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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">H9CC9MbSfKFD7XC4CYcvStM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001700002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700402</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001700002</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Varia&#231;&#227;o sazonal de epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular avaliados por Holter</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pimentel</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gr&#252;dtner</surname>
            <given-names>Let&#237;cia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zimerman</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro I.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>403</fpage>
      <lpage>406</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a varia&#231;&#227;o sazonal de arritmias ventriculares e sua correla&#231;&#227;o com a temperatura ambiente em pacientes submetidos &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de Holter em Porto Alegre, Sul do Brasil. M&#201;TODOS: Foram avaliados os resultados de Holter de 3.034 pacientes realizados no per&#237;odo de 1996 a 2002. Taquicardia ventricular (TV) foi definida pela presen&#231;a de tr&#234;s ou mais batimentos ventriculares consecutivos, em freq&#252;&#234;ncia igual ou superior a 100 batimentos por minuto. Foram avaliadas a distribui&#231;&#227;o do percentual de pacientes com TV entre as esta&#231;&#245;es do ano e sua correla&#231;&#227;o com a temperatura ambiente. RESULTADOS: A idade m&#233;dia foi 59,2 &#177; 17,4 anos, com predom&#237;nio do sexo feminino (61,9%). A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes por esta&#231;&#245;es do ano foi: ver&#227;o 561 (18,5%), outono 756 (24,9%), inverno 843 (27,8%) e primavera 874 (28,8%). No ver&#227;o, 52 pacientes apresentaram TV (9,3%), no outono, 39 (5,2%), no inverno, 56 (6,6%) e, na primavera, 60 (6,9%) (p = 0,035). Houve aumento relativo de 40% na propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com TV no ver&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao inverno. Houve tend&#234;ncia de aumento da propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com TV com o aumento da temperatura (r = 0,57; p = 0,052). CONCLUS&#195;O: A ocorr&#234;ncia de TV apresenta varia&#231;&#227;o sazonal no Sul do Brasil, com maior propor&#231;&#227;o de epis&#243;dios ocorrendo durante o ver&#227;o. Existe tend&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o entre aumento da temperatura e TV.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Taquicardia ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>esta&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Holter</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Varia&#231;&#227;o sazonal de epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular avaliados por Holter</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Maur&#237;cio Pimentel; Let&#237;cia Gr&#252;dtner; Leandro I. Zimerman</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Porto Alegre, RS</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a varia&#231;&#227;o sazonal de arritmias ventriculares e sua correla&#231;&#227;o com a temperatura ambiente em pacientes submetidos &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de Holter em Porto Alegre, Sul do Brasil. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram avaliados os resultados de Holter de 3.034 pacientes realizados no per&#237;odo de 1996 a 2002. Taquicardia ventricular (TV) foi definida pela presen&#231;a de tr&#234;s ou mais batimentos ventriculares consecutivos, em freq&#252;&#234;ncia igual ou superior a 100 batimentos por minuto. Foram avaliadas a distribui&#231;&#227;o do percentual de pacientes com TV entre as esta&#231;&#245;es do ano e sua correla&#231;&#227;o com a temperatura ambiente. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A idade m&#233;dia foi 59,2 &#177; 17,4 anos, com predom&#237;nio do sexo feminino (61,9%). A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes por esta&#231;&#245;es do ano foi: ver&#227;o 561 (18,5%), outono 756 (24,9%), inverno 843 (27,8%) e primavera 874 (28,8%). No ver&#227;o, 52 pacientes apresentaram TV (9,3%), no outono, 39 (5,2%), no inverno, 56 (6,6%) e, na primavera, 60 (6,9%) (p = 0,035). Houve aumento relativo de 40% na propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com TV no ver&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao inverno. Houve tend&#234;ncia de aumento da propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com TV com o aumento da temperatura (r = 0,57; p = 0,052). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A ocorr&#234;ncia de TV apresenta varia&#231;&#227;o sazonal no Sul do Brasil, com maior propor&#231;&#227;o de epis&#243;dios ocorrendo durante o ver&#227;o. Existe tend&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o entre aumento da temperatura e TV.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Taquicardia ventricular, esta&#231;&#245;es, Holter.</p>
