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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">YyrSrxPkv88fjqf9mhGYZwy</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001700007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700407</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001700007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influ&#234;ncias temporais nas caracter&#237;sticas e fatores de risco de pacientes submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feier</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sant'Anna</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacco</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Edemar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marisa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Altamiro Reis da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nesralla</surname>
            <given-names>Ivo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sant'Anna</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Ricardo M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>439</fpage>
      <lpage>445</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Comparar perfil cl&#237;nico e cir&#250;rgico entre dois grupos de pacientes submetidos a Cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) no Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, com intervalo de 10 anos; observar sua influ&#234;ncia na mortalidade hospitalar e verificar previsibilidade deste resultado mediante escore de risco. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo, envolvendo 307 pacientes submetidos a CRM isolada em per&#237;odo semestral de 1991/92 (grupo INICIAL, n=153) ou 2001/02 (grupo ATUAL, n=154). Foram analisados caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, co-morbidades e eventos operat&#243;rios, visando &#224; compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos e defini&#231;&#227;o do escore de risco de morte hospitalar (conforme Cleveland Clinic). RESULTADOS: O grupo ATUAL tinha idade mais avan&#231;ada, condi&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca mais grave (classe funcional, preval&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e n&#250;mero de vasos com les&#227;o severa) e maior preval&#234;ncia de co-morbidades. Os pacientes iniciais mostraram maior preval&#234;ncia na indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de urg&#234;ncia. N&#227;o ocorreu diferen&#231;a no escore m&#233;dio de risco calculado para ambos os grupos (2,8 + 3,1 no INICIAL e 2,2 + 2,5 no ATUAL) ou na mortalidade hospitalar (respectivamente 3,3% e 1,9%), valores compar&#225;veis com os comunicados pela Cleveland Clinic (para escore de risco 3, mortalidade prevista de 2,0 %, com limite de confian&#231;a 95% de 0-4,3% e mortalidade real em estudo de confirma&#231;&#227;o de 3,4%). CONCLUS&#195;O: Pacientes atualmente submetidos a CRM s&#227;o mais idosos e em pior condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica (card&#237;aca e sist&#234;mica) que os operados h&#225; 10 anos, mas a pontua&#231;&#227;o no escore de risco e a mortalidade hospitalar foram discretamente aumentadas no grupo inicial. Para isto, pode ter contribu&#237;do maior preval&#234;ncia de cirurgias de urg&#234;ncia. Um escore de risco pode ser utilizado para identificar pacientes que requerem maiores cuidados e predizer o resultado cir&#250;rgico.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Cirurgia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>escore de risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Influ&#234;ncias temporais nas caracter&#237;sticas e fatores de risco de pacientes submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fl&#225;via H. Feier; Roberto T. Sant'Anna; Eduardo Garcia; Felipe de Bacco; Edemar Pereira; Marisa Santos; Altamiro Reis da Costa; Ivo A. Nesralla; Jo&#227;o Ricardo M. Sant'Anna</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul e Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - Porto Alegre, RS</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Comparar perfil cl&#237;nico e cir&#250;rgico entre dois grupos de pacientes submetidos a Cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) no Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, com intervalo de 10 anos; observar sua influ&#234;ncia na mortalidade hospitalar e verificar previsibilidade deste resultado mediante escore de risco. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo de coorte retrospectivo, envolvendo 307 pacientes submetidos a CRM isolada em per&#237;odo semestral de 1991/92 (grupo INICIAL, n=153) ou 2001/02 (grupo ATUAL, n=154). Foram analisados caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, co-morbidades e eventos operat&#243;rios, visando &#224; compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos e defini&#231;&#227;o do escore de risco de morte hospitalar (conforme Cleveland Clinic). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O grupo ATUAL tinha idade mais avan&#231;ada, condi&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca mais grave (classe funcional, preval&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e n&#250;mero de vasos com les&#227;o severa) e maior preval&#234;ncia de co-morbidades. Os pacientes iniciais mostraram maior preval&#234;ncia na indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de urg&#234;ncia. N&#227;o ocorreu diferen&#231;a no escore m&#233;dio de risco calculado para ambos os grupos (2,8 <underline>+</underline> 3,1 no INICIAL e 2,2 <underline>+</underline> 2,5 no ATUAL) ou na mortalidade hospitalar (respectivamente 3,3% e 1,9%), valores compar&#225;veis com os comunicados pela Cleveland Clinic (para escore de risco 3, mortalidade prevista de 2,0 %, com limite de confian&#231;a 95% de 0-4,3% e mortalidade real em estudo de confirma&#231;&#227;o de 3,4%). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Pacientes atualmente submetidos a CRM s&#227;o mais idosos e em pior condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica (card&#237;aca e sist&#234;mica) que os operados h&#225; 10 anos, mas a pontua&#231;&#227;o no escore de risco e a mortalidade hospitalar foram discretamente aumentadas no grupo inicial. Para isto, pode ter contribu&#237;do maior preval&#234;ncia de cirurgias de urg&#234;ncia. Um escore de risco pode ser utilizado para identificar pacientes que requerem maiores cuidados e predizer o resultado cir&#250;rgico.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Cirurgia card&#237;aca, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, escore de risco.</p>
    <p>O tratamento da cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica tem sofrido significativas modifica&#231;&#245;es, com implica&#231;&#245;es na hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a e na indica&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica<sup>1-5</sup>. Algumas interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas farmacol&#243;gicas ou invasivas, como a angioplastia transluminal percut&#226;nea (ACTP), facultam a necessidade de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) ou retardam sua realiza&#231;&#227;o, por permitir uma evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais favor&#225;vel<sup>6,7</sup>. A reduzida necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica em situa&#231;&#227;o de maior risco (como representado pelo choque cardiog&#234;nico secund&#225;rio a infarto do mioc&#225;rdio extenso no qual n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel reperfus&#227;o) ou emergencial (como na angina inst&#225;vel, de palia&#231;&#227;o poss&#237;vel pela ACTP) contribui para melhorar resultados da cirurgia expressos em termos estat&#237;sticos globais, juntamente com a evolu&#231;&#227;o de t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas, como aprimoramento tecnol&#243;gico do equipamento (como oxigenadores ou de estabilizadores coronarianos para cirurgia sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea), melhor sele&#231;&#227;o de enxertos e maior disponibilidade de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria<sup>1,8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Contudo, ao se protelar uma indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, existe perspectiva de futura cirurgia com o paciente mais idoso, do aparecimento ou agravamento de co-morbidades, da progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a coronariana (muitas vezes acentuada pela manipula&#231;&#227;o com cateter) e da piora na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (especialmente se ocorrerem eventos isqu&#234;micos), condi&#231;&#245;es que aumentam o risco cir&#250;rgico<sup>1,2,6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Por formula&#231;&#227;o l&#243;gica, o agravamento da doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica nos pacientes cir&#250;rgicos deve aumentar a morbi-mortalidade