<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">qXPGRh9TRpScLzCg7Pzwxvv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00018</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001600018</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700318</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001600018</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave em unidade de terapia intensiva: existe um &#237;ndice progn&#243;stico ideal?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Terzi</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina Bueno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lage</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dragosavac</surname>
            <given-names>Desanka</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Terzi</surname>
            <given-names>Renato G. G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>344</fpage>
      <lpage>351</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a aplicabilidade de tr&#234;s &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos - APACHE II, SAPS II e Unicamp II, em um subgrupo de pacientes cr&#237;ticos, portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC). M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados 90 pacientes, sendo 12 do sexo feminino e 78, do sexo masculino, com idade m&#233;dia de 56 (18-83) anos. Os pacientes encontravam-se em classe funcional IV (NYHA) ou choque cardiog&#234;nico secund&#225;rio &#224;s cardiomiopatias: dilatada (44%), chag&#225;sica (25,5%), isqu&#234;mica (18%), hipertensiva (1,1%), hipertr&#243;fica (1,1%), alco&#243;lica (1,1%), e secund&#225;rio &#224;s valvopatias j&#225; submetidas &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica (7,7%). Para descrever o perfil da amostra, segundo as diversas vari&#225;veis em estudo, foram feitas tabelas de freq&#252;&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e estat&#237;sticas descritivas das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Para analisar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os valores dos &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos e a evolu&#231;&#227;o para o &#243;bito, foi realizada a an&#225;lise da curva ROC, calculadas as estat&#237;sticas de bondade do ajuste de Hosmer e Lemeshow, assim como a SMR (Standardized Mortality Ratio). RESULTADOS: A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica mostrou baixa sensibilidade, especificidade e acur&#225;cia dos tr&#234;s &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos para os pacientes com IC, tendo sido subestimada a mortalidade nesse grupo. Na IC refrat&#225;ria, a ocorr&#234;ncia de tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP) foi um fator importante em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade. CONCLUS&#195;O: Os tr&#234;s &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos estudados n&#227;o foram adequados para avalia&#231;&#227;o dos cardiopatas internados na Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). Nos pacientes com IC, o fator TEP foi importante para a descompensa&#231;&#227;o aguda da IC e para a alta mortalidade do grupo. &#205;ndices progn&#243;sticos para cardiopatas com IC refrat&#225;ria dever&#227;o ser propostos, e a discuss&#227;o sobre anticoagula&#231;&#227;o nestes pacientes deve ser ampliada.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>&#205;ndices progn&#243;sticos de gravidade de doen&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>choque cardiog&#234;nico</kwd>
        <kwd>Unidade de Terapia Intensiva</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>embolia pulmonar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGOS ORIGINAIS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave em unidade de terapia intensiva. Existe um &#237;ndice progn&#243;stico ideal?</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Cristina Bueno Terzi; Silvia G. Lage; Desanka Dragosavac; Renato G. G. Terzi</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP e Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Campinas, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar a aplicabilidade de tr&#234;s &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos - APACHE II, SAPS II e Unicamp II, em um subgrupo de pacientes cr&#237;ticos, portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Foram estudados 90 pacientes, sendo 12 do sexo feminino e 78, do sexo masculino, com idade m&#233;dia de 56 (18-83) anos. Os pacientes encontravam-se em classe funcional IV (NYHA) ou choque cardiog&#234;nico secund&#225;rio &#224;s cardiomiopatias: dilatada (44%), chag&#225;sica (25,5%), isqu&#234;mica (18%), hipertensiva (1,1%), hipertr&#243;fica (1,1%), alco&#243;lica (1,1%), e secund&#225;rio &#224;s valvopatias j&#225; submetidas &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica (7,7%). Para descrever o perfil da amostra, segundo as diversas vari&#225;veis em estudo, foram feitas tabelas de freq&#252;&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e estat&#237;sticas descritivas das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Para analisar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os valores dos &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos e a evolu&#231;&#227;o para o &#243;bito, foi realizada a an&#225;lise da curva ROC, calculadas as estat&#237;sticas de bondade do ajuste de Hosmer e Lemeshow, assim como a SMR <italic>(Standardized Mortality Ratio).</italic> </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica mostrou baixa sensibilidade, especificidade e acur&#225;cia dos tr&#234;s &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos para os pacientes com IC, tendo sido subestimada a mortalidade nesse grupo. Na IC refrat&#225;ria, a ocorr&#234;ncia de tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP) foi um fator importante em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Os tr&#234;s &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos estudados n&#227;o foram adequados para avalia&#231;&#227;o dos cardiopatas internados na Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). Nos pacientes com IC, o fator TEP foi importante para a descompensa&#231;&#227;o aguda da IC e para a alta mortalidade do grupo. &#205;ndices progn&#243;sticos para cardiopatas com IC refrat&#225;ria dever&#227;o ser propostos, e a discuss&#227;o sobre anticoagula&#231;&#227;o nestes pacientes deve ser ampliada.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>&#205;ndices progn&#243;sticos de gravidade de doen&#231;a, choque cardiog&#234;nico, Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, embolia pulmonar.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios sistemas de &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos t&#234;m sido desenvolvidos para avaliar a gravidade dos pacientes e estimar a mortalidade em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). Sua aplica&#231;&#227;o procura identificar os pacientes com maior potencial de recupera&#231;&#227;o e que, portanto, beneficiar-se-&#227;o dos cuidados da UTI, facilitando a sele&#231;&#227;o daqueles que atender&#227;o crit&#233;rios de interna&#231;&#227;o e alta. Al&#233;m disso, permite a compara&#231;&#227;o do desempenho de diferentes servi&#231;os.</p>
    <p>Dentre os sistemas propostos, o mais utilizado atualmente em diversos pa&#237;ses &#233; o APACHE (<italic>Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation</italic>), desenvolvido inicialmente por Knaus, em 1981<sup>1</sup>, e aprimorado, em 1985, para o APACHE II<sup>2</sup>. Outro sistema existente &#233; o SAPS (<italic>Simplified Acute Physiology Score</italic>)<sup>3</sup>, que difere do APACHE II por conter outras vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, como diurese, bicarbonato e bilirrubina s&#233;ricos, e por n&#227;o considerar o diagn&#243;stico de interna&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m destes, o modelo Unicamp II<sup>4 </sup>foi desenvolvido na UTI do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Unicamp, empregando as mesmas t&#233;cnicas computacionais de fun&#231;&#227;o discriminat&#243;ria linear por passos e an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica que j&#225; haviam sido descritas por Lemenshow e cols.<sup>5</sup>, e busca identificar os fatores mais expressivos na mortalidade da terapia intensiva.</p>
    <p>Existem outros diferentes sistemas dispon&#237;veis, que t&#234;m aplica&#231;&#227;o para subgrupos espec&#237;ficos, como trauma<sup>6</sup>, instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica<sup>7</sup>, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica<sup>8</sup>, p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca<sup>9</sup>, disfun&#231;&#227;o org&#226;nica m&#250;ltipla (SOFA)<sup>10</sup> e sepse<sup>11</sup>, embora, no momento, poucos estudos estejam sendo desenvolvidos com o subgrupo de cardiopatas com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC).</p>
