<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">CGgkDVsJxD9BJLMp5TYDjQD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001700003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700403</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001700003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Crit&#233;rio de obesidade central em popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira: impacto sobre a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Jos&#233; Bastos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lessa</surname>
            <given-names>&#205;nes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Naomar de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Luc&#233;lia Batista N. Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Jenny</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>407</fpage>
      <lpage>414</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Identificar e propor os melhores pontos de corte da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CCp) para diagnosticar obesidade central numa popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira; compar&#225;-los &#224;queles recomendados pelo ATPIII (CC-ATPIII) e estimar diferen&#231;as nas preval&#234;ncias da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) usando os dois crit&#233;rios. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo transversal, realizado em subgrupo populacional de 1.439 adultos, Salvador, Brasil. Foram constru&#237;das curvas ROC da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) para identificar diabete melito (DM) e obesidade. Valores &gt;60% da sensibilidade e da especificidade da curva ROC e mais pr&#243;ximos entre si foram usados para definir o CCp. A preval&#234;ncia da SM foi estimada pelos CCp e pelos CC-ATPIII. RESULTADOS: As 829 mulheres compuseram 57,7% da amostra. Os CCp selecionados foram 84 cm para mulheres e 88 cm para homens. Esses pontos detectaram DM com sensibilidade de 68,7% e 70%, respectivamente, e especificidade de 66,2% e 68,3%. Para obesidade, a sensibilidade e a especificidade foram 79,8% e 77,6% nas mulheres, e 64,3% e 71,6% nos homens. Pelos CC-ATPIII, 88 cm (mulheres) e 102 para (homens), as sensibilidades foram de 53,3% e 26,5%, para diagnosticar DM. Para obesidade, a sensibilidade foi 66,5% (mulheres) e 28,6% (homens). A preval&#234;ncia da SM, pelos CCp foi 23,7%, IC 95% (21,6 - 25,9) e pelos CC-ATPIII de 19,0%, IC 95% (17,1- 20,9), 1,2 vezes maior pelo CCP. CONCLUS&#195;O: As CC-ATPIII foram inapropriados e subestimam a preval&#234;ncia da SM nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, particularmente entre os homens. Sugerimos que os pontos de corte da CC de &gt;84 cm nas mulheres e &gt; 88 cm nos homens sejam testados em outras popula&#231;&#245;es brasileiras.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Obesidade central</kwd>
        <kwd>circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura</kwd>
        <kwd>s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Crit&#233;rio de obesidade central em popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira: impacto sobre a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Paulo Jos&#233; Bastos Barbosa; &#205;nes Lessa; Naomar de Almeida Filho; Luc&#233;lia Batista N. Cunha Magalh&#227;es; Jenny Ara&#250;jo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal da Bahia - Salvador, BA</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Identificar e propor os melhores pontos de corte da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CCp) para diagnosticar obesidade central numa popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira; compar&#225;-los &#224;queles recomendados pelo ATPIII (CC-ATPIII) e estimar diferen&#231;as nas preval&#234;ncias da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) usando os dois crit&#233;rios. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo transversal, realizado em subgrupo populacional de 1.439 adultos, Salvador, Brasil. Foram constru&#237;das curvas ROC da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) para identificar diabete melito (DM) e obesidade. Valores <underline>&gt;</underline>60% da sensibilidade e da especificidade da curva ROC e mais pr&#243;ximos entre si foram usados para definir o CCp. A preval&#234;ncia da SM foi estimada pelos CCp e pelos CC-ATPIII. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> As 829 mulheres compuseram 57,7% da amostra. Os CCp selecionados foram 84 cm para mulheres e 88 cm para homens. Esses pontos detectaram DM com sensibilidade de 68,7% e 70%, respectivamente, e especificidade de 66,2% e 68,3%. Para obesidade, a sensibilidade e a especificidade foram 79,8% e 77,6% nas mulheres, e 64,3% e 71,6% nos homens. Pelos CC-ATPIII, 88 cm (mulheres) e 102 para (homens), as sensibilidades foram de 53,3% e 26,5%, para diagnosticar DM. Para obesidade, a sensibilidade foi 66,5% (mulheres) e 28,6% (homens). A preval&#234;ncia da SM, pelos CCp foi 23,7%, IC 95% (21,6 &#150; 25,9) e pelos CC-ATPIII de 19,0%, IC 95% (17,1- 20,9), 1,2 vezes maior pelo CCP. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> As CC-ATPIII foram inapropriados e subestimam a preval&#234;ncia da SM nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, particularmente entre os homens. Sugerimos que os pontos de corte da CC de &gt;84 cm nas mulheres e &gt; 88 cm nos homens sejam testados em outras popula&#231;&#245;es brasileiras.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Obesidade central, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.</p>
    <p>A s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM), comum em indiv&#237;duos com obesidade central, associa-se a um risco aumentado para o diabete melito tipo 2 (DM)<sup>1</sup> e eventos cardiovasculares<sup>2</sup>. A obesidade central associa-se de modo independente, com plausibilidade biol&#243;gica, com os componentes da SM e com a resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica<sup>3-6</sup>. Comparada &#224;s medidas antropom&#233;tricas tradicionais, a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura abdominal (CC) tem-se mostrado superior ao &#237;ndice da massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) e &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o cintura quadril para identificar adiposidade visceral; por conseguinte, risco cardiovascular<sup>7-9</sup>.</p>
    <p>O Third Report of National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evoluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults &#150; Adult Treatment Panel III &#150; (ATP III) prop&#244;s uma nova defini&#231;&#227;o para s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM), utilizando como crit&#233;rio de obesidade central valores da CC &gt; 102 cm para homens e &gt; 88 cm para mulheres<sup>10</sup>. Descritos originalmente por Lean e cols. em 1995<sup>11</sup>, esses pontos de corte n&#227;o t&#234;m sido adequados para definir obesidade central em algumas popula&#231;&#245;es<sup>12-15</sup>. Esse fato foi ressaltado numa revis&#227;o dos crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;sticos do ATP III, recentemente publicada<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>No Brasil n&#227;o existem estudos de base populacional sobre s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica nem crit&#233;rio de obesidade central espec&#237;fico para nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. Pretende-se neste estudo: a) identificar o melhor ponto de corte da CC para diagnosticar obesidade central em popula&#231;&#227;o urbana brasileira; b) comparar o desempenho dos pontos de corte obtidos com os propostos pelo ATP III; c) estimar diferen&#231;as nas preval&#234;ncias da SM medida pelos dois crit&#233;rios de anormalidade da CC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Popula&#231;&#227;o e m&#233;todos -</italic> O estudo &#233; de corte transversal, usando a amostra do Projeto Monitoramento das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e do diabete melito em Salvador, MONIT<sup>17</sup>. Sumariamente, para o MONIT, o tamanho da amostra foi inicialmente estimado em 1.800 adultos com idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 anos, com base em uma preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial de 25%, n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a de 95% e erro de delineamento de 2%. Previu-se perda de 20% dos domic&#237;lios (casa n&#227;o-residencial, recusa da fam&#237;lia, barreiras para acesso aos moradores, entre outras). A amostragem foi realizada em tr&#234;s est&#225;gios: 1) os setores censit&#225;rios de oito das dez bacias hidrogr&#225;ficas da cidade, com caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas semelhantes, foram agrupados em 108 "&#193;reas de Pesquisa", e essas foram classificadas por n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico (NSE) alto, misto e baixo. As &#225;reas continham 16.592 domic&#237;lios, com cerca de 83.000 habitantes com idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 anos. Proporcionalmente ao n&#250;mero de setores de cada NSE das &#193;reas, 37 foram sorteadas, probabilisticamente; 2) por amostra sistem&#225;tica (intervalo=10), foram sorteados 1.540 domic&#237;lios, com perda de 18,3% e resposta favor&#225;vel &#224; participa&#231;&#227;o de 1.258 fam&#237;lias residentes em 63 setores censit&#225;rios; 3) no terceiro est&#225;gio, foram sorteados os participantes, no m&#225;ximo dois, por domic&#237;lio, um de cada sexo, exclu&#237;das as gr&#225;vidas<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em domic&#237;lio, todos os integrantes responderam a inqu&#233;rito sobre fatores de risco cardiovascular e para DM, tiveram seis aferi&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o arterial e duas da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura CC.</p>
    <p>Compareceram ao Servi&#231;o de Sa&#250;de para coleta de sangue e tiveram os resultados das an&#225;lises bioqu&#237;micas de interesse dispon&#237;veis 1.437 indiv&#237;duos. Esses comp&#245;em a popula&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo.</p>