da CRM. Contudo, a evolu&#231;&#227;o do manejo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, atrav&#233;s da identifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco operat&#243;rios e o desenvolvimento de medidas capazes de neutralizar a sua influ&#234;ncia delet&#233;ria e o progresso no manejo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio refletem em uma atual redu&#231;&#227;o da morbi-mortalidade cir&#250;rgica, efeito observado nos &#250;ltimos 20 anos<sup>1,2,4,9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os objetivos deste estudo s&#227;o os de tra&#231;ar o perfil dos pacientes submetidos a CRM no per&#237;odo atual e h&#225; 10 anos, buscando identificar modifica&#231;&#245;es que possam ter influenciado o risco da cirurgia, bem como avaliar se aplica&#231;&#227;o de escore de risco reconhecido (<italic>Cleveland Clinic</italic>) pode prever o resultado da opera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Pacientes</italic> - Estudo de coorte retrospectivo envolvendo 307 pacientes submetidos a CRM isolada ou combinada com aneurismectomia de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ou endarterectomia carot&#237;dea, no Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul /Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, e alocados em dois grupos: INICIAL: 153 pacientes operados entre outubro de 1991 e abril de 1992; ATUAL: 154 pacientes que realizaram o mesmo procedimento consecutivamente entre outubro de 2001 e abril de 2002. Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo pacientes que realizaram CRM associada &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o de reconstru&#231;&#227;o ou substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar card&#237;aca. A indica&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia card&#237;aca obedeceu a crit&#233;rios presentes em revis&#227;o atualizada das diretrizes de pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica da <italic>American Heart Association /American College of Cardiology</italic><sup>10</sup>, com recomenda&#231;&#227;o classe IIa e n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia C.</p>
    <p><italic>Fatores de risco para mortalidade hospitalar</italic> - As caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes reconhecidas como poss&#237;veis fatores capazes de aumentar o risco hospitalar<sup>11-17</sup> foram assim classificadas:</p>
    <p>- Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas: fatores relativos aos pacientes, mas independentes de doen&#231;a, como idade, sexo, ra&#231;a, obesidade (conforme &#237;ndice de massa corporal maior do que 30; valor normal: 18,5 a 24,9) hemat&#243;crito e creatinina s&#233;rica.</p>
    <p>- Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca: determinada por fatores que identificam a extens&#227;o e repercuss&#227;o da doen&#231;a coronariana ou que podem influenciar diretamente o desempenho card&#237;aco, como manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas (gradua&#231;&#227;o em est&#225;vel e inst&#225;vel conforme crit&#233;rios da <italic>Canadian Society of Cardiology</italic> e classe funcional I a IV por crit&#233;rios da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic>), fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (com considera&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular severa quando fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo inferior a 30%), hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS, caracterizada por press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg em avalia&#231;&#245;es sucessivas ou uso necess&#225;rio de medica&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica para esta condi&#231;&#227;o), dislipidemia (colesterol total maior do que 200 mg/dl e triglicer&#237;deos superior a 150 mg/dl), presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC, caracterizada por sintomatologia, sinais cl&#237;nicos e evid&#234;ncia em pelo menos um exame como Rx de t&#243;rax, ecocardiograma ou cateterismo card&#237;aco), distribui&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es coronarianas severas (oclus&#227;o ou obstru&#231;&#227;o superior a 70% da luz do vaso), eventos pr&#233;vios como infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) ou angioplastia transluminal percut&#226;nea (ACTP) com ou sem implante <italic>stent</italic> intracoronariano.</p>
    <p>- Co-morbidades: doen&#231;as pr&#233;-existentes n&#227;o diretamente relacionadas &#224; doen&#231;a card&#237;aca, tais como tabagismo, <italic>diabetes mellitus</italic> (DM), caracterizada por tratamento com hipoglicemiante oral ou insulina), doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica (DVP, caracterizada por sintoma e les&#227;o obstrutiva de art&#233;ria sist&#234;mica &gt; 70 % ), doen&#231;a vascular cerebral (DVC), evidenciada por quadro cl&#237;nico insufici&#234;ncia/obstru&#231;&#227;o vascular, acidente vascular cerebral ou doen&#231;a de car&#243;tida e vasos intracranianos definida em investiga&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica), insufici&#234;ncia renal (IR por creatinina s&#233;rica <underline>&gt;</underline> 1,6 mg/dl), doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC), diagn&#243;stico estabelecido no exame cl&#237;nico e Rx de t&#243;rax.</p>
    <p>- Vari&#225;veis operat&#243;rias: caracter&#237;sticas cir&#250;rgicas como crit&#233;rio de indica&#231;&#227;o (eletiva ou urg&#234;ncia/emerg&#234;ncia), CRM pr&#233;via (reopera&#231;&#227;o), dura&#231;&#227;o da Circula&#231;&#227;o Extracorp&#243;rea (CEC), dura&#231;&#227;o do pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico, n&#250;mero de enxertos implantados em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, uso de art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna. Tamb&#233;m foi avaliada a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico (BiAo) e nitroglicerina (NTG) no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p><italic>Atribui&#231;&#227;o de escore de risco -</italic> Foram identificadas nos pacientes de ambos os grupos as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas reconhecidas como fatores capazes de influenciar a morbi-mortalidade cir&#250;rgica, conforme escore de risco da <italic>Cleveland Clinic</italic><sup>17</sup>. A pontua&#231;&#227;o pertinente a cada caracter&#237;stica foi estabelecida conforme valores expressos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">tabela 1</xref> e ilustrados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">figura 1</xref>. Pelas caracter&#237;sticas do estudo, pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia valvar mitral ou estenose valvar a&#243;rtica n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos, ainda que escore da <italic>Cleveland Clinic</italic> originalmente inclua peso para estes diagn&#243;sticos. Ao escore m&#233;dio estabelecido para cada grupo correspondeu uma estimativa de mortalidade hospitalar.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0439-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0439-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A mortalidade hospitalar foi express&#227;o do valor percentual dos &#243;bitos registrados em cada uma das popula&#231;&#245;es, considerados os que ocorreram desde o trans-operat&#243;rio at&#233; a alta hospitalar.</p>
    <p><italic>Desfechos -</italic> As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e operat&#243;rias, bem como as que definiram a severidade da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca e as co-morbidades foram expressas em termos de aus&#234;ncia ou presen&#231;a (quanto a vari&#225;veis dicot&#244;micas) ou de intensidade (quanto a vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas) nos grupos INICIAL e ATUAL, visando caracterizar as duas popula&#231;&#245;es e se buscou identificar diferen&#231;as significativas em sua distribui&#231;&#227;o nos grupos estudados, para identifica&#231;&#227;o de poss&#237;veis modifica&#231;&#245;es no perfil cl&#237;nico, em duas popula&#231;&#245;es submetidas &#224; CRM, em intervalo de 10 anos.</p>
    <p>Escores m&#233;dios atribu&#237;dos aos grupos, dentro da distribui&#231;&#227;o oferecida pela escala da <italic>Cleveland Clinic</italic>, foram comparados entre si.</p>
    <p>Mortalidade cir&#250;rgica foi desfecho utilizado para defini&#231;&#227;o da qualidade do resultado da CRM, sendo a mortalidade observada em cada grupo comparada &#224; esperada pela aplica&#231;&#227;o do escore de risco.</p>
    <p><italic>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas -</italic> O estudo foi registrado na Unidade de Pesquisa do Instituto de Cardiologia do RGS/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia e aprovado para realiza&#231;&#227;o pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o. Em se tratando de estudo retrospectivo com pesquisa em prontu&#225;rio, n&#227;o se previu qualquer risco de dano aos pacientes; foi observado car&#225;ter de sigilo no manuseio de informa&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas.</p>
