XTqLgJvZ9NWq5Q</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001700010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700410</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001700010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valor progn&#243;stico do &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azzolin</surname>
            <given-names>Karina Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Iran</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feier</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pandolfo</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oderich</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>456</fpage>
      <lpage>461</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar o valor preditivo do &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica (IPM) para complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares em pacientes de baixo risco no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (PO) de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) no per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados 80 pacientes submetidos a CRM com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda adequada no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, nos quais o IPM foi medido nas primeiras horas de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Os pacientes foram acompanhados at&#233; a alta hospitalar. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica incluiu teste qui-quadrado de Pearson, teste t de Student e teste de Mann-Whitney, al&#233;m do c&#225;lculo do risco relativo, com intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%, e das propriedades de sensibilidade e especificidade do &#237;ndice, com elabora&#231;&#227;o de curva ROC. RESULTADOS: Os dados foram avaliados por dois observadores independentes, cegos aos dados cl&#237;nicos, com variabilidade intra e interobservador n&#227;o significativa. Encontrou-se IPM=0,43 como ponto de corte, considerando-se acima de 0,43 os pacientes com maior probabilidade de eventos no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Os eventos relevantes para an&#225;lise foram IAM (RR 0,87; IC 0,21 - 3,65); fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (RR 0,65; IC 0,24 - 1,76); outras arritmias (RR 1,51; IC 0,36 - 6,33) e disfun&#231;&#227;o VE (RR 1,74; IC 0,31 - 9,88), n&#227;o havendo associa&#231;&#227;o entre pacientes com IPM&gt;0,43 e a ocorr&#234;ncia destes eventos. O tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar foi similar, entre os grupos (p=0,999). CONCLUS&#195;O: N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o do IPM com complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares e maior tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o neste grupo de pacientes, podendo-se considerar esse &#237;ndice inadequado como m&#233;todo preditivo isolado.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>&#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>baixo risco e progn&#243;stico de complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Valor progn&#243;stico do &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Karina Oliveira Azzolin; Iran Castro; Fl&#225;via Feier; Fernanda Pandolfo; Carolina Oderich</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - Porto Alegre, RS</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar o valor preditivo do &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica (IPM) para complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares em pacientes de baixo risco no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (PO) de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) no per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram estudados 80 pacientes submetidos a CRM com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda adequada no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, nos quais o IPM foi medido nas primeiras horas de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Os pacientes foram acompanhados at&#233; a alta hospitalar. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica incluiu teste qui-quadrado de Pearson, teste t de Student e teste de Mann-Whitney, al&#233;m do c&#225;lculo do risco relativo, com intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%, e das propriedades de sensibilidade e especificidade do &#237;ndice, com elabora&#231;&#227;o de curva ROC. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Os dados foram avaliados por dois observadores independentes, cegos aos dados cl&#237;nicos, com variabilidade intra e interobservador n&#227;o significativa. Encontrou-se IPM=0,43 como ponto de corte, considerando-se acima de 0,43 os pacientes com maior probabilidade de eventos no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Os eventos relevantes para an&#225;lise foram IAM (RR 0,87; IC 0,21 &#150; 3,65); fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (RR 0,65; IC 0,24 &#150; 1,76); outras arritmias (RR 1,51; IC 0,36 &#150; 6,33) e disfun&#231;&#227;o VE (RR 1,74; IC 0,31 &#150; 9,88), n&#227;o havendo associa&#231;&#227;o entre pacientes com IPM&gt;0,43 e a ocorr&#234;ncia destes eventos. O tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar foi similar, entre os grupos (p=0,999). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o do IPM com complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares e maior tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o neste grupo de pacientes, podendo-se considerar esse &#237;ndice inadequado como m&#233;todo preditivo isolado.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica, baixo risco e progn&#243;stico de complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>A morbimortalidade p&#243;s-cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM) &#233; de grande interesse, motivando diversos protocolos de manejo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e modelos de risco com a finalidade de redu&#231;&#227;o das complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de CRM tem sido considerada como um dos mais importantes preditores independentes de mortalidade cir&#250;rgica<sup>2-5</sup>, existindo associa&#231;&#227;o entre gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e risco de complica&#231;&#245;es (4% a 10% para moderada a importante disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular)<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es da cirurgia card&#237;aca em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda adequada, no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, s&#227;o de baixa preval&#234;ncia<sup>2</sup>, por isso pouco estudadas. Neste grupo, a identifica&#231;&#227;o de mudan&#231;as na fun&#231;&#227;o global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato, possibilitaria interven&#231;&#245;es precoces que alterassem a morbimortalidade cir&#250;rgica<sup>6,7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Medidas n&#227;o-invasivas de intervalos de tempo utilizadas para avalia&#231;&#227;o das fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica foram propostas por Mancini<sup>8</sup>, atrav&#233;s da fonomecanocardiografia e reintroduzidas por Tei e cols.<sup>9</sup>, em 1995, demonstrando ser facilmente obtidas pelo Doppler convencional, com intervalos de tempo, combinando avalia&#231;&#227;o do desempenho sist&#243;lico e do diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE). Este &#237;ndice pode ser obtido e reproduzido facilmente, independentemente da geometria ventricular, o que o torna satisfat&#243;rio para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular global em v&#225;rias situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas<sup>10,11</sup>.</p>