    <p>Foram efetuadas seis medidas, usando-se a m&#233;dia das &#250;ltimas cinco para an&#225;lise. Para obten&#231;&#227;o da CC, o indiv&#237;duo permaneceu em posi&#231;&#227;o ereta, respirando suavemente, e a fita inel&#225;stica o circundou ao n&#237;vel da linha natural da cintura (parte mais estreita entre t&#243;rax e quadril), sendo a medida aferida em unidade inteira de cent&#237;metros (cm). Medidas de altura e de peso para o c&#225;lculo do IMC foram realizadas com equipamentos padronizados e a balan&#231;a foi aferida periodicamente. Os exames bioqu&#237;micos, realizados ap&#243;s jejum de 12 horas, foram: glicemia pelo "labtest" no plasma fluoretado, colesterol (m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico-Tender), tiglicer&#237;deos (t&#233;cnica de Soloni modificado e HDL colesterol (Labtest).</p>
    <p><italic>Crit&#233;rios e defini&#231;&#245;es</italic> - a) Cor da pele foi autodefinida em uma das categorias: branca, parda (mulatos) e negra (preta); b) N&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico (NSE) &#150; crit&#233;rio usado no Brasil pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Pesquisa Econ&#244;mica Aplicada e IBGE<sup>18</sup>. A classifica&#231;&#227;o original dos estratos que vai de A a E foi agrupada para este estudo em A+B (NSE alto), C (NSE m&#233;dio) e D+E (NSE baixo); c) Escolaridade foi categorizada em: alta (ensino m&#233;dio completo ou curso superior completo ou incompleto), m&#233;dia (fundamental completo ou m&#233;dio incompleto) e baixa (analfabeto, fundamental incompleto); d) S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica-1 (SM-1) &#150; utilizou-se o crit&#233;rio revisado do ATP III<sup>16</sup> baseando-se na coexist&#234;ncia, em um mesmo indiv&#237;duo, de tr&#234;s ou mais dos cinco fatores: 1) Hipertens&#227;o arterial (<underline>&gt;</underline>130/85 mmHg) ou tratamento farmacol&#243;gico atual para hipertens&#227;o arterial; 2) Disglicemia (glicemia de jejum <underline>&gt;</underline> 100 mg/dl) ou tratamento farmacol&#243;gico atual para DM (DMsm); 3) CC &gt;88 cm para mulheres ou &gt;102 cm para os homens (CC-ATP III); 4) HDL colesterol (HDL-c) baixo (&lt; 40 mg/dl nos homens e &lt; 50 mg/dl nas mulheres); 5) Hipertrigliceridemia (<underline>&gt;</underline> 150 mg/dl); e) S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica-2 (SM-2) &#150; o mesmo crit&#233;rio da <italic>SM-1</italic>, substituindo o ponto de corte da CC pelo proposto (P) neste estudo &#150; CCp.</p>
    <p>O projeto foi submetido ao Comit&#234; de &#201;tica M&#233;dica do Conselho Regional de Medicina do Estado da Bahia, recebendo sua aprova&#231;&#227;o, e todos os participantes assinaram Termo de Consentimento Informado.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica -</italic> As caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas, as preval&#234;ncias de hipertens&#227;o arterial e medida da CC na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foram comparadas &#224;quelas da popula&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para identificar poss&#237;veis vieses de sele&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Para a sele&#231;&#227;o do melhor ponto de corte da CC que identificasse obesidade central (OC) em cada sexo foram constru&#237;das curvas ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) da CC em raz&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico de DM e obesidade (IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 30). A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de cada an&#225;lise foi observada pela &#225;rea sob a curva ROC e pelo intervalo de confian&#231;a a 95% (IC 95%). O crit&#233;rio utilizado para a sele&#231;&#227;o dos pontos de corte da CC de cada sexo foram os valores com sensibilidade e especificidade mais pr&#243;ximos entre si, n&#227;o inferiores a 60%, e que, por ordem de prioridade, fossem capazes de: a) diagnosticar, com boa acur&#225;cia, indiv&#237;duos obesos na popula&#231;&#227;o; b) identificar, por meio desse ponto de corte da CC, o DM, desordem metab&#243;lica relacionada mais diretamente com resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica. Esses valores de CC foram utilizados nas an&#225;lises como pontos de corte da CC propostos para obesidade central (CCp). Foram tamb&#233;m constru&#237;das curvas ROC da CC para identificar os componentes da SM.</p>
    <p>Usando os dois crit&#233;rios da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura &#150; o CCp e o CC-ATP III &#150; foram calculadas as preval&#234;ncias e os IC 95% dos demais componentes da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM), segundo a defini&#231;&#227;o do ATP III (DMsm, HASsm, HDL-c baixo hipertrigliceridemia), entre os indiv&#237;duos com CC anormal. Tamb&#233;m foram calculadas, na amostra, as preval&#234;ncias da obesidade central e da SM, com seus respectivos IC 95% e estimadas as raz&#245;es das suas preval&#234;ncias (RP) obtidas a partir desses dois pontos de corte.</p>
    <p>Pelo modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foram estimados as <italic>Odds Ratios</italic> (OR) para discriminar indiv&#237;duos com maior risco cardiovascular nas faixas de IMC normal e sobrepeso pelos novos pontos de corte da CCp. Confundimento foi definido como uma diferen&#231;a maior ou igual a 10% entre a OR bruta e ajustada, e a elegibilidade de vari&#225;veis confundidoras utilizadas no modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica considerou, tamb&#233;m, o conhecimento cient&#237;fico existente na literatura. Intera&#231;&#227;o foi avaliada pelo teste da raz&#227;o de m&#225;xima verossimilhan&#231;a, considerando um p &lt; 0,05 como n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>O pacote estat&#237;stico STATA<sup>tm</sup>, vers&#227;o 7.0 foi utilizado nas an&#225;lises.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A maioria das caracter&#237;sticas dos 1.437 indiv&#237;duos estudados &#233; semelhante &#224;quelas da amostra original do MONIT, havendo entre os primeiros maior representa&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com baixa escolaridade; conseq&#252;entemente, baixo n&#237;vel s&#243;cio-econ&#244;mico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0407-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Identifica&#231;&#227;o dos pontos de corte da CC -</italic> A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC da CC para identificar DM entre as mulheres foi de 0,73 (IC95% = 0,67-0,78) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1</xref>). O ponto de 84 cm da CC obteve o melhor equil&#237;brio entre sensibilidade (68,0%) e especificidade (69,5%) para predizer DM e corresponde ao CCp nesse g&#234;nero (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>). Entre os homens, a &#225;rea sob a curva ROC foi de 0,79 (IC95% = 0,71-0,87), e o melhor ponto de corte foi de 88 cm, com uma sensibilidade de 68,7% e especificidade de 68,0% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>). Esse foi o melhor CCp obtido para os homens. Os dois pontos de corte da CCp identificaram HASsm, HDL-c &lt; 50 mg/dl e hipertrigliceridemia com graus razo&#225;veis de sensibilidade e especificidade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0407-00003-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0407-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Os pontos de corte recomendados pelo ATP III de 88 cm para as mulheres e 102 cm para os homens identificaram DM com valores da sensibilidade de 54% e 21,9, respectivamente, taxas significativamente inferiores, do ponto de vista estat&#237;stico e epidemiol&#243;gico, &#224;s dos pontos de corte da CCp. Usando-se os pontos de corte do ATP III, notam-se perdas de sensibilidade com aumento da especificidade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>Ainda usando a curva ROC, observa-se que o ponto de corte da CCp de 84 cm para mulheres tamb&#233;m foi o que melhor identificou obesidade (IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) entre as mulheres (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>), com sensibilidade de 79,8% e especificidade de 77,6% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1</xref>). Entre os homens, o melhor ponto de corte para identificar obesidade foi 86 cm, com sensibilidade de 68,4% e especificidade de 66,7%. Todavia, o ponto de corte de 88 cm teve desempenho semelhante (sensibilidade de 64,3% e especificidade de 71,6%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>), sendo assumido como o ponto de corte que definiu obesidade central (CCp) entre os homens. Utilizando os pontos de corte definidos pelo ATP III, 88 cm para mulheres e 102 cm para homens, observa-se perda de sensibilidade, particularmente entre os homens (28,6%), e pequeno ganho na especificidade para identificar obesidade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de cada um dos componentes da SM (DMsm , HASsm, HDL-c baixo e triglic&#233;rides <underline>&gt;</underline> 150 mg/dl) nos pontos de corte selecionados para essa popula&#231;&#227;o e naqueles recomendados pelo ATP III encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0407-00003-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Impacto dos pontos de corte da CC sobre a preval&#234;ncia da SM -</italic> Comparando as preval&#234;ncias de SM e obesidade central pelos dois pontos de corte, observa-se que aquelas estimadas a partir o CCp s&#227;o significativamente maiores do que as CC-ATP III. A preval&#234;ncia global da SM, quando calculada a partir dos crit&#233;rios de anormalidade do CCp, foi 1,2 vez maior do que aquela estimada utilizando-se o CC-ATP III (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tab. 4</xref>). Observa-se que a preval&#234;ncia estimada a partir do CCp entre os homens, ajustada pela idade, foi de 22,2% (IC 95% = 19,0-25,4), taxa 1,5 vez maior do que aquela aferida a partir do CC-ATP III, de 14,4% (IC 95%= 11,4-17,7), sendo essa diferen&#231;a menos marcante no sexo feminino, cerca de 1,1 vez (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tab. 4</xref>). De modo semelhante, as preval&#234;ncias de obesidade central definidas a partir desses dois crit&#233;rios, em ambos os sexos, mostraram-se maiores pelo CCp, principalmente entre os homens (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tab. 4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0407-00003-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Avaliando a