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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">yMZkzhkDXwWFBx5jLDs8Swj</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001700004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700404</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001700004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Indica&#231;&#227;o de cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio para a detec&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, baseada em evid&#234;ncias ergom&#233;tricas e cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gicas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Schiavom</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mastrocolla</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;lia Regina E. P. S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rossi</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Manoel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Smanio</surname>
            <given-names>Paola Emanuela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Roberto Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;lio C&#233;sar Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Fleury - Centro de Medicina Diagn&#243;stica </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Faculdade de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>415</fpage>
      <lpage>422</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar quando se devem realizar exames de cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CPM), baseando-se em informa&#231;&#245;es objetivas obtidas do teste ergom&#233;trico e da an&#225;lise dos fatores cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gicos para doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (DAC). M&#201;TODOS: Foram submetidos a CPM 2.100 pacientes que foram classificados segundo o resultado da cintilografia, do escore de Duke e de escore cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gico, baseado em Framingham. Os pacientes com cintilografia positiva foram acompanhados a fim de definir se os resultados eram verdadeiros positivos. Foram utilizadas receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curvas para definir a efici&#234;ncia e os melhores pontos de corte dos escores de Duke e cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gico, na sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes que deveriam ser submetidos a cintilografia. RESULTADOS: Observou-se que, restringindo a solicita&#231;&#227;o da cintilografia a pacientes com escore de Duke abaixo de 7,5 e/ou escore cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gico acima de 4, deixar&#237;amos de realizar cerca de 50% dos exames com riscos m&#237;nimos de perda de diagn&#243;stico. CONCLUS&#195;O: A utiliza&#231;&#227;o do escore de Duke e de escore cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gico para orientar a solicita&#231;&#227;o da CPM pode diminuir expressivamente o n&#250;mero de exames desnecess&#225;rios.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>cintilografia</kwd>
        <kwd>perfus&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>ergometria</kwd>
        <kwd>epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>escore Duke</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Indica&#231;&#227;o de cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio para a detec&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, baseada em evid&#234;ncias ergom&#233;tricas e cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gicas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Paulo Schiavom Duarte; Luiz Eduardo Mastrocolla; C&#233;lia Regina E. P. S. Sampaio; Jo&#227;o Manoel Rossi; Paola Emanuela Smanio; Luiz Roberto Fernandes Martins; J&#250;lio C&#233;sar Rodrigues Pereira</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Fleury - Centro de Medicina Diagn&#243;stica e Faculdade de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica - USP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar quando se devem realizar exames de cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CPM), baseando-se em informa&#231;&#245;es objetivas obtidas do teste ergom&#233;trico e da an&#225;lise dos fatores cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gicos para doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (DAC). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram submetidos a CPM 2.100 pacientes que foram classificados segundo o resultado da cintilografia, do escore de Duke e de escore cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gico, baseado em Framingham. Os pacientes com cintilografia positiva foram acompanhados a fim de definir se os resultados eram verdadeiros positivos. Foram utilizadas <italic>receiver operating characteristic</italic> (ROC) curvas para definir a efici&#234;ncia e os melhores pontos de corte dos escores de Duke e cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gico, na sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes que deveriam ser submetidos a cintilografia. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Observou-se que, restringindo a solicita&#231;&#227;o da cintilografia a pacientes com escore de Duke abaixo de 7,5 e/ou escore cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gico acima de 4, deixar&#237;amos de realizar cerca de 50% dos exames com riscos m&#237;nimos de perda de diagn&#243;stico. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A utiliza&#231;&#227;o do escore de Duke e de escore cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gico para orientar a solicita&#231;&#227;o da CPM pode diminuir expressivamente o n&#250;mero de exames desnecess&#225;rios.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, cintilografia, perfus&#227;o, ergometria, epidemiologia, escore Duke.</p>
    <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, os gastos com assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de, tanto dos pacientes quanto dos &#243;rg&#227;os pagadores (conv&#234;nios, seguros-sa&#250;de e sistemas governamentais) t&#234;m progressivamente aumentado<sup>1,2</sup>. Uma parte deste aumento de gastos decorre da grande quantidade de recursos tecnol&#243;gicos utilizados nos processos diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos<sup>3</sup>. Este problema crescente, que h&#225; muito gera discuss&#245;es em pa&#237;ses de alto poder aquisitivo, &#233; ainda mais preocupante em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento como o Brasil, cujo montante de recursos financeiros dispon&#237;vel para ser gasto em sa&#250;de &#233; menor, e para o qual o desperd&#237;cio destes recursos gerar&#225; maiores problemas. Desta maneira, se a discuss&#227;o sobre como racionalizar os usos de recursos diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos tem se tornado constante em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, &#233; importante que esta discuss&#227;o seja ainda mais intensa em pa&#237;ses como o Brasil, uma vez que o uso desregrado destes recursos trar&#225; conseq&#252;&#234;ncias ainda mais expressivas para estes &#250;ltimos.</p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (DAC) &#233; uma das principais causas de mortalidade e morbidade no mundo<sup>4</sup>. O seu diagn&#243;stico &#233; importante, a fim de instituir a terap&#234;utica necess&#225;ria e evitar as conseq&#252;&#234;ncias da doen&#231;a. No entanto, o diagn&#243;stico desta patologia tem se tornado complexo, em decorr&#234;ncia dos m&#250;ltiplos exames poss&#237;veis de serem realizados, das imperfei&#231;&#245;es inerentes a todo m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico, e da dificuldade em integrar os resultados destes exames, n&#227;o somente entre si mas com as outras evid&#234;ncias provenientes da an&#225;lise de fatores epidemiol&#243;gicos e da hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica do paciente.</p>
