<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="editorial">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ZhtJgKzFZYdxvLrRgs3SKPj</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00028</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001600028</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700328</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001600028</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Pontos de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Manter, conservar, trocar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grinberg</surname>
            <given-names>Max</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pommerantzeff</surname>
            <given-names>Pablo M. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>e10</fpage>
      <lpage>e14</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>PONTO DE VISTA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Manter, conservar, trocar </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Max Grinberg; Pablo M. A. Pommerantzeff</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>Manter o cora&#231;&#227;o trabalhando com uma valva gravemente lesada obedecendo a certos crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos; conservar a valva lesada operando peculiaridades morfol&#243;gicas por meio de habilidades cir&#250;rgicas; substituir a valva lesada pela pr&#243;tese que se qualifica como o derradeiro benef&#237;cio para a circunst&#226;ncia anatomofuncional &#150; essa trilogia do "cuidar de um portador de valvopatia" est&#225; em conson&#226;ncia com a expertise audiovisual proped&#234;utica, na qual sobressaem palavras-queixas sobre qualidade de vida, sons com cl&#225;ssico valor semi&#243;tico e imagens virtuais de exames complementares e reais de campo operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>Pontos de refer&#234;ncia da hist&#243;ria natural habitualmente longa do portador de valvopatia balizam a utilidade de rituais bio&#233;ticos, estrat&#233;gias proped&#234;uticas, resolu&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas e an&#225;lises de progn&#243;stico, em conformidade com progress&#227;o morfol&#243;gica valvar, adapta&#231;&#227;o fisiopatol&#243;gica card&#237;aca e extracard&#237;aca e manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais ou menos "de livro". H&#225; os marcos subjetivos calcados nos sintomas e h&#225; os objetivos, nos quais se destacam gravidade da les&#227;o valvar, fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, presen&#231;a de comorbidades e n&#237;vel de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Eles d&#227;o sustenta&#231;&#227;o &#224;s boas pr&#225;ticas do cuidar de um portador de valvopatia, que objetivam estabelecer ju&#237;zo conciliador entre manuten&#231;&#227;o ou restaura&#231;&#227;o de qualidade &#224; vida do portador de valvopatia e maior tempo de sobrevida &#224; valvopatia. Em nosso meio, persiste o predom&#237;nio do substrato etiopatog&#234;nico reum&#225;tico nesse prop&#243;sito de equil&#237;brio em prol da benefic&#234;ncia/n&#227;o-malefic&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>No cuidar de um portador de valvopatia n&#227;o se devem reconhecer cr&#233;ditos de benefic&#234;ncia/n&#227;o-malefic&#234;ncia a orienta&#231;&#245;es admiss&#237;veis ou como precipita&#231;&#227;o de resolu&#231;&#227;o, por precocidade de desencadeamento de uma hist&#243;ria p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, ou posposi&#231;&#227;o de resolu&#231;&#227;o, por excessiva manuten&#231;&#227;o da hist&#243;ria natural (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">Fig.1</xref>). &#201; oportuno ressaltar que a interpreta&#231;&#227;o de precipita&#231;&#227;o est&#225; comumente ligada a reflex&#245;es e concep&#231;&#245;es da equipe, que acontecem com pouca participa&#231;&#227;o do livre-arb&#237;trio do paciente, e a de posposi&#231;&#227;o apresenta parcela expressiva de comportamentos do paciente.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0e10-00028-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Tr&#234;s cogita&#231;&#245;es de conduta no cuidar de um portador de valvopatia representam o nosso convencimento de legitimidade e representatividade de bom uso do conhecimento cient&#237;fico e da capacita&#231;&#227;o t&#233;cnica no dom&#237;nio da doen&#231;a valvar; a reprodutibilidade requer flexibilidade para a realidade sociocultural da circunst&#226;ncia, pois qualquer an&#225;lise de validade carece considerar as peculiaridades do paciente em avalia&#231;&#227;o, sempre uno na express&#227;o e compreens&#227;o de sua morbidade cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>MANTER A VALVA LESADA COMO A OP&#199;&#195;O CL&#205;NICA DE MOMENTO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Riscos e custos peri- e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios em excesso ao benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio costumam estar presentes por per&#237;odo longo de tempo ap&#243;s a valva card&#237;aca adquirir crit&#233;rio de les&#227;o grave<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Essa reflex&#227;o pretende-se coerente com a forma como se desenvolve o processo natural adaptativo &#224; valvopatia e respeitosa com a efici&#234;ncia dos ajustes neuro-humorais. Ela desestimula iniciativas cl&#237;nicas de supervalorizar, no portador assintom&#225;tico de valvopatia grave, apelos alop&#225;ticos por uma pr&#243;tese hemodinamicamente adequada.</p>
    <p>A t&#244;nica &#233; que a intensidade da remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular em propor&#231;&#227;o &#224; les&#227;o valvar n&#227;o constitui justificativa isolada bastante para uma interven&#231;&#227;o visando &#224; interrup&#231;&#227;o da hist&#243;ria natural da valvopatia. Linhas de corte com n&#250;meros representativos de di&#226;metros, volumes, &#237;ndices e marcadores s&#233;ricos<sup>3,4</sup> frustraram alcan&#231;ar a revela&#231;&#227;o de imin&#234;ncia do limite da capacidade adaptativa e n&#227;o adquiriram unanimidade como status de excel&#234;ncia para proje&#231;&#245;es sobre benefic&#234;ncia/n&#227;o-malefic&#234;ncia p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria.</p>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica reum&#225;tica grave e sintom&#225;tica, por exemplo, operada com valores de di&#226;metros sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico acima dos propostos como "pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios cr&#237;ticos"<sup>5,6</sup>, e em aus&#234;ncia de rebaixamento da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, acompanha-se de alto grau p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de involu&#231;&#227;o dos valores<sup>3</sup>, para aqu&#233;m dos pretensos limites de restri&#231;&#227;o &#224; benefic&#234;ncia. Em outras palavras, a corre&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica dessa valvopatia quando da manifesta&#231;&#227;o de sintoma classe funcional III, em presen&#231;a de n&#237;veis pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios avan&#231;ados de hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica e, habitualmente, day after dos mesmos valores evolutivos, permite eficiente remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular reversa.</p>