    <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, v&#225;rios trabalhos t&#234;m demonstrado varia&#231;&#227;o sazonal na incid&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares, como infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, morte s&#250;bita, arritmias ventriculares e acidente vascular encef&#225;lico<sup>1-4</sup>. A maioria desses estudos foi realizada no hemisf&#233;rio Norte, tendo evidenciado, em sua maior parte, aumento na incid&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares durante o inverno. No entanto, em &#225;reas do mesmo hemisf&#233;rio, com diferen&#231;as de latitude e clima, verificaram-se alguns resultados conflitantes<sup>5-7</sup>. Heyer e cols.<sup>5</sup> demonstraram, no Sul dos Estados Unidos, maior incid&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio no ver&#227;o. No Brasil, na cidade de S&#227;o Paulo, dois trabalhos demonstraram de modo consistente um aumento da mortalidade por infarto do mioc&#225;rdio durante o inverno e sua correla&#231;&#227;o com a temperatura ambiente<sup>8-9</sup>. Em compara&#231;&#227;o, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da varia&#231;&#227;o sazonal de arritmias ventriculares no hemisf&#233;rio Sul ainda tem sido pouco estudada. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a varia&#231;&#227;o sazonal de arritmias ventriculares encontradas em pacientes submetidos a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o por Holter de 24 horas e sua correla&#231;&#227;o com a temperatura em Porto Alegre, Sul do Brasil.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados retrospectivamente os resultados de exames de Holter realizados em pacientes maiores de dezoito anos, no per&#237;odo de 1996 a 2002, no Laborat&#243;rio de Cardiologia do Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Nos casos em que o mesmo paciente realizou exame em per&#237;odos diferentes, foi inclu&#237;do na an&#225;lise apenas o primeiro exame. Os laudos de Holter n&#227;o traziam de modo sistem&#225;tico informa&#231;&#245;es sobre presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, bem como o motivo da realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame, motivo pelo qual essas informa&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o foram avaliadas. A avalia&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica ambulatorial foi realizada por 24 horas, com registro em tr&#234;s canais, atrav&#233;s de gravador DMS 300-6 (DMS, Escondido, California, USA). Os registros foram avaliados com utiliza&#231;&#227;o do programa <italic>CardioScan</italic> 8.0. Taquicardia ventricular (TV) foi definida pela presen&#231;a de tr&#234;s ou mais batimentos ventriculares consecutivos, com freq&#252;&#234;ncia igual ou superior a 100 batimentos por minuto. Todas as an&#225;lises foram feitas por eletrofisiologista card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>A cidade de Porto Alegre est&#225; localizada a 30 graus de latitude sul, em zona de clima temperado. A m&#233;dia mensal da temperatura ambiente no per&#237;odo de 1996 a 2002 foi obtida junto ao 8&#176; Distrito de Meteorologia do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Para o objetivo do estudo, as esta&#231;&#245;es do ano foram definidas como: ver&#227;o (dezembro a fevereiro), outono (mar&#231;o a maio), inverno (junho a agosto) e primavera (setembro a novembro).</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> - A avalia&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o do percentual de pacientes com TV entre as quatro esta&#231;&#245;es do ano foi realizada atrav&#233;s do teste do qui-quadrado. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o sazonal tamb&#233;m foi avaliada em rela&#231;&#227;o a sexo e idade. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre o porcentual de pacientes com TV e a temperatura foi realizada atrav&#233;s do teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de 1996 a 2002, foram realizados exames de Holter em 3.034 pacientes, sendo 1.853 mulheres (61,9%) e 1.181 homens (38,1%). A idade m&#233;dia foi 59,2 &#177; 17,4 anos. A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes por esta&#231;&#245;es do ano foi: ver&#227;o 561 (18,5%), outono 756 (24,9%), inverno 843 (27,8%) e primavera 874 (28,8%). A distribui&#231;&#227;o da propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com TV nas quatro esta&#231;&#245;es est&#225; representada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">figura 1</xref>. No ver&#227;o, 52 pacientes apresentaram TV (9,3%), no outono, 39 (5,2%), no inverno, 56 (6,6%) e, na primavera, 60 (6,9%) (p = 0,035 para a diferen&#231;a entre as esta&#231;&#245;es). Houve um aumento relativo de 40% na propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com TV no ver&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao inverno.</p>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0403-00002-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Entre os homens, houve maior propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com TV que entre as mulheres (10,7% e 4,4%, respectivamente, p &lt; 0,001). J&#225; a varia&#231;&#227;o sazonal da propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com TV foi significativa entre as mulheres, mas n&#227;o entre os homens. Entre as mulheres houve 7,2% no ver&#227;o, 2,1% no outono, 4,9% no inverno e 4,4% na primavera (p = 0,004). Entre os homens, 12,5% no ver&#227;o, 10,2% no outono, 9,3% no inverno e 11,2% na primavera (p = 0,656) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">fig.2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0403-00002-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, no grupo de pacientes com idade inferior a 65 anos (n = 1.704), a distribui&#231;&#227;o foi 5,6% no ver&#227;o, 2,9% no outono, 3,3% no inverno e 5,7% na primavera (p = 0,078). Entre os pacientes com idade igual ou superior a 65 anos (n = 1.330), houve 13,7% no ver&#227;o, 8,0% no outono, 11,3% no inverno e 8,4% na primavera (p = 0,071).</p>
    <p>A temperatura m&#233;dia nas quatro esta&#231;&#245;es em Porto Alegre no per&#237;odo de 1996 a 2002 foi: ver&#227;o 24,1 &#177; 0,7&#176; C, outono 20,3 &#177; 3,4&#176; C, inverno 14,7 &#177; 1,2&#176; C e primavera 19,2 &#177; 2,4&#176; C (p = 0,006). A temperatura m&#233;dia mensal e a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com TV est&#227;o representadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3">figura 3</xref>. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com TV e a temperatura est&#225; representada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura4">figura 4</xref>, com poss&#237;vel tend&#234;ncia a aumento da propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com TV com a eleva&#231;&#227;o da temperatura (r = 0,57; p = 0,052).</p>
    <fig id="figura3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0403-00002-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="figura4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0403-00002-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este trabalho mostra que, no grupo estudado, houve aumento significativo da propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com TV durante o ver&#227;o. Houve, ainda, poss&#237;vel tend&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o entre aumento de temperatura e aumento da propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com TV.</p>
    <p>A varia&#231;&#227;o sazonal de arritmias ventriculares foi avaliada em estudos com modelo animal e estudos observacionais. Em modelo canino de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, houve maior incid&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares no inverno<sup>10</sup>. Recentes estudos observacionais no hemisf&#233;rio Norte realizaram o acompanhamento de pacientes portadores de cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) e avaliaram a distribui&#231;&#227;o sazonal de choques para tratamento de arritmias ventriculares malignas. M&#252;ller e cols.<sup>4</sup> demonstraram em pacientes isqu&#234;micos 27% de choques apropriados no ver&#227;o, comparados a 31% no inverno. Mittleman e cols.<sup>11</sup> encontraram 25% de choques apropriados no ver&#227;o, em compara&#231;&#227;o a 31% no inverno. No entanto, esses achados n&#227;o podem ser comparados diretamente com os resultados deste estudo. Os pacientes com CDI geralmente apresentam doen&#231;a card&#237;aca grave e representam um grupo bastante selecionado.</p>