    <p>Devido &#224; alta preval&#234;ncia e incid&#234;ncia desta doen&#231;a, a quantidade de recursos gasta no seu diagn&#243;stico &#233; imensa. Estima-se que mais de um milh&#227;o de pacientes foram submetidos &#224; cinecoronariografia, nos EUA, no ano de 1993, e que este n&#250;mero dever&#225; ser de 3 milh&#245;es no ano de 2010<sup>5</sup>. Segundo dados publicados no ACC/AHA <italic>Guidelines for Exercise Testing</italic> (guia publicado pelo <italic>American College of Cardiology</italic>/<italic>American Heart Association</italic> sobre a realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste ergom&#233;trico)<sup>6</sup> somente no ano de 1996 o MEDICARE foi respons&#225;vel pelo pagamento de cerca de 875 mil testes ergom&#233;tricos simples, 889 mil cintilografias de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, 213 mil ecocardiogramas de estresse e 728 mil cinecoronariografias. Desta forma, se considerarmos o alto volume de exames realizados, a complexidade da an&#225;lise destes exames e a dificuldade de integra&#231;&#227;o dos resultados obtidos, perceberemos o potencial de desperd&#237;cio de recursos que pode ocorrer na tentativa de diagnosticar a DAC.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m do problema de desperd&#237;cio de recursos, quando se utilizam m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos de forma inadequada, &#233; importante lembrar que, devido &#224; acur&#225;cia da maioria dos m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos para DAC n&#227;o ser perfeita, isto &#233;, tanto a especificidade do m&#233;todo quanto a sensibilidade n&#227;o s&#227;o 100% garantidas, o seu desempenho diagn&#243;stico depender&#225; n&#227;o s&#243; destes dois fatores, mas tamb&#233;m da probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de doen&#231;a<sup>7</sup>. Desta maneira, o valor preditivo positivo de um teste com especificidade inferior a 100%, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o com baixa preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a, poder&#225; ser t&#227;o baixo que n&#227;o justifique sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Logo, quando se utiliza exame caro em uma popula&#231;&#227;o com baixa probabilidade de doen&#231;a, est&#227;o se desperdi&#231;ando recursos, pois j&#225; se sabe, previamente &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame, que a grande maioria dos pacientes n&#227;o tem doen&#231;a, e corre-se o risco de encaminhar alguns dos pacientes sem doen&#231;a, mas com resultados falsos positivos, para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de outros exames ou procedimentos desnecess&#225;rios, inclusive invasivos que, al&#233;m de gerarem mais gastos de recursos, podem ser causa de morbidade ou mortalidade.</p>
    <p>Na tentativa de diminuir estes problemas, as sociedades de Cardiologia e grupos de pesquisa t&#234;m se empenhado em criar guias e algoritmos diagn&#243;sticos, que t&#234;m como finalidades auxiliar os m&#233;dicos na solicita&#231;&#227;o dos diversos exames, na interpreta&#231;&#227;o destes exames e na integra&#231;&#227;o dos resultados obtidos, bem como tentar "hierarquizar" estas solicita&#231;&#245;es, objetivando definir o diagn&#243;stico a partir de estrat&#233;gias mais simples e baratas (como a hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gica e o exame f&#237;sico) e ir progressivamente aumentando a complexidade e os custos envolvidos, conforme se justifique, pela probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios grupos de pesquisa t&#234;m publicado trabalhos propondo algoritmos para se estabelecer a melhor estrat&#233;gia diagn&#243;stica da DAC<sup>8-12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar do trabalho destes grupos em tentar organizar as estrat&#233;gias diagn&#243;sticas da doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, esta informa&#231;&#227;o tem sido subutilizada por grande parte dos m&#233;dicos, devido &#224; dificuldade em se definir crit&#233;rios objetivos que sugiram a necessidade de se progredir nos algoritmos diagn&#243;sticos propostos.</p>
    <p>Um dos principais m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos para a detec&#231;&#227;o da coronariopatia obstrutiva e que est&#225; presente na maioria dos algoritmos propostos &#233; a cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. No entanto, esta &#233; uma metodologia cara e deve ser utilizada quando a an&#225;lise dos fatores cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gicos e dos resultados do teste ergom&#233;trico n&#227;o diminu&#237;rem expressivamente a probabilidade de doen&#231;a obstrutiva<sup>8-12</sup>. Desta forma, &#233; importante que se definam crit&#233;rios objetivos, tanto baseados na an&#225;lise dos fatores cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gicos como no resultado do teste ergom&#233;trico, que possam servir de guia para a indica&#231;&#227;o da cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>O prop&#243;sito deste trabalho &#233; avaliar quando se devem realizar exames de cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, baseando-se em informa&#231;&#245;es objetivas obtidas do teste ergom&#233;trico e da an&#225;lise dos fatores cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gicos para coronariopatia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi estudado um grupo de 2.100 pacientes encaminhados para avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria obstrutiva, utilizando-se teste ergom&#233;trico e cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, no per&#237;odo de agosto de 2000 a julho de 2003. Este grupo representava aproximadamente 33% dos cerca de 6.400 pacientes submetidos a exame de cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, associado ao teste ergom&#233;trico ou ao est&#237;mulo farmacol&#243;gico com dipiridamol, durante o per&#237;odo referido.</p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise pacientes que apresentavam diagn&#243;sticos estabelecidos de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, por exemplo: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, angioplastia e cinecoronariografia com diagn&#243;stico de obstru&#231;&#227;o. Foram tamb&#233;m exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise pacientes com altera&#231;&#245;es no eletrocardiograma de repouso que sugerissem infarto pr&#233;vio.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes do grupo estudado foram submetidos &#224; cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio, utilizando-se estresse f&#237;sico, e atingiram pelo menos 85% da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima preconizada para a idade, durante o teste ergom&#233;trico. Foram exclu&#237;dos, tamb&#233;m, os pacientes que apresentavam fatores de confus&#227;o no teste ergom&#233;trico como: utiliza&#231;&#227;o de marca-passo, bloqueio de ramo esquerdo, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial persistente, arritmia ventricular complexa, Wolf-Parkinson-White, ou qualquer outro padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico que alterasse a acur&#225;cia deste teste.</p>
    <p>Destes 2.100 pacientes, 86 apresentaram cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio interpretada como anormal.</p>
    <p>Realizamos controle evolutivo de 84 dos 86 pacientes com cintilografia interpretada como anormal, n&#227;o sendo poss&#237;vel obter o seguimento de dois deles ap&#243;s v&#225;rias tentativas de contato telef&#244;nico.</p>
    <p>Trinta e sete (44%) destes pacientes apresentaram eventos menores durante o seguimento (cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio ou angioplastia), sendo que destes, dois apresentaram tamb&#233;m eventos maiores (infarto). Os 47 pacientes restantes n&#227;o apresentaram eventos durante o seguimento.</p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia de tempo decorrido entre o exame e o acompanhamento foi de 20 meses, sendo que este tempo variou de 9 a 40 meses para os pacientes que n&#227;o apresentaram eventos, e de 1 a 30 meses para os pacientes com eventos.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gicas utilizadas na an&#225;lise foram: idade, sexo, press&#227;o arterial, n&#237;veis de colesterol, diabetes, tabagismo e a presen&#231;a de dor precordial e suas caracter&#237;sticas.</p>