    <p>Essa concep&#231;&#227;o &#233; an&#225;loga &#224; que entende que ocorre exagero de iniciativas de medicaliza&#231;&#227;o da vida e, por isso, preocupa-se com a contens&#227;o do espectro de aplica&#231;&#245;es mal sustentadas por evid&#234;ncias em pesquisas e experi&#234;ncias da beira de leito. A subdivis&#227;o de recomenda&#231;&#245;es em classes I, IIa, IIb e III resume a postura de que a disponibilidade de uma terap&#234;utica conceitualmente &#250;til e eficaz n&#227;o a obriga a ser de utilidade e efic&#225;cia em muitas circunst&#226;ncias.</p>
    <p>Em qualquer diagn&#243;stico de valvopatia, a informa&#231;&#227;o objetiva que provoca unanimidade na tomada de decis&#227;o intervencionista pelos Servi&#231;os de Cardiologia, mesmo numa casualidade de aus&#234;ncia de classe funcional III/IV, &#233; o rebaixamento da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda<sup>7</sup>, universalizada em diretrizes<sup>5,8</sup>. Essa conformidade de opini&#227;o representa exemplo da sinergia entre cl&#237;nica e imagem no decorrer da evolu&#231;&#227;o natural do portador de valvopatia, que pode ser sentenciada como cl&#237;nica soberana, ecocardiografia poderosa<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>A imortal anamnese continua imbat&#237;vel como o m&#233;todo proped&#234;utico de maior impacto para o tra&#231;ado da linha divis&#243;ria entre tratamento cl&#237;nico e cir&#250;rgico; ela resulta tanto mais esclarecedora quanto mais aconte&#231;a numa rela&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dico-paciente eticamente saud&#225;vel. Uma reuni&#227;o de anfiteatro, por exemplo, s&#243; pode representar adequadamente a "segunda opini&#227;o da casa" quando os arb&#237;trios estiverem ajustados a um perfeito conhecimento das subjetividades do paciente sob discuss&#227;o.</p>
    <p>"Mantendo a valva lesada como op&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de momento" convive com certos eventos intercorrentes, quando ent&#227;o a dualidade "sintoma sim, sintoma n&#227;o" como refer&#234;ncia para "interven&#231;&#227;o sim, interven&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o", precisa ser adaptada a pormenores da manifesta&#231;&#227;o. A supera&#231;&#227;o da intercorr&#234;ncia, muitas vezes, faz a situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica voltar &#224; rotina pr&#233;-evento; outras vezes, "mantendo a valva lesada como op&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de momento" perde sustenta&#231;&#227;o porque as mudan&#231;as n&#227;o resultam transit&#243;rias.</p>
    <p>Atividade reum&#225;tica, fen&#244;meno tromboemb&#243;lico e gesta&#231;&#227;o podem desencadear sintomas em um portador de valvopatia at&#233; ent&#227;o assintom&#225;tico, e o que provocam n&#227;o deve, necessariamente, contradizer a estrat&#233;gia sobre a valva lesada, baseada na rela&#231;&#227;o sintoma desconfortante-conduta intervencionista; manifesta&#231;&#245;es pr&#243;prias desses eventos ou eventuais influ&#234;ncias hemodin&#226;micas transit&#243;rias n&#227;o s&#227;o comumente provocativas da transfer&#234;ncia da terap&#234;utica da beira do leito para a beira da mesa cir&#250;rgica; &#233; o que acontece com a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica que pode provocar mudan&#231;a radical na classe funcional, mas que, uma vez revertida ao ritmo sinusal, faz involuir a manifesta&#231;&#227;o de agravamento hemodin&#226;mico.</p>
    <p>A solidariedade da insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide &#224; les&#227;o valvar mitral que a faz funcionar como v&#225;lvula de seguran&#231;a<sup>10</sup>, assim como o efeito Bernheim inverso que interfere na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo por interdepend&#234;ncia entre os ventr&#237;culos s&#227;o interpretados como processo adaptativo n&#227;o-desencadeante, isoladamente, de interrup&#231;&#227;o da hist&#243;ria natural da valvopatia.</p>
    <p>J&#225; a endocardite infecciosa, embora tenha um porcentual expressivo de sucesso pela antibioticoterapia, &#233; intercorr&#234;ncia com potencial de se confrontar com o at&#233; ent&#227;o "mantendo a valva lesada como op&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de momento"; isso acontece em raz&#227;o de destrui&#231;&#227;o valvar, forma&#231;&#227;o de impossibilidades de resposta a antibi&#243;ticos como abscesso ou aspectos etiopatog&#234;nicos como fungemia. Nessas eventualidades, a teoriza&#231;&#227;o sobre riscos do implante de pr&#243;tese num micro-ambiente desfavor&#225;vel, por vezes preocupantes, como deisc&#234;ncias ou reinfec&#231;&#245;es, n&#227;o deve suplantar a urg&#234;ncia pr&#225;tica da interven&#231;&#227;o, altamente ben&#233;fica sobre o progn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>Experi&#234;ncias com a desacelera&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica da remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda adaptativa n&#227;o adquiriram ainda status de rotina, como s&#243;i acontecer com conclus&#245;es academicamente corretas, contudo, carentes de signific&#226;ncia no quesito entusiasmo cl&#237;nico; &#233; o caso do uso de vasodilatador para portadores de insufici&#234;ncia mitral<sup>11,12</sup>. A influ&#234;ncia do uso de estatina sobre a progress&#227;o morfol&#243;gica pretendida na estenose a&#243;rtica, com base em semelhan&#231;as etiopatog&#234;nicas com a aterosclerose, n&#227;o atingiu crit&#233;rios irrefut&#225;veis para admiti-la &#250;til e eficaz. Esse tema, que convive com incertezas sobre conflitos de interesse, ilustra a imprescindibilidade do tempo como fator de refor&#231;o ou de enfraquecimento de opini&#245;es, teste do car&#225;ter de transitoriedade ou durabilidade, l&#225;pis e borracha alternando-se na modela&#231;&#227;o do progresso cient&#237;fico; a comunidade cardiol&#243;gica testemunhou como, com a diferen&#231;a de nada mais do que um ano, o mesmo autor, respeitado pesquisador da estatina em estenose a&#243;rtica, fez o seu leitor ciente, primeiro, de que o agente provocava influ&#234;ncia significativa na progress&#227;o da estenose a&#243;rtica, comportamento que sup&#244;s independente dos n&#237;veis de colesterol (2004)<sup>13</sup> e, depois, que estatina n&#227;o se justifica nessa valvopatia, salvo se houver outra indica&#231;&#227;o (2005)<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em certas ocasi&#245;es, a concep&#231;&#227;o "mantendo a valva lesada como op&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de momento" sofre a concorr&#234;ncia de uma indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica outra que exp&#245;e a valva lesada durante ato operat&#243;rio. Admite-se que o grau da valvopatia seja fator essencial para a premissa de se aproveitar a via de acesso ao cora&#231;&#227;o e j&#225; fazer a interven&#231;&#227;o que poderia ainda aguardar se fosse diagn&#243;stico &#250;nico; &#233; o caso da evolu&#231;&#227;o extempor&#226;nea de agress&#245;es valvares reum&#225;ticas, resultando em concomit&#226;ncia de uma les&#227;o valvar moderada e outra grave, essa a real raz&#227;o da indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica; tamb&#233;m da insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica decorrente da perda da sustenta&#231;&#227;o por dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta encaminhada para tratamento cir&#250;rgico; e da estenose a&#243;rtica presente no paciente submetido a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, em que a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica combinada justifica-se quando a valvopatia &#233; pelo menos moderada, n&#227;o havendo raz&#227;o quando ela for discreta<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>A benefic&#234;ncia/n&#227;o-malefic&#234;ncia da concep&#231;&#227;o "mantendo a valva lesada como op&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de momento" agasalha-se na figura do copo que transborda, essa estrutura metaf&#243;rica rica no apoio &#224; ordena&#231;&#227;o da percep&#231;&#227;o e da compreens&#227;o. Cada Servi&#231;o define a altura do copo que julga dar o equil&#237;brio de benefic&#234;ncia/n&#227;o-malefic&#234;ncia proporcionado pela heteronomia de diretrizes em feedback com a autonomia da individualiza&#231;&#227;o da beira do leito; no "copo alto", o transbordamento do conte&#250;do, express&#227;o do momento de interven&#231;&#227;o, representaria a manifesta&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas; no "copo baixo", o extravasamento seria, ent&#227;o, pr&#233;-sintomas, quando algum n&#237;vel de marcador de exame complementar for alcan&#231;ado. Uma vez fixado o "ponto de transbordo" &#150; sintomas ou pr&#233;-sintomas &#150;, "mantendo a valva lesada como op&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de momento" permanece v&#225;lido enquanto o processo adaptativo &#233; uma &#250;nica gota no fundo do copo ou &#233; menos uma gota da borda. A desejada sedimenta&#231;&#227;o do aprendizado pelo feedback com a beira do leito d&#225; a convic&#231;&#227;o sobre a altura do copo que d&#225; o equil&#237;brio de benefic&#234;ncia/n&#227;o-malefic&#234;ncia entre a heteronomia de diretrizes e a autonomia da individualiza&#231;&#227;o, no portador de valvopatia.</p>
    <p>&#201; importante ressaltar que medidas farmacol&#243;gicas de influ&#234;ncia no conte&#250;do e continente refreiam o processo de transbordamento que ocorre no grau III de classe funcional, mas o benef&#237;cio farmacol&#243;gico n&#227;o muda a reflex&#227;o que terminou a "op&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mantendo a valva lesada". A a&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa visa t&#227;o somente ao reconforto do paciente e ao conforto dos preparativos cir&#250;rgicos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>EMPENHAR-SE PELA CONSERVA&#199;&#195;O MORFOL&#211;GICA INTRA-OPERAT&#211;RIA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em tempos de interesse por c&#233;lulas-tronco, a perspectiva de pl&#225;stica valvar equivale &#224; reconstru&#231;&#227;o pretendida pelo progresso da medicina. Nada &#233; mais pluripotencial em termos de progn&#243;stico do que o retorno da valva card&#237;aca lesada a suas caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas mais pr&#243;ximas das originais.</p>
    <p>A propor&#231;&#227;o conserva&#231;&#227;o/pr&#243;tese apresentou tend&#234;ncia de crescimento nos &#250;ltimos anos. Em nosso ver, no entanto, a inten&#231;&#227;o de pl&#225;stica &#233; argumento insuficiente para antecipa&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-sintomas (uma das formas de "copo baixo"), pois a conserva&#231;&#227;o valvar &#233; multifatorial e o conjunto s&#243; se completa no intra-operat&#243;rio. Por mais que imagens pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias possam antecipar a vis&#227;o do cirurgi&#227;o in loco &#150; e em futuro pr&#243;ximo aperfei&#231;oada pela tridimens&#227;o &#150;, permanece a influ&#234;ncia de um imponder&#225;vel biol&#243;gico e t&#233;cnico. Pr&#233;-requisitos para a conserva&#231;&#227;o valvar alicer&#231;am-se nas curvas actuarias p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias conseguidas perante os vari&#225;veis aspectos morfol&#243;gicos<sup>16-18</sup>; requisitos incluem a habilidade do cirurgi&#227;o e o teste intra-operat&#243;rio, em que a ecocardiografia &#233; altamente contributiva.</p>
    <p>Pl&#225;sticas valvares malsucedidas superp&#245;em o p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio ao que foi a necessidade pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria da corre&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica. Por terem sido o inverso do pretendido e trazido soma&#231;&#227;o de adversidades para o paciente, elas tornam-se a ant&#237;tese da benefic&#234;ncia/n&#227;o-malefic&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>H&#225; condi&#231;&#245;es em que n&#227;o se deve prescindir da op&#231;&#227;o pela pl&#225;stica e h&#225; condi&#231;&#245;es em que n&#227;o se deve perder precioso tempo cir&#250;rgico pretendendo impossibilidades. A insufici&#234;ncia da valva mitral com degenera&#231;&#227;o mixomatosa tende &#224; pl&#225;stica exitosa e a estenose a&#243;rtica altamente calcificada representa pl&#225;stica destitu&#237;da de raz&#227;o. A disponibilidade de infra-estrutura humana e t&#233;cnica para o desenvolvimento de curva de aprendizado em conserva&#231;&#227;o valvar &#233; condi&#231;&#227;o indispens&#225;vel na qualifica&#231;&#227;o de um Servi&#231;o de Cirurgia Card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Ressalte-se a conserva&#231;&#227;o da valva tric&#250;spide; ela &#233; um marco na hist&#243;ria da cirurgia card&#237;aca, h&#225; cerca de vinte anos a substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar &#233; rara op&#231;&#227;o na insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide, cuja l&#243;gica &#233; a habitual inexist&#234;ncia de agress&#227;o expressiva ao tecido valvular. &#201; o extremo morfol&#243;gico pr&#243;-pl&#225;stica, as demais situa&#231;&#245;es de comprometimento dito org&#226;nico da estrutura valvar s&#227;o o desafio moderno ao cirurgi&#227;o cardiovascular que pretende uma opera&#231;&#227;o a mais superpon&#237;vel aos preceitos bio&#233;ticos da benefic&#234;ncia/ n&#227;o-malefic&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>A conserva&#231;&#227;o valvar n&#227;o somente tem a preced&#234;ncia na hist&#243;ria da cirurgia card&#237;aca, como tamb&#233;m se sustenta mediante certas t&#233;cnicas que ao longo do tempo sofreram pouca mudan&#231;a, tornaram-se cl&#225;ssicas mesmo, como as assim chamadas comissurotomia mitral, ressec&#231;&#227;o quadrangular e pl&#225;stica de De Vega. A disponibilidade de anel constritor, Carpentier e variantes, refor&#231;a o conceito que se admite benefic&#234;ncia na conserva&#231;&#227;o valvar e que a inten&#231;&#227;o por sua preced&#234;ncia &#233; atitude de n&#227;o-malefic&#234;ncia frente &#224;s morbidades das pr&#243;teses.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>ESTABELECER A PR&#211;TESE-DEPEND&#202;NCIA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nenhuma pr&#243;tese valvar preenche os crit&#233;rios de idealidade propostos h&#225; cerca de cinq&#252;enta anos pelo pioneiro cirurgi&#227;o Dwight Harken (1910-1993)<sup>19</sup>. Essa &#233; a base para reflex&#245;es sobre benefic&#234;ncia/n&#227;o-malefic&#234;ncia da pr&#243;tese-depend&#234;ncia. Perante curvas atuariais superpon&#237;veis, a sele&#231;&#227;o do tipo de pr&#243;tese exige an&#225;lises socioecon&#244;micas, que no Brasil t&#234;m como item de destaque as heterogeneidades regionais sobre risco-custo-benef&#237;cio em anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral.</p>