    <p>O &#237;ndice &#233; definido como a soma do tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trico e tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico, dividida pelo tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o, atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise ao Doppler do fluxo de entrada mitral e velocidade e tempo do fluxo de sa&#237;da ventricular esquerda<sup>11-26</sup>, sendo considerado potencial para avalia&#231;&#227;o de fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca total e preditor de progn&#243;sticos card&#237;acos<sup>10,12,13</sup> .</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios estudos avaliaram o IPM, em pacientes portadores de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, miocardiopatia, doen&#231;a valvar, entre outras, sendo que o &#237;ndice apresentou elevado poder de predi&#231;&#227;o para o desenvolvimento de desfechos desfavor&#225;veis<sup>10,13-18,26</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo principal deste estudo &#233; descrever o valor progn&#243;stico do &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica para complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares (eventos maiores: IC, IAM, arritmia e morte), no per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, e eventual aumento no tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o em unidade de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio por complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, em pacientes com adequada fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudados prospectivamente 80 pacientes (53 homens e 27 mulheres) internados no Instituto de Cardiologia &#150; Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia do RS, para realiza&#231;&#227;o de CRM, no per&#237;odo de fevereiro a setembro de 2003. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa local, e todos os pacientes leram e assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram selecionados no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (1 dia antes da cirurgia) mediante os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: CRM isolada, FE<underline>&gt;</underline>50% (avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, ecocardiogr&#225;fica (Simpson) ou por medicina nuclear) e ritmo card&#237;aco sinusal.</p>
    <p>Dos 91 pacientes inicialmente eleg&#237;veis durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, foram exclu&#237;dos 11, pelos seguintes crit&#233;rios: janela ecocardiogr&#225;fica limitada (3); recusa em assinar o termo de consentimento (1); aus&#234;ncia de medida de FE nos exames pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios (4); e n&#227;o realiza&#231;&#227;o da ecocardiografia antes da alta hospitalar (3).</p>
    <p>A medi&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice foi realizada nas primeiras 24 horas de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (imediato), na unidade de intensivismo. O equipamento utilizado foi um Sonos 100 da HP com transdutor 2,5 MHz. O exame foi realizado pela enfermeira pesquisadora ou por m&#233;dico ecocardiografista, com o paciente em dec&#250;bito dorsal ou lateral, dependendo da localiza&#231;&#227;o dos drenos de t&#243;rax utilizados no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Os registros de Doppler puls&#225;til foram obtidos sob orienta&#231;&#227;o de imagens no modo bidimensional, com tra&#231;ado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico concomitante, gravados em fitas VHS, digitalizados e analisados em esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho dedicada, utilizando-se o programa <italic>echo off line</italic> para mensura&#231;&#245;es e posterior an&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>Com o volume-amostra do Doppler posicionado na por&#231;&#227;o ventricular da via de entrada do VE, em um corte de quatro c&#226;maras, foram obtidas imagens da velocidade do fluxo, desde a abertura at&#233; o fechamento da v&#225;lvula mitral. O fluxo da via de sa&#237;da ventricular foi obtido em um corte de cinco c&#226;maras, com o volume-amostra do Doppler puls&#225;til posicionado abaixo da valva a&#243;rtica. Intervalos de tempo ao Doppler foram calculados em esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho (<italic>off line</italic>), como mostra a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0456-00010-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O intervalo <italic>"a"</italic> da abertura ao fechamento da valva mitral &#233; igual &#224; soma do tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trico, com o relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico e tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o. O intervalo <italic>"b"</italic> &#233; o tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. Logo, a soma do tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o e do relaxamento isovolum&#233;tricos &#233; obtida subtraindo-se <italic>"b"</italic> de <italic>"a"</italic>. O &#237;ndice que combina as fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica foi calculado como (a &#150; b)/b (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0456-00010-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>As medidas dos intervalos <italic>"a"</italic> e <italic>"b"</italic> foram realizadas 3 vezes, de forma independente para cada intervalo e, ap&#243;s, calculada a m&#233;dia em planilha pr&#243;pria no aplicativo Excel.</p>
    <p>Todas as imagens foram analisadas por um m&#233;dico ecocardiografista experiente, que tamb&#233;m realizou novamente todas as medidas, sendo cego aos dados cl&#237;nicos dos pacientes e aos resultados das primeiras medidas, para posterior an&#225;lise interobservador.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame, era preenchida uma ficha de an&#225;lise pr&#243;pria com dados dos pacientes, que eram acompanhados at&#233; a alta hospitalar. Neste procedimento, foram observadas complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgicas, uso e tempo de uso de drogas inotr&#243;picas, tempo de perman&#234;ncia em unidade de intensivismo e hospitalar e exames de controle (ECG e radiografia de t&#243;rax), fazendo-se tamb&#233;m um exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico completo, at&#233; 24 horas antes da alta hospitalar na Unidade de M&#233;todos Gr&#225;ficos, conforme rotina deste setor. O resultado do exame era anexado no prontu&#225;rio do paciente e a segunda via era fornecida &#224; pesquisa.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios para diagn&#243;stico de IAM perioperat&#243;rio foram a presen&#231;a de novas ondas Q no ECG e altera&#231;&#245;es enzim&#225;ticas (CK-MB&gt;40 mU/L e troponina&gt;3,5 ng/mL).</p>
