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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">G3VDrDQNLNn7dXTj6wHTs8w</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001700009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700409</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001700009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional dos enxertos coronarianos atrav&#233;s do ecocardiograma sob estresse farmacol&#243;gico com dobutamina</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pittella</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Jos&#233; Monassa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Ademir Batista da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Romeu Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Jos&#233; Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Labrunie</surname>
            <given-names>Marta Moraes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Weitzel</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melhado</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;lio C&#233;sar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Sergio Cordeiro da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Laranjeiras </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>451</fpage>
      <lpage>455</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Verificar a sensibilidade, a especificidade e a ac&#250;racia diagn&#243;sticas do ecocardiograma de estresse com dobutamina (EED) ao avaliar o estado funcional dos enxertos coronarianos: suficientes (SUF) ou insuficientes (INS). M&#201;TODOS: Estudo observacional, prospectivo, que incluiu 25 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRVM). Foram realizados o EED e a coronariografia, antes e tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s a CRVM. O ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi dividido em tr&#234;s territ&#243;rios por paciente, de acordo com as tr&#234;s principais art&#233;rias do cora&#231;&#227;o: descendente anterior (DA), circunflexa (CX) e coron&#225;ria direita (CD). Dos 75 territ&#243;rios poss&#237;veis, 54 foram revascularizados: 25 espec&#237;ficos da art&#233;ria DA e 29 das art&#233;rias CX/CD. INS significa oclus&#227;o ou obstru&#231;&#227;o luminal maior ou igual a 50%. RESULTADOS: Dos 54 territ&#243;rios revascularizados, em quatorze (26%) os enxertos estavam INS. O EED detectou isquemia em dezesseis (28%) territ&#243;rios; em dez desses os enxertos estavam INS.O EED detectou isquemia em seis (15%) dos quarenta territ&#243;rios cujos enxertos estavam SUF. Portanto, o EED teve sensibilidade de 71,4%, especificidade de 85%, e acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica de 81,4%. CONCLUS&#195;O: O EED &#233; um m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico com alta especificidade e acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica e boa sensibilidade, na avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional dos enxertos coronarianos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiograma de estresse com dobutamina</kwd>
        <kwd>isquemia mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional dos enxertos coronarianos atrav&#233;s do ecocardiograma sob estresse farmacol&#243;gico com dobutamina</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Felipe Jos&#233; Monassa Pittella; Ademir Batista da Cunha; Luiz Jos&#233; Martins Romeu Filho; Marta Moraes Labrunie; Luis Henrique Weitzel; J&#250;lio C&#233;sar Melhado; Ant&#244;nio Sergio Cordeiro da Rocha</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Laranjeiras &#150; INCL e Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF - Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Verificar a sensibilidade, a especificidade e a ac&#250;racia diagn&#243;sticas do ecocardiograma de estresse com dobutamina (EED) ao avaliar o estado funcional dos enxertos coronarianos: suficientes (SUF) ou insuficientes (INS). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo observacional, prospectivo, que incluiu 25 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRVM). Foram realizados o EED e a coronariografia, antes e tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s a CRVM. O ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi dividido em tr&#234;s territ&#243;rios por paciente, de acordo com as tr&#234;s principais art&#233;rias do cora&#231;&#227;o: descendente anterior (DA), circunflexa (CX) e coron&#225;ria direita (CD). Dos 75 territ&#243;rios poss&#237;veis, 54 foram revascularizados: 25 espec&#237;ficos da art&#233;ria DA e 29 das art&#233;rias CX/CD. INS significa oclus&#227;o ou obstru&#231;&#227;o luminal maior ou igual a 50%. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Dos 54 territ&#243;rios revascularizados, em quatorze (26%) os enxertos estavam INS. O EED detectou isquemia em dezesseis (28%) territ&#243;rios; em dez desses os enxertos estavam INS.O EED detectou isquemia em seis (15%) dos quarenta territ&#243;rios cujos enxertos estavam SUF. Portanto, o EED teve sensibilidade de 71,4%, especificidade de 85%, e acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica de 81,4%. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O EED &#233; um m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico com alta especificidade e acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica e boa sensibilidade, na avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional dos enxertos coronarianos.