    <p>No dia a dia da beira do leito, a dualidade pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica-biopr&#243;tese materializa-se com duas faces: a do ben&#233;fico hemodin&#226;mico resgate da qualidade de vida e a do preocupante abre-fecha por um artefato pass&#237;vel de anormalidades intr&#237;nsecas ao implante ou adquiridas na evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria. Rotinas reduzem chances de coloniza&#231;&#227;o infecciosa e de forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo, mas elas pouco contribuem para a preserva&#231;&#227;o de aspectos estruturais. Esses devem ser trabalhados por meio de perspectivas otimistas no laborat&#243;rio de pesquisa que, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s biopr&#243;teses, incluem atualmente aperfei&#231;oamentos no anel (stentless ou less-stented)<sup>20-22</sup>, em prol da hemodin&#226;mica, e tecnologias que provocam a decelulariza&#231;&#227;o, em prol da preserva&#231;&#227;o tecidual pela evita&#231;&#227;o de rea&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias<sup>23,24</sup>.</p>
    <p>Compara&#231;&#245;es obtidas por longo per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o sugerem que haveria prioridade para a pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica na posi&#231;&#227;o mitral nos quesitos reopera&#231;&#227;o e mortalidade pr&#243;tese-dependente, especialmente para faixas et&#225;rias aqu&#233;m de setenta anos, mas n&#227;o para morbidade pr&#243;tese-dependente, havendo igualdade para d&#233;ficits neurol&#243;gicos<sup>25</sup>. A disponibilidade dessas informa&#231;&#245;es &#233; &#250;til para provocar exerc&#237;cios peri&#243;dicos de reflex&#245;es de "controle de qualidade" sobre rotinas, em maior ou menor escala de equival&#234;ncia ao analisado, em cada Servi&#231;o experiente.</p>
    <p>"Aqui fazemos assim" &#233; slogan de inspira&#231;&#227;o bio&#233;tica que auxilia na comunica&#231;&#227;o sobre a din&#226;mica do processo de decis&#243;rio de cada equipe perante a necessidade de implante de pr&#243;tese valvar. Ele estimula a defini&#231;&#227;o de uma identidade de conduta pelo Servi&#231;o, uma diretriz institucional que d&#225; transpar&#234;ncia a suas normas, retratando semelhan&#231;as e dessemelhan&#231;as com o praticado em outros locais.</p>
    <p>O "aqui fazemos assim" no InCor, por exemplo, identifica-se por uma tradi&#231;&#227;o de 35 anos de implante preferencial de biopr&#243;tese, cujo ponto zero coincide com a confec&#231;&#227;o da biopr&#243;tese de dura-mater<sup>26</sup>, e cujos passos subseq&#252;entes sofreram o refor&#231;o de convic&#231;&#245;es alimentadas pelas realidades m&#233;dico-sociais de sua popula&#231;&#227;o e usu&#225;rios. A rotina vigente &#233; sustentada pela razoabilidade do grau de benefic&#234;ncia/n&#227;o-malefic&#234;ncia observada nas an&#225;lises de morbidade e de sobrevida<sup>20-22</sup>, considerando as evid&#234;ncias de boa qualidade de vida no per&#237;odo que decorre entre implante e reopera&#231;&#227;o; essa, certamente, o calcanhar-de-aquiles da op&#231;&#227;o por biopr&#243;tese.</p>
    <p>Tromboembolismo gerado em pr&#243;tese, hemorragia anticoagulante-dependente, maior gravidade de endocardite em pr&#243;tese, falhas estruturais e restri&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas, tanto as precoces pelas caracter&#237;sticas do implante quanto as tardias tecido-dependentes, comp&#245;em um quinteto de potencialidades associadas &#224; hist&#243;ria da substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar, argumentos bastantes para fundamentar a assertiva que a hist&#243;ria p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria de valvopatias n&#227;o deve ser provocada antes da plena convic&#231;&#227;o que n&#227;o h&#225;, de fato, como evitar a condi&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;tese-depend&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>REFER&#202;NCIAS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>1. Grinberg M, Spina GS. Valvular index and valvular score. A new approach for the follow-up of the natural history of valvular heart disease. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2005; 84: 101-2. </p>
    <p>2. Rapaport E. Natural history of aortic and mitral valve disease. Am J Cardiol. 1975; 35: 221-7.</p>
    <p>3. Tarasoutchi F, Grinberg M, Spina GS. Ten-year clinical laboratory follow-up after application of a symptom-based therapeutic strategy to patients with severe chronic aortic regurgitation of predominant rheumatic etiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003; 41: 1316-24.</p>
    <p>4. Pellikka PA, Sarano ME, Nishimura RA, et al. Outcome of 622 adults with asymptomatic, hemodynamically significant aortic stenosis during prolonged follow-up. Circulation. 2005; 111: 3290-5.</p>
    <p>5. Carabello BA, De Leon AC, Edmunds LH, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease (Committee on Management of Patients with Valvular Heart Disease). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998; 32: 1486-588.</p>
    <p>6. Carabello BA. Is it ever too late to operate on the patient with valvular heart disease? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004; 44: 376-83.</p>
    <p>7. Borer JS, Supino PG, Hochreiter C. Valve surgery in the asymptomatic patient with aortic regurgitation: current indications and the effect of change rates in objective measures. Adv Cardiol. 2004; 41: 36-47.</p>
    <p>8. Pommerantzeff PMA, Barbosa GV, de Souza Filho GS, et al. Diretrizes de cirurgia nas valvopatias. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2004; 82 (suppl 5): 22-33.</p>
    <p>9. Grinberg M. Cl&#237;nica soberana, exame poderoso, bio&#233;tica suprema corte. Diagn Tratamento. 2005; 10: 104-6.</p>
    <p>10. King TW. Safety-valve function in the right ventricle. Guy&#146;s Hospital Reports. 1837; 2: 104-14.</p>
    <p>11. Sampaio RO, Grinberg M, Leite JJ, et al. Effect of enalapril on left ventricular diameters and exercise capacity in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients with regurgitation secondary to mitral valve prolapse or rheumatic heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2005; 96: 117-21.</p>
    <p>12. Borer, JS, Bonow RO. Contemporary approach to aortic and mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 2003; 108: 2432-8.</p>
    <p>13. Rosenhek R, Rader F, Lobo N, et al. Statins but not angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors delay progression of aortic stenosis. Circulation. 2004; 110: 1291-5.</p>
    <p>14. Rosenhek R. Statins for aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352: 2441-3.</p>
    <p>15. Pereira JJ, Balaban K, Lauer MS, et al. Aortic valve replacement in patients with mild or moderate aortic stenosis and coronary bypass surgery. Am J of Medicine. 2005; 118: 735-42 </p>
    <p>16. Pomerantzeff PM, Brandao CM, Cauduro P, et al. Fisics-Incor bovine pericardial bioprostheses: 15 year results. Heart Surg Forum. 1998; 1: 130-5.</p>