capacidade de identificar risco cardiovascular entre os n&#227;o-obesos -</italic> Excetuando-se o HDL &lt;40 no sexo masculino, as an&#225;lises da associa&#231;&#227;o entre obesidade central, definida pelo CC<sub>P</sub>, e os fatores que comp&#245;em a SM em indiv&#237;duos na faixa de IMC normal ou sobrepeso demonstram que, mesmo entre os n&#227;o-obesos, a CC<sub>P</sub> anormal discriminou indiv&#237;duos de maior risco. Mesmo ap&#243;s ajustamento para idade, escolaridade, n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico, cor de pele auto-referida, tabagismo, consumo de &#225;lcool e atividade f&#237;sica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tab. 5</xref>). A obesidade central, definida a partir do CCp, tamb&#233;m se associou &#224; presen&#231;a de dois ou mais fatores componentes da SM num mesmo indiv&#237;duo, de modo estatisticamente significante, em ambos os sexos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tab. 5</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0407-00003-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Por diferentes raz&#245;es, pode-se admitir que os pontos de corte da CC recomendados pelo ATP III para defini&#231;&#227;o de obesidade central s&#227;o inapropriados para a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. Utilizando-se esses crit&#233;rios como marcadores de risco, observa-se uma perda de sensibilidade, com subestima&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico de obesidade, disglicemia, HASsm, dislipidemias e, conseq&#252;entemente, de SM, particularmente entre os homens. Considerando ser o DM uma condi&#231;&#227;o com forte correla&#231;&#227;o com a SM, e que os pontos de corte da CC de 88 cm para o sexo feminino e 102 para o sexo masculino associaram-se a essa condi&#231;&#227;o com uma sensibilidade de apenas 54% e 21,9%, respectivamente, pode-se afirmar que esses pontos de corte subestimam o papel da obesidade abdominal como fator predisponente ao DM. Conseq&#252;entemente, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o desse crit&#233;rio pode prejudicar tomadas de decis&#245;es, em momentos oportunos, para a preven&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o s&#243; da SM e do DM, como tamb&#233;m de graves complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p>O ponto de corte da CC de 88 cm identificado neste estudo como crit&#233;rio de obesidade central em homens foi o mesmo que Pitanga &amp; Lessa descreveram para identificar risco cardiovascular global nos indiv&#237;duos de 30 a 74 anos da amostra do MONIT<sup>19</sup>. Em mulheres, os pontos de corte foram muito semelhantes (83 cm). Por&#233;m, deve-se ressaltar que, no presente estudo, al&#233;m da inclus&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com idade acima de 20 anos, buscou-se identificar a presen&#231;a de dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos. Sabe-se que a CC &#233; um excelente &#237;ndice de obesidade visceral e que esse tipo de obesidade &#233; aquele que se associa mais fortemente a desordens metab&#243;licas. Talvez isso explique por que, apesar de identificar pontos de corte muito semelhantes, no estudo de Pitanga &amp; Lessa a CC mostrou um desempenho moderado, quando comparado ao &#237;ndice de conicidade e &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o cintura quadril, para identificar risco cardiovascular global, enquanto no presente estudo a acur&#225;cia da CC para identificar desordens metab&#243;licas, particularmente disglicemia, foi elevada.</p>
    <p>A escolha do crit&#233;rio para definir pontos de corte de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas para classifica&#231;&#227;o de normal e anormal pode variar conforme a natureza do que se est&#225; estudando e o est&#225;gio do conhecimento sobre resultados de tratamentos e de medidas preventivas. H&#225; uma constante tend&#234;ncia em se reduzir pontos de corte, como periodicamente ocorre com o diagn&#243;stico da hipertens&#227;o e das dislipidemias<sup>20,21</sup>. No contexto do reconhecimento da SM, consideramos que o melhor crit&#233;rio para a escolha do ponto de corte da CC seria o do equil&#237;brio entre sensibilidade e especificidade. Se, por um lado, a sensibilidade &#233; importante para o reconhecimento do maior n&#250;mero poss&#237;vel de indiv&#237;duos sob risco, por outro, uma boa especificidade ajudar&#225; na racionaliza&#231;&#227;o de recursos diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos, j&#225; que a SM &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o de alto risco para DCV e DM. As sensibilidades dos CCp, obtidas neste estudo, foram mais elevadas do que as do ATP III, enquanto essas foram mais espec&#237;ficas. Se a OC e os demais elementos da SM s&#227;o de diagn&#243;stico f&#225;cil, a custo muito baixo, e se todos eles podem ser prevenidos, controlados ou eliminados, consideramos que, nesse caso, &#233; desej&#225;vel uma boa sensibilidade, ainda que se perca em especificidade. Isso parece racional, considerando, por um lado, que as repercuss&#245;es da SM s&#227;o de elevado custo individual e social e, por outro, indiv&#237;duos falso-positivos poderiam ter diagn&#243;sticos facilmente exclu&#237;dos em reexames de baixo custo, sem maiores traumas psicol&#243;gicos.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de anormalidade da CC, recomendados pelo ATP III, t&#234;m sido aplicados e validados como marcadores de obesidade abdominal e como fator de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e DM, sobretudo em popula&#231;&#245;es de pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos do ocidente<sup>7,22-4</sup>. Todavia, esses crit&#233;rios n&#227;o podem ser aplicados a outras popula&#231;&#245;es com componentes &#233;tnicos distintos e, portanto, com caracter&#237;sticas antropom&#233;tricas tamb&#233;m diferentes. Assim &#233; que outros pontos de corte da CC t&#234;m sido propostos e utilizados para defini&#231;&#227;o de obesidade central em popula&#231;&#245;es fora dos Estados Unidos e da Europa<sup>12-15, 25-7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Pelos crit&#233;rios de anormalidade da CC propostos pelo ATP III, as preval&#234;ncias de SM, ajustadas por idade, na popula&#231;&#227;o americana, foram de 24,0% para homens e 23,4% em mulheres<sup>28</sup>. Essas preval&#234;ncias s&#227;o muito pr&#243;ximas daquelas calculadas na popula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a partir do CCp (20,5% para homens e 23,1% para mulheres).</p>
    <p>Sendo os pontos de corte da CCp inferiores &#224;queles da CC-ATP III, restaria a preocupa&#231;&#227;o de que, por essa raz&#227;o, eles n&#227;o mantivessem uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o com os fatores de risco que comp&#245;em a SM, comprometendo o papel da medida de obesidade central como discriminador de risco cardiovascular, superior inclusive ao IMC. Por&#233;m, foi observado que, mesmo em indiv&#237;duos com IMC normal ou na faixa de sobrepeso, esses pontos de corte mant&#234;m forte associa&#231;&#227;o com os componentes da SM, tanto em mulheres quanto em homens (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tab. 5</xref>).</p>
    <p>Considerando os crit&#233;rios de anormalidade da CC definidos neste estudo como os mais adequados para definir obesidade central, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do ponto de corte da CC proposto pelo ATP III implicaria uma perda diagn&#243;stica de 25,7% entre as mulheres e de 80,2% entre os homens. Conseq&#252;entemente, a perda diagn&#243;stica da SM seria de 39% entre os homens e de 23,4% entre as mulheres. Do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico e social, esses valores s&#227;o expressivos, podendo resultar na falta de a&#231;&#245;es preventivas espec&#237;ficas e, conseq&#252;entemente, no aumento progressivo de casos de DM tipo 2 e afec&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p>A Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o, em conjunto com outras sociedades m&#233;dicas, elaborou a I Diretriz Brasileira de Diagn&#243;stico e Tratamento da S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica<sup>29</sup>. Na aus&#234;ncia de dados nacionais, esse documento recomenda os mesmos pontos de corte de CC originalmente propostos pelo ATP III como crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico de obesidade central. O presente estudo poder&#225; trazer novos subs&#237;dios tanto para outros estudos populacionais sobre pontos de corte da CC no Brasil, quanto para futuras diretrizes, ajudando a estabelecer crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos de obesidade central mais apropriados para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.</p>
    <p>Considerando o melhor desempenho dos pontos de corte aqui propostos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos do ATP-III, recomendamos os pontos de corte de CC &gt;84 cm para as mulheres e &gt; 88 cm entre os homens como crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos de obesidade central, e sugerimos que eles sejam testados em outras popula&#231;&#245;es no Brasil.</p>
    <p><italic>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo -</italic> A perda parcial dos dados de mais de 30% da amostra inicial dos indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o compareceram para a coleta de sangue em jejum pode ter introduzido um vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o. Perdas maiores ou pouco menores t&#234;m sido amplamente observadas na literatura, representando um dos obst&#225;culos &#224; pesquisa epidemiol&#243;gica. Como as caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia e a da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada s&#227;o semelhantes, particularmente quanto &#224; preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial e &#224; medida da CC, acreditamos que a perda de dados n&#227;o tenha prejudicado os nossos resultados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O banco de dados do estudo foi financiado pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, e a an&#225;lise, pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq) Proc. 505671/2004-2.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Paulo Jos&#233; Bastos Barbosa </p>
