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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8scTcMCGCtQ4QrrZqPz5SjL</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001700001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001700001</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria nas formas distintas da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Armaganijan</surname>
            <given-names>Dikran</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>401</fpage>
      <lpage>402</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>EDITORIAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria nas formas distintas da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dikran Armaganijan</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>O endot&#233;lio responde aos est&#237;mulos, modula a indu&#231;&#227;o e/ou regress&#227;o de v&#225;rios genes e sua atividade aut&#243;crina/par&#225;crina responde pela atividade antiinflamat&#243;ria, antimitog&#234;nica, vasodilatadora, antitrombog&#234;nica e homeostasia com os componentes intravasculares. A intensidade e a persist&#234;ncia da inj&#250;ria vascular aumentam a express&#227;o das mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o derivadas da super fam&#237;lia de seletinas (E e P). O fator nuclear de transcri&#231;&#227;o (NF) &#150; kappa B expressa essas e outras mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o, facilitando a entrada parietal dos mon&#243;citos aderidos no endot&#233;lio e contribuindo para a patog&#234;nese da aterosclerose.</p>
    <p>A ruptura de placas vulner&#225;veis modifica sua geometria e propicia a trombose mural. O substrato trombog&#234;nico placa-dependente, a reologia vascular e a atividade sist&#234;mica pr&#243;-coagulante influenciam a magnitude, a estabilidade do trombo e a gravidade da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
    <p>Nos locais de turbul&#234;ncia (bifurca&#231;&#245;es, estenose ou les&#227;o endotelial) a hem&#243;lise das hem&#225;cias libera quantidade suficiente de ADP para mobilizar a sa&#237;da dos &#237;ons c&#225;lcio microtubulares e ativar a plaqueta. A agrega&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria &#233; revers&#237;vel e a desativa&#231;&#227;o das plaquetas adv&#234;m do retorno dos &#237;ons c&#225;lcio citoplasm&#225;ticos para os microt&#250;bulos plaquet&#225;rios, mecanismo dependente da prostaciclina produzida pelo endot&#233;lio &#237;ntegro e normofuncionante.</p>
    <p>No despreendimento endotelial e nas placas ateroscler&#243;ticas rotas, as plaquetas entram em contato com estruturas subendoteliais, aderem &#224;s microfibrilas por meio de uma prote&#237;na do complexo fator VIII (fator de von Willebrand), sintetizado pelas c&#233;lulas endoteliais e respons&#225;vel pela intera&#231;&#227;o das microfibrilas com as glicoprote&#237;nas espec&#237;ficas da membrana plaquet&#225;ria. As plaquetas aderem a diferentes tipos de col&#225;geno: nos vasos de pequeno calibre e com elevada for&#231;a de deformabilidade aderem ao col&#225;geno tipo I e nos grandes vasos com baixa for&#231;a de deformabilidade aderem ao col&#225;geno tipo III.</p>
    <p>A trombose mural reparada pelo col&#225;geno tipo III aumenta o volume da placa, contribuindo para a progress&#227;o da aterotrombose. Nas plaquetas n&#227;o ativadas, o &#225;cido araquid&#244;nico encontra-se esterificado nos fosfol&#237;pides da membrana celular. Est&#237;mulos plaquet&#225;rios intensos e duradouros liberam grande quantidade de c&#225;lcio citoplasm&#225;tico, ativam a fosfolipase e estimulam a metaboliza&#231;&#227;o do &#225;cido araquid&#244;nico por duas vias: na via lipoxigenase h&#225; forma&#231;&#227;o de leucotrienos leucocit&#225;rios, respons&#225;veis pela quimiotaxia, aumento de permeabilidade endotelial e inflama&#231;&#227;o e, na via cicloxigenase, h&#225; produ&#231;&#227;o de endoper&#243;xidos c&#237;clicos, respons&#225;veis pela forma&#231;&#227;o de prostaglandinas (D2, E1 e F2).</p>