    <p><italic>Coleta de dados e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica -</italic> As informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os pacientes foram coletadas em prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico e registradas em tabelas de conting&#234;ncia para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica pelo programa SPSS. Dados num&#233;ricos s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. Os testes comparativos consistiram no teste <italic>t</italic> de Student, qui-quadrado e an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia. Foi considerado como n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia um a cr&#237;tico de 5%, referido como p&lt; 0,05, sendo valores menores de p identificados. Para express&#227;o da mortalidade esperada conforme escore de risco da <italic>Cleveland Clinic</italic> foi tamb&#233;m citado o limite de confian&#231;a 99,5%, conforme comunicado na literatura<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Perfil dos grupos</italic> -</p>
    <p>a) Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>)</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0439-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas entre os grupos, observamos diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica quanto &#224; idade, sendo a popula&#231;&#227;o ATUAL mais idosa (58,9 anos versus 62,7 anos, p&lt;0,01), e quanto &#224; obesidade, preponderando esta no grupo INICIAL (20,9% versus 9,7%, p&lt;0,001). Dentro da avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, os pacientes do grupo ATUAL tiveram um hemat&#243;crito diminu&#237;do (38,1% versus 40,6%, p&lt;0,01) e creatinina elevada (1,14 mg/dL versus 1,01 mg/dL, p&lt;0,05), em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo INICIAL.</p>
    <p>b) Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>)</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sintomatologia card&#237;aca, foi maior a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de angina inst&#225;vel nos pacientes do grupo INICIAL que do ATUAL (88,7% versus 66,2%), mas classes funcionais II, III e IV da NYHA predominaram neste (para grupos INICIAL e ATUAL respectivamente 3,3% versus 15,6% para classe II, 2% versus 13% para classe III e 1,3% versus 3,9% para classe IV, p&lt;0,01). Distribui&#231;&#227;o de sexo foi equivalente, embora em ambos os grupos predominassem pacientes de sexo masculino (77,8% no INICIAL e 71,4% no ATUAL).</p>
    <p>Diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e dislipidemia prevaleceram no grupo ATUAL, ainda que sem diferen&#231;a significativa para o grupo INICIAL.</p>
    <p>Quanto aos eventos pr&#233;vios, encontramos diferen&#231;a significativa apenas na coloca&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stents</italic> intracoronarianos por ACTP, mais freq&#252;ente no grupo ATUAL do que no INICIAL (4,8% versus zero, p&lt;0,01). Preval&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio predominou no grupo ATUAL (56,5% versus 49,0%), mas sem diferen&#231;a significativa.</p>
    <p>No referente &#224; cinecoronariografia, o grupo ATUAL mostrou preponder&#226;ncia na m&#233;dia de vasos com les&#227;o severa, se comparado ao grupo INICIAL (2,76 vasos versus 2,42 vasos, p&lt;0,01); o valor m&#233;dio da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o predominou no grupo ATUAL sobre o INICIAL (68,3% versus 60,4%, p&lt;0,01), ainda que para ambos os grupos a m&#233;dia esteja na faixa de normalidade (FE&gt; 55%).</p>
    <p>c) Comorbidades (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>)</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de comorbidades, houve significativa preval&#234;ncia no grupo ATUAL, se comparado ao INICIAL, de <italic>diabetes mellitus</italic> (36,4% versus 21,6%; P&lt;0,01), doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica (16,2% versus 5,2%; p&lt;0,001), doen&#231;a vascular cerebral (10,4% versus 4,6%; p&lt;0,05) e insufici&#234;ncia renal (8,4% versus 0%, p&lt;0,001).</p>
    <p>d)Vari&#225;veis operat&#243;rias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>)</p>
    <p>Maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de cirurgias de urg&#234;ncia ocorreu no grupo INICIAL do que no ATUAL (30,7% versus 9,1%, p&lt;0,01). O implante de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio ocorreu apenas em 5 pacientes (3,2%) do grupo ATUAL (p&lt;0,05).</p>
    <p>Dados trans-operat&#243;rios como dura&#231;&#227;o de CEC, dura&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e n&#250;mero de enxertos utilizados (grupo INICIAL com m&#233;dia de 3,0<underline><sup>+</sup></underline>1,1 enxertos/paciente e ATUAL com 3,0<underline><sup>+</sup></underline>0,8) n&#227;o foram significativamente distintos entre os grupos. Apenas o uso de enxerto de art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna prevaleceu no grupo ATUAL com rela&#231;&#227;o ao INICIAL (74% versus 39,9%, p&lt;0,01).</p>
    <p>Mortalidade cir&#250;rgica e escore de risco (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2"><italic>fig. 2</italic></xref>) - A mortalidade cir&#250;rgica observada n&#227;o foi diferente entre os grupos, sendo 3,3% para o grupo INICIAL e 1,9% para o grupo ATUAL (p=0,358, n.s.).</p>
    <fig id="figura2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0439-00007-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas das popula&#231;&#245;es avaliadas determinaram uma m&#233;dia para escore da <italic>Cleveland Clinic</italic> de 2,8 <underline>+</underline> 3,1 para o grupo INICIAL e 2,2 <underline>+</underline> 2,5 para o grupo ATUAL, sem diferen&#231;a significativa (p=0,054, n.s.). Para aferi&#231;&#227;o do escore, estes valores foram arredondados para escore 3, ao qual se atribui uma mortalidade esperada de 2,0% (com valor superior limite de confian&#231;a 99,4% de mortalidade em 4,3%) no escore de risco da <italic>Cleveland Clinic</italic> e correspondente a mortalidade observada de 3,6% na experi&#234;ncia cir&#250;rgica desta institui&#231;&#227;o; se considerados pacientes com escore 2, a mortalidade observada foi de 3,4%<sup>17</sup>. Fica evidenciada a aplicabilidade do escore de mortalidade da <italic>Cleveland Clinic</italic> para estimativa de risco de pacientes operados em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, conforme ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">figura 2</xref>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Fatores de risco e caracter&#237;sticas operat&#243;rias</italic> - Em concord&#226;ncia com a literatura<sup>1</sup>, este estudo indica que os pacientes submetidos a CRM atualmente s&#227;o mais idosos. Isto parece conseq&#252;ente &#224; documenta&#231;&#227;o de redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade cir&#250;rgica deste sub-grupo de pacientes e pela evolu&#231;&#227;o no manejo dos pacientes considerados de alto risco, em que muitos dos doentes de idade avan&#231;ada s&#227;o inclu&#237;dos<sup>16,18</sup>. Como o risco varia muito para pacientes idosos, a determina&#231;&#227;o do risco deve ser estabelecida em car&#225;ter individual, preferencialmente<sup>19</sup>. O predom&#237;nio de pacientes de sexo masculino foi constatado em estudos de bancos de dados<sup>20,21</sup>. Mulheres s&#227;o associadas a retardo da indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, este motivado por condi&#231;&#245;es como equ&#237;voca interpreta&#231;&#227;o de sintomas da doen&#231;a e retardo no diagn&#243;stico, idade mais avan&#231;ada ao se considerar revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, maior n&#250;mero de co-morbidades, maior incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas na s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (ruptura septal ventricular, insufici&#234;ncia mitral severa aguda)<sup>20</sup>, como tamb&#233;m com maior mortalidade hospitalar e morbidade card&#237;aca<sup>22,23</sup>. Contudo, mulheres parecem mostrar o mesmo benef&#237;cio que homens no referente a interven&#231;&#245;es para doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>A pior condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica atual dos pacientes operados, representada pela maior preval&#234;ncia de comorbidades (como DM, HAS e DVP), de IC, de classe funcional aumentada (como classe III por crit&#233;rios da NYHA) e de doen&#231;a multiarterial &#233; constatada em diversos estudos compreendendo grandes bancos de dados<sup>24,25</sup> e pode ser explicada pelo encaminhamento de pacientes com menor risco para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de ACTP, preferencialmente com coloca&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stents</italic><sup>11,12,25</sup>. Em nosso estudo, observamos que nenhum paciente do grupo INICIAL havia implantado <italic>stent</italic> previamente &#224; cirurgia, pois a t&#233;cnica n&#227;o estava desenvolvida na &#233;poca; no entanto, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos quanto &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de angioplastia com bal&#227;o pr&#233;via &#224; cirurgia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>). Era nossa expectativa registrar maior n&#250;mero de pacientes com ACTP pr&#233;via no grupo ATUAL, mas isto n&#227;o ocorreu. &#201; reconhecido que o risco de novo procedimento ap&#243;s ACTP prim&#225;ria tem sido reduzido e que os pacientes que realizam angioplastia prim&#225;ria t&#234;m um baixo risco de necessitar de novo procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, sendo de 33,6% em dois anos, na d&#233;cada de 90, passando para 12,4% na d&#233;cada de 2000, podendo aplicar-se neste estudo<sup>7</sup>. Desta maneira, muitos dos pacientes, exceto aqueles em maior risco de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, que realizaram angioplastia, n&#227;o retornaram para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de CRM, n&#227;o fazendo parte da casu&#237;stica cir&#250;rgica.</p>