    <p>Os par&#226;metros epidemiol&#243;gicos escolhidos foram baseados no <italic>Statement of Healthcare Professional from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology</italic><sup>13</sup>, o qual se fundamenta nos dados do estudo de Framingham.</p>
    <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a idade, o sexo e a presen&#231;a de fatores de risco (diabetes, tabagismo e dor precordial) foram obtidas na avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica que precedia a realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste ergom&#233;trico.</p>
    <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os n&#237;veis de colesterol foram obtidas do prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico do paciente e utilizaram-se tanto os n&#237;veis de colesterol total quanto os n&#237;veis de HDL- colesterol.</p>
    <p>A medida de press&#227;o arterial foi realizada previamente ao teste ergom&#233;trico e foi obtida com o paciente em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica.</p>
    <p>Estes par&#226;metros foram integrados utilizando-se varia&#231;&#227;o do escore estabelecido no <italic>Statement of Healthcare Professional from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology</italic><sup>13</sup>, para a classifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de patologias cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p>A modifica&#231;&#227;o do escore inicial foi realizada com a finalidade de integrar a este o crit&#233;rio de dor precordial e de ajust&#225;-lo &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas da nossa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Este ajuste baseou-se numa an&#225;lise do impacto que os fatores de risco acima citados t&#234;m no diagn&#243;stico dos nossos pacientes.</p>
    <p>Em trabalho pr&#233;vio, apresentado no V Simp&#243;sio Ibero-Americano de Cardiologia Nuclear<sup>14</sup>, realizou-se an&#225;lise retrospectiva da freq&#252;&#234;ncia de exames de cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio com diferentes graus de altera&#231;&#227;o, em um grupo de 3805 pacientes consecutivos. Utilizando-se o teste do qui-quadrado avaliou-se a associa&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es &#224; cintilografia com alguns fatores de risco para coronariopatia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. 1</xref>). Observou-se que a diabetes e a dor t&#237;pica est&#227;o associadas a um aumento expressivo na freq&#252;&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es na cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. A dislipidemia est&#225; associada a aumento discreto na freq&#252;&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es cintilogr&#225;ficas. O tabagismo, a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e os antecedentes familiares n&#227;o est&#227;o aparentemente associados &#224; freq&#252;&#234;ncia aumentada de altera&#231;&#245;es na perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0415-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Com base neste estudo pr&#233;vio, procedeu-se &#224; adapta&#231;&#227;o dos escores estabelecidos pela an&#225;lise do <italic>Statement of Healthcare Professional from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology</italic><sup>13</sup>, o que resultou nos valores mostrados na tabela abaixo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2">tab. 2</xref>), que podem variar de &#150;8 a +26.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0415-00004-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O teste ergom&#233;trico (TE) foi realizado segundo os protocolos de Bruce, Bruce Modificado e Ellestad; o escore de Duke foi utilizado para classifica&#231;&#227;o dos testes.</p>
    <p>O protocolo de um dia com Sestamibi-[Tc-99m] (MIBI), nas fases de repouso e estresse, foi utilizado para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de imagens tomogr&#225;ficas (<italic>Single Photon Emission Tomography</italic> - SPECT) de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. As imagens de repouso foram adquiridas 30 minutos ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o de 370 MBq (10 mCi) de MIBI. A fase de estresse foi realizada 4 horas ap&#243;s a fase de repouso. O estresse card&#237;aco foi induzido pelo exerc&#237;cio programado em esteira, utilizando-se um dos seguintes protocolos j&#225; citados acima: Bruce, Bruce modificado ou Ellestad. Durante o pico do exerc&#237;cio, ou quando o paciente apresentava sintomas limitantes, 1,11 GBq (30 mCi) de MIBI foram injetados por via endovenosa. As imagens foram adquiridas 45 a 60 minutos ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o, com e sem corre&#231;&#227;o de atenua&#231;&#227;o. As imagens de esfor&#231;o foram adquiridas de maneira sincronizada ao eletrocardiograma do paciente (t&#233;cnica de Gated), o que possibilita a avalia&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea da motilidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, nesta fase do exame.</p>
    <p>Nos casos em que a exist&#234;ncia do defeito perfusional era questionada (suspeita de artefatos de atenua&#231;&#227;o), os m&#233;dicos nucleares analisaram tamb&#233;m as imagens com corre&#231;&#227;o de atenua&#231;&#227;o e as imagens representativas da motilidade do mioc&#225;rdio, para aumentar a especificidade do diagn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>Utilizaram-se curvas ROC (<italic>Receiver Operating Characteristic</italic>), para selecionar os valores do escore de Duke e do escore cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gico que deveriam ser empregados para definir se o paciente deveria ser submetido &#224; cintilografia. O software estat&#237;stico SPSS&#174; foi utilizado para calcular as &#225;reas abaixo das curvas e seus intervalos de confian&#231;a, e definir a sensibilidade e especificidade de cada valor dos escores. Neste trabalho, foram considerados positivos os exames que apresentavam defeitos perfusionais fixos e/ou transit&#243;rios, estabelecidos pela an&#225;lise visual dos m&#233;dicos nucleares e que durante o seguimento apresentaram evento (37 pacientes).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos resultados das cintilografias com rela&#231;&#227;o aos escores cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gicos e de Duke est&#225; demonstrada no diagrama de dispers&#227;o mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">figura 1</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0415-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O escore cl&#237;nico epidemiol&#243;gico criado apresenta &#225;rea abaixo da curva ROC de 0,84 (95% IC: 0,78 &#150; 0,90) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0415-00004-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os valores de especificidade e sensibilidade para alguns valores do escore cl&#237;nico epidemiol&#243;gico est&#227;o demonstrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3">tabela 3</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0415-00004-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O escore de Duke apresenta &#225;rea abaixo da curva ROC de 0,85 (95% IC: 0,81 &#150; 0,90) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0415-00004-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os valores de especificidade e sensibilidade para alguns valores do escore de Duke est&#227;o demonstrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela4">tabela 4</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0415-00004-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Avaliou-se, tamb&#233;m, o desempenho do escore de Duke naqueles pacientes com maior probabilidade de apresentar coronariopatia ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gica, isto &#233;, restringiu-se a an&#225;lise do Duke para aqueles pacientes que apresentavam escore cl&#237;nico-epidemil&#243;gico superior a 4 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3">tab. 3</xref>). Para esta popula&#231;&#227;o, o escore de Duke apresenta &#225;rea abaixo da curva ROC de 0,84 (95% IC: 0,79 &#150; 