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, ecocardiograma de estresse com dobutamina, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>A cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRVM) &#233; efetiva em determinar o al&#237;vio dos sintomas, prolongar a sobrevida e melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, em determinados subgrupos de pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC). O progn&#243;stico ap&#243;s a CRVM depende de v&#225;rios fatores, principalmente da perviedade dos enxertos, da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e da presen&#231;a de isquemia residual<sup>1-3</sup>. Essa isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, mesmo quando n&#227;o acompanhada de angina, pode influenciar na recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e no progn&#243;stico dos pacientes ap&#243;s a CRVM<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>O aparecimento ou a persist&#234;ncia da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, ap&#243;s a CRVM, pode resultar de les&#245;es, afetando o pr&#243;prio enxerto (fluxo inadequado, obstru&#231;&#227;o e oclus&#227;o) ou a circula&#231;&#227;o nativa (revasculariza&#231;&#227;o incompleta ou novas les&#245;es). Cerca de 3% a 12% dos enxertos de veia de safena ocluem, com ou sem sintomas, no primeiro m&#234;s ap&#243;s a CRVM. Durante o primeiro ano de CRVM, 15% dos enxertos de safena podem estar oclu&#237;dos, com uma taxa de oclus&#227;o anual em torno de 1% a 2% entre um e seis anos, e de 4% entre seis e dez anos. Ap&#243;s dez anos de CRVM, somente 60% dos enxertos venosos est&#227;o p&#233;rvios e apenas a metade est&#225; livre de estenoses significativas. Em contraste com os enxertos venosos, os arteriais, particularmente a art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda (ATIE), t&#234;m demonstrado elevada taxa de perviedade em m&#233;dio e longo prazos. A taxa de perviedade da ATI &#233; de quase 90% em dez anos, quando comparada com aproximadamente 50% dos enxertos de safena<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Alguns estudos existentes na literatura<sup>6-8</sup> demonstraram que o ecocardiograma de estresse pode ser de grande utilidade para o controle desses pacientes, tratados com procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, na identifica&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e na avalia&#231;&#227;o da perviedade dos enxertos. A aplica&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica dessa t&#233;cnica, na avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional desses pacientes, ap&#243;s revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, proporciona informa&#231;&#227;o acerca da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e da exist&#234;ncia e localiza&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, aspectos cruciais para decidir a indica&#231;&#227;o de nova coronariografia, ap&#243;s revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. Em raz&#227;o da exist&#234;ncia de poucos estudos com essa t&#233;cnica, n&#227;o est&#225; bem documentado se tal m&#233;todo mostra alguma limita&#231;&#227;o nesse grupo de pacientes.</p>
    <p>Dentro desse contexto, realizamos um estudo com o objetivo prim&#225;rio de verificar a sensibilidade, a especificidade e a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica do ecocardiograma de estresse com dobutamina (EED), na avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional dos enxertos coronarianos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de um estudo observacional, prospectivo, que incluiu 25 pacientes submetidos a CRVM, em uma institui&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia cardiol&#243;gica, no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2002 a junho de 2003, e que atendiam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: indica&#231;&#227;o de CRVM; concord&#226;ncia em participar do estudo, com assinatura do termo de consentimento; art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias com obstru&#231;&#227;o maior ou igual a 70% da luz do vaso; paciente est&#225;vel, com evolu&#231;&#227;o assintom&#225;tica ap&#243;s CRVM; aus&#234;ncia de limita&#231;&#245;es ou contra-indica&#231;&#245;es para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma de estresse com dobutamina.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: esternotomia pr&#233;via; necessidade de outra cirurgia concomitante; presen&#231;a de comorbidades que impe&#231;am ou aumentem o risco da realiza&#231;&#227;o de nova cineangiocoronariografia, ap&#243;s CRVM; doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica com necessidade de broncodilatador; insufici&#234;ncia renal com creatinina plasm&#225;tica maior ou igual a 2 mg/dl; doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica com obstru&#231;&#227;o maior ou igual a 50% da luz do vaso, insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica; acesso vascular inadequado para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de nova cineangiocoronariografia; obesidade m&#243;rbida, com &#237;ndice de massa corporal maior ou igual a 40 kg/m&#178;; doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica obstrutiva maior ou igual a 50% do tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda ou equivalente ao tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda; les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica obstrutiva maior ou igual a 70% proximal da art&#233;ria descendente anterior (DA) e art&#233;ria circunflexa (CX); limita&#231;&#245;es ou contra-indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma de estresse com dobutamina; manuten&#231;&#227;o em angina est&#225;vel, classe III ou IV da Sociedade Canadense de Cardiologia, ap&#243;s otimiza&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica; falta de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica na s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; janela ecocardiogr&#225;fica inadequada; hipertens&#227;o arterial grave; arritmia atrial ou ventricular significante; valvulopatia grave; miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica.</p>
    <p><italic>Ecocardiograma de estresse com dobutamina (EED)</italic> &#150; Foram realizados dois EED: um antes da CRVM, e outro tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s. O tempo m&#233;dio entre a realiza&#231;&#227;o do EED e a CRVM foi de 28,2 dias, e entre a CRVM e o EED foi de 115,5 dias. Todos os EED foram realizados por um m&#233;dico apenas, com larga experi&#234;ncia na realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame. Para a an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica, o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi avaliado em quatro planos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos padr&#227;o: paraesternal longitudinal, paraesternal transversal, apical quatro e duas c&#226;maras. O ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi dividido em dezesseis segmentos, conforme orienta&#231;&#227;o da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia e Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<sup>9</sup>. Essa divis&#227;o correlaciona cada um desses segmentos com as tr&#234;s principais art&#233;rias do cora&#231;&#227;o: art&#233;ria descendente anterior (DA), art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (CD) e art&#233;ria circunflexa (CX). Assim, a art&#233;ria DA &#233; respons&#225;vel por irrigar nove segmentos (anterior basal, m&#233;dio e apical; septo anterior basal, m&#233;dio e apical; septo inferior m&#233;dio e apical; lateral apical e &#237;nfero-apical); a art&#233;ria CX &#233; respons&#225;vel por irrigar cinco segmentos (lateral basal, m&#233;dio e apical; posterior basal e medial); e, finalmente, a art&#233;ria CD &#233; respons&#225;vel por irrigar seis segmentos (inferior basal, m&#233;dio e apical; septo inferior basal; posterior basal e medial).</p>