        <p> Rua Amazonas, 216, Loteamento Pituba Ville 229/M302 </p>
        <p> 41830-380 &#150; Salvador, BA </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="paulojbb@cardiol.br">paulojbb@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 16/03/06 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 11/04/06</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Haffner SM, Valdez RA, Hazuda HP, Mitchell BD, Morales PA, Stern MP. Prospective analysis of the insulin-resistance syndrome (syndrome X). Diabetes. 1992 Jun; 41(6): 715-22.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prospective analysis of the insulin-resistance syndrome (syndrome X)</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes</source>
          <date>
            <month>06</month>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>715</fpage>
          <lpage>22</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Haffner</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valdez</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hazuda</surname>
              <given-names>HP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mitchell</surname>
              <given-names>BD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morales</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stern</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Isomaa B, Almgren P, Tuomi T, Forsen B, Lahti K, Nissen M, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2001 Apr; 24(4): 683-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Care</source>
          <date>
            <month>04</month>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>683</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Isomaa</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almgren</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tuomi</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Forsen</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lahti</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nissen</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Katsuki A, Sumida Y, Urakawa H, Gabazza EC, Murashima S, Maruyama N, et al. Increased visceral fat and serum levels of triglyceride are associated with insulin resistance in Japanese metabolically obese, normal weight subjects with normal glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care 2003 Aug; 26(8): 2341-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Increased visceral fat and serum levels of triglyceride are associated with insulin resistance in Japanese metabolically obese, normal weight subjects with normal glucose tolerance</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Care</source>
          <date>
            <month>08</month>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2341</fpage>
          <lpage>4</lpage>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Katsuki</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sumida</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Urakawa</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gabazza</surname>
              <given-names>EC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murashima</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maruyama</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Rattarasarn C, Leelawattana R, Soonthornpun S, Setasuban W, Thamprasit A, Lim A, et al. Regional abdominal fat distribution in lean and obese Thai type 2 diabetic women: relationships with insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk factors. Metabolism 2003 Nov; 52(11): 1444-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Regional abdominal fat distribution in lean and obese Thai type 2 diabetic women: relationships with insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk factors</article-title>
          <source>Metabolism</source>
          <date>
            <month>11</month>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1444</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <volume>52</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rattarasarn</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leelawattana</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Soonthornpun</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Setasuban</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thamprasit</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lim</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Nieves DJ, Cnop M, Retzlaff B, Walden CE, Brunzell JD, Knopp RH, et al. The atherogenic lipoprotein profile associated with obesity and insulin resistance is largely attributable to intra-abdominal fat. Diabetes 2003 Jan; 52(1): 172-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The atherogenic lipoprotein profile associated with obesity and insulin resistance is largely attributable to intra-abdominal fat</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes</source>
          <date>
            <month>01</month>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>172</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>52</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nieves</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cnop</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Retzlaff</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Walden</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brunzell</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Knopp</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Pascot A, Lemieux I, Prud'homme D, Tremblay A, Nadeau A, Couillard C, et al. Reduced HDL particle size as an additional feature of the atherogenic dyslipidemia of abdominal obesity. J Lipid Res 2001 Dec; 42(12): 2007-14.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Reduced HDL particle size as an additional feature of the atherogenic dyslipidemia of abdominal obesity</article-title>
          <source>J Lipid Res</source>
          <date>
            <month>12</month>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2007</fpage>
          <lpage>14</lpage>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pascot</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lemieux</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prud'homme</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tremblay</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nadeau</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Couillard</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT, Ross R. Body mass index, waist circumference, and health risk: evidence in support of current National Institutes of Health guidelines. Arch Intern Med 2002 Oct 14; 162(18): 2074-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Body mass index, waist circumference, and health risk: evidence in support of current National Institutes of Health guidelines</article-title>
          <source>Arch Intern Med</source>
          <date>
            <month>10</month>
            <day>14</day>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2074</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <volume>162</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Janssen</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Katzmarzyk</surname>
              <given-names>PT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ross</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Wei M, Gaskill SP, Haffner SM, Stern MP. Waist circumference as the best predictor of noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) compared to body mass index, waist/hip ratio and other anthropometric measurements in Mexican Americansa 7-year prospective study. Obes Res 1997 Jan; 5(1): 16-23.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Waist circumference as the best predictor of noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) compared to body mass index, waist/hip ratio and other anthropometric measurements in Mexican Americans--a 7-year prospective study</article-title>
          <source>Obes Res</source>
          <date>
            <month>01</month>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>16</fpage>
          <lpage>23</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wei</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gaskill</surname>
              <given-names>SP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haffner</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stern</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Pouliot MC, Despres JP, Lemieux S, Moorjani S, Bouchard C, Tremblay A, et al. Waist circumference and abdominal sagittal diameter: best simple anthropometric indexes of abdominal visceral adipose tissue accumulation and related cardiovascular risk in men and women. Am J Cardiol 1994 Mar 1; 73(7): 460-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Waist circumference and abdominal sagittal diameter: best simple anthropometric indexes of abdominal visceral adipose tissue accumulation and related cardiovascular risk in men and women</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <month>03</month>
            <day>01</day>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>460</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <volume>73</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pouliot</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Despres</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lemieux</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moorjani</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bouchard</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tremblay</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Interventions for metabolic and endocrine complications of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome and illicit drug use. Proceedings of a workshop. 26-27 November 2001. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37 Suppl 2: S37-153.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Interventions for metabolic and endocrine complications of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome and illicit drug use: Proceedings of a workshop. 26-27 November 2001</article-title>
          <source>Clin Infect Dis</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>S37</fpage>
          <lpage>153</lpage>