    <p>Os endoper&#243;xidos c&#237;clicos encontram-se numa posi&#231;&#227;o central do metabolismo do &#225;cido araquid&#244;nico. Dependendo do tecido, diferentes metabolitos podem ser formados: o tromboxane A2, de a&#231;&#227;o agregante, ou a prostaciclina, antiagregante. O tromboxano A2 possui meia-vida biol&#243;gica de 30 segundos e, espontaneamente, transforma-se em tromboxano B2. As c&#233;lulas endoteliais sintetizam a prostaciclina a partir de seu pr&#243;prio &#225;cido araquid&#244;nico ou subutilizam os endoper&#243;xidos c&#237;clicos formados pelas plaquetas. A import&#226;ncia fisiol&#243;gica dessa rea&#231;&#227;o justifica a forma&#231;&#227;o do agregado plaquet&#225;rio dentro dos limites do segmento vascular danificado. Na propaga&#231;&#227;o do agregado para al&#233;m dos limites lesados, as c&#233;lulas endoteliais transformam os endoper&#243;xidos c&#237;clicos em prostaciclina, mobilizam os &#237;ons c&#225;lcio para o interior dos microt&#250;bulos e desfazem o agregado plaquet&#225;rio.</p>
    <p>O tromboxane A2 n&#227;o &#233; respons&#225;vel pela ativa&#231;&#227;o inicial das plaquetas, mas pelo resultado dessa ativa&#231;&#227;o; com o ADP presente no interior da plaqueta, o tromboxane A2 &#233; co-respons&#225;vel pelo crescimento posterior do tamp&#227;o hemost&#225;tico. Est&#237;mulos plaquet&#225;rios intensos tornam a agrega&#231;&#227;o irrevers&#237;vel e agentes como o tromboxano A2 ou trombina induzem a extrus&#227;o celular de subst&#226;ncias acumuladas nos gr&#226;nulos plaquet&#225;rios &#150; "rea&#231;&#227;o de libera&#231;&#227;o".</p>
    <p>Os produtos de secre&#231;&#227;o ficam dispon&#237;veis ao redor das plaquetas: o ADP &#233; um mensageiro qu&#237;mico que favorece a ades&#227;o e a agrega&#231;&#227;o, a serotonina tem efeito vasoconstritor e induz a leve agrega&#231;&#227;o, o fator plaquet&#225;rio 4, a tromboglobulina beta, o fator de von Willebrand, o fibrinog&#234;nio plaquet&#225;rio, o fator mitog&#234;nico e as enzimas lisossomais, entre outras, s&#227;o produtos de secre&#231;&#227;o com atividades diversas na agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>A ruptura resulta de for&#231;as f&#237;sicas exercidas em placas menos espessas e com conte&#250;do rico em c&#233;lulas gordurosas e de um mecanismo ativo - degrada&#231;&#227;o da matrix extracelular por enzimas proteol&#237;ticas secretadas por macr&#243;fagos e mast&#243;citos intra-placa<sup>1</sup>. A entrada cont&#237;nua, sua sobrevida e a replica&#231;&#227;o dos mon&#243;citos/macr&#243;fagos &#233; regulada por v&#225;rios fatores: ICAM-1, MCP-1 e M-CSF, entre outros. Os macr&#243;fagos modificados expressam receptores para interferon-gama, FNT-alfa e IL-1, respons&#225;veis pela apoptose celular e essa "miss&#227;o defensiva" tem por finalidade evitar o ac&#250;mulo de lipoprote&#237;nas. Nos estudos de Hutter e cols.<sup>2,3</sup>, houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre densidade de macr&#243;fagos, apoptose, marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e fator tissular.</p>
    <p>Especificamente, o substrato trombog&#234;nico da placa, a reologia e a atividade pr&#243;-coagulante podem influenciar a magnitude e a estabilidade do trombo e, conseq&#252;entemente, a gravidade da s&#237;ndrome coronariana, cuja express&#227;o cl&#237;nica varia entre assintom&#225;tica, angina inst&#225;vel e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>No estudo de Venturinelli e cols. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2006; 87: 446-50), "Ativa&#231;&#227;o Plaquet&#225;ria em Formas Cl&#237;nicas Distintas da Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana (Papel da P-Seletina e de outros Marcadores nas Anginas Est&#225;vel e Inst&#225;vel)", a P-seletina, o tromboxane B2 e os n&#237;veis de serotonina foram significativamente mais elevados nos pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel quando comparados com os pacientes com angina est&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>As placas ricas em l&#237;pides podem cursar com express&#245;es cl&#237;nicas m&#250;ltiplas, por&#233;m, s&#227;o mais vulner&#225;veis a rupturas, trombose e s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda<sup>4</sup>. A exposi&#231;&#227;o do substrato trombog&#234;nico &#233; o principal fator determinante da trombose, contudo, os dados sobre a trombogenicidade da placa ateroscler&#243;tica rota s&#227;o limitados.</p>