0,89) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura4">fig. 4</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0415-00004-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os valores de especificidade e sensibilidade para alguns valores do escore de Duke numa popula&#231;&#227;o com escore cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gico acima de 4, est&#227;o demonstrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela5">tabela 5</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0415-00004-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A pr&#243;pria an&#225;lise inicial dos pacientes utilizados neste trabalho mostra a import&#226;ncia de se criarem mecanismos efetivos para se solicitar os exames de cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. Do grupo de 2.100 pacientes utilizados neste trabalho, somente 86 (4%) apresentaram altera&#231;&#227;o na cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio e destes &#250;ltimos, somente 37 apresentaram coronariopatia confirmada durante o seguimento. Logo, se considerarmos o custo de um exame particular de cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (cerca de R$ 1.000,00 reais), a detec&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com cintilografia alterada que, no seguimento, evolu&#237;ram com procedimento, custar&#225; acima de R$ 50.000,00 reais. Ao se avaliar o gr&#225;fico de dispers&#227;o mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">figura 1</xref>, fica evidente que pacientes com escores de Duke alto ou cl&#237;nico epidemiol&#243;gico baixo, raramente apresentam cintilografia positiva; e a realiza&#231;&#227;o deste exame neste grupo de pacientes est&#225; pouco indicada. Se fossem exclu&#237;dos da investiga&#231;&#227;o de coronariopatia pacientes que apresentam escore cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gico abaixo de 5, cerca de 35% deles n&#227;o seria submetido a cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio ou mesmo a teste ergom&#233;trico simples; tais procedimentos seriam predominantemente desnecess&#225;rios, uma vez que nenhum paciente considerado positivo apresentou escore cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gico abaixo deste valor (sensibilidade de 100% na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3">tabela 3</xref>) e cerca de 35% dos pacientes considerados negativos tem escore inferior a este valor (especificidade de 37% na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3">tabela 3</xref>). Mesmo se utiliz&#225;ssemos crit&#233;rio mais conservador para excluir os pacientes (escore cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gico inferior a 4) poder&#237;amos deixar de realizar exames em cerca de 25% deles (especificidade de 23% na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3">tabela 3</xref>). O mesmo pode ser dito de pacientes que apresentam escore de Duke acima de 7. Caso se encerrasse a investiga&#231;&#227;o para coronariopatia obstrutiva nos pacientes com escore de Duke acima deste valor, evitar-se-ia a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame em cerca de 35% deles, com risco m&#237;nimo de se deixar de investigar pacientes com coronariopatia significativa; isto fica comprovado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela4">tabela 4</xref>, na qual se v&#234; que nenhum paciente considerado positivo apresentou escore de Duke acima de 7 (sensibilidade de 100% na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela4">tabela 4</xref>) e cerca de 35% dos exames negativos apresentou escore cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gico acima deste valor (especificidade de 36% na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela4">tabela 4</xref>).</p>
    <p>Desta maneira, a cria&#231;&#227;o de um escore cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gico baseado em Framingham e a an&#225;lise do seu desempenho, utilizando curvas ROC, possibilita ao m&#233;dico estimar a pertin&#234;ncia de prosseguir a investiga&#231;&#227;o do paciente e os riscos de n&#227;o realizar esta investiga&#231;&#227;o. Como j&#225; mencionado acima, pacientes com escore cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gico abaixo de 5 t&#234;m baixo risco de apresentar altera&#231;&#245;es &#224; cintilografia e eventos, podendo-se optar por encerrar a investiga&#231;&#227;o e reavali&#225;-los no futuro. Pacientes com escore acima deste valor t&#234;m maior risco de apresentar doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria obstrutiva e o m&#233;dico deve, na medida do poss&#237;vel, prosseguir a investiga&#231;&#227;o. No caso de limita&#231;&#245;es nos recursos dispon&#237;veis, o m&#233;dico poder&#225; escolher escore com sensibilidade um pouco menor, por&#233;m com especificidade mais elevada, sabendo, no entanto, que perder&#225; alguns diagn&#243;sticos. Utilizando-se escore acima de 6, por exemplo, ocorrer&#227;o sensibilidade entre 75% e 85% e especificidade ao redor de 65% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>No caso de decidir continuar a investiga&#231;&#227;o, o pr&#243;ximo passo poderia ser a realiza&#231;&#227;o de teste ergom&#233;trico, visto que, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos outros exames n&#227;o invasivos, este &#233; o mais barato e simples de ser realizado. Segundo dados publicados no ACC/AHA <italic>Guidelines for Exercise Testing</italic><sup>6</sup> baseados em informa&#231;&#245;es do MEDICARE, o custo de um teste ergom&#233;trico &#233; cerca de 20% daquele da cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, 40% de um ecocardiograma de estresse e 5% de uma cinecoronariografia.</p>
    <p>Pelos resultados observados no presente trabalho, o escore de Duke apresentou bom desempenho na separa&#231;&#227;o do grupo de pacientes com cintilografia alterada e com evento durante seguimento, do restante dos pacientes. A &#225;rea abaixo da curva ROC, para este escore, foi 0,85 (95% IC: 0,81 &#150; 0,90).</p>
    <p>Como j&#225; comentado acima, a maior aplica&#231;&#227;o do Duke n&#227;o seria para o grupo todo de pacientes e sim para aqueles em que o risco de coronariopatia obstrutiva n&#227;o tivesse sido expressivamente diminu&#237;do pela an&#225;lise cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gica. Para os pacientes com escore cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gico &gt; 4, se prosseguisse a investiga&#231;&#227;o somente naqueles com escore de Duke menor que 7,5, seriam deixados de realizar novos exames em cerca de 35% destes pacientes, sem riscos expressivos de perda de diagn&#243;stico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela5">tabela 5</xref>). Se fossem exclu&#237;dos da investiga&#231;&#227;o os pacientes com escore Duke acima de 3, poderiam deixar de ser realizados exames extras em 60% destes pacientes, mantendo-se uma sensibilidade elevada (ao redor de 90%) para a detec&#231;&#227;o daqueles com cintilografia alterada e que evolu&#237;ram com evento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela5">tabela 5</xref>).</p>