          <volume>37</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Lean ME, Han TS, Morrison CE. Waist circumference as a measure for indicating need for weight management. Bmj 1995 Jul 15; 311(6998): 158-61.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Waist circumference as a measure for indicating need for weight management</article-title>
          <source>Bmj</source>
          <date>
            <month>07</month>
            <day>15</day>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>158</fpage>
          <lpage>61</lpage>
          <issue>6998</issue>
          <volume>311</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lean</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Han</surname>
              <given-names>TS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morrison</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Tan CE, Ma S, Wai D, Chew SK, Tai ES. Can we apply the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel definition of the metabolic syndrome to Asians? Diabetes Care 2004 May; 27(5): 1182-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Can we apply the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel definition of the metabolic syndrome to Asians?</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Care</source>
          <date>
            <month>05</month>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1182</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tan</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ma</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wai</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chew</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tai</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Sanchez-Castillo CP, Velazquez-Monroy O, Berber A, Lara-Esqueda A, Tapia-Conyer R, James WP. Anthropometric cutoff points for predicting chronic diseases in the Mexican National Health Survey 2000. Obes Res 2003 Mar; 11(3): 442-51.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Anthropometric cutoff points for predicting chronic diseases in the Mexican National Health Survey 2000</article-title>
          <source>Obes Res</source>
          <date>
            <month>03</month>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>442</fpage>
          <lpage>51</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sanchez-Castillo</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Velazquez-Monroy</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berber</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lara-Esqueda</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tapia-Conyer</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>James</surname>
              <given-names>WP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Satyavani K, Sivasankari S, Vijay V. Metabolic syndrome in urban Asian Indian adultsa population study using modified ATP III criteria. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2003 Jun; 60(3): 199-204.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Metabolic syndrome in urban Asian Indian adults--a population study using modified ATP III criteria</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Res Clin Pract</source>
          <date>
            <month>06</month>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>199</fpage>
          <lpage>204</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ramachandran</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Snehalatha</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Satyavani</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sivasankari</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vijay</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Steering Committee of the Western Pacific Region of the World Health Organization tIAftSoO, and the International Obesity Task Force. The Asia-Pacific perspective. Redefining Obesity and its Treatment. Health Communications Australia Pty Ltd; 2000.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>The Asia-Pacific perspective: Redefining Obesity and its Treatment</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 2005 Oct 25; 112(17): 2735-52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <month>10</month>
            <day>25</day>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2735</fpage>
          <lpage>52</lpage>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <volume>112</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grundy</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cleeman</surname>
              <given-names>JI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daniels</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Donato</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eckel</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Franklin</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Lessa I ML, Ara&#250;jo MJ, Aquino E, Almeida Filho N. Projeto-Monitoramento das Doen&#231;as Cr&#244;nicas N&#227;o Transmiss&#237;veis (MONIT). Relat&#243;rio de Pesquisa apresentado ao Centro Nacional de Epidemiologia (CENEPI). Funda&#231;&#227;o Nacional de Sa&#250;de (MS). Bras&#237;lia - DF; 2000.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Relat&#243;rio de Pesquisa apresentado ao Centro Nacional de Epidemiologia (CENEPI)</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lessa</surname>
              <given-names>I ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aquino</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida Filho</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. IBGE. S&#237;ntese dos indicadores sociais, 1998. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (IBGE). 1999.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>S&#237;ntese dos indicadores sociais, 1998</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Pitanga FJ, Lessa I. [Anthropometric indexes of obesity as an instrument of screening for high coronary risk in adults in the city of SalvadorBahia]. Arq Bras Cardiol 2005 Jul; 85(1): 26-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Anthropometric indexes of obesity as an instrument of screening for high coronary risk in adults in the city of Salvador--Bahia</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <month>07</month>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>26</fpage>
          <lpage>31</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>85</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pitanga</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lessa</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL, Jr., et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. Jama 2003 May 21; 289(19): 2560-72.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report</article-title>
          <source>Jama</source>
          <date>
            <month>03</month>
            <day>21</day>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2560</fpage>
          <lpage>72</lpage>
          <issue>289</issue>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chobanian</surname>
              <given-names>AV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bakris</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Black</surname>
              <given-names>HR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cushman</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Green</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Izzo</surname>
              <given-names>JL, Jr</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Jama 2001 May 16; 285(19): 2486-97.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)</article-title>
          <source>Jama</source>
          <date>
            <month>05</month>
            <day>16</day>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2486</fpage>
          <lpage>97</lpage>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <volume>285</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Han TS, van Leer EM, Seidell JC, Lean ME. Waist circumference action levels in the identification of cardiovascular risk factors: prevalence study in a random sample. Bmj 1995 Nov 25; 311(7017): 1401-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Waist circumference action levels in the identification of cardiovascular risk factors: prevalence study in a random sample</article-title>
          <source>Bmj</source>
          <date>
            <month>11</month>
            <day>25</day>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1401</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <issue>7017</issue>
          <volume>311</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Han</surname>
              <given-names>TS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seidell</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lean</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Okosun IS, Liao Y, Rotimi CN, Prewitt TE, Cooper RS. Abdominal adiposity and clustering of multiple metabolic syndrome in White, Black and Hispanic americans. Ann Epidemiol 2000 Jul; 10(5): 263-70.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Abdominal adiposity and clustering of multiple metabolic syndrome in White, Black and Hispanic americans</article-title>
          <source>Ann Epidemiol</source>
          <date>
            <month>07</month>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>263</fpage>
          <lpage>70</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Okosun</surname>
              <given-names>IS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liao</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rotimi</surname>
              <given-names>CN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prewitt</surname>
              <given-names>TE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cooper</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Ascaso JF, Romero P, Real JT, Lorente RI, Marti, nez-Valls J, et al. Abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome in a southern European population. Eur J Intern Med 2003 Mar; 14(2): 101-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome in a southern European population</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Intern Med</source>
          <date>