    <p>Para diagn&#243;stico de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e outras arritmias, os crit&#233;rios adotados foram os da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca cont&#237;nua e confirma&#231;&#227;o pelo ECG.</p>
    <p>Para diagn&#243;stico de disfun&#231;&#227;o de VE, os crit&#233;rios adotados foram os da avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica do paciente (classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional NYHA) com confirma&#231;&#227;o pela ecocardiografia, e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o diminu&#237;da pela compara&#231;&#227;o das medidas pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias.</p>
    <p>A confirma&#231;&#227;o de congest&#227;o pulmonar deu-se pela an&#225;lise dos laudos dos exames radiol&#243;gicos realizados.</p>
    <p>Para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, foi utilizado o programa SPSS 11.0 (<italic>Chicago Illinois Software</italic>).</p>
    <p>Os dados foram descritos sob forma de m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o ou medianas e intervalos interquartis 25-75 para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, e de propor&#231;&#245;es para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas.</p>
    <p>O teste <italic>t</italic> de Student foi utilizado para comparar as m&#233;dias dos &#237;ndices em pacientes com e sem eventos. O &#237;ndice foi dicotomizado de acordo com sua m&#233;dia. O teste do qui-quadrado foi utilizado para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o &#237;ndice dicotomizado e os eventos, sendo adicionalmente estimados os riscos relativos (RR) e respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%.</p>
    <p>O teste de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para comparar tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o e uso de drogas com as categorias do IPM.Foi considerado estatisticamente significante um valor de p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05.</p>
    <p>Adicionalmente, foram calculadas sensibilidade e especificidade para diferentes pontos de corte do &#237;ndice, com elabora&#231;&#227;o de uma curva ROC (<italic>receiver operator characteristic curve</italic>), no comando SPSS 11.0.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os 80 pacientes portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica cir&#250;rgica, tinham entre 32 e 83 anos de idade e n&#227;o apresentavam doen&#231;a valvar significativa. Todas as cirurgias foram eletivas e com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. Os grupos foram divididos considerando-se como ponto de corte o valor da m&#233;dia do &#237;ndice (0,43).</p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas da amostra est&#227;o sumarizadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref> (total da amostra).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0456-00010-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3">figura 3</xref> demonstra a curva ROC para os diferentes valores do IPM em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos maiores, n&#227;o sendo poss&#237;vel identificar, atrav&#233;s da curva, um ponto de melhor balan&#231;o entre sensibilidade e especificidade.</p>
    <fig id="figura3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0456-00010-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Para an&#225;lise de eventos no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foram considerados: Grupo A <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,43 e Grupo B &gt; 0,43. As caracter&#237;sticas da amostra destes grupos encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref> (Grupos A e B).</p>
    <p>A diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia da medida do IPM entre os dois observadores (enfermeira e ecocardiografista) foi de 0,0046, sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica</p>
    <p>N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas quanto a eventos maiores entre os grupos. As propriedades diagn&#243;sticas do &#237;ndice (&gt; 0,43) para eventos maiores foram: sensibilidade de 0,41 (0,14 - 0,68) e especificidade de 0,51 (0,32 - 0,70). O &#237;ndice n&#227;o demonstrou associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com qualquer dos eventos considerados, tanto quando analisado sob a forma cont&#237;nua como quando categorizado. Os RR e respectivos IC 95% v&#234;m apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0456-00010-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Destaca-se a baixa preval&#234;ncia destes eventos na amostra total (35%).</p>
    <p>A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, comparada com a do pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, estava diminu&#237;da em 77% dos pacientes do grupo A e em 84% dos do grupo B (p=0,64). Outra vari&#225;vel analisada foi a congest&#227;o pulmonar, atrav&#233;s dos documentos radiol&#243;gicos obtidos na sala de recupera&#231;&#227;o e por ocasi&#227;o da alta hospitalar, sendo constatada congest&#227;o pulmonar em 29% (n=23) dos pacientes, dos quais apenas 39% (n=9) pertenciam ao grupo B.</p>
    <p>Uma das vari&#225;veis subjetivas analisadas foi dispn&#233;ia no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, sendo referida por 19% (n=15) dos pacientes, dos quais 47% (n=7) apresentaram IPM&gt; 0,43 (grupo B).</p>
    <p>Quanto a drogas inotr&#243;picas (dopamina, dobutamina, noradrenalina), 75% (n=60) dos pacientes usaram-nas no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato, dos quais 47% (n=28) pertenciam ao grupo B e 53% (n=32) ao grupo A. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos quanto &#224; propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que n&#227;o utilizaram nenhuma destas drogas.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise do tempo de uso de drogas inotr&#243;picas e de interna&#231;&#227;o em unidade de intensivismo e hospitalar n&#227;o mostra diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos. Quanto ao tempo de uso de drogas inotr&#243;picas, a m&#233;dia foi de 1,5 dia no grupo A e de 1,2 dia no grupo B (p=0,945). Quanto ao tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o em unidade de intensivismo, a mediana foi de 2 (1,88; 2,67) e 2,25 ( 1,70; 3,96) dias, e a m&#233;dia do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar foi de 8&#177;1,3 e de 9&#177;5 dias (p=0,999), respectivamente, nos grupos A e B.</p>