    <p>Desta forma, se fossem utilizados ambos os escores para definir a pertin&#234;ncia da realiza&#231;&#227;o da cintilografia, poder-se-ia deixar de realizar este exame em cerca de 55% dos pacientes da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, com risco m&#237;nimo de perda de diagn&#243;stico. Isto reduziria os custos de detec&#231;&#227;o de uma cintilografia positiva que evoluiu com evento de 50.000,00 reais, como j&#225; mostrado acima, para cerca de 20.000,00 reais, o que, evidentemente, acarretaria uma grande economia para o sistema de sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>Uma poss&#237;vel cr&#237;tica a este trabalho &#233; o fato de terem sido classificadas como verdadeiras positivas as cintilografias que foram positivas e que no acompanhamento apresentaram evento, sendo que as 47 cintilografias que n&#227;o apresentaram evento foram classificadas como falsas positivas. Devido ao acompanhamento m&#237;nimo ter sido de apenas 9 meses, n&#227;o se tem certeza de que algumas destas cintilografias realmente s&#227;o falsas positivas, uma vez que nem todos estes pacientes foram submetidos ao cateterismo card&#237;aco. No entanto, ao se olhar o gr&#225;fico de dispers&#227;o, nota-se que a maioria das cintilografias positivas (aproximadamente 75%) que n&#227;o evolu&#237;ram com evento apresentou escores de duke e cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gicos na regi&#227;o estabelecida como de pertin&#234;ncia para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame cintilogr&#225;fico (CE &gt; 4 e Duke &lt; 7,5), o que , no caso de serem falsas positivas, influenciaria pouco nos resultados deste trabalho. Foram observados somente 12 pacientes neste grupo (aproximadamente 25%) com escore cl&#237;nico epidemiol&#243;gico &lt; 5 e ou escore de Duke &gt; 7. Destes, 3 foram submetidos &#224; arteriografia coron&#225;ria, n&#227;o se observando coronariopatia significativa; 3 n&#227;o apresentaram evento num per&#237;odo superior a 30 meses; um deles apresentava hipertrofia septal assim&#233;trica; portanto, a isquemia era decorrente de um aumento da demanda mioc&#225;rdia e n&#227;o de coronariopatia. Dois apresentaram cintilografia negativa alguns meses ap&#243;s, sendo a anterior considerada falsa positiva. Os tr&#234;s pacientes restantes n&#227;o apresentaram eventos ap&#243;s 14 meses de acompanhamento. Logo, as cintilografias positivas em pacientes com escore de Duke alto e cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gico baixo devem corresponder, na maioria das vezes, a exames falsos positivos, corroborando as considera&#231;&#245;es feitas na introdu&#231;&#227;o, de que exames com especificidade inferior a 100%, realizados em popula&#231;&#227;o com baixa probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de doen&#231;a, t&#234;m grande chance de apresentar resultados falsos positivos. Al&#233;m disso, mesmo que alguns destes resultados sejam verdadeiros positivos, devem representar altera&#231;&#245;es coronarianas com melhor progn&#243;stico, visto que nenhum deles apresentou eventos coron&#225;rios no per&#237;odo de seguimento. Desta maneira, ao se deixar de realizar a cintilografia nestes pacientes, estes n&#227;o est&#227;o sendo submetidos a riscos consider&#225;veis de evento.</p>
    <p>Outro ponto a se discutir &#233; a aus&#234;ncia de seguimento dos pacientes com cintilografia normal. Apesar deste segmento ser importante para se saber o valor progn&#243;stico de um exame cintilogr&#225;fico normal (informa&#231;&#227;o exaustivamente demonstrada em outros trabalhos<sup>15-19</sup>), para os objetivos do trabalho aqui apresentado, este acompanhamento &#233; irrelevante, uma vez que se est&#225; interessado em determinar, previamente &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o da cintilografia, aqueles pacientes que t&#234;m maior chance de apresentar este exame verdadeiramente positivo e, neste caso, se o resultado da cintilografia negativa for falso ou verdadeiro, n&#227;o alterar&#225; os achados do trabalho.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de crit&#233;rios bem definidos baseados no escore de Duke e em escore cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gico pode ser de grande aux&#237;lio ao cl&#237;nico, na solicita&#231;&#227;o de cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, evitando a realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma grande quantidade de exames desnecess&#225;rios, sem risco significativo de perda de diagn&#243;sticos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Paulo Schiavom Duarte </p>
        <p> Av. Ang&#233;lica, 2389/111B </p>
        <p> 01227-200 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="paulo.duarte@fleury.com.br">paulo.duarte@fleury.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 24/05/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 22/08/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Indication of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy for coronary artery disease detection based on clinical-epidemiological and treadmill test evidences</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To establish when the myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) should be performed based on well-defined information obtained from treadmill test results and clinical-epidemiological parameters for coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: 2,100 patients who underwent MPS were classified according to the results of scintigraphy, the Duke score and a clinical-epidemiological score based on Framingham study. The patients with positive results on MPS were followed to define whether the results were true positives. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to establish the efficiency and the best Duke and clinical-epidemiological scores to define patients that should be submitted to scintigraphy. RESULTS: It was observed that the MPS use restriction in patients with Duke score below 7.5 and/or clinical-epidemiological score above 4 could decrease the utilization of this method by 50% without exposing the patients to a significant misdiagnosis risk. CONCLUSION: The utilization of the Duke score and a clinical-epidemiological score to classify the patients expressively decreased the number of unnecessarily requested scintigraphies.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary artery disease</kwd>
        <kwd>perfusion scintigraphy</kwd>
        <kwd>treadmill</kwd>
        <kwd>epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Duke score</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Indication of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy for coronary artery disease detection based on clinical-epidemiological and treadmill test evidence</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Paulo Schiavom Duarte; Luiz Eduardo Mastrocolla; C&#233;lia Regina E. P. S. Sampaio; Jo&#227;o Manoel Rossi; Paola Emanuela Smanio; Luiz Roberto Fernandes Martins; J&#250;lio C&#233;sar Rodrigues Pereira</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Fleury - Centro de Medicina Diagn&#243;stica e Faculdade de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica - USP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To establish when the myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) should be performed based on well-defined information obtained from treadmill test results and clinical-epidemiological parameters for coronary artery disease (CAD).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> 2,100 patients who underwent MPS were classified according to the results of scintigraphy, the Duke score and a clinical-epidemiological score based on Framingham study. The patients with positive results on MPS were followed to define whether the results were true positives. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to establish the efficiency and the best Duke and clinical-epidemiological scores to define patients that should be submitted to scintigraphy.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> It was observed that the MPS use restriction in patients with Duke score below 7.5 and/or clinical-epidemiological score above 4 could decrease the utilization of this method by 50% without exposing the patients to a significant misdiagnosis risk.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The utilization of the Duke score and a clinical-epidemiological score to classify the patients expressively decreased the number of unnecessarily requested scintigraphies.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Coronary artery disease, perfusion scintigraphy, treadmill, epidemiology, Duke score.</p>
      <p>In recent years, expenses with healthcare assistance, for patients as well as healthcare providers (health insurance suppliers and companies and governmental organs) have progressively increased<sup>1,2</sup>. Part of this increase of expenses is due to the large amount of technological resources utilized in diagnostic and therapeutic processes<sup>3</sup>. This increasing problem, which has for long generated debate in developed countries, is even more worrying in developing countries, such as Brazil, whose entire available financial resources for healthcare expenditure is lower, and for which the wasting of such resources will generate further problems. Therefore, if the discussion about how to rationalize the use of diagnostic and therapeutic resources has become constant in developed countries, it is important that this discussion be even more intense in countries such as Brazil, as the rampant use of these resources will bring consequences that will be even more significant for such countries.</p>