            <month>03</month>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>101</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ascaso</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Romero</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Real</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lorente</surname>
              <given-names>RI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marti, nez-Valls</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Ko GT, Chan JC, Woo J, Cockram CS. Waist circumference as a screening measurement for overweight or centrally obese Chinese. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1996 Aug; 20(8): 791-2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Waist circumference as a screening measurement for overweight or centrally obese Chinese</article-title>
          <source>Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord</source>
          <date>
            <month>08</month>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>791</fpage>
          <lpage>2</lpage>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ko</surname>
              <given-names>GT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chan</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Woo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cockram</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Lin WY, Lee LT, Chen CY, Lo H, Hsia HH, Liu IL, et al. Optimal cut-off values for obesity: using simple anthropometric indices to predict cardiovascular risk factors in Taiwan. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002 Sep; 26(9): 1232-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Optimal cut-off values for obesity: using simple anthropometric indices to predict cardiovascular risk factors in Taiwan</article-title>
          <source>Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord</source>
          <date>
            <month>09</month>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1232</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lin</surname>
              <given-names>WY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>LT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>CY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lo</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hsia</surname>
              <given-names>HH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>IL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>27. Li G, Chen X, Jang Y, Wang J, Xing X, Yang W, et al. Obesity, coronary heart disease risk factors and diabetes in Chinese: an approach to the criteria of obesity in the Chinese population. Obes Rev 2002 Aug; 3(3): 167-72.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Obesity, coronary heart disease risk factors and diabetes in Chinese: an approach to the criteria of obesity in the Chinese population</article-title>
          <source>Obes Rev</source>
          <date>
            <month>08</month>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>167</fpage>
          <lpage>72</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xing</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>28. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Jama 2002 Jan 16; 287(3): 356-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey</article-title>
          <source>Jama</source>
          <date>
            <month>01</month>
            <day>16</day>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>356</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>287</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ford</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giles</surname>
              <given-names>WH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dietz</surname>
              <given-names>WH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <mixed-citation>29. [I Brazilian    guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of metabolic syndrome]. Arq Bras Cardiol    2005 Apr; 84 Suppl 1: 1-28.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>I Brazilian guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of metabolic syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <month>04</month>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>28</lpage>
          <volume>84</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Criteria for central obesity in a Brazilian population: impact on metabolic syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To identify and propose the optimal waist circumference cut-off points (WCp) for the diagnosis of central obesity (CO) in a Brazilian population, so as to compare these cut-off points with those recommended by the ATPIII (WC-ATPIII), and to estimate the difference in prevalence rates of metabolic syndrome (MS) using the two criteria. METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted in a population subgroup of 1439 adults in the city of Salvador, Brazil. ROC curves of waist circumference (WC) were plotted to identify diabetes mellitus (DM) and obesity. ROC curve sensitivity and specificity values &gt;60% and the closest to each other were used to define WCp. The prevalence of MS was estimated using WCp and WC-ATPIII. RESULTS: Eight hundred and twenty nine women comprised 57.7% of the sample. The WCp selected were 84cm for women and 88cm for men. These cut-off points detected DM with a 68.7% and 70% sensitivity, and a 66.2% and 68.3% specificity, respectively. For obesity, sensitivity and specificity were 79.8% and 77.6% in women and 64.3% and 71.6% in men, respectively. Using WC-ATPIII, 88cm (for women) and 102cm (for men), the sensitivity was 53.3% and 26.5%, respectively, to diagnose DM. For obesity, sensitivity was 66.5% (for women) and 28.6% (for men). The prevalence of MS using WCp was 23.7%, 95%CI (21.6 - 25.9), whereas using WC-ATPIII it was 19.0%, 95%CI (17.1- 20.9), 1.2 times higher using WCp. CONCLUSION: WC-ATPIII were inappropriate and underestimated the prevalence of MS in the population studied, particularly among men. We suggest that the WC cut-off points &gt; 84cm for women and &gt; 88cm for men should be tested in other Brazilian populations.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Central obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>waist circumference</kwd>
        <kwd>metabolic syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>brazilian population</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Criteria for central obesity in a Brazilian population: impact on the metabolic syndrome</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Paulo Jos&#233; Bastos Barbosa; &#205;nes Lessa; Naomar de Almeida Filho; Luc&#233;lia Batista N. Cunha Magalh&#227;es; Jenny Ara&#250;jo</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal da Bahia - Salvador, BA - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To identify and propose the optimal waist circumference cut-off points (WCp) for the diagnosis of central obesity (CO) in a Brazilian population, so as to compare these cut-off points with those recommended by the ATPIII (WC-ATPIII), and to estimate the difference in prevalence rates of metabolic syndrome (MS) using the two criteria.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Cross-sectional study conducted in a population subgroup of 1439 adults in the city of Salvador, Brazil. ROC curves of WC were plotted to identify diabetes mellitus (DM) and obesity. ROC curve sensitivity and specificity values <underline>&gt;</underline>60% and the closest to each other were used to define WCp. The prevalence of MS was estimated using WCp and WC-ATPIII.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Eight hundred and twenty nine women comprised 57.7% of the sample. The WCp selected were 84cm for women and 88cm for men. These cut-off points detected DM with a 68.7% and 70% sensitivity, and a 66.2% and 68.3% specificity, respectively. For obesity, sensitivity and specificity were 79.8% and 77.6% in women and 64.3% and 71.6% in men, respectively. Using WC-ATPIII, 88cm (for women) and 102cm (for men), the sensitivity was 53.3% and 26.5%, respectively, to diagnose DM. For obesity, sensitivity was 66.5% (for women) and 28.6% (for men). The prevalence of MS using WCp was 23.7%, 95%CI (21.6 &#150; 25.9), whereas using WC-ATPIII it was 19.0%, 95%CI (17.1- 20.9), 1.2 times higher using WCp.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> WC-ATPIII were inappropriate and underestimated the prevalence of MS in the population studied, particularly among men. We suggest that the WC cut-off points &gt; 84cm for women and &gt; 88cm for men should be tested in other Brazilian populations.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Central obesity, waist circumference, metabolic syndrome, brazilian population.</p>
      <p>The metabolic syndrome (MS), common in individuals with central obesity, is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM)<sup>1</sup> and cardiovascular events<sup>2</sup>. With biological plausibility, central obesity is independently associated with MS components and with insulin resistance<sup>3-6</sup>. When compared to traditional anthropometric measurements, waist circumference (WC) has proven superior to body mass index (BMI) and to waist-hip ratio in the identification of visceral adiposity and, consequently, of cardiovascular risk<sup>7-9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The Third Report of National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults &#150; Adult Treatment Panel III &#150; (ATP III) proposed a new definition for metabolic syndrome (SM), using WC values &gt;102cm for men and &gt; 88cm for women as a criterion for central obesity<sup>10</sup>. Originally described by Lean et al in 1995<sup>11</sup>, these cut-off points have not been adequate to define obesity in some populations<sup>12-15</sup>. This fact was pointed out in the recently published review of the ATP III diagnostic criteria<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, neither population-based studies on metabolic syndrome nor a specific criterion for central obesity for our population are available. The objectives of this study are: a) to identify the optimal WC cut-off point to diagnose central obesity in a urban Brazilian population; b) to compare the performance of the cut-off points obtained with those proposed by the ATP III; c) to estimate differences in the prevalence rates of MS as measured by the two criteria of abnormal WC.