    <p>Apesar da pior condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica apresentada pelos doentes operados em 2001/02, n&#227;o encontramos maior n&#250;mero de pacientes com FE inferior a 30%; ao contr&#225;rio, pacientes do grupo ATUAL mostraram no cateterismo card&#237;aco uma FE m&#233;dia maior que aqueles operados em 1991/92, ainda que esta varia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o tenha sido significante estatisticamente (respectivamente 60,45<underline><sup>+</sup></underline>15,9% e 68,3<underline><sup>+</sup></underline>15,9%, n.s.). Estes resultados divergem dos observados em estudo das tend&#234;ncias da cirurgia card&#237;aca em centro europeu, que indicou uma redu&#231;&#227;o progressiva na FE de pacientes operados em 3 tri&#234;nios consecutivos deste 1993; esta redu&#231;&#227;o foi de aproximadamente 4% por tri&#234;nio (57,4%, 55,8% e 53,5%, respectivamente), ainda que sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica<sup>26</sup>. Em que pese esta redu&#231;&#227;o na FE, os autores n&#227;o consideraram ser este um fator de influ&#234;ncia maior na mortalidade (e morbidade) hospitalar, enfatizando apenas o papel da idade e presen&#231;a de co-morbidades hospitalares. Ao recordamos que o estudo CASS mostrou benef&#237;cio predominante da CRM em pacientes com baixa fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana m&#250;ltipla<sup>27</sup>, surge uma expectativa de que a indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica possa vir a predominar em pacientes que passam a apresentar disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, ainda mais que um car&#225;ter paliativo efetivo pode resultar de ACTP.</p>
    <p>Embora tenhamos encontrado uma mortalidade mais baixa no grupo ATUAL, este valor n&#227;o foi estatisticamente diferente do encontrado no grupo INICIAL. A redu&#231;&#227;o do risco hospitalar para pacientes submetidos a CRM &#233; igualmente observada em diversos estudos da literatura, que indicam uma queda na mortalidade vari&#225;vel entre 23 e 63 %<sup>2,4,24,25</sup>. Alguns fatores podem ter contribu&#237;do para a mortalidade aumentada dos pacientes do grupo INICIAL, como preval&#234;ncia do quadro de angina inst&#225;vel, uma menor FE m&#233;dia obtida pelo cateterismo card&#237;aco (ainda que em valor pr&#243;ximo ao normal) e, considerada como preponderante, a maior preval&#234;ncia de cirurgia de urg&#234;ncia, reconhecido fator de risco. N&#227;o se buscou identificar um efeito direto de interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas percut&#226;neas, mas &#233; poss&#237;vel que um aumento no n&#250;mero destes procedimentos tenha favorecido os resultados cir&#250;rgicos atuais, se respons&#225;vel pela redu&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de cirurgias de urg&#234;ncia efetuadas mais recentemente. Isto porque poss&#237;veis candidatos &#224; CRM em car&#225;ter emergencial ou urgente podem ter suas les&#245;es coronarianas efetivamente paliadas e n&#227;o requererem cirurgia em vig&#234;ncia de processo isqu&#234;mico agudo (seja angina inst&#225;vel ou evolu&#231;&#227;o/recupera&#231;&#227;o de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio). Uso crescente de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (ainda que n&#227;o rotina reconhecida em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o), maior difus&#227;o de trombol&#237;ticos, emprego de estatinas e a n&#227;o suspens&#227;o de medica&#231;&#227;o beta-bloqueadora no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio podem igualmente ter contribu&#237;do em reduzir a indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de urg&#234;ncia no grupo atual.</p>
    <p>&#201; dif&#237;cil de se estabelecer se o resultado cir&#250;rgico no referente &#224; mortalidade seria afetado pela realiza&#231;&#227;o de CRM sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, embora se reconhe&#231;a para esta t&#233;cnica um resultado favor&#225;vel quanto &#224; morbidade em estudos recentes<sup>28,29</sup>. Estudo recente interroga a aplicabilidade de escores de risco desenvolvidos para CRM convencional quanto &#224; experi&#234;ncia com CRM sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea<sup>30</sup>.</p>
    <p><italic>Validade do escore de risco</italic> - Deve ser notado que o agravamento do perfil cl&#237;nico no grupo cir&#250;rgico ATUAL n&#227;o se refletiu em aumento no escore m&#233;dio de risco (2,2 <underline>+</underline> 2,5), se comparado ao grupo INICIAL (2,8 <underline>+</underline> 3,1; p=0,054; n.s.), considerados crit&#233;rios num&#233;ricos estabelecidos pela <italic>Cleveland Clinic</italic> para caracter&#237;sticas que podem predizer a mortalidade hospitalar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">tab. 1</xref>) Esta redu&#231;&#227;o atual no escore m&#233;dio de risco da popula&#231;&#227;o submetida a CRM se reflete na mortalidade hospitalar que, conforme citado, reduziu de 3,3% no grupo INICIAL para 1,9% no grupo ATUAL (p=0,358, n.s.).</p>
    <p>&#201; poss&#237;vel que a maior justificativa para redu&#231;&#227;o no escore m&#233;dio de risco seja a diminu&#237;da preval&#234;ncia de procedimentos de urg&#234;ncia no grupo ATUAL (9,1%) com rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo INICIAL (30,7%); embora o crit&#233;rio considerado para estabelecimento do escore seja a cirurgia emergencial (de valor 6 para c&#225;lculo de escore, o mais elevado), em nosso estudo, cada indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de urg&#234;ncia foi inclu&#237;da dentro das situa&#231;&#245;es de urg&#234;ncia. Outra caracter&#237;stica associada a risco cir&#250;rgico aumentado e que predominou no grupo INICIAL foi preval&#234;ncia de DPOC, de valor 2, se comparada &#224; observada no grupo ATUAL (respectivamente 11,8% e 6,5%, p=0,08; n.s.). Demais caracter&#237;sticas consideradas como influenciando o risco hospitalar pelo escore da <italic>Cleveland Clinic</italic>, como preval&#234;ncia de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral (de valor 3) e de estenose a&#243;rtica (de valor 1), n&#227;o foram consideradas, por comporem crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o de pacientes, neste estudo. Sua considera&#231;&#227;o poderia trazer inclus&#227;o de pacientes preponderante a um ou outro grupo e refletir-se em maior mortalidade operat&#243;ria.</p>
    <p>A reduzida varia&#231;&#227;o no escore de risco pode ser justificada pelo fato de que os valores num&#233;ricos atribu&#237;dos aos 15 fatores de reconhecida influ&#234;ncia na mortalidade cir&#250;rgica, pelo escore de severidade estabelecido pela <italic>Cleveland Clinic,</italic> s&#227;o reduzidos (variando de 1 at&#233; m&#225;ximo de 6, com preponder&#226;ncia para valor 1, presente em um ter&#231;o das caracter&#237;sticas e valor 2, presente em 4/15 das caracter&#237;sticas identificadas), e a razo&#225;vel amplitude aceita na intensidade de algumas destas caracter&#237;sticas antes que esta mere&#231;a considera&#231;&#227;o como fator de risco, citando-se como exemplos o valor da creatinina plasm&#225;tica, a severidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e o hemat&#243;crito m&#233;dio.</p>