    <p>Neste trabalho, foram avaliados 3.034 pacientes, que, embora n&#227;o representem amostra populacional, provavelmente apresentam menor grau de sele&#231;&#227;o que o grupo de pacientes com CDI. Nos trabalhos com CDI, somente foram considerados epis&#243;dios de arritmias ventriculares malignas de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de detec&#231;&#227;o e aplica&#231;&#227;o de choques programados no CDI. Esses epis&#243;dios incluem basicamente taquicardias sustentadas, polim&#243;rficas e monom&#243;rficas, que podem desencadear morte s&#250;bita. No presente estudo foram detectados todos os epis&#243;dios de TV sustentada ou n&#227;o-sustentada, sintom&#225;ticos ou n&#227;o, presentes em um per&#237;odo mais curto de observa&#231;&#227;o (24 horas). N&#227;o houve registro de nenhum epis&#243;dio de morte s&#250;bita.</p>
    <p>Poss&#237;veis fatores que possam influenciar a varia&#231;&#227;o sazonal de arritmias ventriculares ainda n&#227;o foram completamente estabelecidos. O estresse t&#233;rmico, tanto por temperaturas muito baixas como por elevadas, pode determinar altera&#231;&#227;o em processos fisiol&#243;gicos e, talvez, fisiopatol&#243;gicos, determinando varia&#231;&#227;o sazonal em eventos cardiovasculares<sup>12-15</sup>. Alguns estudos observacionais mostraram que a rela&#231;&#227;o entre temperatura e eventos cardiovasculares, incluindo arritmias ventriculares, pode se expressar por meio de uma curva em formato de U, com aumento de eventos tanto nos extremos de temperatura alta como na baixa<sup>16-18</sup>. Na cidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Sharovsky e cols.<sup>9</sup> demonstraram uma menor mortalidade por infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com temperaturas entre 21,6&#176;C e 22,6&#176;C. Redu&#231;&#245;es da temperatura abaixo desse valor se associaram a um aumento significativo de eventos. J&#225; a eleva&#231;&#227;o da temperatura, embora tamb&#233;m associada a maior probabilidade de eventos, apresentou risco de menor magnitude.</p>
    <p>Porto Alegre est&#225; localizada em zona de clima temperado, n&#227;o apresentando varia&#231;&#227;o excessiva entre os extremos de temperatura no ver&#227;o e no inverno. Neste trabalho, demonstrou-se uma poss&#237;vel tend&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre o aumento da temperatura e o aumento da propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com TV registrada durante Holter. Poder-se-ia considerar que, nessa &#225;rea, a eleva&#231;&#227;o da temperatura no ver&#227;o influenciou a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares, enquanto a magnitude da redu&#231;&#227;o da temperatura registrada no inverno n&#227;o foi suficiente para determinar varia&#231;&#227;o na ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares. Al&#233;m disso, deve-se levar em considera&#231;&#227;o o fato de que as varia&#231;&#245;es de clima e temperatura no hemisf&#233;rio Norte s&#227;o diferentes das observadas na &#225;rea estudada, com invernos mais rigorosos e ver&#245;es mais amenos na maior parte dos estudos.</p>
    <p>O aumento da propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com TV no ver&#227;o pode se relacionar, ainda, n&#227;o apenas a altera&#231;&#245;es no valor absoluto da temperatura, mas, tamb&#233;m, a altera&#231;&#245;es comportamentais caracter&#237;sticas dessa esta&#231;&#227;o. Durante o ver&#227;o, maior exposi&#231;&#227;o ao sol, aumento das atividades f&#237;sicas e dietas para emagrecimento sem controle adequado levam a aumento da perda de l&#237;quidos e eletr&#243;litos atrav&#233;s da pele, o que pode determinar dist&#250;rbios eletrol&#237;ticos, favorecedores da ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares. Nesse mesmo sentido, o aumento da ingest&#227;o de alimentos e bebidas alco&#243;licas, caracter&#237;stico do per&#237;odo de f&#233;rias, tamb&#233;m pode contribuir para maior ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares.</p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural, substrato para ocorr&#234;ncia de epis&#243;dios de TV, &#233; maior entre homens que entre mulheres<sup>19</sup>, o que pode explicar a maior propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com TV entre os homens encontrada neste estudo. J&#225; em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; influ&#234;ncia do sexo sobre a varia&#231;&#227;o sazonal de TV, embora entre os homens tenha sido igualmente encontrada maior propor&#231;&#227;o de TV no ver&#227;o, a diferen&#231;a foi estatisticamente significativa somente entre as mulheres. A prov&#225;vel raz&#227;o para esse achado &#233; que o estudo incluiu um n&#250;mero maior de mulheres que homens, j&#225; que outros trabalhos n&#227;o demonstraram influ&#234;ncia do sexo sobre a varia&#231;&#227;o sazonal de eventos cardiovasculares<sup>20,21</sup>. A idade tem efeito sobre a varia&#231;&#227;o sazonal de morte s&#250;bita e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>3,17</sup>. Neste