    <p>Nenhum dos pacientes necessitou de suporte mec&#226;nico (bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico <italic>/ bio-pump</italic>) em qualquer dos grupos no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, e apenas 2 pacientes (ambos do grupo A) necessitaram de mais de 24 horas de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, estando ainda entubados no momento da realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame (feito nas primeiras 24 horas).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A CRM &#233; um procedimento de grande porte, altamente difundida em todo o mundo, sendo suas complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; situa&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria e particularmente &#224; circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC). Alguns estudos mostram uma redu&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es quando a CRM &#233; realizada sem CEC<sup>4,5</sup>. A avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica dos pacientes a serem submetidos a CRM, atrav&#233;s de par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios, tem sua utilidade e entendimento bem definidos<sup>6,7</sup>. Por&#233;m, em determinadas ocasi&#245;es, pacientes classificados como de elevado risco evoluem com baixa morbidade p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, e pacientes com baixos escores de risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio t&#234;m uma evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria complicada, ligada a fatores intra-operat&#243;rios que interferem diretamente na sua evolu&#231;&#227;o<sup>6</sup>. Este fato tem despertado interesse de v&#225;rios pesquisadores, considerando-se todas as vari&#225;veis que possam identificar precocemente os pacientes com elevado risco evolutivo.</p>
    <p>O IPM tem sido apontado como um bom preditor de resultados adversos em v&#225;rias doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, como insufici&#234;ncia valvar<sup>13-15</sup>, miocardiopatias<sup>16</sup>, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>10,17,18,20-22</sup> e toxicidade card&#237;aca a antraciclina<sup>23</sup>, n&#227;o havendo na literatura refer&#234;ncia do IPM como preditor de eventos no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em indiv&#237;duos com pr&#233;via fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica adequada.</p>
    <p>Outra vantagem deste &#237;ndice, al&#233;m da f&#225;cil obten&#231;&#227;o e do baixo custo, &#233; a possibilidade de mensura&#231;&#227;o por profissional com treinamento breve em ecocardiografia<sup>18</sup>. Em nosso estudo, igualmente, n&#227;o foi constatada diferen&#231;a na mensura&#231;&#227;o do IPM entre enfermeira treinada para este fim e ecocardiografista de larga experi&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>O IPM mostrou-se alterado (&gt;0,43) em 37 pacientes (grupo B) nos quais o acompanhamento via observa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o mostrou piora na evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica; tamb&#233;m o n&#250;mero de eventos neste grupo n&#227;o foi aumentado, como era o esperado, quando comparado com o grupo A.</p>
    <p>O n&#250;mero de complica&#231;&#245;es no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica nos pacientes com adequada fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular foi baixo e com aus&#234;ncia de mortalidade, &#224; semelhan&#231;a de dados de literatura, em que a taxa de mortalidade &#233; em torno de 0,2%<sup>2</sup>. Em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia, tamb&#233;m o tempo total de interna&#231;&#227;o foi semelhante ao registrado em outros estudos (8,3 e 7,3 dias)<sup>24,25</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora a incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial tenha sido elevada nesta coorte, a evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria dos pacientes foi adequada, sem outras complica&#231;&#245;es decorrentes e sem aumento do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, sendo a m&#233;dia da amostra de 8 e 9 dias (grupos A e B) similar &#224; referida na literatura<sup>5,24</sup>. O IPM n&#227;o foi preditor destes eventos.</p>
    <p>Em oposi&#231;&#227;o aos dados de literatura, nesta observa&#231;&#227;o o IPM n&#227;o se mostrou efetivo em identificar precocemente os pacientes com possibilidade de complica&#231;&#245;es no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>Cogita-se, primeiramente, que tais resultados possam ser decorrentes da limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo pelo tamanho reduzido da amostra e pelo baixo n&#250;mero de complica&#231;&#245;es no per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, outras considera&#231;&#245;es devem ser feitas em rela&#231;&#227;o aos trabalhos que utilizaram o IPM como &#237;ndice preditor de eventos.</p>
    <p>O estudo de Mukhaini e cols.<sup>15</sup><sub>,</sub> que utilizou o &#237;ndice para resultados adversos em cirurgia de valva mitral, concluiu que o IPM foi um &#237;ndice potencialmente &#250;til na predi&#231;&#227;o de morte perioperat&#243;ria ou de desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. O valor de corte do IPM desses autores foi de 0,7 e, no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, 63,6% dos pacientes eram portadores de classe funcional &gt; 2 da NYHA, diferindo do nosso estudo, em que a classe funcional ou fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica de VE estava preservada no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>O estudo de Poulsen e cols.<sup>10</sup> em pacientes com IAM demonstrou a utilidade do IPM em identificar os pacientes de maior possibilidade de desenvolver insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. O trabalho comparou pacientes na fase aguda do IAM a um grupo-controle de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, mostrando IPM significativamente mais alto no grupo de casos. A sensibilidade do IPM foi de 100% com especificidade de 33% para eventos.</p>
    <p>Moller e cols.<sup>18</sup> realizaram o primeiro grande estudo que comprova a efic&#225;cia do IPM como preditor de mortalidade em pacientes p&#243;s IAM. Dos 799 pacientes, 197 morreram durante o seguimento de 34 meses, sendo que 66 deles tinham FE normal e IPM alterado, em contraste com apenas 19 mortes entre os pacientes com IPM normal (&lt;0,46). O estudo demonstrou o IPM como melhor preditor independente, superior &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica isolada na avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica do IAM. Os infartos descritos nesses estudos eram de extens&#227;o maior do que os observados no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica que ocorreu em 8,8% dos integrantes de nossa casu&#237;stica, sem comprometimento grave da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica.</p>