    <p>O espessamento sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi graduado em escore de motilidade para cada segmento: (1) normal; (2) hipocinesia; (3) acinesia; (4) discinesia.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma de estresse foi realizado com dobutamina e, se necess&#225;rio, atropina. Para que o teste fosse considerado eficaz era necess&#225;rio atingir 85% da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima para a idade, observar sinais de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica ou chegar ao t&#233;rmino do protocolo de infus&#227;o. Foi realizada monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua do eletrocardiograma e da press&#227;o arterial, bem como foi mantido o acesso venoso durante todo o exame. Realizou-se a infus&#227;o de dobutamina em doses crescentes de 5 a 40 &#181;g/kg/minuto, com aumento de 5 &#181;g/kg/minuto a cada tr&#234;s minutos. Caso, durante a dose m&#225;xima, o paciente n&#227;o atingisse 85% da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima, associava-se atropina (0,5 a 1 mg EV) com esse objetivo.</p>
    <p>A interpreta&#231;&#227;o do exame foi feita por meio da apresenta&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea das imagens, que nos permitiu comparar cada segmento do mioc&#225;rdio no ecocardiograma basal e nas diversas fases de infus&#227;o de dobutamina; as imagens foram gravadas em v&#237;deo para revis&#227;o. A compara&#231;&#227;o dos segmentos em repouso (basal), aos seguimentos com estresse determinou o tipo de resposta isqu&#234;mica, quando houvesse piora da contra&#231;&#227;o durante a infus&#227;o de dobutamina. A localiza&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es da motilidade segmentar no ecocardiograma de estresse foi correlacionada com a perviedade dos enxertos, em cada territ&#243;rio revascularizado.</p>
    <p>Foi realizada cineangiocoronariografia no laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica, no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, e ap&#243;s o terceiro m&#234;s de CRVM. O tempo m&#233;dio entre a realiza&#231;&#227;o da coronariografia e a CRVM foi de 60,3 dias e entre a realiza&#231;&#227;o da CRVM e da segunda coronariografia foi de 111 dias. As cineangiocoronariografias foram feitas por m&#233;dicos com grande experi&#234;ncia na realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame e analisadas por apenas um m&#233;dico especialista, com total desconhecimento quanto &#224; conduta e ao tipo de cirurgia realizada. Analisaram-se na cineangiocoronariografia o n&#250;mero de vasos nativos acometidos, o n&#250;mero de enxertos arteriais e venosos suficientes (sem les&#245;es ou com les&#245;es obstrutivas inferiores a 50% da luz do enxerto) e insuficientes (oclu&#237;dos ou com obstru&#231;&#245;es iguais ou superiores a 50% da luz do enxerto), e a presen&#231;a de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral. A gravidade das les&#245;es no leito nativo foi classificada em leve (obstru&#231;&#245;es menores que 50% da luz do vaso), moderada (obstru&#231;&#245;es iguais ou maiores que 50% e menor que 70% da luz do vaso) e grave (obstru&#231;&#245;es iguais ou maiores que 70% da luz do vaso).</p>
    <p>A CRVM foi realizada utilizando-se t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica padronizada, de acordo com os protocolos de rotina da institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada pelos seguintes m&#233;todos: para compara&#231;&#227;o de dados quantitativos (vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas) entre dois grupos foi utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney. Para compara&#231;&#227;o de dados qualitativos foi aplicado o teste exato de Fisher.</p>
    <p>Para verificar a exist&#234;ncia de varia&#231;&#227;o do pr&#233;- para o p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio em vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas foi utilizado o teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico de Wilcoxon. Para analisar a varia&#231;&#227;o em vari&#225;veis qualitativas, foi aplicado o teste de Mc Nemar.</p>
    <p>O crit&#233;rio de determina&#231;&#227;o de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi o n&#237;vel de 5%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram analisados 25 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 58,4 &#177; 7,8 anos (42-72 anos), sendo 22 pacientes do sexo masculino (88%), e todos da ra&#231;a branca. No diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico e anat&#244;mico da interna&#231;&#227;o, 80% tinham angina est&#225;vel, 20%, angina inst&#225;vel, 48% tinham DAC de tr&#234;s vasos, 44% de dois vasos, e 8% de um vaso, todos com acometimento da art&#233;ria DA, sendo 68% proximal. Na an&#225;lise dos fatores de risco e comorbidades, 76% eram portadores de hipertens&#227;o arterial, 28% de diabete melito, 32% eram tabagistas, 56% tinham dislipidemia, 12% doen&#231;a cerebrovascular, 20% doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica e 68% IAM pr&#233;vio.</p>