    <p>17. Gao G, Wu Y, Grunkermeier GL, et al. Durability of pericardial versus porcine aortic valves. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004; 44: 384-8.</p>
    <p>18. Jamieson WR, Miyagishima RT, Burr LH, et al. Carpentier-Edwards porcine bioprostheses: clinical performance assessed by actual analysis. J Heart Valve Dis. 2000; 9: 530-5.</p>
    <p>19. Harken DE, Soroff HS, Taylor WJ, et al. Partial and complete prostheses in aortic insufficiency. J Thorac Cradiovasc Surg. 1960; 40: 744-62.</p>
    <p>20. Akar AR, Szafranek A, Alexiou C. Use of stentless xenografts in the aortic position: determinants of early and late outcome. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002; 74: 1450-7.</p>
    <p>21. Deasi ND, Merin O, Cohen GN. Long-term results of aortic valve replacement with the St. Jude Toronto stentless porcine valve. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004; 78: 2076-83.</p>
    <p>22. Pomerantzeff P, Brand&#227;o CMA, Braile DM, et al. Novo conceito de biopr&#243;tese: biopr&#243;tese com descontinuidade do anel de sustenta&#231;&#227;o (Less Stented). Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2004; 19: 267-73. </p>
    <p>23. Costa JNL. Compara&#231;&#227;o entre o peric&#225;rdio bovino decelularizado e o peric&#225;rdio bovino convencional utilizado na confec&#231;&#227;o de biopr&#243;teses valvares card&#237;acas. S&#227;o Paulo, 2005. Tese (Doutorado) &#150; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <p>24. Elkins RC, Dawson PE, Goldstein S, et al. Decellularized human valve allografts. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001; 71: S428-32.</p>
    <p>25. Jamieson WR, von Lipinski O, Miyagishima RT. Performance of bioprostheses and mechanical prostheses assessed by composites of valve-related complications to 15 years after mitral valve replacement. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005; 129: 1301-8.</p>
    <p>26. Grinberg M. Dura-mater bioprosthesis (1971-1982-1985). Arq Bras Cardiol. 1985; 45: 69-74.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Max Grinberg </p>
        <p> InCor </p>
        <p> Av. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 </p>
        <p> 05403-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="grinberg@incor.usp.br">grinberg@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 08/03/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 12/01/06</p>
  </body>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Points of View</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Keep, preserve, replace</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>POINT-OF-VIEW</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Keep, preserve, replace</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Max Grinberg; Pablo M. A. Pommerantzeff</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>Keep the heart working with a severely damaged valve in compliance with certain clinical criteria; preserve the damaged valve by employing surgical skills to repair morphological peculiarities; replace the damaged valve with a prosthesis, which is seen as the ultimate benefit for the anatomic-functional circumstance. This "management of patients with valvular heart disease" trilogy is in tune with propaedeutic audiovisual expertise that emphasizes words of complaint regarding quality of life (sounds with classic semiotic value), virtual images of supplementary examinations, and actual images of the operative field.</p>
      <p>Reference markers gleaned from the habitually long natural history of patients with valvular heart disease gauge the usefulness of bioethical rituals, propaedeutic strategies, therapeutic solutions and prognostic analyses in accordance with the progression of cardiac-valve morphology, pathophysiologic cardiac and non-cardiac adaptation, and more or less "by the book" clinical manifestations. There are subjective markers, based on symptoms, and there are objective markers. Outstanding among the objective markers are valve lesion severity, left ventricular function, presence of co-morbidity, and level of pulmonary hypertension<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>The various markers lend support to good standards of practice in the management of patients with valvular heart disease, aimed to establish a conciliatory position &#150; a balance, as it were &#150; between maintaining/restoring quality of life to patients with valvular heart disease, and lengthening the survival of such patients. In our environment, within this proposed balance that favors beneficence/nonharmfulness, the rheumatic ethiopathogenic substrate still predominates.</p>
      <p>In the management of patients with valvular heart disease, no recognition should be conceded to beneficial/nonharmful credits attributed to admissible orientations, to precipitous communication of a solution (due to premature release of postoperative reports), or to late communication of a solution due to overlong maintenance of the patient&#146;s natural history (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). It is well to point out that precipitance often stems from the medical team&#146;s reflections and concepts &#150; reflections and concepts that feature scant participation of the patient&#146;s own free will &#150; while patient behavior constitutes a significant portion of non-precipitated communication.</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0e10-00028-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Three reflections on conduct set forth in the Management of Patients with Valvular Heart Disease express our conviction regarding the legitimacy and representivity of the good use of scientific knowledge and technical skills to control valvular heart disease. Reproducibility requires flexibility in dealing with the sociocultural reality of the circumstance, since any analysis of validity must take into consideration the peculiarities of the patient being assessed, always unique in terms of expression and comprehension of his/her clinical morbidity.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>KEEP THE DAMAGED VALVE AS THE PRELIMINARY CLINICAL OPTION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Peri- and postoperative risks and cost, over and above any postoperative benefits, tend to be present for a long period of time after the cardiac valve has acquired the status expressed in the "severe damage" criterion<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>This reflection is supposedly consistent with the natural process of adaptation to valvular heart disease and respects the efficiency of neuro-humoral adjustments. It discourages clinical initiatives that overvalue allopathic appeals for hemodynamically appropriate prostheses in patients with severe asymptomatic valvular heart disease.</p>
      <p>The issue here is that, in itself, the intensity of ventricular remodeling, proportional to the valve damage, fails to constitute sufficient justification for an intervention aimed at interrupting the natural history of the heart valve disease. Cutting lines, with numbers representing diameters, volumes, indexes, and serum markers<sup>3,4 </sup>made it impossible to achieve revelation of imminence of the limit of adaptive capacity, and failed to acquire unanimity regarding the status of excellence for projections regarding postoperative beneficence/nonharmfulness.</p>