estudo n&#227;o foi encontrado efeito da idade sobre a varia&#231;&#227;o sazonal de TV. Esse n&#227;o foi um achado esperado, j&#225; que a resposta termorregulat&#243;ria parece diminuir com a idade<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p><italic>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</italic> - O estudo apresenta algumas potenciais limita&#231;&#245;es. Este n&#227;o &#233; um estudo de base populacional. Trata-se de trabalho retrospectivo, realizado a partir dos resultados de Holter de um servi&#231;o de cardiologia em hospital geral, n&#227;o estando dispon&#237;veis informa&#231;&#245;es precisas sobre presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, outras doen&#231;as e uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-arr&#237;tmica. Assim, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel melhor caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do grupo estudado e os resultados n&#227;o podem ser generalizados. Os dados foram, ainda, obtidos a partir dos laudos dos exames, n&#227;o sendo poss&#237;vel revisar os tra&#231;ados. No entanto, este foi o primeiro estudo a avaliar a varia&#231;&#227;o sazonal de TV no Sul do Brasil, n&#227;o podendo ser considerado estudo definitivo, mas sim gerador de hip&#243;teses.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de TV apresenta varia&#231;&#227;o sazonal no Sul do Brasil, com maior propor&#231;&#227;o de epis&#243;dios ocorrendo durante o ver&#227;o. Existe poss&#237;vel tend&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o entre aumento da temperatura e TV. Esses resultados devem ser confirmados em estudos prospectivos futuros.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Maur&#237;cio Pimentel </p>
        <p> Rua La Plata, 980/601 </p>
        <p> Porto Alegre, RS </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mauriciopimentel@cardiol.br">mauriciopimentel@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 18/06/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 08/12/05</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Seasonal variation of ventricular tachycardia registered in 24-hour Holter monitoring</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the seasonal variation of ventricular arrhythmias and its correlation with ambient temperature in patients submitted to 24-hour Holter monitoring in the city of Porto Alegre, southern Brazil. METHODS: Holter monitoring reports of 3,034 patients from 1996 to 2002 were analyzed. Ventricular tachycardia (VT) was defined as the presence of 3 or more consecutive ventricular beats, at a rate equal to or higher than 100 beats per minute. Percentage distribution of patients presenting VT by seasons and its correlation with ambient temperature were analyzed. RESULTS: Mean age was 59.2 &#177; 17.4 years, with a predominance of the female sex (61.9%). Patient distribution by season of the year was: 561 (18.5%) in summer, 756 (24.9%) in fall, 843 (27.8%) in winter and 874 (28.8%) in spring. Fifty-two patients (9.3%) presented VT episodes in summer, 39 (5.2%) in autumn, 56 (6.6%) in winter and 60 (6.9%) in spring (p = 0.035). There was a 40% relative increase in the proportion of patients presenting VT during summer in comparison to winter. There was a trend of increase in the proportion of patients presenting VT with rising temperatures (r = 0.57; p = 0.052). CONCLUSION: The occurrence of VT presents seasonal variations in southern Brazil, with a higher proportion of episodes occurring in summer. There is an association trend between VT and temperature increase.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Ventricular tachycardia</kwd>
        <kwd>seasons</kwd>
        <kwd>Holter</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Seasonal variation of ventricular tachycardia assessed by 24-hour holter monitoring</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Maur&#237;cio Pimentel; Let&#237;cia Gr&#252;dtner; Leandro I. Zimerman</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Porto Alegre, RS</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the seasonal variation of ventricular arrhythmias and its correlation with ambient temperature in patients submitted to 24-hour Holter monitoring in the city of Porto Alegre, southern Brazil.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Holter monitoring reports of 3,034 patients from 1996 to 2002 were analyzed. Ventricular tachycardia (VT) was defined as the presence of 3 or more consecutive ventricular beats, at a rate equal to or higher than 100 beats per minute. Percentage distribution of patients presenting VT by seasons and its correlation with ambient temperature were analyzed.