    <p>Foram utilizados 24 enxertos da ATIE para a art&#233;ria descendente anterior, seis enxertos de art&#233;ria radial e 37 enxertos de safena. O numero total de enxertos por paciente foi de 2,7 &#177; 0,6 (1-4). A ATIE estava p&#233;rvia e suficiente em quinze pacientes (62,5%). Em cinco enxertos (20,8%), a ATIE estava p&#233;rvia e insuficiente. Em quatro enxertos (16,7%), a ATIE estava oclu&#237;da. A art&#233;ria radial estava p&#233;rvia e suficiente em cinco enxertos utilizados (83,3%) e oclu&#237;da em um (16,7%). A safena estava p&#233;rvia e suficiente em 32 enxertos utilizados (86,4%) e oclu&#237;da em cinco (13,5%).</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise dos 25 pacientes, foi observada uma mudan&#231;a significativa no padr&#227;o da resposta isqu&#234;mica ao EED, do pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio para o p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Houve uma queda significativa na resposta isqu&#234;mica do pr&#233; (92%) para o p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, (56%) conforme mostra a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">figura 1</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0451-00009-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise dos 25 pacientes, observou-se uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa (p = 0,011) entre a presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e o enxerto insuficiente. Dos 25 pacientes revascularizados, em treze (52%) os enxertos estavam suficientes, e em doze (48%) os enxertos estavam insuficientes. O EED detectou isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em quatorze (56%) pacientes no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio; em dez destes os enxertos estavam insuficientes. O EED detectou isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em quatro (30,8%) dos treze pacientes, cujos enxertos estavam suficientes. Portanto, o EED quando analisado por paciente, revelou uma sensibilidade de 83,3%, uma especificidade de 69,2% e acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica de 76% conforme mostra a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">figura 2</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="figura2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0451-00009-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Dos 75 territ&#243;rios poss&#237;veis nos 25 pacientes, 54 foram revascularizados e analisados: 25 espec&#237;ficos da art&#233;ria DA e 29 espec&#237;ficos das art&#233;rias CX/CD. Na an&#225;lise dos territ&#243;rios revascularizados, observou-se uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa (p = 0,001) entre a presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e o enxerto insuficiente. Dos 54 territ&#243;rios revascularizados, em quatorze (26%) os enxertos estavam insuficientes, e em quarenta (74%) estavam suficientes. O EED detectou isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em dezesseis (28%) territ&#243;rios; em dez deles os enxertos estavam insuficientes. O EED detectou isquemia em seis (15%) dos quarenta territ&#243;rios cujos enxertos estavam suficientes. Portanto, o EED apresentou sensibilidade de 71,4%, especificidade de 85% e acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica de 81,4% conforme mostra a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3">figura 3</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="figura3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0451-00009-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De acordo com este estudo, na an&#225;lise dos 25 pacientes, houve uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa (p = 0,011) entre a presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica no ecocardiograma de estresse no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e o enxerto insuficiente. O grupo de pacientes com enxertos insuficientes apresentou isquemia mioc&#225;rdica no ecocardiograma de estresse no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, significativamente maior (83,3%) do que o grupo com enxertos suficientes (30,8%). O ecocardiograma de estresse demonstrou uma boa sensibilidade (83,3%), moderada especificidade (69,2%) e acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica de 76,0%, na avalia&#231;&#227;o do estado funcional dos enxertos por paciente.</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise da presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica revelada pelo EED, no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, e do estado funcional dos enxertos nos 54 territ&#243;rios revascularizados, observou-se que aqueles territ&#243;rios com enxertos insuficientes apresentaram isquemia mioc&#225;rdica no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio significativamente maior do que aqueles com enxertos suficientes (71,43% <italic>versus</italic> 15,9%; p = 0,001). O estudo demonstrou ser o EED um m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico de m&#233;dia sensibilidade (71,4%), alta especificidade (85%) e acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica (81,4%) para avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional dos enxertos, nos territ&#243;rios revascularizados.</p>
    <p>Elhendy e cols.<sup>6</sup> estudaram cinq&#252;enta pacientes submetidos a ecocardiografia de estresse com dobutamina e a coronariografia, tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s a CRVM. Para detectar isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em territ&#243;rio com comprometimento vascular nos enxertos ou no leito nativo, a sensibilidade foi de 78%, a especificidade, de 89%, e a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica, de 82%.</p>
    <p>Crouse e cols.<sup>7</sup> estudaram 125 pacientes revascularizados cirurgicamente, que foram submetidos a ecocardiografia de estresse com esfor&#231;o e, subseq&#252;entemente, a coronariografia de controle, no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. A sensibilidade para detectar isquemia em territ&#243;rio com comprometimento vascular nos enxertos ou no leito nativo foi de 98%; a especificidade foi de 92% e a acur&#225;cia preditiva positiva e negativa, de 99% e 86%, respectivamente. Kafka e cols.<sup>8</sup> confirmaram esses dados em outro estudo realizado em 182 pacientes submetidos a ecocardiografia de estresse com esfor&#231;o e coronariografia ap&#243;s a CRVM, demonstrando um valor preditivo positivo de 98% e negativo de 81%, para comprometimento vascular nos enxertos ou no leito nativo.</p>