    <p>Ademais, a trombogenicidade &#233; modulada pelo fator tissular localizado nas &#225;reas ricas em macr&#243;fagos<sup>5,6</sup>. Possivelmente a trombose mural residual tenha efeito trombog&#234;nico como resultado da ativa&#231;&#227;o do mon&#243;cito/fator tissular e da gera&#231;&#227;o de trombina<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de tecidos retirados por aterectomia em pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel mostrou grande quantidade de macr&#243;fagos (trombogenicidade c&#233;lulo-mediada)<sup>9</sup> e fator tissular no interior de macr&#243;fagos em apoptose<sup>10</sup>. Tais observa&#231;&#245;es documentam a import&#226;ncia do fator tissular na trombose e abrem novas estrat&#233;gias na preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
    <p>1. Verstaete M, Vermylem J. Trombose. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Servier, 1999.</p>
    <p>2. Hutter R, Badimon JJ, Sauter BV, et al. Caspase-3 and tissue factor expression in lipid-rich plaque macrophages : evidence for apoptosis as a link between inflammation and atherothrombosis. Circulation. 2004; 109:2001-8.</p>
    <p>3. Hutter R, Badimon JJ, Sauter BV, Fallon JT, Fuster V. Arterial injury in ApoII wild type mice. Evidence for macrophage apoptosis as a mechanism regulating tissue-factor expression and plaque growth (abst). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39(Suppl A):257A.</p>
    <p>4. Fuster V, Moreno PR, Badimon JJ, Fayad ZA, Corti R. Atherothrombosis and High-Risk Plaque. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:937-54.</p>
    <p>5. Toschi V, Gallo R, Lettino M, et al. Tissue factor modulates the thrombogenicity of human atherosclerosis plaques. Circulation. 1997;95:594-9.</p>
    <p>6. Fernandez-Ortiz A, Badimon JJ, Falk E, et al. Characterization of the relative thrombogenicity of atherosclerotic plaque components: implications for consequences of plaque rupture. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;23:1562-9.</p>
    <p>7. Meyer BJ, Badimon JJ, Mailhac A, et al. Inhibition of growth of thrombus on fresh mural thrombus. Targeting optimal therapy. Circulation. 1994;90:2432-8.</p>
    <p>8. Meyer BJ, Badimon JJ, Chesebro JH, Fallon JT, Fuster V, Badimon L. Dissolution of mural thrombus by specific thrombin inhibition with r-hirudin: comparison with heparin and aspirin. Circulation. 1998;97:681-5.</p>
    <p>9. Rosenfel ME. Leucocyte recruitment into developing atherosclerotic lesions: the complex interaction between multiple molecules keeps getting more complex. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002;22:361-3.</p>
    <p>10. Mallar Z, Tedgui A. Current perspective on the role of apoptosis in atherothrombotic disease. Circ Res. 2001;88:998-1003.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Dikran Armaganijan </p>
        <p> Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500 </p>
        <p> 04012-180 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="dikran@cardiol.br">dikran@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 16/09/06 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 16/09/06</p>
  </body>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Platelet activation in distinct forms of coronary artery disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>EDITORIAL</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Platelet activation in distinct forms of coronary artery disease</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Dikran Armaganijan</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>Endothelium responds to stimuli, modulates induction and/or regression of several genes, and its autocrine/paracrine activity is responsible for anti-inflammatory, anti-mitogenic, vasodilation, anti-thrombogenic, and homeostatic activity with intravascular components. Intensity and persistence of vascular injury increase the expression of adhesion molecules derived from the selectin-super family (E and P). The nuclear transcription factor (NF) &#150; kappa B expresses these and other adhesion molecules easing parietal entry of monocytes adhered to the endothelium and contributing to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.</p>
      <p>Rupture of vulnerable plaques modifies their geometry and leads to mural thrombosis. The thrombogenic plaque-dependent substrate, vascular rheology, and systemic pro-coagulant activity influence the magnitude, the stability of the thrombus, and the gravity of the coronary artery disease.</p>