    <p>Nos estudos experimentais de Curi e cols.<sup>21</sup> foram utilizadas 33 ratas Wistar, submetidas a IAMs de diferentes tamanhos e falsos operados (grupo-controle). A an&#225;lise do IPM foi realizada 6 semanas ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, mostrando-se o &#237;ndice maior nos infartos moderados e grandes, mas n&#227;o nos animais com pequeno infarto, que n&#227;o diferiram dos do grupo-controle. No nosso material, os infartos perioperat&#243;rios poderiam corresponder aos pequenos infartos obtidos experimentalmente, n&#227;o tendo havido, portanto, diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos A e B.</p>
    <p>Mais recentemente, Hole e cols.<sup>17</sup> realizaram outro estudo para avaliar se altera&#231;&#245;es no IPM estariam relacionadas com altera&#231;&#245;es em outros par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos ap&#243;s IAM, e qual seria o impacto do &#237;ndice como preditor independente, em 2 anos de seguimento. Assim como em nosso estudo, o IPM n&#227;o foi considerado preditor independente para mudan&#231;as na fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica.</p>
    <p>Os achados contradit&#243;rios entre os estudos iniciais e estes &#250;ltimos devem-se, provavelmente, &#224; "hist&#243;ria natural" da avalia&#231;&#227;o de um novo teste diagn&#243;stico. Inicialmente, os testes s&#227;o avaliados em condi&#231;&#245;es extremas, afastadas da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica usual. Quando o teste passa a ser avaliado em situa&#231;&#245;es mais pr&#243;ximas &#224; realidade, usualmente os resultados s&#227;o menos evidentes, diminuindo sua utilidade cl&#237;nica. No presente estudo, o IPM foi avaliado em uma popula&#231;&#227;o homog&#234;nea de pacientes com FE normal, o que contribuiu para reduzir a capacidade discriminat&#243;ria do teste.</p>
    <p>Desta forma, a possibilidade de identificar, entre os pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda normal no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, os com risco elevado de complica&#231;&#245;es no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio atrav&#233;s do IPM, n&#227;o fica atendida. Tamb&#233;m os pacientes com tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o mais prolongado n&#227;o foram identificados por este m&#233;todo. Salientamos a necessidade de estudo com maior n&#250;mero de pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal, no intuito de comprovar ou n&#227;o a real efic&#225;cia do &#237;ndice como m&#233;todo progn&#243;stico isolado no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Iran Castro </p>
        <p> Rua Disnard, 42 </p>
        <p> Porto Alegre, RS &#150; 90850-030 </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="icastro@cardiol.br">icastro@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 31/03/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 25/07/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Prognostic value of the doppler index of myocardial performance in postoperative of coronary artery bypass surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: Myocardial Performance Index (MPI) obtained by Doppler echocardiography for the non-geometrical evaluation of systolic and diastolic function has been described as a method for prognostic evaluation in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Using the same condition, the objective of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of MPI for cardiovascular complications in patients at low risk during the postoperative period of CABG. METHODS: Eighty patients submitted to CABG with adequate left ventricular function in the preoperative period were studied, with MPI measured during the first hours postoperatively. Patients were followed until hospital discharge. Statistical analysis included Chi-Square test, Student t test, Mann-Whitney test, and estimation of relative risks with 95% confidence intervals, sensitivity and specificity plus a ROC curve. RESULTS: The data were evaluated by two independent observers blinded to the clinical data with non-significant intra and interobserver variability. MPI=0.43 was found as the cutoff point, considering patients with a higher probability of postoperative events those who had MPI above 0.43. The relevant events for analysis were AMI (RR 0.87 ci 0.21-3.65), atrial fibrillation (RR 0.65 ci 0.24 - 1.76), other arrhythmias (RR 1.51 ci 0.36-6.33), LV dysfunction (RR 1.74 ci 0.32-9.88), with no association between patients with MPI&gt;0.43 and the occurrence of these events. CONCLUSION: No association was found between MPI and cardiovascular complications and longer hospital stay in this group of patients, and this index was considered not adequate as an isolated predictive method.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary artery bypass graft</kwd>
        <kwd>low risk</kwd>
        <kwd>morbidity</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial performance index (MPI) and prognostic outcome</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Prognostic value of the Doppler index of myocardial performance in postoperative of coronary artery bypass surgery</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Karina Oliveira Azzolin; Iran Castro; Fl&#225;via Feier; Fernanda Pandolfo; Carolina Oderich</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailling Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> Myocardial Performance Index (MPI) obtained by Doppler echocardiography for the non-geometrical evaluation of systolic and diastolic function has been described as a method for prognostic evaluation in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Using the same condition, the objective of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of MPI for cardiovascular complications in patients at low risk during the postoperative period of CABG.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Eighty patients submitted to CABG with adequate left ventricular function in the preoperative period were studied, with MPI measured during the first hours postoperatively. Patients were followed until hospital discharge. Statistical analysis included Chi-Square test, Student t test, Mann-Whitney test, and estimation of relative risks with 95% confidence intervals, sensitivity and specificity plus a ROC curve.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The data were evaluated by two independent observers blinded to the clinical data with non-significant intra and interobserver variability. MPI=0.43 was found as the cutoff point, considering patients with a higher probability of postoperative events those who had MPI above 0.43. The relevant events for analysis were AMI (RR 0.87 ci 0.21-3.65), atrial fibrillation (RR 0.65 ci 0.24 &#150; 1.76), other arrhythmias (RR 1.51 ci 0.36-6.33), LV dysfunction (RR 1.74 ci 0.32-9.88), with no association between patients with MPI&gt;0.43 and the occurrence of these events.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> No association was found between MPI and cardiovascular complications and longer hospital stay in this group of patients, and this index was considered not adequate as an isolated predictive method.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Coronary artery bypass graft, low risk, morbidity, myocardial performance index (MPI) and prognostic outcome.</p>