    <p>O resultado favor&#225;vel por n&#243;s obtido, com mortalidade cir&#250;rgica pr&#243;xima de 2%, representa, como citado, uma express&#227;o de escores de risco baixos para os pacientes operados; a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">figura 1</xref> indica claramente que o risco da cirurgia, tanto relativo &#224; mortalidade quanto &#224; morbidade, aumenta acentuadamente quando o escore ultrapassa valor 6. Pacientes assim caracterizados devem mostrar condi&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e cl&#237;nicas comprometidas. Por vezes, alguns destes fatores podem ser neutralizados (uma vez que n&#227;o seja necess&#225;ria cirurgia de urg&#234;ncia), como pela melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, pelo tratamento da anemia ou por compensa&#231;&#227;o de quadro de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, resultando no menor risco cir&#250;rgico. Este &#233;, na verdade, o sentido mais marcante de se utilizar um escore de risco &#150; a identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com fatores de risco e a busca de sua neutraliza&#231;&#227;o antes da opera&#231;&#227;o, visando melhorar o resultado cir&#250;rgico.</p>
    <p>Outros escores de risco reconhecidos, como estudos Veteranos<sup>2</sup>, Personnet<sup>31</sup>, <italic>Northen New England<sup>3</sup></italic><sup>2</sup>, e <italic>Euro</italic>Score<sup>14</sup> consideram caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, co-morbidades e doen&#231;a card&#237;aca com diferentes preponder&#226;ncias. Deve ser observado que nenhum escore de risco tem car&#225;ter preditivo absoluto, pois representa a transcri&#231;&#227;o de resultados observados em bancos de dado, o que implica um compromisso da precis&#227;o. Como j&#225; observado, existe uma varia&#231;&#227;o na sele&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros inclu&#237;dos nos diferentes sistemas de estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco; em uma extremidade desta escala est&#227;o sistemas de maior precis&#227;o, o que &#233; resultado da considera&#231;&#227;o de grande n&#250;mero de fatores de risco e sua compara&#231;&#227;o com resultados observados em um grande banco de dados, como &#233; o caso do <italic>Euro</italic>Score<sup>14</sup>. Estabelecer risco individual a partir deste sistema pode se tornar uma tarefa complexa pelo grande n&#250;mero de informa&#231;&#245;es e implicar em opera&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica complexa, al&#233;m de requerer disponibilidade de informa&#231;&#245;es que nem sempre est&#227;o registradas em todos os hospitais. Por outro lado, sistemas mais simples e que se baseiam em poucos fatores de risco s&#227;o de pouca precis&#227;o para determinar o risco em pacientes individuais<sup>33</sup>, n&#227;o sendo &#250;teis para fornecer o risco a um paciente que reluta em realizar cirurgia. Algumas sugest&#245;es buscando aperfei&#231;oar sistemas de escore de risco foram apresentadas recentemente<sup>34</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nossa op&#231;&#227;o em considerar o escore de risco da <italic>Cleveland Clinic</italic> como aceit&#225;vel para predizer a mortalidade operat&#243;ria e identificar algumas condi&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis de serem neutralizadas, visando melhorar o resultado cir&#250;rgico, se deve ao fato de esta escala utilizar fatores dispon&#237;veis e uma an&#225;lise matem&#225;tica simples. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os resultados observados em nossa experi&#234;ncia cir&#250;rgica e os previstos pelo escore de risco utilizado mostra a adequa&#231;&#227;o desta escolha e encontra suporte em publica&#231;&#227;o recente sobre aplica&#231;&#227;o de diferentes escores de risco para pacientes operados em hospital comunit&#225;rio americano<sup>35</sup>.</p>
    <p>Pacientes atualmente submetidos a CRM s&#227;o mais idosos e em pior condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica (card&#237;aca e sist&#234;mica) que os operados h&#225; 10 anos. A pontua&#231;&#227;o no escore de risco e a mortalidade mostraram valores pr&#243;ximos entre os grupos, embora uma redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade cir&#250;rgica tenha sido observada recentemente. A maior preval&#234;ncia de cirurgias de urg&#234;ncia no grupo INICIAL pode ter contribu&#237;do para maior pontua&#231;&#227;o no escore de risco correspondente, ainda que neste grupo tenha sido observada menor preval&#234;ncia de comorbidades.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Jo&#227;o Ricardo M. Sant'Anna </p>
        <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370 </p>
        <p> 90620-001 &#150; Porto Alegre, RS </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="santana.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br">santana.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 04/05/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 30/09/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">The influence of time on the characteristics and risk factors for patients submitted to myocardial revascularization</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To compare clinical and surgical and clinical profiles of two group of patients submitted to Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) at Instituto de Cardiologia do RGS within a decade interval, define related hospital mortality and to validate a severity risk score for this populations. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study, including 307 CABG patients operated during six months of 1991/92 (n=153) and 2001/02 (n=154). Demographic characteristics, heart disease severity, co-morbidities and pre-operative events were evaluated and compared between groups. Hospital mortality and severity risk scores for mortality according to Cleveland Clinic were also assessed. RESULTS: Patients operated in 2001/02 were older, had more severe cardiac disease (increased NYHA functional class, prevalence of heart failure, and distribution of coronary diseased) and presented more co-morbidities than those operated in 1991/92. This patients required urgent surgery more often. The mean Cleveland Clinic severity risk score wasn't different between groups (2.8 + 3.1 in 1991/92 and 2.2 + 2.5 in 2001/02) and hospital mortality didn't present significant difference (3.3% and 1.9%, respectively). For Cleveland Clinic score 3 the predicted mortality was estimated as 2.0% (with confidence limit 95% of 0- 4.3%) and observed mortality for surgical patients of this institution was 3.4%. CONCLUSION: Patients submitted to CABG currently are older and in worse clinical conditions than those operated 10 years ago, but severity risk scores and hospital mortality were discretely increased for initial series of patients. This may be a consequent of a higher prevalence of urgent surgical indication in those patients. A severity risk score for hospital mortality can be used to predict surgical result and identify patients requiring specific care.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>risk factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>The influence of time on the characteristics and risk factors for patients submitted to Myocardial Revascularization</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Fl&#225;via H. Feier; Roberto T. Sant'Anna; Eduardo Garcia; Felipe de Bacco; Edemar Pereira; Marisa Santos; Altamiro Reis da Costa; Ivo A. Nesralla; Jo&#227;o Ricardo M. Sant'Anna</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul and Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To compare the clinical and surgical profile between two groups of patients submitted to Myocardial Revascularization (MCR) surgery at the Instituto de Cardiologia of Rio Grande do Sul with a ten year interval, to observe its influence upon MCR hospital mortality and to verify the predictability of this result using the risk score.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A retrospective cohort study involving 307 patients who underwent MCR surgery within a six month period during 1991/92 (INITIAL group, n=153) or 2001/02 (CURRENT group, n=154). Demographic characteristics, heart disease, comorbidities and surgical events were analyzed to compare the groups and to define the hospital mortality risk score (based on the Cleveland Clinic method).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The CURRENT group was older, had more severe heart condition (functional class, incidence of heart failure and number of vessels with severe lesions) and a greater prevalence of comorbidities. The INITIAL group had a higher prevalence of nonelective surgery. Both groups had similar mean risk scores (2.8 <underline>+</underline> 3.1 for INITIAL and 2.2 <underline>+</underline> 2.5 for CURRENT) and hospital mortality rates (3.3% and 1.9% respectively). These figures are comparable to those for reported by Cleveland Clinic (for a risk score of 3 the predicted mortality range between 2.0 %; using a confidence level of 95% the predicted mortality is between 0 and 4.3%; and actual mortality confirmed by the study was 3.4%).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Patients currently submitted to MCR are older and in worse clinical condition (heart and systemic) than those operated on ten years ago; however, the risk scores and hospital mortality rates were slightly higher in the INITIAL group. The higher number of nonelective surgical interventions could have contributed to this. A risk score can be used to identify patients that require a higher level of care and to predict surgical outcomes.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Heart surgery, myocardial revascularization, risk factors.</p>