    <p>Os resultados do nosso estudo s&#227;o compar&#225;veis aos da literatura. No entanto, Elhendy e cols. inclu&#237;ram pacientes sintom&#225;ticos (70%) e assintom&#225;ticos e analisaram o estado funcional dos enxertos e do leito nativo. Kafka e cols. e Crouse e cols.encontraram melhores resultados com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s medidas de acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica, na avalia&#231;&#227;o do comprometimento dos enxertos ou do leito nativo, mas parte dos pacientes era sintom&#225;tica (30% e 60%, respectivamente), o que provavelmente contribuiu para os melhores resultados.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, analisamos somente o estado funcional dos enxertos, tendo os territ&#243;rios n&#227;o revascularizados ou com novas les&#245;es no leito nativo contribu&#237;do para os resultados falsos positivos e para a diminui&#231;&#227;o da especificidade e acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica, quando analisamos por paciente. Quando analisamos os 54 territ&#243;rios revascularizados e exclu&#237;mos os 21 territ&#243;rios n&#227;o revascularizados, observamos a melhora da especificidade (69,2% <italic>versus</italic> 85,0%) e da acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica (76,0% <italic>versus</italic> 81,4%), pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia dos falsos positivos (30,7% <italic>versus</italic> 15,0%).</p>
    <p>Embora a aplica&#231;&#227;o desse m&#233;todo ap&#243;s a CRVM conte, teoricamente, com a desvantagem de muitos pacientes terem anormalidades segmentares em repouso, o que poderia confundir na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados (aumento dos falsos positivos), os achados em nosso estudo das medidas de acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica s&#227;o compar&#225;veis &#224;queles relatados em pacientes sem CRVM, n&#227;o havendo, portanto, limita&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo nesse grupo de pacientes.</p>
    <p>Pelo fato de o EED ser amplamente difundido na maioria dos hospitais, por ser simples e de baixo custo quando comparado a outros m&#233;todos para avalia&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica tais como cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica, tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons e a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, constitui um m&#233;todo que pode ser utilizado durante o acompanhamento cl&#237;nico dos pacientes para avaliar o estado funcional dos enxertos e a efic&#225;cia da CRVM. Devemos analisar o resultado do ecocardiograma de estresse por territ&#243;rios, correlacionando-o com a presen&#231;a de enxertos coron&#225;rios para essa regi&#227;o. A positividade do teste em territ&#243;rios revascularizados, mesmo em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos, permite identificar os pacientes com moderada possibilidade da presen&#231;a de enxertos insuficientes naquele territ&#243;rio e, quando negativo, com alta possibilidade de os enxertos estarem suficientes naquele territ&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Felipe Jos&#233; Monassa Pittella </p>
        <p> Rua Paissandu, 228/202 </p>
        <p> 22210-080 &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="fjmpitella@superig.com.br">fjmpitella@superig.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 30/03/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 12/09/05</p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0451-00009-e01.jpg"/></p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Functional assessment of coronary grafts on dobutamine pharmacological stress echocardiogram</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To verify the sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of dobutamine stress echocardiogram (DSE) when assessing the functional status of coronary grafts: sufficient (SUF) or insufficient (INS). METHODS: We carried out a prospective, observational study which included 25 patients submitted to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The DSE and the coronary angiography were performed before the CABG and three months after the CABG. The left ventricle was divided into three territories per patient according to the three major coronary arterie: the anterior descending (AD), the circumflex (CX) and the right coronary (RC). Of the 75 possible territories, 54 were revascularized: 25 were specific to the AD artery and 29 of the CX/RC arteries. INS means luminal obstruction or occlusion greater than or equal to 50%. RESULTS: In 14 (26%) of the 54 revascularized territories the grafts were INS. The DSE detected ischemia in 16 (28%) territories; 10 of which had INS grafts. The DSE detected ischemia in 6 (15%) of the 40 territories whose grafts were SUF. Therefore, the DSE had a sensitivity of 71.4%, specificity of 85% and diagnostic accuracy of 81.4%. CONCLUSION: The DSE is a diagnostic method with high specificity and diagnostic accuracy, and good sensitivity for the functional assessment of coronary grafts.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial revascularization surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>dobutamine stress echocardiogram</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial ischemia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Functional assessment of coronary grafts on dobutamine pharmacological stress echocardiogram</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Felipe Jos&#233; Monassa Pittella; Ademir Batista da Cunha; Luiz Jos&#233; Martins Romeu Filho; Marta Moraes Labrunie; Luis Henrique Weitzel; J&#250;lio C&#233;sar Melhado; Ant&#244;nio Sergio Cordeiro da Rocha</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Laranjeiras &#150; INCL e Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To verify the sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of dobutamine stress echocardiogram (DSE) when assessing the functional status of coronary grafts: sufficient (SUF) or insufficient (INS).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> We carried out a prospective, observational study which included 25 patients submitted to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The DSE and the coronary angiography were performed before the CABG and three months after the CABG. The left ventricle was divided into three territories per patient according to the three major coronary arterie: the anterior descending (AD), the circumflex (CX) and the right coronary (RC). Of the 75 possible territories, 54 were revascularized: 25 were specific to the AD artery and 29 of the CX/RC arteries. INS means luminal obstruction or occlusion greater than or equal to 50%.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> In 14 (26%) of the 54 revascularized territories the grafts were INS. The DSE detected ischemia in 16 (28%) territories; 10 of which had INS grafts. The DSE detected ischemia in 6 (15%) of the 40 territories whose grafts were SUF. Therefore, the DSE had a sensitivity of 71.4%, specificity of 85% and diagnostic accuracy of 81.4%.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The DSE is a diagnostic method with high specificity and diagnostic accuracy, and good sensitivity for the functional assessment of coronary grafts.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Myocardial revascularization surgery, dobutamine stress echocardiogram, myocardial ischemia.</p>