      <p>The post-surgical morbimortality of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is of great interest, resulting in several protocols of post-operative management and risk models aiming at decreasing cardiovascular complications<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>The presence of left ventricular dysfunction and cardiac failure in the postoperative period of CABG has been considered one of most important independent predictive factors of surgical mortality<sup>2-5</sup>, with an association between the severity of the left ventricular dysfunction and risk of complications (4% to 10% for moderate to severe ventricular dysfunction)<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Cardiac surgery complications in patients with adequate left ventricular function in the pre-operative period have a low prevalence<sup>2</sup>; therefore, they are hardly studied. In this group, the identification of alterations in the overall function of the left ventricle in the immediate post-operative period would allow early interventions, resulting in lower surgical morbimortality<sup>6,7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Non-invasive measurements of time intervals used for the assessment of the systolic and diastolic functions were proposed by Mancini<sup>8</sup> through phonomechanocardiography and reintroduced by Tei et al<sup>9</sup> in 1995 and showed to be easily obtained by conventional Doppler, with time intervals, combining assessment of the systolic performance and the diastolic performance of the left ventricle (LV). This index can be easily obtained and reproduced, regardless of the ventricular geometry, which makes it adequate for the assessment of the overall ventricular function in several clinical situations<sup>10,11</sup>.</p>
      <p>The index is defined as the sum of the isovolumetric contraction time and isovolumetric relaxing time divided by the ejection time through the Doppler analysis at the mitral inflow and the left ventricular outflow velocity and time<sup>11-26</sup>, being considered a possible assessment factor for total cardiac function and cardiac prognosis predictor<sup>10,12,13</sup>.</p>
      <p>Several studies have evaluated MPI in patients with acute myocardial infarction, miocardiopathy, and valvar disease among others, and the index presented an elevated prediction power for the development of unfavorable outcomes<sup>10,13-18,26</sup>.</p>
      <p>The main objective of this study is to establish the prognostic value of the myocardial performance index (MPI) for cardiovascular complications (major events: ischemic cardiopathy (IC), AMI, arrhythmia and death) during hospital stay and eventual increase of duration of post-operative unit stay due to cardiovascular complications, in patients with adequate left ventricular function in the pre-operative period.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Eighty patients (53 males and 27 females) were prospectively studied while staying at Instituto de Cardiologia &#150; Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia do RS in order to undergo CABG, from February to September 2003. The study was approved by the Institution Review Board and all patients read and signed the free informed consent term.</p>
      <p>The patients were selected at the pre-operative period (1 day before the surgery) according to the following inclusion criteria: isolated CABG, EF<underline>&gt;</underline> 50% (hemodynamic evaluation, echocardiography (Simpson) or through nuclear medicine) and sinusal cardiac rhythm.</p>
      <p>Of the 91 patients initially eligible during the study period, 11 were excluded according to the following criteria: limited echocardiographic windows (3); refusal to sign the informed consent term (1); absence of EF measurement at the pre-operative exams (4); and non-performance of echocardiography before hospital release (3).</p>
      <p>The index assessment was carried out within the first 24 hours of the post-operative period (immediate period) at the ICU. The equipment utilized was HP Sonos 100 with a 2.5 MHz transducer. The assessment was carried out by the researching nurse or echocardiographist, with the patient on dorsal or lateral decubitus position, depending on the position of the thorax drains used in the post-operative period after cardiac surgery.</p>
      <p>The pulsed Doppler measurements were obtained while guided by bidimensional images, with concomitant electrocardiographic tracing, recorded in VHS videotapes, digitized and analyzed in a dedicated workstation, using an echo offline program for measurements and posterior analysis.</p>
      <p>With the Doppler sample-volume positioned on the ventricular portion of the left ventricle inflow tract, in a four-chamber cut, images of the flow velocity were obtained, from the opening to the closing of the mitral valve. The ventricular outflow was obtained in a five-chamber cut, with the pulsed Doppler sample-volume positioned below the aortic valve. Time intervals at the Doppler were calculated in a working station (offline) as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="e10f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e10f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0456-00010-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The "<italic>a</italic>" interval from the opening to the closing of the mitral valve is equal to the sum of the isovolumetric contraction time with the isovolumetric relaxation and ejection time. The "<italic>b</italic>" interval is the time of the left ventricular ejection. Thus, the sum of the isovolumetric contraction and relaxation time is obtained by subtracting "<italic>b</italic>" from "<italic>a</italic>". The index that combines the systolic and diastolic functions was calculated as (a - b)/b (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2-body2">Fig. 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="figura2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0456-00010-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The measurements of the <italic>"a"</italic> and <italic>"b"</italic> intervals were carried out three times, independently for each interval, and afterwards, the means were calculated by means of an Excel worksheet.</p>
      <p>All images were analyzed by an experienced echocardiographist who also carried out all repeated measurements, being blinded to patients' clinical data and the results of the first measurements, for posterior interobserver analysis.</p>