      <p>In locations of turbulence (bifurcations, stenosis, or endothelial lesion), erythrocyte hemolysis releases sufficient ADP to mobilize the removal of microtubule calcium ions and activate platelets. The primary aggregation is reversible, and platelet deactivation comes from the return of cytoplasmatic calcium ions to platelet microtubules, a mechanism reliant on prostacyclin produced by integrity and normofunction of the endothelium.</p>
      <p>In endothelial loosening and in ruptured plaques, platelets come into contact with subendothelial structures and adhere to microfibers through a protein from the factor VIII complex (von Willebrand factor) synthesized by endothelial cells and responsible for the interaction of microfibers with specific glycoproteins of the platelet membrane. Platelets adhere to different types of collagen: in small caliber vessels with strong deformability they adhere to type I collagen, and in large vessels with weak deformability they adhere to type III collagen.</p>
      <p>Mural thrombosis repaired by type III collagen increases plaque volume, contributing to the progression of atherothrombosis. In non-activated plaques, arachidonic acid is esterified in cell membrane phospholipids. Intense and prolonged platelet stimuli release large quantities of cytoplasmatic calcium, activate phospholipase, and stimulate metabolism of arachidonic acid via two pathways: by the lipoxygenase route, leukocyte leukotrienes are formed that are responsible for chemotaxis, increased endothelial permeability, and inflammation, and by the cyclooxygenase route, cyclic endoperoxides are produced, which are responsible for prostaglandin formation (D2, E1, and F2).</p>
      <p>Cyclic endoperoxides occupy a central position in arachidonic acid metabolism. Depending on the tissue, different metabolites may be formed: thromboxane A2, with aggregant activity, or prostacyclin, an antiaggregant. Thromboxane A2 has a biological half-life of 30 seconds, and spontaneously transforms into thromboxane B2. Endothelial cells synthesize prostacyclin from their own arachidonic acid or sub-utilize cyclic endoperoxides formed by platelets. The physiological importance of this reaction justifies the platelet aggregate formation within the limits of the damaged vascular segment. In propagation of the aggregate to beyond the damaged limits, endothelial cells transform cyclic endoperoxides into prostacyclin, mobilize calcium ions into microtubules, and undo the platelet aggregate.</p>
      <p>Thromboxane A2 is not responsible for the initial platelet activation, but for the result of this activation; with the ADP present inside the platelet, thromboxane A2 is co-responsible for the subsequent growth of the hemostatic plug. Intense platelet stimuli make this aggregation irreversible, and agents such as thromboxane A2 or thrombin induce cellular extrusion of substances accumulated in platelet granules &#150; the "release reaction".</p>
      <p>Products of secretion are available around the platelets: ADP is a chemical messenger that favors adhesion and aggregation; serotonin has a vasoconstriction effect and induces mild aggregation; platelet factor 4, beta-thromboglobulin, von Willebrand factor, platelet fibrinogen, mitogenic factor, and lysosomal enzymes, among others, are products of secretion with diverse activities in platelet aggregation.</p>
      <p>Rupture results from physical forces exerted on thinner plaques rich in fat cells and an active mechanism - degradation of the extra-cellular matrix by proteolytic enzymes secreted by intra-plaque macrophages and mast cells<sup>1</sup>. The continuous entry, survival, and replication of monocytes / macrophages are regulated by various factors: ICAM-1, MCP-1, and M-CSF, among others. Modified macrophages express receptors for gamma-interferon, FNT-alpha, and IL-1, which are responsible for cellular apoptosis, and this "defense mission" has the purpose of avoiding accumulation of lipoproteins. In studies by Hutter et al<sup>2,3</sup>, a correlation was identified between the density of macrophages, apoptosis, inflammation markers, and tissue factor.</p>
      <p>More specifically, the thrombogenic substrate of the plaque, its rheology, and pro-coagulant activity can influence the magnitude and stability of the thrombus, and consequently, the seriousness of the coronary syndrome with a clinical expression that varies from asymptomatic to unstable angina and myocardial infarct.</p>