      <p>Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity in the world<sup>4</sup>. Its diagnosis is important, in order to establish the necessary treatment and prevent the consequences of the disease. Nevertheless, the diagnosis of this pathology has become very complex due to the multiple exams that can be performed, the imperfections that are inherent to every diagnostic method, and the difficulty to integrate the results of such procedures, not only among them but also with further evidence from the analysis of epidemiological factors and the patient's clinical history.</p>
      <p>Due to the high prevalence and incidence of this disease, the amount of resources spent in its diagnosis is quite large. It is estimated that more than a million patients were submitted to coronary angiography in 1993 in the USA, which will increase to 3 million in 2010<sup>5</sup>. According to data published at the ACC/AHA Guidelines for Exercise Testing (guidelines published by the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association about the protocol for treadmill test)<sup>6</sup> only in the year 1996, MEDICARE was responsible for the payment of approximately 875,000 simple treadmill tests, 889,000 myocardial perfusion scintigraphies, 213,000 stress echocardiograms, and 728,000 coronary angiographies. Thus, if one considers the large number of procedures performed, the complexity of the analysis of such procedures and the difficulty to integrate the results obtained, the potential waste of resources that can take place in an attempt to diagnose CAD can be perceived. In addition to the waste of resources, when these are used inadequately, it is important to remember that, due to the fact that the accuracy of most diagnostic methods utilized for CAD is not perfect, i.e., the method specificity as well as its sensitivity are not 100% guaranteed, the diagnostic performance will depend not only on these two factors, but also on the pre-test probability of the disease<sup>7</sup>. Therefore, the positive predictive value of a test with specificity &lt; 100% in a population with low prevalence of the disease can be so low that its utilization will not be justified.</p>
      <p>Thus, when an expensive diagnostic exam is utilized in a population with a low probability of the disease, resources are being wasted, as it is known, beforehand, that the great majority of patients do not have the disease; there is a chance that patients without the disease, but who had false-positive results, will be referred to further unnecessary exams or procedures that can include invasive ones, which, in addition to generating more expenses, can also be the cause of morbidity or mortality. In an attempt to decrease such problems, the Cardiology Societies and research groups have strived to produce guidelines and diagnostic algorithms, with the aim of helping doctors decide upon requesting several exams, interpreting them and integrating the results obtained, as well as establishing a "hierarchy" for these requests, with the objective of defining the diagnosis from simpler and more affordable techniques (such as the clinical-epidemiological history and physical examination) and progressively increase the complexity and costs involved, as they are justified, by the pre-test probability of the disease.</p>
      <p>Several research groups have published studies proposing algorithms aimed at establishing the best diagnostic strategy for CAD<sup>8-12</sup>.</p>
      <p>In spite of the work developed by these groups attempting to organize the diagnostic strategies of coronary artery disease, the information available has been sub-utilized by a large number of physicians, due to the difficulty to define objective criteria that can suggest the need to progress in the proposed diagnostic algorithms.</p>
      <p>One of the main non-invasive methods for the detection of obstructive coronary disease and that is present in most of the proposed algorithms is the myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. However, this is an expensive diagnostic method and must be utilized when the analysis of the clinical-epidemiological factors and results of the treadmill test do not significantly decrease the probability of obstructive coronary disease<sup>8-12</sup>. Therefore, it is important to define objective criteria, based on the analysis of clinical-epidemiological factors as well as the results of the treadmill test, which can be used to indicate the necessity of performing a myocardial perfusion scintigraphy.</p>
      <p>The aim of this study is to evaluate when myocardial perfusion scintigraphy exams must be carried out, based on the information obtained from the treadmill test and the analysis of clinical-epidemiological factors for coronary disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A group of 2,100 patients, referred for diagnostic assessment of obstructive coronary disease, was studied through treadmill test and myocardial perfusion scintigraphy results, from August 200 to July 2003. This group represented around 33% of the approximate 6,400 patients that underwent myocardial perfusion scintigraphy associated to the treadmill test or pharmacological stimulation test with dipiridamol, during the aforementioned period.</p>
      <p>Patients who presented established diagnosis of coronary artery disease, such as myocardial infarction, cardiac revascularization, angioplasty and coronary angiography with a diagnosis of obstruction, were excluded from the study. Patients with alterations at the electrocardiogram at rest that suggested a previous infarction were also excluded.</p>
      <p>All patients in the study group underwent myocardial scintigraphy by means of physical stress, and reached at least 85% of the maximum cardiac frequency expected for age during the treadmill test. Patients who presented confounding factors at the treadmill test such as pacemaker use, left bundle branch block, persistent atrial fibrillation, complex ventricular arrhythmia, Wolf-Parkinson-White, or any other electrocardiographic pattern that can alter the accuracy of the test were also excluded.</p>
      <p>Of these 2,100 patients, 86 presented myocardial perfusion scintigraphy results that were interpreted as being abnormal.</p>
      <p>The follow-up control of 84 of the 86 patients with scintigraphy results considered abnormal was carried out, and the remaining two could not be contacted despite several attempts by phone.</p>
      <p>Thirty-seven (44%) of these patients presented minor events during follow-up (myocardial revascularization surgery or angioplasty), and two of them also presented major events (infarction). The remaining 47 patients did not present events during follow-up.</p>
      <p>The mean time between the exam and follow-up was 20 months, with a range of 9 to 40 months for patients who did not present events and 1 to 30 months for those who did.</p>
      <p>The clinical-epidemiological variables used in the analysis were: age, gender, arterial pressure, cholesterol levels, diabetes, smoking and the presence of precordial pain and its characteristics.</p>
      <p>The epidemiological parameters were chosen based on the "Statement of Healthcare Professional from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology"<sup>13</sup>, which is based on the data of Framingham's study.</p>
      <p>The information about age, gender and the presence of risk factors (diabetes, smoking and precordial pain) were obtained from the clinical assessment that preceded the treadmill test.</p>
      <p>The information on the cholesterol levels were obtained from the patient's electronic medical file and total cholesterol as well as HDL-cholesterol levels were considered. Arterial blood pressure was measured before the treadmill test with the patient on the orthostatic position.</p>