      <p>After the exam, a proper analysis file with patients' data was filled out, and patients were followed until hospital release. During this procedure, post-operative complications were observed, as well as use and time of use of inotropic drugs, duration of ICU and hospital stay and control exams (ECG and thorax x-ray), with the addition of a complete echocardiographic exam, up to 24 hours prior to release from the Cardiographic Method Unit, according to the Service routines. The exam results were included in the patient's file and a copy was sent to research.</p>
      <p>The criteria for AMI diagnosis were the presence of new Q waves at he ECG and enzymatic alterations (CK-MB &gt; 40 mU/L and troponin &gt; 3.5 ng/mL).</p>
      <p>For the diagnosis of atrial fibrillation and other arrhythmias, the criteria adopted were those of continuing cardiac monitoring and confirmation by ECG.</p>
      <p>For the diagnosis of LV dysfunction, the criteria adopted were those of the patient's hemodynamic evaluation (NYHA functional classification) confirmed by echocardiography, and decreased ejection fraction by comparing pre and post-operative measurements.</p>
      <p>The confirmation of pulmonary congestion was achieved by the analysis of the results of the radiological exams. The statistical analysis was carried out by the software SPSS 11.0 (Chicago Illinois Software).</p>
      <p>The data were described as means and standard deviations (SD) or medians and interquarter intervals 25-75 for the continuing variables and ratios for the categorical variables.</p>
      <p>Student's <italic>t</italic> test was used to compare the index means in patients with and without events. The index was dichotomized according to its mean. The Chi-square test was used to assess the association between the dichotomized index and the events, with the additional calculation of relative risks (RR) and respective confidence intervals (CI) of 95%.</p>
      <p>The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare duration of hospital stay and use of drugs with MPI categories. A p value <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>Additionally, sensitivity and specificity for different index cutoffs were calculated and a ROC (receiver operator characteristic) curve was constructed with SPSS 11.0 command.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Resultados</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The 80 patients with ischemic cardiopathy who underwent surgical myocardial revascularization were 32 to 83 yrs of age and did not present significant valvar disease. All surgeries were elective ones with extracorporeal circulation (ECC). The groups were divided considering the cutoff as the index mean value (0.43).</p>
      <p>The characteristics of the sample are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="e10t1-body2">Table 1</xref> (total of sample)</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e10t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0456-00010-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3-body2">Figure 3</xref> shows a ROC curve for the different values of MPI regarding the occurrence of major events, being impossible to identify, through the curve, a point of better balance between sensitivity and specificity.</p>
      <fig id="figura3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0456-00010-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>For the analysis of events in the post-operative period, Group A <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.43 and Group B &gt; 0.43 were considered. The characteristics of the sample from these groups are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="e10t1-body2">Table 1</xref> (Groups A and B).</p>
      <p>The mean difference in the measurement of the MPI between the two observers (nurse and echocardiographist) was 0.0046, which was considered non-statistically significant.</p>
      <p>We did not observe any significant differences regarding major events between the groups. The diagnostic characteristics of the index (&gt; 0.43) for major events were: sensitivity of 0.41 (0.14 &#150; 0.68) and specificity of 0.51 (0.32 &#150; 0.70). The index did not show significant associations with any of the considered events, when analyzed under a continuous as well as categorized form. The RR and respective 95% CI are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="e10t2-body2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e10t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0456-00010-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>It is noteworthy the low prevalence of these events in the total sample (35%). The ejection fraction in the post-operative period, when compared to the pre-operative one, was decreased in 77% of the patients from Group A and 84% of the patients from Group B (p=0.64). Another variable analyzed was pulmonary congestion, through radiological documents obtained at the recovery room and at hospital release, with pulmonary congestion being observed in 29% (n=23) of the patients, of which only 39% (n=9) belonged to Group B.</p>
      <p>One of the subjective variables analyzed was dyspnea in the post-operative period, being referred by 19% (n=15) of the patients, of which 47% (n=7) presented MPI &gt; 0.43 (Group B).</p>
      <p>Regarding the use of inotropic drugs (dopamine, dobutamine, noradrenaline), 75% of the patients (n=60) used them at the immediate post-operative period, of which 47% (n=28) belonged to Group B and 53% (n=32) to Group A. There was no difference between the groups regarding the number of patients who did not use any of these drugs.</p>
      <p>The analysis of time of inotropic drug use and duration of hospital and ICU stay did not show a significant difference between the groups. Regarding the time of inotropic drug use, the mean time was 1.5 days in Group A and 1.2 days in Group B (p=0.945). As for the duration of ICU stay, the median was 2 (1.88; 2.67) and 2.25 (1.70; 3.96) days and the mean duration of hospital stay was 8&#177;1.3 and 9 &#177; 5 days (p=0.999), respectively, for Groups A and B.</p>
      <p>None of the patients needed mechanical support (intra-aortic balloon/bio-pump) in both groups in the post-operative period, and only 2 patients (both from Group A) needed more than 24 hours of mechanical ventilation, being still intubated as the exam was being carried out (performed during the first 24 hours).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
      </p>
      <p>CABG is a major procedure, highly disseminated around the world, with its complications being related to the pre-operative situation and particularly to extra-corporeal circulation (EEC). Some studies show a decrease in complications when CABG is performed without ECC<sup>4,5</sup>. The prognostic evaluation of the patients undergoing CABG through pre-operative clinical parameters, present well-defined usefulness and understanding<sup>6,7</sup>. However, in certain situations, patients classified as being high-risk present low post-operative morbidity, and patients with low scores of pre-operative risk have a complicated post-operative evolution, related to intra-operative factors that interfere directly on the patient's evolution<sup>6</sup>. This fact has become of interest for several researchers, considering all the variables that can identify high-risk patients at an early stage.</p>