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Mean age was 59.2 &#177; 17.4 years, with a predominance of the female sex (61.9%). Patient distribution by season of the year was: 561 (18.5%) in summer, 756 (24.9%) in fall, 843 (27.8%) in winter and 874 (28.8%) in spring. Fifty-two patients (9.3%) presented VT episodes in summer, 39 (5.2%) in autumn, 56 (6.6%) in winter and 60 (6.9%) in spring (p = 0.035). There was a 40% relative increase in the proportion of patients presenting VT during summer in comparison to winter. There was a trend of increase in the proportion of patients presenting VT with rising temperatures (r = 0.57; p = 0.052).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The occurrence of VT presents seasonal variations in southern Brazil, with a higher proportion of episodes occurring in summer. There is an association trend between VT and temperature increase.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Ventricular tachycardia, seasons, Holter.</p>
      <p>In the last years, several studies have demonstrated a seasonal variation in the incidence of cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarction, sudden death, ventricular arrhythmias and stroke<sup>1-4</sup>. Most of these studies were carried out in the northern hemisphere and most of them disclosed an increase in the incidence of cardiovascular events during winter. However, in areas of the same hemisphere that presented differences of latitude and climate, some conflicting results were observed<sup>5-7</sup>. Heyer at al.<sup>5</sup> showed a higher incidence of myocardial infarction in summer in southern United States of America. In Brazil, in the city of S&#227;o Paulo, two studies have consistently demonstrated an increase in mortality due to myocardial infarction during winter and its correlation with ambient temperature<sup>8-9</sup>. In comparison, the assessment of the seasonal variation of ventricular arrhythmias in the southern hemisphere has been hardly studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the seasonal variation of ventricular arrhythmias observed in patients submitted to 24-hr Holter monitoring and its correlation with ambient temperature in the city of Porto Alegre, southern Brazil.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results of 24-hr Holter monitoring, carried out in patients older than 18 yr of age, from 1996 to 2002, at the Cardiology Laboratory of Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, were retrospectively analyzed. When the same patient underwent the examination in different periods, only the first one was included in the analysis. Holter reports did not bring systematic data on the presence or absence of cardiovascular disease, as well as the indication for the examination, thus such information was not assessed. Outpatient-based electrocardiographic evaluation was carried out for 24 hours, with a three-channel recording in a DMS 300-6 recorder (DMS, Escondido, California, USA). The recordings were evaluated through the CardioScan 8.0 program. Ventricular tachycardia (VT) was defined as the presence of three or more consecutive ventricular beats, with a frequency <underline>&gt;</underline> 100 bpm. All analyses were carried out by a cardiac electrophysiologist.</p>
      <p>The city of Porto Alegre is situated at latitude 30 degrees south, in a temperate climate zone. The monthly mean ambient temperature in the period corresponding from 1996 to 2002 was obtained at the 8<sup>th</sup> District of Meteorology of the National Institute of Meteorology. For the study aim, the seasons of the year were defined as: summer (December to February), autumn or fall (March to May), winter (June to August) and spring (September to November).</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical Analysis</italic><bold>-</bold> The evaluation of the percentage distribution of patients with VT among the four seasons of the year was carried out through the Chi-square test. The evaluation of seasonal distribution was also evaluated regarding age and gender. The correlation between the percentage of patients with VT and temperature was carried out through Pearson's correlation test.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From 1996 to 2002, Holter monitoring was carried out in 3,034 patients, being 1,853 females (61.9%) and 1,181 males (38.1%). Mean age was 59.2 &#177; 17.4 yrs. Patient distribution by season of the year was: 561 (18.5%) in summer, 756 (24.9%) in autumn, 843 (27.8%) in winter and 874 (28.8%) in spring. The distribution of the proportion of patients with VT during the four seasons is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1-body2">Figure 1</xref>. Fifty-two patients (9.3%) presented VT episodes in summer, 39 (5.2%) in autumn, 56 (6.6%) in winter and 60 (6.9%) in spring (p = 0.035 for the difference among seasons of the year). There was a relative increase of 40% in the proportion of patients with VT in summer in comparison to winter.</p>