      <p>The coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is effective to relief symptoms, extend the survival and improve left ventricular function in certain subgroups of patients suffering from coronary artery disease (CAD). The prognosis following CABG depends on several factors, especially graft patency, left ventricular function, and the presence of residual ischemia<sup>1-3</sup>. This myocardial ischemia, even when not accompanied by angina, may influence the recovery of the function of the left ventricle and the prognosis of patients following CABG<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>The onset or persistence of myocardial ischemia following CABG may result from lesions and affect the graft itself (inadequate flow, obstruction and occlusion) or the native circulation (incomplete revascularization or new lesions). Approximately 3 to 12% of saphenous vein grafts occlude, with or without symptoms, in the first month following the CABG. Within the first year of the CABG, 15% of the saphenous grafts may be occluded, with an annual occlusion rate of approximately 1 to 2% between one and six years and of 4% between six and ten years. After ten years of the CABG only 60% of the venous grafts are patent, and only half is free from significant stenoses. Unlike venous grafts, arterial grafts particularly the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) have shown a high patency rate in the medium to long term. The LIMA patency rate is of almost 90% in ten years as compared to approximately 50% for saphenous grafts<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Some studies in the literature<sup>6-8</sup> demonstrated that stress echocardiogram may be very useful to control patients treated with revascularization procedures in allowing the identification of myocardial ischemia and in assessing graft patency. The systematic application of this technique in the functional assessment of these patients following surgical revascularization provides information about the ventricular function and the existence and location of myocardial ischemia &#150; crucial aspects in deciding on the indication of another coronariography following the revascularization surgery. Whether this method shows some limitation in this group of patients or not is not well documented since there are few studies about this technique.</p>
      <p>Within this context, we carried out a study with the primary objective of verifying the sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of dobutamine stress echocardiogram (DSE) in the functional assessment of coronary grafts.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This was a prospective, observational study which included 25 patients submitted to CABG in a benchmark institution for cardiology in the period between January 2002 and June 2003 and that met the inclusion criteria.</p>
      <p>The inclusion criteria were: indication for CABG; agreement to participate in the study by signing the consent term; coronary arteries with obstruction greater than or equal to 70% of the lumen of the vessel; asymptomatic stable patient after CABG; absence of limitations or counter-indications to dobutamine stress echocardiogram.</p>
      <p>The exclusion criteria were: previous esternotomy; need for another concurrent surgery; presence of co-morbidities which impede or increase the risk of another post-CABG coronary arteriography<bold>;</bold> chronic obstructive pulmonary disease which required bronchodilator; renal failure with serum creatinine above or equal to 2mg/dl; peripheral arterial disease with obstruction greater than or equal to 50% of the vessel lumen; liver failure; inadequate vascular access for the performance of another coronary arteriography; morbid obesity, with a body mass index greater than or equal to 40 kg/m&#178;; obstructive atherosclerotic disease causing obstruction equal to or greater than 50% of the left coronary main or equivalent of left coronary main (obstructive atherosclerotic lesion greater than or equal to 70% proximal of the anterior descending artery-DA and the circumflex artery-CX); pre-operative limitations or clinical counter-indication for dobutamine stress echocardiogram; maintenance in stable angina class III or IV according to the Canadian Cardiology Society after therapeutic optimization; lack of clinical stabilization in acute coronary syndrome; inadequate echocardiographic window; severe arterial hypertension; significant atrial or ventricular arrhythmia; severe valvulopathy; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.</p>
      <p><italic>Dobutamine stress echocardiogram</italic> &#150; Two DSEs were performed: one before the CABG and the other three months after the CABG. The average timeframe between the DSE and the CABG was 28.2 days and between the CABG and the DSE was 115.5 days. All the DSEs were performed by the same physician, one with great experience in the procedure. For the echocardiographic analysis the left ventricle was assessed from four standard echocardiographic views: longitudinal parasternal, cross-sectional parasternal, four-chamber apical and two chamber-apical. The left ventricle was divided into sixteen segments, according to the guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology and the American Society of Echocardiography<sup>9</sup>. This division correlates each one of these segments with the three major arteries of the heart: anterior descending artery (AD), right coronary artery (RC) and circumflex artery (CX). Therefore the AD artery irrigates nine segments (basal, medial and apical anterior; apical, medial and basal anterior septum; apical and mid-inferior septum; apical lateral and inferoapical); the CX artery irrigates five segments (basal, medial and apical lateral; medial and basal posterior); and finally the RC artery irrigates six segments (apical, medial and basal inferior; basal inferior septum; medial and basal posterior).</p>