      <p>The MPI has been considered a good predictor for adverse results in several cardiac diseases, such as valvar insufficiency<sup>13-15</sup>, miocardiopathies<sup>16</sup>, acute myocardial infarction<sup>10,17,18,20-22</sup> and cardiac toxicity to anthracycline<sup>23</sup>, with no reference in literature of MPI as a predictor for events in the immediate post-operative period after myocardial revascularization surgery in individuals with previous adequate systolic function.</p>
      <p>Another advantage of this index, in addition to being easy to obtain and its low cost, is the possibility of measuring it by a professional who has received a brief training in echocardiography<sup>18</sup>. In our study, similarly, we did not find any difference between the measurement carried out by the nurse trained for such task and the echocardiographist with broad experience.</p>
      <p>The MPI was altered (&gt; 0.43) in 37 patients (Group B) in whom the follow-up by observation did not show worsening in the clinical evolution; additionally, the number of events in this group was not increased, as was expected, when compared to Group A.</p>
      <p>The number of complications in the post-operative period of the myocardial revascularization surgery in patients with adequate ventricular function was low with absence of mortality, similar to the literature data, where the mortality rate is around 0.2%<sup>2</sup>. As a consequence, the total duration of hospital stay was similar to that reported by other studies (8.3 and 7.3 days)<sup>24,25</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although the incidence of atrial fibrillation was elevated in this cohort, the patients' post-operative evolution was adequate, without other resulting complications and without an increment of duration of hospital stay, with the sample mean being 8 and 9 days (groups A and B), similar to what is reported in literature<sup>5,24</sup>. The MPI was not a predictor of these events.</p>
      <p>In opposition to literature data, this study showed that the MPI was not effective in the early identification of patients with the possibility of complications in the post-operative period.</p>
      <p>It was initially postulated that such results can result from the study limitation due to the small sample size and the low number of complications in the observation period. However, other considerations must be made regarding the studies that utilized the MPI as a predictor index for events.</p>
      <p>The study by Mukhaini et al<sup>15</sup>, which utilized the index for adverse results in mitral valve surgeries, concluded that the MPI was a potentially useful index in predicting perioperative death or the development of cardiac insufficiency. The MPI cutoff value for these authors was 0.7 and, in the pre-operative period, 63.6% of the patients had a functional class &gt; 2 of the NYHA, differing from our study, in which the functional class or LV systolic function was preserved in the pre-operative period.</p>
      <p>The study by Poulsen et al<sup>10</sup> in patients with AMI showed the usefulness of the MPI in identifying the patients with higher likelihood to develop cardiac insufficiency. The study compared patients at the acute phase of AMI to a control group consisting of healthy individuals, showing a significantly higher MPI in the case group. The sensitivity of the MPI was 100% with a specificity of 33% for events.</p>
      <p>Moller et al<sup>18</sup> carried out the first large study that verifies the efficacy of MPI as a predictive value of mortality in patients post-AMI. Of the 799 patients, 197 died during the 34-month follow-up, with 66 of them having normal EF and altered MPI, in contrast to only 19 deaths among the patients with normal MPI (&lt; 0.46). the study showed that the MPI was the best independent predictive factor, better than the isolated systolic function in the prognostic evaluation of the AMI. The infarctions described in these studies presented a larger extension than those observed in the post-operative period of the myocardial revascularization surgery, which occurred in 8.8% of the individuals in our series, without a severe involvement of the systolic function.</p>
      <p>In the experimental studies by Curi et al<sup>21</sup> 33 female Wistar rats were submitted to AMI of different extensions and compared to false-operated rats (control group). The analysis of the MPI was carried out 6 weeks after the intervention, showing a higher index in moderate and severe infarctions, but not in animals with mild infarctions, which did not differ from those in the control group. In our series, the perioperative infarctions might correspond to the small infarctions obtained experimentally, with no significant difference, therefore, between groups A and B.</p>
      <p>More recently, Hole et al<sup>17</sup> carried out another study to assess whether the alterations in the MPI would be related to alterations in other echocardiographic parameters after AMI, and what would be the impact of the index as an independent predictive factor during a 2-year follow-up. Similarly to our study, the MPI was not considered an independent predictive value for changes in the systolic function.</p>
      <p>The contradictory findings among the initial studies and the latter ones are probably due to the natural history of the assessment of a new diagnostic test. Initially, the tests are assessed under extreme conditions, distant from the usual clinical practice. When the test starts to be evaluated in situations that are closer to reality, usually the results are less evident, decreasing its clinical usefulness. In the present study, the MPI was assessed in a homogenous population of patients with normal EF, which contributed to reduce the discriminatory capacity of the test.</p>
      <p>Thus, the possibility to identify, among patients with normal left ventricular function in the pre-operative period of myocardial revascularization surgery, those with high risk of complications in the postoperative period through the MPI was not achieved. Also, patients with a longer duration of hospital stay were not identified by this method. Further studies with larger numbers of patients are necessary to verify whether or not the index is effective as an isolated prognostic method in the post-operative period of myocardial revascularization surgery.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailling address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Iran Castro</p>
          <p> Rua Disnard, 42</p>
          <p> 90850-030 - Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="icastro@cardiol.br">icastro@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 03/31/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 07/25/05</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