      <fig id="figura1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0403-00002-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>There was a higher proportion of male patients with VT in comparison to the females (10.7 vs. 4.4%, respectively; p&lt;0.001). Regarding the seasonal variation of the proportion of patients with VT, it was significant among the female patients, but not among the males. Among the females, the incidence of VT was 7.2% in summer, 2.1% in fall, 4.9% in winter and 4.4% in spring (p=0.004). Among the male patients, the incidence was 12.5% in summer, 10.2% in fall, 9.3% in winter and 11.2% in spring (p=0.656) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2-body2">Fig. 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="figura2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0403-00002-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Regarding age, in the group of patients younger than 65 years (n=1,704) the incidence was 5.6% in summer, 2.9% in fall, 3.3% in winter and 5.7% in spring (p=0.078). Among patients who were 65 years or older, (n=1,330), the incidence was 13.7% in summer, 8.0% in fall, 11.3% in winter and 8.4% in spring (p=0.071).</p>
      <p>Mean temperatures during the four seasons in Porto Alegre in the period from 1996 to 2002 were: 24.1 &#177; 0.7&#176; C in summer, 20.3 &#177; 3.4&#176; C in fall, 14.7 &#177; 1.2&#176; C in winter and 19.2 &#177; 2.4&#176;C in spring (p = 0.006). The mean monthly temperature and the proportion of patients with VT are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3-body2">Fig. 3</xref>. The correlation between the proportion of patients with VT and the temperature is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura4-body2">Fig. 4</xref>, disclosing a possible trend between the increase of the number of patients with VT and temperature rise (r=0.57; p=0.052).</p>
      <fig id="figura3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0403-00002-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="figura4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-04-0403-00002-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study shows that, in the assessed group, there was a significant increase in the proportion of patients with VT in summer. There was also a possible correlation trend between temperature rise and increase of proportion of patients with VT.</p>
      <p>The seasonal variation of ventricular arrhythmias has been assessed in studies with animal models and observational studies. In a canine model of myocardial infarction, there was a higher incidence of ventricular arrhythmias in winter<sup>10</sup>. Recent observational studies in the northern hemisphere conducted a follow-up of patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) and evaluated the seasonal distribution of shocks for the treatment of malignant ventricular arrhythmias. M&#252;ller et al.<sup>4</sup> demonstrated 27% of appropriate shocks in summer in ischemic patients, in comparison to 31% in winter. Nevertheless, these findings cannot be directly compared with the results of this study. Patients with an ICD generally present severe heart disease and represent a selected group of patients.</p>
      <p>In this study, 3,034 patients were assessed and although they do not represent a population sample, they probably present a lower degree of selection than patients with an ICD. In studies with ICD, malignant arrhythmia episodes were considered only in accordance with detection criteria and utilization of shocks programmed at the ICD. These episodes include basically polymorphic and monomorphic sustained tachycardia, which can trigger sudden death. In the present study, all episodes of sustained or unsustained VT, whether symptomatic or not, were detected during a shorter period of observation (24 hours). No sudden death episodes were recorded.</p>