      <p>The treatment of ischemic heart disease has undergone significant modifications that involve the natural history of the disease as well as indications for surgical intervention<sup>1-5</sup>. Some therapeutic interventions, pharmacological or invasive such as percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), contribute to a better clinical evolution and facilitate or delay myocardial revascularization (MCR) surgery requirements<sup>6,7</sup>. Limiting surgery requirements in high risk situations (such as cardiogenic shock secondary to an extensive myocardial infarction that did not permit reperfusion therapy) or emergency situations (such as unstable angina, that could be alleviated with PTCA) has contributed to the improvement in global statistical data for surgical outcomes along with the development of surgical techniques, technological equipment advances (such as oxygenators or mechanical heart stabilizers for surgery without extracorporeal circulation), a better selection of grafts and a greater availability of circulatory support<sup>1,8</sup>.</p>
      <p>However, whenever a surgical indication is postponed there is always a possibility that a higher risk surgical intervention will be required in the future on an older patient with new or deteriorated comorbidities, coronary disease that is more advanced (often accentuated by catheter manipulation) and with diminished left ventricle function (particularly in the case of ischemic events)<sup>1,2,6</sup>.</p>
      <p>The deterioration of ischemic disease in surgical patients should increase MCR morbidity and mortality rates. However, over the past twenty years it has been observed that advances in preoperative care by means of surgical risk factor identification and the development of measures to neutralize their harmful influence as well as advances in postoperative care have resulted in reduced surgical morbidity and mortality rates is a logical supposition<sup>1,2,4,9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The objectives of this study are to define profiles of patients submitted to MCR in the current period and ten years ago in order to identify modifications that could have influenced surgical risk and to evaluate whether or not the Cleveland Clinic risk score can predict surgery outcomes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Patients</italic> - Retrospective cohort study involving 307 patients who underwent MCR surgery or MCR surgery in conjunction with either a left ventricle aneurysmectomy or carotid endarterectomy at the Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC). The patients were divided into two groups, INITIAL: 153 patients operated on between October 1991 and April 1992 and CURRENT: 154 patients that consecutively underwent the same surgical procedure between October 2001 and April 2002. Patients who underwent MCR surgery in conjunction with cardiac valve reconstruction or replacement were excluded from the study. The surgical indications were based on the criteria of the latest revision of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Clinical Practice Guidelines<sup>10</sup>, using the recommendations for Class IIa, level of evidence C.</p>
      <p><italic>Hospital mortality risk factors -</italic> Patient characteristics recognized as possible factors to increase hospital risk<sup>11-17</sup> were classified as follows:</p>
      <p>- Demographic Characteristics: factors associated to the patients, but not determined by the disease, such as age, gender, race, obesity (body mass index greater than 30; normal value: 18.5 to 24.9) hematocrit and serum creatinine levels.</p>
      <p>- Heart Disease: determined by factors that identify the extent and impact of the coronary disease or that can have a direct influence on heart performance such as clinical manifestations (grading stable or unstable according to the Canadian Society of Cardiology and New York Heart Association functional classes I to IV), left ventricular function (severe ventricular dysfunction considered as left ventricular ejection fraction less than 30%) systemic hypertension (diastolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg in successive readings or specific medication required for this condition), dyslipidemia (total cholesterol greater than 200 mg/dl and triglycerides greater than 150 mg/dl), presence of heart failure ( symptoms, clinical signs and evidence in at least one test such as a chest X-ray, echocardiogram or cardiac catheterization) distribution of severe coronary lesions (occlusion or blockage greater than 70% of the vessel lumen), and previous events such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or PTCA with or without intracoronary stent implantation.</p>
      <p>- Comorbidities: prior diseases not directly related to the heart disease such as smoking, diabetes mellitus (DM, evidenced by treatment with oral hypoglycemic medication or insulin), peripheral vascular disease (PVD, characterized by symptoms and an obstructive lesion of a systemic artery &gt; 70 %), cerebrovascular disease (CVD, evidenced by a clinical picture indicative of vascular obstruction or failure, stroke, or disease of the carotid and of intracranial vessels defined in a specific investigation), renal insufficiency (RI, serum creatinine <underline>&gt;</underline> 1.6 mg/dl), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD with diagnosis confirmed by the clinical examination and chest X-ray).</p>
      <p>- Surgical variables: surgical indication criteria (elective or nonelective or emergencial), prior MCR (repeat operation), duration of the extracorporeal circulation, duration of the aortic clamping, number of grafts implanted in the coronary arteries and use of the internal thoracic artery. Use of the intra-aortic balloon pump and nitroglycerin in the pre-operative stage were also considered.</p>
      <p><italic>Risk score attribution</italic> - Clinical characteristics that are recognized as factors influencing the surgical morbidity and mortality rates as defined by the Cleveland Clinic risk score<sup>17</sup> were identified in the patients from both groups. The pertinent score established for each characteristic is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">table I</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1-body2">figure 1</xref>. The scope of the study did not include patients with a diagnosis of mitral regurgitation or aortic valve stenosis, although the original Cleveland Clinic score included weights for these diagnoses. The mean score established for each group corresponds to a hospital mortality estimative.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0439-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="figura1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0439-00007-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Hospital mortality was expressed as the percentage of deaths registered in each of the populations, considering those that occurred between the time of the operation and release from the hospital.</p>
      <p><italic>Outcomes -</italic> The demographic and surgical characteristics as well as those that defined the severity of the heart disease and comorbidities were expressed as absent or present (for dicotomic variables) or by intensity (for continuous variables) in order to distinguish the two populations and identify significant distribution differences, so as to determine possible modifications in the clinical profiles of the two populations submitted to MCR within the ten year period.</p>
      <p>Comparisons were made between the average scores of the two groups in relation to the Cleveland Clinic scale distribution.</p>
      <p>The end result used to define MCR success was surgical mortality or in other words the actual mortality rate of each group in comparison to the rate predicted by the risk score.</p>
      <p><italic>Ethical considerations -</italic> This study was registered with the Research Department of the Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia and approved by the Institution's Research Ethics Committee. The study is retrospective and based on research of patient records and therefore no risk was anticipated regarding violation of patients' rights. All medical information was treated confidentially.</p>