      <p>For example, severe and symptomatic rheumatic aortic regurgitation, operated with systolic and diastolic diameter values above those proposed as "preoperative critical"<sup>5,6</sup>, and in the absence of depressed left ventricular function, is accompanied by a high postoperative degree of involution of values<sup>3</sup>, to beyond the alleged limits of benefit constraints. In other words, hemodynamic correction of this valve disease upon onset of functional class III symptoms in the presence of advanced preoperative levels of eccentric hypertrophy and &#150; habitually &#150; similar day-after levels, allow efficient reverse ventricular remodeling.</p>
      <p>This concept is analogous to that which deems that there are too many initiatives aimed to medicalize life, and therefore concerns itself with containing the spectrum of applications poorly supported by research evidence or bedside experience. The subdivision of recommendations into classes I, IIa, IIb, and III summarizes the position that the availability of a conceptually useful and effective therapy does not oblige said therapy to be useful and effective in all circumstances.</p>
      <p>In any diagnosis of valvular heart disease, the objective information that leads to unanimity among Cardiology Services when deciding for interventional cardiology, even in the happenstance of lack of functional class III/IV, is depressed left ventricular function<sup>7</sup>, universalized in guidelines<sup>5,8</sup>. Such conformity of opinions represents an example of the synergy between clinical practice and imaging in the course of the natural evolution of patients with valvular heart disease, which might be termed as sovereign clinical practice, powerful echocardiography<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The immortal anamnesis continues unbeatable as the propaedeutic method of greatest impact for drawing the dividing line between clinical and surgical treatment: the more interaction in an ethically healthy physician-patient relationship, the clearer the result. Meetings held in the surgical amphitheater, for example, can only adequately represent a "second opinion of the in-house team" when the arbiters are attuned to and perfectly knowledgeable of the subjectivities of the patient in question.</p>
      <p>"Keeping the damaged valve as the preliminary clinical option" coexists with certain intercurrent events, when the "one symptom says yes, another symptom says no" duality as a reference for "yes to intervention, no to intervention" must be adapted to details of the manifestation. Overcoming the intercurrent event often makes the clinical situation revert to the pre-event routine. At other times, "keeping the damaged valve as the preliminary clinical option" must be discarded because the changes prove to be nontransitory.</p>
      <p>Rheumatic activity, thromboembolitic phenomena, and/or pregnancy can trigger symptoms in patients with valvular heart disease who had been asymptomatic up to that time, and whatever causes the symptoms does not necessarily have to contradict the strategy adopted in regard to the damaged valve based on the "disquieting symptom-interventional conduct" concept. Manifestations specific to these events, or possible transitory hemodynamic influences, rarely cause treatment to be transferred from the bedside to the operating table. This is what occurs in the case of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, which can cause a radical change in functional class, but which, once reverted to sinus rhythm, brings about involution of the manifestation of hemodynamic worsening.</p>
      <p>Solidarity between tricuspid regurgitation and the mitral valve lesion, which causes it to function as a safety valve<sup>10</sup>, as well as the inverse Bernheim effect that interferes in the left ventricular diastolic function due to ventricular interdependence, are interpreted, singly, as non-triggering adaptive processes of interruption of the natural history of the valvular heart disease.</p>
      <p>In its turn, infective endocarditis is an intercurrence with potential to go counter to the option, upheld until that time, of "keeping the damaged valve as the preliminary clinical option" even though antibiotic treatment results in an expressive percentage of success. This occurs due to valvular destruction, impossibilities of response to antibiotics such as abscess formation, or etiopathogenic aspects such as fungemia. In these cases &#150; at times disturbing, such as dehiscence or reinfection &#150; theorizing about the risks inherent to implanting a prosthesis in an unfavorable microenvironment must not supplant the practical urgency of intervention, highly beneficial in view of the prognosis.</p>
      <p>Experiences with pharmacological deceleration of adaptive ventricular remodeling have not yet acquired the "routine" status, as is usually the case with conclusions that although academically correct, are insignificant in terms of clinical enthusiasm. This is the case of the use of vasodilators for patients with mitral valve regurgitation<sup>11,12</sup>. The influence of the use of statin on the intended morphological progression in aortic stenosis, based on etiopathogenic similarities to arteriosclerosis, failed to fulfill irrefutable criteria to admit its classification as useful and effective. This subject, which involves uncertainties regarding conflicts of interest, shows how essential time is as a factor in strengthening or weakening opinions, a test of its transitory or lasting nature, pencil and eraser taking turns in the modeling of scientific progress. The cardiologic community witnessed how, with a difference of no more than one year, the same author, a respected researcher of statin in aortic stenosis, first made his readers aware that the agent exerted significant influence on the progression of aortic stenosis &#150; behavior that he deemed independent of cholesterol levels (2004)<sup>13</sup> &#150; and then, that the use of statin is not justified in this valvular heart disease unless there is some additional indication (2005)<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>There are times when "keeping the damaged valve as the preliminary clinical option" faces competition from some other surgical indication that exposes the damaged valve during surgery. One must admit that the extent of the valve damage is an essential factor for the premise of taking advantage of the approach to the heart and performing the intervention that could have waited if it were the sole diagnosis. This is the case of the extemporaneous evolution of rheumatic valvular aggressions, resulting in concomitance of one moderate and one severe valve lesion (this latter being the real reason for recommending surgery).It is also the case of aortic regurgitation stemming from the loss of support by aortic dissection referred to surgical treatment, and of aortic stenosis in patients submitted to myocardial revascularization in which combined surgical intervention is justified when the valvular disease is at least moderate, but unjustified in mild cases<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>The