      <p>Possible factors that can influence the seasonal variation of ventricular arrhythmias have not been fully established. Thermal stress, due to very low as well as very high temperatures, can trigger alterations in physiological processes, and maybe physiopathological ones, determining a seasonal variation in cardiovascular events<sup>12-15</sup>. Some observational studies have shown that the correlation between temperature and cardiovascular events, including ventricular arrhythmias, can be expressed by a U-shaped curve, with an increase of events at the highest as well as the lowest temperature extremes <sup>16-18</sup>. In the city of Sao Paulo, Sharovsky et al.<sup>9</sup> demonstrated a lower incidence of mortality due to myocardial infarction with temperatures ranging from 21.6 to 22.6&#176;C. Lower temperatures than this range were associated with a significant increase of cardiovascular events. Higher temperatures, on the other hand, although also associated with a higher probability of events, presented a lower risk.</p>
      <p>The city of Porto Alegre is located in a temperate climate zone, and it does not present an excessive variation between temperature extremes in summer and winter. In this study, a possible positive correlation trend between the rise of temperature and increase of proportion of patients with VT registered by Holter monitoring was demonstrated. It could be considered that, in this area, the temperature rise in summer influenced the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias, whereas the magnitude of temperature decrease recorded in winter was not enough to determine a variation in the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias. Additionally, one must consider the fact that the climate and temperature variations in the northern hemisphere are different from those observed in the studied area, as winters are more rigorous and summers are milder in most of the studies.</p>
      <p>The increase in the proportion of patients with VT in summer can be related not only to alterations in the absolute temperature degree, but also to behavior alterations, which are characteristic of this season. During summer, longer exposure to sunlight, increase of physical activities and uncontrolled weight-loss diets can lead to fluid and electrolyte loss through the skin, which can determine electrolyte imbalance, favoring the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias. Similarly, the increased food and alcoholic beverage intake, which is characteristic of the vacation periods, can also contribute to an increase in the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of structural heart disease, the substrate for the occurrence of VT episodes, is higher among men in comparison to women<sup>19</sup>, which can explain the higher proportion of male patients with VT observed in this study. Regarding the influence of gender on the seasonal variation of VT, although a higher proportion of VT in summer was equally found in men, it was statistically significant only among women. The possible reason for this finding is that the study included more females than males, as previous studies did not demonstrate the influence of gender on the seasonal variation of cardiovascular events<sup>20,21</sup>. Age, however, has an effect on the seasonal variation of sudden death and myocardial infarction<sup>3,17</sup>. In this study, no effect of age on the seasonal variation of VT was observed. This was not an expected finding, as the thermoregulatory response seems to decrease with age<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p><italic>Study limitations <bold>-</bold></italic> The study presents some potential limitations. This is not a population-based study; it is a retrospective study, carried out from the analysis of the results of 24-hour Holter monitoring at a Cardiology Service in a general hospital, and accurate information on the presence or not of cardiovascular disease, other diseases and utilization of antiarrhythmic medication are not available. Thus, it is not possible to better categorize the studied group and the results cannot be generalized. The data were obtained from the medical reports, and the tracing review was not possible. Nevertheless, this was the first study to evaluate the seasonal variation of VT in the south of Brazil, and it cannot be considered a definitive study, but a hypothesis-generator.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The occurrence of VT presents a seasonal variation in southern Brazil, with a higher proportion of episodes occurring in summer. There is a possible association trend between temperature increase and VT. These results must be confirmed by prospective future studies.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Maur&#237;cio Pimentel</p>
          <p> Rua La Plata, 980/601</p>
          <p> Porto Alegre, RS</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="mauriciopimentel@cardiol.br">mauriciopimentel@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Recebido em 18/06/05</p>
      <p> Aceito em 08/12/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