      <p>Systolic thickening of the left ventricle was graded according to motility scores for each segment: (1) normal; (2) hypokinetic; (3) akinetic; (4) dyskinetic.</p>
      <p>The stress echocardiogram was performed with dobutamine and, if necessary, with atropine. For the test to be considered effective, the patients had to reach 85% of the maximum heart frequency for their age, observe signs of myocardial ischemia or reach the end of the infusion protocol. The electrocardiogram and the blood pressure were continuously monitored, and venous access was maintained during the whole test. The dobutamine infusion was administered in increasingly large doses from 5 to 40 &#181;g/kg/min, with increments of 5&#181;g/kg/min every three minutes. If, during the maximum dose, the patient failed to reach 85% of the maximum heart frequency, atropine (0.5 to 1 mg intravenously) was administered to this end. The interpretation of the test was based on the simultaneous presentation of images which allowed us to compare each segment of the myocardium on the echocardiogram at rest and in the different phases of the dobutamine infusion; the images were recorded in video for review. The comparison of the segments at rest with the segments under stress determined the type of ischemic response when there was worsening of contraction during dobutamine infusion. The location of motility changes in the segments on the stress echocardiogram was correlated with the patency of grafts in each revascularized territory.</p>
      <p>A coronary arteriography was performed pre-operatively in the hemodynamics laboratory and after three months of the CABG. The average timeframe between the coronary angiography and the CABG was 60.3 days and between the CABG and the second coronariography was 111 days. Both coronary arteriographies were performed by doctors with great experience in this procedure and analyzed by one specialized physician who was unaware of the management and the type of surgery performed. In the coronary arteriography, the following items were analyzed<bold>:</bold> the number of native vessels affected, the number of sufficient arterial and venous grafts (without lesions or with obstructive lesions smaller that 50% of the graft lumen) and insufficient (occluded or with obstructions equal to or greater than 50% of the graft lumen), and the presence of collateral circulation. The severity of lesions in the native circulation was classified as mild (obstructions smaller than 50% of the vessel lumen), moderate (obstructions equal to or greater than 50% and smaller than 70% of the vessel lumen) and severe (obstructions equal to or greater than 70% of the vessel lumen).</p>
      <p>The CABG was performed with a standardized surgical technique according to the institution's routine protocols.</p>
      <p>The statistical analysis was carried out with the following methods: to compare quantitative data (numerical variables) between two groups we used the Mann-Whitney test. To compare qualitative data we applied Fisher's exact test.</p>
      <p>To verify the existence of variation between the pre-operative and the post-operative periods in terms of numerical variables we used the Wilcoxon non-parametric test. To analyze the variation between qualitative variables we applied the McNemar test.</p>
      <p>The criterion for determining significance was a level of 5%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Twenty-five patients with a mean age of 58.4&#177;7.8 years (42-72 years old) were analyzed. Of these, twenty-two were male (88%) and all were white. On clinical and anatomical diagnosis at hospitalization 80% had stable angina, 20% had unstable angina, 48% had CAD in three vessels, 44% in two vessels and 8% in one vessel; all had the DA artery affected in that in 68% it was the proximal AD that was affected. When analyzing risk factors and co-morbidity, 76% had arterial hypertension, 28% had diabetes mellitus, 32% were smokers, 56% had dyslipidemia, 12% had cerebral vascular disease, 20% had peripheral arterial disease and 68% had had AMI.</p>
      <p>Twenty-four LIMA grafts were used for the anterior descending artery, 6 grafts from the radial artery and 37 saphenous grafts. The total number of grafts per patient was 2.7 &#177; 0.6 (1-4). The ATIL was patent and sufficient in fifteen patients (62.5%). In five grafts (20.8%), the LIMA was patent and insufficient. In four grafts (16.7%) the LIMA was occluded. The radial artery was patent and sufficient in five grafts used (83.3%) and occluded in one (16.7%). The saphenous graft was patent and sufficient in thirty-two grafts used (86,4%) and occluded in five (13.5%).</p>
      <p>In the analysis of the 25 patients, we observed a significant shift in the pattern of ischemic response when comparing the pre-operative DSE with the post-operative DSE. There was a significant decrease in ischemic response from the pre-operative level (92%) to the post-operative level (56%) as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1-body2">figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="figura1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0451-00009-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In the analysis of the 25 patients, we observed a significant association (p= 0.011) between the presence of myocardial ischemia post-operatively and the insufficient graft. Of the 25 revascularized patients, 13 (52%) had sufficient grafts and 12 (48%) had insufficient grafts. The DSE detected myocardial ischemia in 14 (56%) patients in the post-operative period; in 10 of these the grafts were insufficient. The DSE detected myocardial ischemia in 4 (30.8%) of the 13 patients whose grafts were insufficient. Therefore, when analyzed on a per patient basis, the DSE showeda sensitivity of 83.3%, a specificity of 69.2% and a diagnostic accuracy of 76% as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2-body2">figure 2</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="figura2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0451-00009-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Of