      <p>In the study performed by Venturinelli et al, (Arq Bras Cardiol 2006; 87: 446-50), "Platelet Activation in Distinct Clinical Forms of Coronary Artery Disease <italic>(</italic>Role of P-Seletin and other Markers in Stable and Unstable Angina)" <italic>Ativa&#231;&#227;o Plaquet&#225;ria em Formas Cl&#237;nicas Distintas da Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana (Papel da P-Selectina e de outros Marcadores nas Anginas Est&#225;vel e Inst&#225;vel")</italic>, P-selectin, thromboxane B2, and serotonin levels were significantly higher in patients with unstable angina when compared to those with stable angina.</p>
      <p>Lipid-rich plaques may evolve with multiple clinical expressions, but they are more vulnerable to ruptures, thromboses, and acute coronary syndrome<sup>4</sup>. Exposure to the thrombogenic substrate is the main determining factor for thrombosis; nevertheless, data on thrombogenicity of the atherosclerotic plaque are limited.</p>
      <p>Additionally, thrombogenicity is modulated by the tissue factor located in areas rich in macrophages<sup>5,6</sup>. Perhaps residual mural thrombosis has a thrombogenic effect as a result of monocyte / tissue factor activation and thrombin generation<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
      <p>The analysis of tissues removed by atherectomy in patients with unstable angina showed a large quantity of macrophages (cell-mediated thrombogenicity)<sup>9</sup> and tissue factors in the interior of macrophages in apoptosis<sup>10</sup>. These observations document the importance of the tissue factor in thrombosis and open doors for new strategies in preventing and treating coronary artery disease. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>1. Verstaete M, Vermylem J. Trombose. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Servier, 1999.</p>
      <p>2. Hutter R, Badimon JJ, Sauter BV, et al. Caspase-3 and tissue factor expression in lipid-rich plaque macrophages: evidence for apoptosis as a link between inflammation and atherothrombosis. Circulation. 2004; 109:2001-8.</p>
      <p>3. Hutter R, Badimon JJ, Sauter BV, Fallon JT, Fuster V. Arterial injury in ApoII wild type mice. Evidence for macrophage apoptosis as a mechanism regulating tissue-factor expression and plaque growth (abst). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39(Suppl A):257A.</p>
      <p>4. Fuster V, Moreno PR, Badimon JJ, Fayad ZA, Corti R. Atherothrombosis and High-Risk Plaque. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:937-54.</p>
      <p>5. Toschi V, Gallo R, Lettino M, et al. Tissue factor modulates the thrombogenicity of human atherosclerosis plaques. Circulation. 1997;95:594-9.</p>
      <p>6. Fernandez-Ortiz A, Badimon JJ, Falk E, et al. Characterization of the relative thrombogenicity of atherosclerotic plaque components: implications for consequences of plaque rupture. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;23:1562-9.</p>
      <p>7. Meyer BJ, Badimon JJ, Mailhac A, et al. Inhibition of growth of thrombus on fresh mural thrombus. Targeting optimal therapy. Circulation. 1994;90:2432-8.</p>
      <p>8. Meyer BJ, Badimon JJ, Chesebro JH, Fallon JT, Fuster V, Badimon L. Dissolution of mural thrombus by specific thrombin inhibition with r-hirudin: comparison with heparin and aspirin. Circulation. 1998;97:681-5.</p>
      <p>9. Rosenfel ME. Leukocyte recruitment into developing atherosclerotic lesions: the complex interaction between multiple molecules keeps getting more complex. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002;22:361-3.</p>
      <p>10. Mallar Z, Tedgui A. Current perspective on the role of apoptosis in atherothrombotic disease. Circ Res. 2001;88:998-1003.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Dikran Armaganijan</p>
          <p> Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</p>
          <p> Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500</p>
          <p> 04012-180 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="dikran@cardiol.br">dikran@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 09/16/06</p>
      <p> Accepted on 09/16/06</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