      <p><italic>Data collection and statistical analysis -</italic> Patient information was collected in a medical log and registered in contingency tables for statistical analysis using the program SPSS. Numerical data are expressed as averages and standard deviations. Comparative tests included the Student's t-test, the chi-square test and variance analysis. The significance level was considered as a critical of 5%, referred to as p&lt; 0.05, and lower p values are identified. Predicted mortality, based on the Cleveland Clinic risk score, was expressed with a confidence limit of 99.5%, in accordance with the confidence level reported in medical literature<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Group Profiles</italic> -</p>
      <p>a) Demographic Characteristics (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e07t2-body2">Tab. 2</xref>)</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e07t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0439-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Demographic comparisons between the groups revealed statistical differences for age and obesity. The CURRENT population was older (58.9 years versus 62.7 years, p&lt;0.01) and obesity was more prevalent in the INITIAL group (20.9% versus 9.7%, p&lt;0.001). The pre-operative laboratory tests revealed that in comparison to the INITIAL group, the CURRENT group had lower hematocrit values (38.1% versus 40.6%, p&lt;0.01) and higher creatinine levels (1.14 mg/dl versus 1.01 mg/dl, p&lt;0.05).</p>
      <p>b) Heart Disease (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e07t2-body2">Tab. 2</xref>)</p>
      <p>For heart disease symptoms, the INITIAL group had a higher prevalence of unstable angina than the CURRENT group (88.7% versus 66.2%), but the CURRENT group had more patients in the NYHA functional classes II, III and IV (INITIAL and CURRENT respectively, 3.3% versus 15.6% for class II, 2% versus 13% for class III and 1.3% versus 3.9% for class IV, p&lt;0.01). Gender distribution was similar and both groups had a higher percentage of male patients (77.8% in INITIAL and 71.4% in CURRENT).</p>
      <p>There was a higher prevalence of diagnoses for heart failure, systemic hypertension and dyslipidemia in the CURRENT group, however there was no significant difference in comparison with the INITIAL group.</p>
      <p>For previous events, we only found a significant difference for PTCA stent implantation which was higher in the CURRENT group (4.8% versus zero, p&lt;0.01). The CURRENT group also had a higher prevalence of myocardial infarction (56.5% versus 49.0%), but with no significant difference.</p>
      <p>A cinecoronariography revealed that the average number of vessels with severe lesions was higher in the CURRENT group than in the INITIAL group (2.76 vessels versus 2.42 vessels, p&lt;0.01). The mean ejection fraction value was higher for the CURRENT group than the INITIAL group (68.3% versus 60.4%, p&lt;0.01), even though the average was within the normal range for both groups (EF&gt; 55%).</p>
      <p>c) Comorbidities (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e07t2-body2">Tab. 2</xref>)</p>
      <p>For comorbidities the CURRENT group, in comparison to the INITIAL group, had a higher incidence of diabetes mellitus (36.4% versus 21.6%; p&lt;0.01), peripheral vascular disease (16.2% versus 5.2%; p&lt;0.001), cerebrovascular disease (10.4% versus 4.6%; p&lt;0.05) and renal insufficiency (8.4% versus 0%, p&lt;0.001).</p>
      <p>d) Surgical Variables (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e07t2-body2">Tab. 2</xref>)</p>
      <p>The INITIAL group had a higher incidence of nonelective surgery than the CURRENT group (30.7% versus 9.1%, p&lt;0.01). Only five patients from the CURRENT group (3.2%, p&lt;0.05) had an intra-aortic balloon pump implanted before surgery.</p>
      <p>Surgical data such as the duration of extracorporeal circulation, duration of myocardial ischemia and the number of grafts used (INITIAL group - average of 3.0 <underline><sup>+</sup></underline> 1.1 grafts/patient and CURRENT - 3.0 <underline><sup>+</sup></underline> 0.8) were similar for the two groups. The use of the internal thoracic artery graft was the only variable that was higher in the CURRENT group when compared to the INITIAL group (74% versus 39.9%, p&lt;0.01).</p>
      <p>Surgical mortality and risk score (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2-body2"><italic>fig. 2</italic></xref>) - Surgical mortality rates were near similar for the two groups, that is, 3.3% for the INITIAL group and 1.9% for the CURRENT group (p=0.358, n.s.).</p>
      <fig id="figura2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0439-00007-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The characteristics of the populations evaluated established an average Cleveland Clinic score of 2.8 <underline>+</underline> 3.1 for the INITIAL group and 2.2 <underline>+</underline> 2.5 for the CURRENT group, with no significant difference (p=0.054, n.s.). To compare the scores, the values were rounded off to 3, which according to the Cleveland Clinic risk score predicts a mortality rate of 2.0% or using a maximum confidence limit of 99.4% the upper predicted mortality rate is 4.3%, which corresponds to the historic surgical mortality rate at this institution of 3.6%. If patients with a score of 2 were considered, the upper predicted mortality rate was 3.4%<sup>17</sup>. The applicability of the Cleveland Clinic mortality score to estimate risk levels for surgical patients in our institution was proven, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2-body2">figure 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Risk factors and surgical characteristics - I</italic>n agreement with medical literature<sup>1</sup>, this study indicates that patients currently submitted to MCR are older. This appears to be a consequence of the documented lower surgical mortality rates for this subgroup of patients and the advances in caring for high risk patients, who to a large extent are older people<sup>16,18</sup>. Since the risk for elderly patients varies greatly, risk evaluations should be preferentially determined on an individual basis<sup>19</sup>. Studies using data banks confirmed the predominance of male patients<sup>20,21</sup>. Surgical indications for women are generally postponed due to conditions such as equivocal symptom interpretations and therefore a late diagnostic process. Women are also older when revascularization procedures are considered, have a higher number of comorbidities, a higher incidence of mechanical complications with acute coronary syndrome (ventricular septal rupture, severe acute mitral regurgitation)<sup>20</sup> as well as higher hospital mortality rates and higher cardiac morbidity rates<sup>22,23</sup>. Nevertheless, the benefits of interventions for ischemic diseases appear to be the same for both men and women<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>The deteriorated clinical condition of patients currently submitted to surgery, depicted by the higher prevalence of heart failure comorbidities (such as diabetes mellitus, systemic blood pressure and peripheral vascular disease), the higher functional class (such as NYHA class III) and multi-vessel disease is confirmed in various studies based on large data banks<sup>24,25</sup> and can be explained by the referral of lower risk patients for PTCA procedures that usually include stent implantation<sup>11,12,25</sup>. In our study, no patients in the INITIAL group had had a stent implant before the surgery, since the technique had not been developed at the time; however, we did not find any significant difference between the groups in relation to balloon angioplasty procedures before surgery (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e07t2-body2">Tab. 2</xref>). We expected that the number of patients in the CURRENT group who had undergone PTCA procedures before surgery would be greater than the INITIAL group, however this was not the case. It is known that the risk of a new procedure after a primary PTCA has been reduced and that the risk of primary angioplasty patients requiring a new revascularization procedure is low. In the 1990's the two year risk was 33.6% which was reduced to 12.4% in the 2000's and can be applied to this study<sup>7</sup>. As such, only the angioplasty patients with a higher risk to develop atherosclerosis returned for MCR procedures and were included in the surgical case study.</p>
      <p>Despite the deteriorated clinical condition of the patients operated on in 2001/02, we did not find a greater number of patients with an EF lower than 30%. Cardiac catheterization revealed a higher mean EF for the patients in the CURRENT group than for those operated on in 1991/92, even though this variation was not statistically significant (respectively, 60.45<underline><sup>+</sup></underline>15.9% and 68.3<underline><sup>+</sup></underline>15.9%, n.s.). These results differ from those observed in a European Clinic study on cardiac surgery tendencies that indicated a progressive reduction in the EF for patients operated on in three consecutive triennials, that began in 1993, of roughly 4% per triennial (57.4%, 55.8% and 53.5%, respectively) even though there was no statistical significance<sup>26</sup>. The authors did not consider this reduction in the EF to have a great impact on hospital mortality (and morbidity) and only emphasized the role of age and the presence of hospital comorbidities. Recalling that the CASS study showed significant benefits of MCR for patients with a low ejection fraction and multiple coronary artery disease<sup>27</sup>, the expectation arises that patients who begin to present left ventricular dysfunction should automatically be indicated for surgery.</p>