the 75 possible territories in the 25 patients, 54 were revascularized and analyzed: 25 were specific to the AD artery and 29 were specific to the CX/RC arteries. In the analysis of the revascularized territories we observed a significant association (p=0.001) between the presence of post-operative myocardial ischemia and insufficient graft. As regards the 54 revascularized territories, in 14 (26%) the grafts were insufficient and in 40 (74%) they were sufficient. The DSE detected myocardial ischemia in 16 (28%) territories; in 10 of them the grafts were insufficient. The DSE detected ischemia in 6 (15%) of the 40 territories whose grafts were sufficient. Therefore, the DSE presented a sensitivity of 71.4%, specificity of 85% and diagnostic accuracy of 81.4% as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3-body2">figure 3</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="figura3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0451-00009-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>According to this study, in the analysis of the 25 patients there was a significant association (p= 0.011) between the presence of myocardial ischemia on post-operative stress echocardiogram and insufficient graft. The group of patients with insufficient graft presented myocardial ischemia on post-operative stress echocardiogram at a significantly higher rate of (83.3%) as compared to the group with sufficient grafts (30.8%). The stress echocardiogram demonstrated to have good sensitivity (83.3%), moderate specificity (69.2%) and diagnostic accuracy of 76.0% in the assessment of the functional status of grafts per patient.</p>
      <p>When analyzing the presence of myocardial ischemia revealed by the DSE post-operatively and of the graft functional status in the 54 revascularized territories, we observed that those territories with insufficient grafts presented a significantly higher rate of post-operative myocardial ischemia than those with sufficient grafts (71.43% as compared to 15.9%; p= 0.001). The study showed that the DSE is a diagnostic means with moderate sensitivity (71.4%), high specificity (85%) and diagnostic accuracy (81.4%) for the functional assessment of grafts in revascularized territories.</p>
      <p>Elhendy et al<sup>6</sup> studied 50 patients submitted to dobutamine stress echocardiography and to a coronary arteriography three months after the CABG. The sensitivity was 78%, specificity was 89% and diagnostic accuracy was 82% for the detection of myocardial ischemia in territories with vascular impairment in the grafts or in the native circulation.</p>
      <p>Crouse et al<sup>7</sup> studied 125 patients who had been submitted to surgical revascularization and then to exercise stress echocardiography and subsequently to a follow-up coronariography post-operatively. The sensitivity to detect ischemia in territories with vascular impairment in grafts or in the native circulation was 98%; the specificity was 92% and the positive and negative predictive accuracy were 99% and 86% respectively. Kafka et al<sup>8</sup> confirmed these data in another study carried out with 182 patients submitted to exercise stress echocardiography and coronariography after the CABG and obtained a positive predictive value of 98% and a negative predictive value of 81% for vascular impairment in the grafts or in the native circulation.</p>
      <p>The results of our study are comparable with those found in the literature. However, Elhendy et al included symptomatic patients (70%) and asymptomatic patients and analyzed the functional status of the grafts and of the native circulation. Kafka et al and Crouse et al found better results as regards diagnostic accuracy measurements in the assessment of the impairment of grafts and of the native circulation, but part of the patients were symptomatic (30% and 60% respectively) which probably contributed to the better results obtained.</p>
      <p>In our study we analyzed only the functional status of grafts, in that the non-revascularized territories or the territories with new lesions in the native circulation contributed to false positive results and to the decrease in the specificity and diagnostic accuracy when we analyzed [the results] on a per patient basis. When we analyzed the 54 revascularized territories and excluded the 21 non-revascularized territories we observed that specificity (69.2% as compared to 85.0%) and diagnostic accuracy (76.0% as compared to 81.4%) improved due to the decrease in the frequency of false positives (30.7% as compared to 15.0%).</p>
      <p>Although the application of this method after the CABG in theory has the disadvantage that many patients have segmental abnormalities at rest which could confound the interpretation of results (increase of false positives), the findings in our study as regards diagnostic accuracy measurements are comparable to those reported for non-CABG patients. Therefore there is no limitation for the method as regards this group of patients.</p>
      <p>Since the DSE is widely used in most hospitals because it is a simple and low-cost procedure as compared to other methods of assessment of myocardial ischemia, such as myocardial scintilography, positron emission tomography and stress magnetic resonance imaging constitute a method that may be used during the clinical follow-up of patients to assess the presence of myocardial ischemia, the functional status of grafts and the efficacy of CABG. We should analyze the results of the stress echocardiogram per territory, correlating it with the presence of coronary grafts for this region. The positivity of the test in revascularized territories, even in asymptomatic patients, allows the identification of patients with a moderate likelihood of having insufficient grafts in that territory, and when negative, with a high likelihood of having sufficient grafts in that territory.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Felipe Jos&#233; Monassa Pittella</p>
          <p> Rua Paissandu, 228/202</p>
          <p> 22210-080 &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="fjmpitella@superig.com.br">fjmpitella@superig.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 03/30/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 09/12/05</p>
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