beneficial/nonharmful criterion as applied to "keeping the damaged valve as the preliminary clinical option" finds support in the figure of the overflowing glass, a metaphoric structure that richly supports the categorization of perception and comprehension. Each cardiology service defines the height of the glass that it considers sufficient to provide the required beneficial/nonharmful balance by means of the heteronomy of feedback guidelines and the autonomy of bedside individualization. In the "tall glass", the overflow of the content, as expressed upon intervention, would represent manifestation of the symptoms. In the "short glass" then, the overflow would constitute pre-symptoms when some supplementary examination marker level is reached. Once the "point of overflow" is determined &#150; symptoms or pre-symptoms &#150; "keeping the damaged valve as the preliminary clinical option" continues to be valid so long as the adaptive process is a single drop in the bottom of the glass or is still missing one drop before reaching the rim. The desired sedimentation of knowledge gleaned from bedside feedback leads to conviction regarding the height of the glass that will provide the beneficial/nonharmful balance between the heteronomy of guidelines and the autonomy of individualization in patients with valvular heart disease.</p>
      <p>It is important to point out that pharmacological measures that influence the content and continent halt the overflow that occurs in functional class III, but the pharmacological benefit does not alter the reflection that ruled out the clinical option to keep the damaged valve. The sole aim of medication is to comfort the patient and ease surgical preparations.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>INTRAOPERATIVE ATTEMPTS AT MORPHOLOGICAL PRESERVATION </bold>
      </p>
      <p>In these times when interest in stem cells runs high, the prospect of valvuloplasty is equivalent to the aspired reconstruction for the overall progress of medicine. Nothing is more pluripotential in terms of prognostics than returning the damaged heart valve to morphological characteristics as close as possible to the original.</p>
      <p>The "keep the damaged valve" option has shown a tendency to increase over the last few years as compared to "replace with a prosthesis". However, in our opinion, the intention to perform valvuloplasty is an insufficient argument for pre-symptom precipitation (one of the forms of "short glass"), since keeping the valve is multifactorial and the whole is only completed in the intraoperative stage. Regardless of the fact that preoperative images can anticipate the surgeon&#146;s in loco vision &#150; and in the near future perfected to three-dimensional images &#150; the influence of a biological and/or technical imponderable still remains. Prerequisites for keeping the valve are based on postoperative actuarial curves drawn up in relation to the variable morphological aspects<sup>16-18</sup>. Requisites include the surgeon&#146;s skill and intraoperative monitoring in which echocardiography plays a major role.</p>
      <p>Unsuccessful valvuloplasties superpose the postoperative condition on that which constituted the preoperative need for hemodynamic correction. As the results were the opposite of what was intended, and because they caused the patient additional adversities, they become the antithesis of beneficence/nonharmfulness.</p>
      <p>There are conditions in which one cannot discard the option for valvuloplasty and conditions in which precious surgical time cannot be wasted in hoping for the impossible. Valvuloplasty in cases of mitral valve regurgitation with myxomatous degeneration (Barlow&#146;s disease) tends to be successful, while valvuloplasty in cases of severe calcific aortic stenosis has no rhyme or reason. The availability of human and technical infrastructure for advancement of the learning curve in valvular preservation is an indispensable condition in qualifying a Cardiac Surgery Service.</p>
      <p>Here we would highlight preservation of the tricuspid valve, a landmark in cardiac surgery. In the last nearly twenty years, valve replacement is a rare option in cases of tricuspid regurgitation due to the fact that there is rarely any significant aggression to the valve tissue. This is the extreme pro-valvuloplasty morphology. Other situations of so-called organic compromise of the valvular structure are the modern challenge to cardiovascular surgeons who see this operation as that which most clearly overrides the bioethical rules of beneficence/nonharmfulness.</p>
      <p>Heart valve preservation takes precedence not only in the history of cardiac surgery, but is also preferable to certain techniques that have undergone scant change over the years and have become true classics, such as the so-called mitral comissurotomy, quadrangular resection, and De Vega&#146;s annuloplasty. The availability of a constrictive ring &#150; Carpentier and other variants &#150; reinforces the concept that admits beneficence in valve preservation and that the intent of its precedence is a nonharmful attitude in view of prosthetic heart valve morbidity.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ESTABILISHING PROSTHESIS-DEPENDENCE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No cardiac valve prosthesis can fulfill the criteria of ideality proposed approximately fifty years ago by the pioneer surgeon Dwight Harken (1910-1993)<sup>19</sup>. This is the basis for reflection on the beneficence/nonharmfulness of prosthesis-dependence. Given the superimposable actuarial curves, selection of the type of prosthesis demands socioeconomic analyses which, in Brazil, prioritize regional heterogeneities over the risk-cost-benefit of oral anticoagulation.</p>
      <p>In daily bedside routines we find that the mechanical prosthesis - bioprosthesis duality shows two different faces: that of the quality of life restoring hemodynamic benefit, and that of the disturbing open-and-close of a device subject to abnormalities intrinsic to the implant, or acquired in the postoperative course. Routines reduce chances of infectious colonization and thrombus formation, but they do little to contribute to the preservation of structural aspects. These must be worked by means of optimistic outlooks in research labs which, in relation to bioprostheses, currently include improvement of the annulus (stentless or less-stented)<sup>20-22 </sup>to favor hemodynamics, and technologies that cause decellularization to favor tissue preservation by preventing inflammatory reactions<sup>23,24</sup>.</p>
      <p>Comparisons obtained over a long period of observation suggest that priority would be given to mechanical prostheses in the mitral position in cases of reoperation and prosthesis-dependent mortality, especially for over-70 age brackets, but not for prosthesis-dependent morbidity, neurological deficits being equal<sup>25</sup>. The availability of these data is useful in that it motivates periodic exercises of reflections on "quality control" in regard to routines, on an equivalency scale greater or smaller than that analyzed, in each experienced Service.</p>