      <p>Although the mortality rate for the CURRENT group was lower than the INITIAL group, there was no statistical difference between the values. The lower hospital risk for MCR patients has been observed in various medical literature studies that have indicated mortality reductions in the range of 23 to 63%<sup>2,4,24,25</sup>. Factors that could have contributed to the increased mortality rate in the INITIAL group include the prevalence of unstable angina, a lower mean EF obtained by cardiac catheterization (even though it was close to normal) and more importantly the greater prevalence of nonelective surgery which is a known risk factor. The direct effect of percutaneous coronary interventions was not investigated but it is possible that the increase in the number of these procedures has had a positive effect on the current surgical results, if it is responsible for reducing the number of nonelective surgeries performed more recently. This is due to the fact that possible emergency or nonelective MCR candidates can have their coronary lesions effectively alleviated and not require surgery during an acute ischemic process (whether unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction evolution). Factors that could have contributed to the reduction in nonelective surgery indications for the CURRENT group include the increasing use of the intra-aortic balloon pump during the preoperative stage (although not a routine procedure at our institution), the widespread use of thrombolytics, the use of statins and the continuation of beta-blocker medication during the pre-operative stage.</p>
      <p>It is difficult to establish if the surgical mortality result would be affected by MCR procedures without extracorporeal circulation, although recent studies have proven that this technique produces positive results in regard to morbidities<sup>28,29</sup>. A recent study questions the applicability of the risk scores developed for conventional MCR in relation to MCR procedures without extracorporeal circulation<sup>30</sup>.</p>
      <p><italic>Risk score validity -</italic> It should be noted that the clinical profile deterioration in the CURRENT surgical group did not present an increase in the mean risk score (2.2 <underline>+</underline> 2.5), when compared to the INITIAL group (2.8 <underline>+</underline> 3.1; p=0.054; n.s.), considering the numerical criteria established by the Cleveland Clinic for characteristics that can predict hospital mortality (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">Tab. 1</xref>). This current reduction in the mean risk score of the population submitted to MCR is reflected in the hospital mortality rate that, as mentioned earlier, was reduced from 3.3% in the INITIAL group to 1.9% in the CURRENT group (p=0.358, n.s.).</p>
      <p>The lower prevalence of nonelective surgery in the CURRENT group (9.1%) when compared to the INITIAL group (30.7%) could be the main justification for the reduction in the mean risk score even though the criterium considered to establish the score was emergency surgery (calculated using the highest risk value - 6). In our study, all nonelective surgical indications were included within the nonelective situations. Another characteristic that is associated with increased surgical risk was the high prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (value 2) in the INITIAL group in comparison to the CURRENT group (respectively 11.8% and 6.5%, p=0.08; n.s.). Other characteristics that were considered by the Cleveland Clinic score to influence hospital risk such as the prevalence of mitral regurgitation (value 3) and aortic stenosis (value 1), were not considered, since they are part of patient exclusion criteria for the purposes of this study. Consideration of these factors could have led to the inclusion of a predominant number of patients in one group or another which would be reflected in a higher surgical mortality rate.</p>
      <p>The reduced risk score variation can be justified by the lower numeric values attributed to the 15 known influential factors on surgical mortality as defined by the Cleveland Clinic risk severity score (varying from 1 up to a maximum of 6, with a predominance of value 1 characteristics, which represented one third of the total characteristics and value 2, which represented 4/15<sup>th</sup> of the total), and the reasonable amplitude accepted for the intensity of some of these characteristics before they are considered as a risk factor, for example creatinine plasma levels, left ventricular dysfunction severity and average hematocrit.</p>
      <p>The favorable surgical mortality result of roughly 2% obtained in this study, represents, as mentioned earlier, an expression of the low risk scores for the surgical patients. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1-body2">Figure 1</xref> clearly indicates that surgical risk in relation to both mortality and morbidity rates, increases drastically when the score is higher than 6. Patients in this classification should have compromised clinical and cardiac conditions. Occasionally, some of these factors can be neutralized (as long as nonelective surgery is not necessary). Improvements in renal function, treatment of anemia or heart failure compensation can result in a lower surgical risk. This is, in fact, the most significant reason for using a risk score &#150; to identify patients with risk factors and neutralize them before operating in order to improve surgical outcomes.</p>
      <p>Other recognized risk scores such as the Veterans<sup>2</sup>, Personnet<sup>31</sup>, Northern New England<sup>32</sup>, and EuroScore<sup>14</sup> studies consider demographic characteristics, comorbidities and heart disease with different weights. It should be noted that no risk score is able to make an absolute prediction since they are based on the results found in data banks, which compromises precision. As already noted, parameter selection for the different risk stratification systems varies greatly. At one extremity of this scale there are precise systems, that are based on a large number of risk factors that have been compared to results from a large data bank, such as EuroScore<sup>14.</sup> Establishing individual risk from this system could become a complex task due to the large amount of information, the sophisticated statistical calculations, and the requirement of information that is not always registered at all hospitals. On the other hand, simpler systems based on few risk factors are too inaccurate to determine individual patient risk<sup>33</sup>, and are unable to provide a risk score for a patient that resists having surgery. Some suggestions have been presented recently in order to improve the risk score systems<sup>34</sup>.</p>
      <p>Our option to consider the Cleveland Clinic risk score as an acceptable method to predict surgical mortality and to identify some of the conditions that could be neutralized in order to improve the surgical result, is due to the fact that this scale uses accessible factors and a simple mathematical analysis. Our surgical result comparisons and those predicted by the risk score used, demonstrates that this was a suitable choice and is supported by a recent publication regarding the use of different risk scores for surgical patients in an American community hospital<sup>35</sup>.</p>
      <p>Patients that are currently submitted to MCR are older and have a worse clinical condition (heart and systemic) than those operated on ten years ago. Risk scores and mortality rates were similar for the two groups although a reduction in surgical mortality has been observed recently. The higher prevalence of nonelective surgery in the INITIAL group could have contributed to the higher risk score, even though this group had a lower prevalence of comorbidities.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Jo&#227;o Ricardo M. Sant'Anna</p>
          <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370</p>
          <p> 90620-001 &#150; Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="santana.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br">santana.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 05/04//05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 09/30/05</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