      <p>These parameters were joined using a variation of the score established at the "Statement of Healthcare Professional from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology"<sup>13</sup> for the classification of cardiovascular pathology risk.</p>
      <p>The modification of the initial score was carried out with the objective of integrating the precordial pain criteria to the score, as well as adjusting it to our population.</p>
      <p>This adjustment was based on the analysis of the impact that the aforementioned risk factors have on the diagnosis of our patients.</p>
      <p>In a previous study, presented at the V Ibero-American Symposium of Nuclear Cardiology<sup>14</sup>, a retrospective analysis on the frequency of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy with different degrees of alteration was carried out in a group of 3,805 consecutive patients. Using the Chi-square test, the association between alterations at the scintigraphy and some risk factors for coronary disease was analyzed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e04t1-body2">Tab. 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e04t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0415-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>It was observed that diabetes and typical pain are associated with a significant increase in the frequency of alterations at the myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Dyslipidemia is associated to a slight increase in the frequency of scintigraphy alterations. It appears that smoking, systemic arterial hypertension and family history are not associated with the increased frequency of alterations in myocardial perfusion.</p>
      <p>Based on this previous study, the adaptation of the scores obtained through the analysis of the Statement of Healthcare Professional from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology<sup>13</sup> was carried out, resulting in the values shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2-body2">Table 2</xref>, ranging from &#150;8 to +26.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0415-00004-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The treadmill test (TT) was performed according to Bruce, modified Bruce, and Ellestad protocols; Duke score was used for test classification. The one-day protocol with Sestamibi-[Tc-99m] (MIBI), at resting and peak exercise phases was utilized for the acquisition of tomographic images (Single Photon Emission Tomography - SPECT) of myocardial perfusion. Images at rest were acquired 30 min after the injection of 370 MBq (10 mCi) of MIBI. The stress phase was performed 4 hours after the rest phase. Cardiac stress was induced by programmed exercise on a treadmill, using one of the following aforementioned protocols: Bruce, modified Bruce, or Ellestad. During the exercise peak, or when the patient presented exercise-limiting symptoms, 1.11 Gbq (30 mCi) of MIBI were injected i.v. The images were acquired 45 to 60 min after the injection, with and without attenuation correction. The stress images were acquired in synchrony with the patient's electrocardiogram (Gated technique), which allows the simultaneous assessment of the left ventricle motility at this exam phase.</p>
      <p>In cases where the perfusion defect was debatable (suspected attenuation artifacts), the nuclear physicians also analyzed the images with attenuation corrections and the images that represented the myocardial motility, in order to increase the diagnosis specificity. ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curves were used to select the values of Duke and clinical-epidemiological scores that should be used to define whether the patient had to be submitted to scintigraphy. The statistical software SPSS&#174; was used to calculate the areas under the curve and their confidence intervals, and define the sensitivity and specificity of each score value. In this study, the fixed and/or transient perfusion defects established by the visual analysis of the nuclear doctors and who presented events during follow-up were considered to be positive (37 patients).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The distribution of the scintigraphy results in relation to the clinical-epidemiological and Duke scores is shown in the dispersion diagram presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1-body2">Figure 1</xref>. The developed clinical-epidemiological score presents an area below the ROC curve of 0.84 (95% CI: 0.78-0.90) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2-body2">Fig. 2</xref>). The specificity and sensitivity levels for some clinical-epidemiological score values are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3-body2">Table 3</xref>. Duke score presents an area below the ROC curve of 0.85 (95% CI: 0.81-0.90) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3-body2">Fig. 3</xref>). The specificity and sensitivity levels for some Duke score values are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela4-body2">Table 4</xref>. The Duke score performance in those patients with higher probability of presenting coronary disease after the clinical-epidemiological evaluation was also assessed, i.e., the Duke analysis was restricted for those patients that presented clinical-epidemiological score &gt; 4 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3-body2">Tab. 3</xref>). For this population, Duke score presents an area below the ROC curve of 0.84 (95% CI: 0.79-0.89) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura4-body2">Fig. 4</xref>). The specificity and sensitivity levels for some Duke score values in a population with a clinical-epidemiological score &gt; 4 are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela5-body2">Table 5</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="figura1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0415-00004-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="figura2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0415-00004-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tabela3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0415-00004-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="figura3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0415-00004-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tabela4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0415-00004-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="figura4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0415-00004-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tabela5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0415-00004-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The initial analysis of the patients evaluated in this study show the importance of creating effective mechanisms to define when a myocardial perfusion scintigraphy must be requested. Of the 2,100 patients studied in this work, only 86 (4%) presented alterations at the myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, and of the latter, only 37 presented coronary disease that was confirmed during follow-up. Thus, if one considers the cost of a myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (around R$1,000 reais or 440 US dollars), the detection of patients with altered scintigraphy results who presented events at the follow-up will cost more than R$ 50,000 reais (approximately 21,000 US dollars). When we evaluate the dispersion diagram shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1-body2">Figure 1</xref>, it is clear that patients with high Duke scores or low clinical-epidemiological scores rarely present positive scintigraphy, and the performance of this exam is little indicated. If the patients who presented clinical-epidemiological score &lt; 5 were excluded from the coronary disease investigation, around 35% of them would not be submitted to the myocardial perfusion scintigraphy or even the treadmill test; such procedures would have been predominantly unnecessary, as none of the patients considered to be positive presented a clinical-epidemiological score below this value (100% sensitivity at <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3-body2">Table 3</xref>) and around 35% of the patients considered negative have a score below this value (37% specificity in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3-body2">Table 3</xref>). Even if more conservative criteria were used to exclude the patients with clinical-epidemiological score &lt; 4, around 25% of them could do without the exam (23% specificity in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3-body2">Table 3</xref>). The same can be said of patients who present Duke score &gt; 7.</p>