      <p>"This is the way we do it here" is a slogan inspired by bioethics that helps in communication regarding the dynamics of the decision-making process of each team in view of the need for a valve-prosthesis implant. It stimulates the definition of an identity of conduct by the Service, an institutional guideline that lends transparency to its standards, portraying similarities and dissimilarities as compared to what is practiced elsewhere.</p>
      <p>For example, the "Here we do it like this" at InCor features a 35-year tradition of preference for bioprosthesis implants, the zero point of which coincides with the making of dura-mater bioprostheses<sup>26</sup>. The subsequent steps were reinforced by convictions nourished by the medical-social realities of its population and users. The ongoing routine is sustained by the reasonability of the degree of beneficence/nonharmfulness observed in analyses of morbidity and survival<sup>20-22</sup>, taking into account evidence of good quality of life in the period of time elapsing between the implant and reoperation &#150; this latter being undoubtedly the Achilles heel of opting for a bioprosthesis.</p>
      <p>The quintet of post-prosthetic valve replacement potentialities comprises prosthetic thromboembolism, anticoagulant-dependent hemorrhage, more severe prosthetic valve endocarditis, structural defects, and hemodynamic restrictions &#150; both the early restrictions due to the characteristics of the implant, and tissue-dependent late restrictions. These arguments are more than sufficient foundation for the claim that postoperative history of valvular heart disease should be evoked only after reaching the absolute conviction that there is, in fact, no means of avoiding prosthesis-dependence.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>1. Grinberg M, Spina GS. Valvular index and valvular score. A new approach for the follow-up of the natural history of valvular heart disease. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2005; 84: 101-2. </p>
      <p>2. Rapaport E. Natural history of aortic and mitral valve disease. Am J Cardiol. 1975; 35: 221-7.</p>
      <p>3. Tarasoutchi F, Grinberg M, Spina GS. Ten-year clinical laboratory follow-up after application of a symptom-based therapeutic strategy to patients with severe chronic aortic regurgitation of predominant rheumatic etiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003; 41: 1316-24.</p>
      <p>4. Pellikka PA, Sarano ME, Nishimura RA, et al. Outcome of 622 adults with asymptomatic, hemodynamically significant aortic stenosis during prolonged follow-up. Circulation. 2005; 111: 3290-5.</p>
      <p>5. Carabello BA, DeLeon AC, Edmunds LH, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease (Committee on Management of Patients with Valvular Heart Dis-ease). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998; 32: 1486-588.</p>
      <p>6. Carabello BA. Is it ever too late to operate on the patient with valvular heart disease? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004; 44: 376-83.</p>
      <p>7. Borer JS, Supino PG, Hochreiter C. Valve surgery in the asymptomatic patient with aortic regurgitation: current indications and the effect of change rates in objective measures. Adv Cardiol. 2004; 41: 36-47.</p>
      <p>8. Pommerantzeff PMA, Barbosa GV, de Souza Filho GS, et al. Diretrizes de cirurgia nas valvopatias. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2004; 82 (suppl 5): 22-33.</p>
      <p>9. Grinberg M. Cl&#237;nica soberana, exame poderoso, bio&#233;tica suprema corte. Diagn Tratamento. 2005; 10: 104-6.</p>
      <p>10. King TW-Safety-valve function in the right ventricle. Guy&#146;s Hospital Reports. 1837; 2: 104-14.</p>
      <p>11. Sampaio RO, Grinberg M, Leite JJ, et al. Effect of enalapril on left ventricular diameters and exercise capacity in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients with regurgitation secondary to mitral valve prolapse or rheumatic heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2005; 96: 117-21.</p>
      <p>12. Borer, JS, Bonow RO. Contemprary approach to aortic and mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 2003; 108: 2432-8.</p>
      <p>13. Rosenhek R, Rader F, Lobo N, et al. Statins but not angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors delay progression of aortic stenosis. Circulation. 2004; 110: 1291-5.</p>
      <p>14. Rosenhek R. Statins for aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352: 2441-3.</p>
      <p>15. Pereira JJ, Balaban K, Lauer MS. et al. Aortic valve replacement in patients with mild or moderate aortic stenosis and coronary bypass surgery. Am J of Medicine. 2005; 118: 735-42 </p>
      <p>16. Pomerantzeff PM, Brandao CM, Cauduro P, et al. Fisics-Incor bovine pericardial bioprostheses: 15 year results. Heart Surg Forum. 1998; 1: 130-5.</p>
      <p>17. Gao G, Wu Y, Grunkermeier GL, et al. Durability of pericardial versus porcine aortic valves. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004; 44: 384-8.</p>
      <p>18. Jamieson WR, Miyagishima RT, Burr LH, et al. Carpentier-Edwards porcine bioprostheses: clinical performance assessed by actual analysis. J Heart Valve Dis. 2000; 9: 530-5.</p>
      <p>19. Harken DE, Soroff HS, Taylor WJ, et al. Partial and complete prostheses in aortic insufficiency. J Thorac Cradiovasc Surg. 1960; 40: 744-62.</p>
      <p>20. Akar AR, Szafranek A, Alexiou C. Use of stentless xenografts in the aortic position: determinants of early and late outcome. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002; 74: 1450-7.</p>
      <p>21. Deasi ND, Merin O, Cohen GN. Long-term results of aortic valve replacement with the St. Jude Toronto stentless porcine valve. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004; 78: 2076-83.</p>
      <p>22. Pomerantzeff P, Brand&#227;o CMA, Braile DM, et al. Novo conceito de Biopr&#243;tese: biopr&#243;tese com descontinuidade do anel de sustenta&#231;&#227;o (Less Stented). Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2004; 19: 267-73. </p>
      <p>23. Costa JNL. Compara&#231;&#227;o entre o peric&#225;rdio bovino decelularizado e o peric&#225;rdio bovino convencional utilizado na confec&#231;&#227;o de biopr&#243;teses valvares card&#237;acas. S&#227;o Paulo, 2005. Tese (Doutorado) &#150; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      <p>24. Elkins RC, Dawson PE, Goldstein S, et al. Decellularized human valve allografts. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001; 71: S428-32.</p>
      <p>25. Jamieson WR, von Lipinski O, Miyagishima RT. Performance of bioprostheses and mechanical prostheses assessed by composites of valve-related complications to 15 years after mitral valve replacement. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005; 129: 1301-8.</p>
      <p>26. Grinberg M. Dura-mater bioprosthesis (1971-1982-1985). Arq Bras Cardiol. 1985; 45: 69-74.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Max Grinberg</p>
          <p> InCor</p>
          <p> Av. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44</p>
          <p> 05403-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="grinberg@incor.usp.br">grinberg@incor.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Received in 08/03/05</p>
      <p> Accepted in 12/01/06</p>
      <p>14. Rosenhek R. Statins for aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352: 2441-3.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