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Patients</italic> - This is a cross-sectional study using the sample of the Monitoring Non-Transmissible Chronic Diseases (MONIT) Project, conducted in Salvador<sup>17</sup>. Summarizing, for MONIT, the sample size was initially estimated at 1800 adults with age <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 years, based on a 25% prevalence of high blood pressure, 95% confidence interval and a 2% design error. A 20% loss of households (non-residential houses, family refuse, difficulties for resident access, and others) was expected. The sampling was conducted in three phases: 1) the census sectors of 8 out of 10 river basins in the city with similar social and demographic characteristics were grouped in 108 "Research Areas" and classified by socioeconomic level (SEL) as upper, middle or lower level. The areas contained 16592 households with approximately 83000 inhabitants, with age <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 years. In proportion to the number of sectors of each SEL of the Areas, 37 were probabilistically drawn by lot; 2) by systematic sample (interval = 10), 1540 households were drawn by lot, with a 18.3% loss and favorable response to participation of 1258 resident families in 63 census sectors; 3) in the third phase, the participants were drawn by lot, two per household at the most, one per gender, with the exclusion of pregnant women<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the household, all participants answered a questionnaire on cardiovascular and DM risk factors; they had their blood pressure taken six times and their WC measured twice.</p>
      <p>A total of 1437 individuals went to the Health Service for blood drawing and the results of biochemical analysis of interest were available to them. Those are the individuals comprising the population of the present study.</p>
      <p>Six measurements were taken to check the blood pressure, and the average of the last five ones were used for the analysis. To obtain WC, individuals remained in an erect position, breathing softly, and a non-stretchable tape measure was placed around their natural waist line (narrowest part midway between the thorax and the hip), and the measurement was expressed as whole centimeters (cm). Height and weight measurements for BMI calculation were taken with standard equipment and the scale was periodically calibrated. Biochemical tests, performed after a 12-hour fast, were: blood glucose using Labtest in fluoridized plasma, cholesterol (Tender &#150; enzyme method), triglycerides (modified Soloni method) and HDL-cholesterol (Labtest)</p>
      <p>Criteria and definitions -</p>
      <p>a) Skin color was self-defined in one of the three categories: white, mulatto or black;</p>
      <p>b) socioeconomic level (SEL) &#150; criterion used by the Instituto Brasileiro de Pesquisa Econ&#244;mica Aplicada (Brazilian Institute of Applied Economics Research) and IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) in Brazil<sup>18</sup>. The original classification of brackets going from A to E was grouped for this study in A+B (upper SEL), C (middle SEL), and D+E (lower SEL);</p>
      <p>c) schooling was classified as: high (complete high school or complete or incomplete college), middle (complete basic school or incomplete high school), and low (illiteracy, incomplete basic school);</p>
      <p>d) Metabolic Syndrome-1 (MS-1) &#150; we used the ATP III revised criterion<sup>16</sup> based on the coexistence, in the same individual, of three or more of these five factors: 1) High blood pressure (<underline>&gt;</underline>130/85 mmHg) or current pharmacological treatment for high blood pressure; 2) Dysglycemia (fasting plasma glucose <underline>&gt;</underline> 100 mg/dl) or current pharmacological treatment for DM (DMms); 3) WC &gt; 88cm for women or &gt; 102cm for men (WC-ATP III); 4) Low HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c) (&lt; 40 mg/dL in men and &lt; 50 mg/dL in women); 5) Hypertriglyceridemia (<underline>&gt;</underline> 150 mg/dl);</p>
      <p>e) Metabolic Syndrome-2 (MS-2) &#150; the same criterion for MS-1, but replacing the WC cut-off point by that proposed (P) in this study &#150; WCp.</p>
      <p>The project was submitted to and approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Regional Medical Council of the State of Bahia and all participants signed the Informed Consent Form.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - Social demographic characteristics, prevalence of high blood pressure and WC measurements in the population studied were compared with those of the reference population to identify possible selection biases.</p>
      <p>ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curves of WC were plotted according to the diagnosis of DM and obesity (BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 30) to select the optimal WC cut-off point that could identify CO in each gender. Statistical significance of each analysis was determined by the area under the ROC curve and by the 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The criterion used to select the WC cut-off points for each gender were the closest values of sensitivity and specificity between each other, no lower than 60%, which could, in order of priority: a) diagnose, with a good level of accuracy, obese individuals among the population; b) identify, by using this WC cut-off point, DM, the metabolic disorder that is most directly related to insulin resistance. These WC values were used in the analyses as the WC cut-off points proposed for central obesity (WCp). Also, ROC curves of WC were plotted to identify components of MS.</p>
      <p>Using both waist circumference criteria &#150; WCp and WC-ATP III &#150; prevalence rates and 95% CI of the other components of MS were calculated, according to ATP III definition (DMms, HBPms, low HDL-c, hypertriglyceridemia), among individuals with an abnormal WC. Prevalence rates of central obesity and MS and their respective 95% CI were also calculated, and prevalence ratios (PR) obtained from these cut-off points were estimated.</p>
      <p>The odds ratios (OR) to discriminate individuals with a higher cardiovascular risk in the range of normal BMI and overweight according to the new WC cut-off points were estimated using the logistic regression model. Confounding was defined as a difference greater than or equal to 10% between crude and adjusted OR. Eligibility of confounding variables used in the logistic regression model also considered the scientific knowledge available in the literature. Interaction was assessed by the maximum likelihood ratio test, considering p &lt; 0.05 as the statistical significance level.</p>
      <p>The STATA&#153; version 7.0 statistical package was used in the analyses.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Most of the characteristics of the 1437 individuals studied were similar to those of the original MONIT sample. A greater number of individuals with low levels of schooling, and consequently lower socioeconomic levels were observed in the first group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e03t1-body2">Tab. 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e03t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0407-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Identification of the WC cut-off points - The area under the ROC curve of WC to identify DM among women was 0.73% (95% CI = 0.67-0.78) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e03f1-body2">Fig. 1</xref>). The 84cm WC cut-off point offered the best balance between sensitivity (67.6%) and specificity (65.8%) in predicting DM, and corresponds to the WCp for this gender (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e03t2-body2">Tab. 2</xref>). The area under the ROC curve was 0.79 (95% CI = 0.71-0.87) among men, and the optimal cut-off point was 88cm, with a 68.7% sensitivity and 67.7% specificity (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e03t2-body2">Tab. 2</xref>). This was the optimal WCp obtained for men. The two WCp identified HBPms, HDL-c &lt; 50 mg/dL and hypertriglyceridemia with reasonable levels of sensitivity and specificity (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e03t2-body2">Tab. 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="e03f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0407-00003-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e03t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0407-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The 88cm cut-off point for women and 102cm cut-off point for men recommended by the ATP III identified DM with a 54% and 21.9% sensitivity, respectively. These rates are significantly lower, from a statistical and epidemiological point of view, than those of the WCp. Using the ATP III cut-off points, a loss of sensitivity and increase in specificity were observed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e03t2-body2">Tab. 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>Again, using the ROC curve we can observe that the 84cm WCp for women was also the one that best identified obesity (BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>) among women (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e03t2-body2">Tab. 2</xref>), with a 79.8% sensitivity and a 77.6% specificity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="e03f1-body2">Fig. 1</xref>). Among men, the optimal cut-off point to identify obesity was 86cm, with a 68.4% sensitivity and a 66.7% specificity. However, the 88cm cut-off point had a similar performance (64.3% sensitivity and 71.6% specificity) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e03t2-body2">Tab. 2</xref>), and was assumed as the cut-off point defining central obesity (WCp) among men. Using the 88cm cut-off point for women and 102cm cut-off point for men defined by the ATP III, we observed a loss of sensitivity, particularly among men (28.6%), and a slight increase in specificity in the identification of obesity (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e03t2-body2">Tab. 