      <p>If the investigation for obstructive coronary disease were called off in patients with Duke score above this value, the procedure would be prevented in 35% of them, with a minimal risk of not investigating patients with significant coronary disease; this is confirmed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela4-body2">Table 4</xref>, which shows that none of the patients considered to be positive presented a Duke score &gt; 7 (100% sensitivity in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela4-body2">Table 4</xref>) and that around 35% of the negative exams presented a clinical-epidemiological score above this value (36% specificity in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela4-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>Thus, the development of a clinical-epidemiological score based on Framingham and the analysis of its performance using a ROC curve allows the physician to estimate the appropriateness of proceeding with the patient's investigation and the risks of not performing such investigation. As mentioned before, patients with a clinical-epidemiological score &lt; 5 have a low risk of presenting scintigraphy alterations and events, and so, the physician can choose to stop the investigation and re-evaluate such patients at a later date. Patients with a score above this value have a higher risk of presenting obstructive coronary disease and the physician must strive to proceed with the investigation, as much as possible. When the resources are limited, the physician can choose a score with a slightly lower sensitivity, but with a higher specificity, being aware that some diagnostic loss will occur. By using a score &gt; 6, for instance, the sensitivity will be between 75% and 85%, and the specificity will be around 65% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3-body2">Tab. 3</xref>). When the physician decides to carry on the investigation, it might be worth to submit the patient to the treadmill test, as, in comparison to other non-invasive exams, this is the least expensive and the simplest one to be performed. According to data published at the ACC/AHA Guidelines for Exercise Testing<sup>6</sup> based on MEDICARE information, the cost of a treadmill test is around 20% of that of a myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, 40% of a stress echocardiogram and 5% of a coronary angiography.</p>
      <p>Based on our results, the Duke score presented a good performance in separating patients with altered scintigraphy results and events at the follow-up from the remaining patients. The area below the ROC curve for this score was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.81-0.90).</p>
      <p>As previously mentioned, the main application of Duke would not be for the whole group of patients, but for those whose risk of obstructive coronary disease had not been significantly decreased by the clinical-epidemiological analysis. For the patients with a clinical-epidemiological score &gt; 4, if the investigation were carried on only in those patients with Duke score &lt; 7.5, approximately 35% of these patients would not undergo further exams, with no significant risk for diagnostic loss (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela5-body2">Tab. 5</xref>). If the patients with Duke score &gt; 3 were excluded from the investigation, 60% of these patients would not undergo further exams, with a high sensitivity (around 90%) for the detection of those with altered scintigraphy results who presented events (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela5-body2">Tab. 5</xref>).</p>
      <p>Therefore, if both scores were utilized to define the appropriateness of performing the scintigraphy, approximately 55% of the patients from the studied population would not be submitted to this exam, with a minimal risk for diagnostic loss. This would reduce the costs of positive scintigraphy detection that presented event from R$50,000 reais to around R$20,000 reais, which obviously would bring a great economy of costs for the healthcare system. A possible criticism for this study is the fact that positive scintigraphies that presented event were classified as true positive ones, whereas the 47 scintigraphies without events were classified as false positives. Given that the minimal follow-up period was 9 months, one cannot be sure that some of these scintigraphies are really false positive ones, as not all these patients were submitted to cardiac catheterism. However, when looking at the dispersion diagram, one can notice that most positive scintigraphies (approximately 75%) that did not present events showed Duke and clinical-epidemiological scores within the region established as pertinent for the carrying out of the scintigraphy (CE &gt; 4 and Duke &lt; 7.5), which would have had very little influence on this work results had they been false-positive ones. Only 12 patients (approximately 25%) presented a clinical-epidemiological score &lt; 5 or Duke score &gt; 7 in this group. Of these, three underwent coronary arteriography, with no significant coronary disease; three did not present events during a period of over 30 months; one presented asymmetric septal hypertrophy, thus the ischemia was due to an increased myocardial demand and not to coronary disease. Two presented negative scintigraphy a few months later, with the former scintigraphy being considered false positive. The three remaining patients did not present events after 14 months of follow-up. Hence, the positive scintigraphies in patients with high Duke scores and low clinical-epidemiological scores must correspond, most of the times, to false-positive exams, corroborating the considerations depicted in the Introduction, i.e., that exams with specificity &lt; 100% carried out in a population with low pre-test probability of the disease have a great likelihood to present false-positive results. Additionally, even if some of these results are true positive ones, they must represent coronary alterations with a better prognosis, as none of them presented coronary events at the follow-up. Thus, when the scintigraphy is not carried out in these patients, they are not being exposed to a considerable event risk. Another point to be discussed is the lack of follow-up of patients with normal scintigraphy results. Although this segment is important for the knowledge of the prognostic value of a normal scintigraphy result (these data have been extensively demonstrated in previous studies<sup>15-19</sup>) this follow-up is irrelevant for the objectives of this work, as the main purpose here is to determine, before the scintigraphy is carried out, which patients have a higher probability to present a true positive result, and consequently, whether the negative scintigraphy result is false or true, it will not affect the findings of this work.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The use of well-defined criteria based on Duke score and the clinical epidemiological score can be of great help for the clinician upon requesting a myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, thus preventing a large number of unnecessary exams, with no significant risk for diagnostic loss.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Paulo Schiavom Duarte</p>
          <p> Av. Ang&#233;lica, 2389/111B</p>
          <p> 01227-200 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="paulo.duarte@fleury.com.br">paulo.duarte@fleury.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 05/24/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 08/22/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