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>The prevalence of each of the MS components (DMms, HBPms, low HDL-c, and triglycerides <underline>&gt;</underline> 150 mg/dL) in the cut-off points selected for this population and in those recommended by the ATP III is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="e03t3-body2">Table 3</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e03t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0407-00003-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Impact of the WC cut-off points on the prevalence of MS - When the prevalence rates of MS and central obesity based on the two cut-off points are compared, we observe that those estimated using the WCp are significantly higher than those based on WC-ATP III. The overall prevalence of MS calculated based on criteria of abnormal WCp was 1.2 times higher than that estimated using the WC-ATP III (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e03t4-body2">Tab. 4</xref>). The age-adjusted prevalence estimated from the WCp among men was 22.2% (95% CI = 19.0-25.4), a rate 1.5 times higher than that calculated using the WC-ATP III, which was 14.4% (95% CI = 11.4-17.7). This difference was less marked among women, and was approximately 1.1 times (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e03t4-body2">Tab. 4</xref>). Similarly, the prevalence rates of central obesity defined using these two criteria in both genders were higher using WCp, especially among men (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e03t4-body2">Tab. 4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e03t4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0407-00003-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Assessment of the ability to identify cardiovascular risk among non-obese individuals - With the exception of HDL &lt; 40 in males, the analyses of the association between central obesity defined by WCp and the factors that comprise MS in individuals within the range of normal BMI or overweight demonstrate that, even among non-obese individuals, the abnormal WCp was able to discriminate individuals at a higher risk, even after adjustment for age, schooling, socioeconomic level, self-attributed skin color, smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e03t5-body2">Tab. 5</xref>). Central obesity defined using WCp was also associated with the presence of two or more factors comprising the MS in the same individual, in a statistically significant manner for both genders (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e03t5-body2">Tab. 5</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="e03t5-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0407-00003-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>For different reasons, we can admit that the WC cut-off points recommended by the ATP III for defining central obesity are inappropriate for the population studied. Using these criteria as risk markers, we observe a loss of sensitivity, with underestimation of the diagnosis of obesity, dysglycemia, HBPms, dyslipidemias, and, consequently, of MS, particularly among men. Considering that DM is a condition strongly correlated with MS, and that the 88cm WC cut-off point for women and 102cm for men were associated with this condition with a sensitivity of only 54% and 21.9%, respectively, we can say that these cut-off points underestimate the role of abdominal obesity as a predisposing factor to DM. Consequently, the use of this criterion may impair timely decision-making for preventing not only MS and DM, but also severe cardiovascular complications.</p>
      <p>The 88cm WC cut-off point identified in this study as a criterion for central obesity in men was the same described by Pitanga &amp; Lessa to identify overall cardiovascular risk in individuals between 30 and 74 years of age in the MONIT sample<sup>19</sup>. Among women, the cut-off points were very similar (83cm). However, we should point out that in the present study, in addition to the inclusion of individuals over 20 years of age, we also sought to identify the presence of metabolic disorders. WC is known to be an excellent marker of visceral obesity, and this type of obesity is known to be the one with the strongest association with metabolic disorders. Perhaps this explains why, despite identifying very similar cut-off points, the WC showed a moderate performance in Pitanga &amp; Lessa's study when compared to the conicity index and to waist-hip ratio in the identification of overall cardiovascular risk, whereas in the present study the accuracy of WC in identifying metabolic disorders, particularly dysglycemia, was high.</p>
      <p>The choice of the criterion to define the cut-off points of continuous variables for the classification of normal and abnormal may vary according to the nature of what is being studied, and to the phase of knowledge on the results of treatments and preventive measures. There is a constant tendency to reduce cut-off points, as periodically occurs with the diagnosis of high blood pressure and dyslipidemias<sup>20,21</sup>. In the context of the identification of MS, we consider that the best criterion for the choice of the WC cut-off point would be the balance point between sensitivity and specificity. If, on one hand, sensitivity is important to recognize the greatest possible number of individuals at risk, on the other hand, a good specificity would help rationalize diagnostic and therapeutic resources, since MS is a high risk condition for CVD and DM. The WCp sensitivities obtained in this study were higher than those of the ATP III, whereas the latter were more specific. If CO and other elements of the MS are easy to diagnose at a low cost, and if all of them can be prevented, controlled or eliminated, then we consider that a good sensitivity is desirable, although some specificity is lost. This seems rational, considering, on one hand, that MS repercussions have a high individual and social cost, and on the other hand, that false-positive individuals could have their diagnosis easily excluded with low-cost reexaminations, without further psychological trauma.</p>
      <p>The criteria for abnormal WC recommended by the ATP III have been applied and validated as markers of abdominal obesity and as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and DM, especially in populations of Western developed countries<sup>7,22-24</sup>. However, these criteria cannot be applied to other populations with distinct ethnical components, and therefore with anthropometric characteristics which are also different. Thus, other WC cut-off points have been proposed and used for defining central obesity in populations outside the USA and Europe<sup>12-15,25-27</sup>.</p>
      <p>According to the criteria of abnormal WC proposed by the ATP III, prevalence rates of age-adjusted MS in the American population were 24.0% for men and 23.4% for women<sup>28</sup>. These prevalence rates are very close to those calculated for this study's population using the WCp (20.5% for men and 23.1% for women).</p>
      <p>Since the cut-off points for WCp are lower than the WC-ATP III, concern would remain, for this reason, that they would not keep a strong association with the risk factors that comprise the MS, thus affecting the role of central obesity measurement as a discriminator of cardiovascular risk even superior to BMI. However, these cut-off points were observed to keep a strong association with components of MS, even in individuals with a normal BMI or overweight, both for women and men (<xref ref-type="table" rid="e03t5-body2">Tab. 5</xref>).</p>
      <p>Considering the criteria for abnormal WC defined in this study as the most appropriate to define central obesity, the use of the WC cut-off point proposed by the ATP III would imply a diagnostic failure of 25.7% among women, and 80.2% among men. Consequently, the diagnostic failure of MS would be 39% among men and 23.4% among women. From a clinical and social point of view, these values are significant and may result in the lack of specific preventive measures and, consequently, in the progressive increase of type 2 DM cases and cardiovascular diseases.</p>
      <p>The Brazilian Society of Hypertension jointly with other medical societies elaborated the I Brazilian Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome<sup>29</sup>. In the absence of nationwide data, this document recommends the same WC cut-off points originally proposed by the ATP III as a diagnostic criterion for central obesity. The present study may bring a new contribution, both for further population-based studies on WC cut-off points in Brazil, and for future guidelines, helping to establish diagnostic criteria for central obesity which are more appropriate for the Brazilian population.</p>
      <p>Considering the better performance of the cut-off points proposed here in relation to those of the ATP III, we recommend WC &gt; 84cm cut-off points for women and &gt; 88cm for men as diagnostic criteria for central obesity, and suggest that they be tested in other populations in Brazil.</p>
      <p>Study limitations - The partial data loss of more than 30% of the initial sample of individuals who did not attend the appointment for fasting blood collection may have introduced a selection bias. Greater or slightly lower losses have been widely observed in literature, representing one of the setbacks to epidemiological research. Since the characteristics of the reference population and of the population studied are similar, particularly as regards to the prevalence of high blood pressure and WC measurement, we believe that this data loss has not affected our results.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sponsor</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study database was sponsored by the Ministry of Health, and the analysis was sponsored by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico &#150; CNPq (National Council of Scientific and Technological Development) Proc. 505671/2004-2.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Paulo Jos&#233; Bastos Barbosa</p>
          <p> Rua Amazonas, 216, Loteamento Pituba Ville 229/M302</p>
          <p> 41830-380 &#150; Salvador, BA</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="paulojbb@cardiol.br">paulojbb@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 03/16/06</p>
      <p> Accepted on 04/11/06</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