    <p>Considerando que em nosso servi&#231;o existe um grande n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es de pacientes cardiopatas com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave, refrat&#225;ria a terap&#234;utica cl&#225;ssica, objetivamos avaliar a aplicabilidade de tr&#234;s &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos (APACHE II, SAPS II, Unicamp II) neste subgrupo, que apresenta caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas especiais n&#227;o previstas na pontua&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudados, ap&#243;s primeiro atendimento em unidade de emerg&#234;ncia, 90 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: os pacientes com idade inferior a 18 anos, os que permaneceram menos de 24 horas na UTI, aqueles no per&#237;odo de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca, e os portadores de les&#245;es estruturais card&#237;acas pass&#237;veis de corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, insufici&#234;ncia coronariana aguda e outras patologias card&#237;acas agudas.</p>
    <p>A coleta de dados, realizada por um m&#233;dico da equipe da UTI, incluiu a obten&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es da hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, dos piores dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais das primeiras 24 horas de interna&#231;&#227;o na UTI, al&#233;m do resultado de exames como ecodopplercardiograma e eletrocardiograma. A presen&#231;a de tromboembolismo pulmonar foi confirmada pela cintilografia ventila&#231;&#227;o-perfus&#227;o e/ou necropsia. Foi registrada a evolu&#231;&#227;o para o &#243;bito ou alta, computando-se sua data. A partir destes dados, foram aplicados os sistemas de pontua&#231;&#227;o do APACHE II, SAPS II e Unicamp II, de acordo com protocolos previamente estabelecidos na literatura<sup>2,3,4</sup>. Os riscos de mortalidade individual apontados pelos tr&#234;s &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos foram obtidos a partir de equa&#231;&#227;o do tipo Pr(y=1/logit)= e<sup>logit</sup>/1 + e<sup>logit</sup> onde e = 2,7182818, que converte as pontua&#231;&#245;es em risco de &#243;bito.</p>
    <p>Considerando que os &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos APACHE II e SAPS II t&#234;m sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o mais divulgada, apresentamos, a seguir, detalhes do &#237;ndice Unicamp II.</p>
    <p> O modelo Unicamp foi desenvolvido na UTI do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Unicamp<sup>4</sup>, empregando as mesmas t&#233;cnicas computacionais de fun&#231;&#227;o discriminat&#243;ria linear por passos e an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica que j&#225; haviam sido descritas por Lemenshow e cols., e busca identificar os fatores mais expressivos na mortalidade da terapia intensiva. </p>
    <p>A equa&#231;&#227;o Unicamp II<sup>4 </sup>se baseou na an&#225;lise de 819 pacientes, admitidos na UTI do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Unicamp, entre mar&#231;o de 1988 e setembro de 1989. Ela se baseia, fundamentalmente, na pontua&#231;&#227;o do APACHE II, acrescida de outras vari&#225;veis, como o uso ou n&#227;o do respirador (por mais de 24 horas), presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia renal (considerada creatinina s&#233;rica maior ou igual a 1,6 mg/dl) e se trata-se de uma interna&#231;&#227;o emergencial ou eletiva.O sistema n&#227;o utiliza qualquer coeficiente relacionado a doen&#231;as de base, o que facilita a aplica&#231;&#227;o &#224; beira do leito, mesmo por pessoal param&#233;dico. A equa&#231;&#227;o Unicamp II foi validada em publica&#231;&#227;o recente<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Equa&#231;&#227;o Unicamp II</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Risco calculado de &#243;bito = 1/1[1+ EXP(-Y)] </p>
    <p> Onde y = - 3,7594 </p>
    <p> + 0,1162 x pontua&#231;&#227;o do APACHE II </p>
    <p> + 0,7178 se ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica </p>
    <p> + 0,7318 se insufici&#234;ncia renal </p>
    <p> + 0,8367 se emerg&#234;ncia/urg&#234;ncia</p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi realizado em UTI cardiol&#243;gica do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o de S&#227;o Paulo (InCor). Os dados foram coletados na UTI durante um per&#237;odo de dois anos, ap&#243;s primeiro atendimento em unidade de emerg&#234;ncia. Foram selecionados 90 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, sendo 12 do sexo feminino e 78 do sexo masculino, com m&#233;dia de idade de 56 (18-83) anos.</p>
    <p>Dos 90 pacientes, 33 encontravam-se em classe funcional IV (NYHA) e 57 em choque cardiog&#234;nico secund&#225;rio &#224;: 1) cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica: 40 (44%); 2) doen&#231;a de Chagas: 23 (25,5%); 3) cardiomiopatia alco&#243;lica: 1 (1,1%); 4) cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica: 17 (18,9%); 5) Cardiomiopatia hipertensiva: 1 (1,1%); 6) cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica: 1 ( 1,1%); 7) valvopatia: 7 (7,7%).</p>
    <p>Para descrever o perfil da amostra, segundo as diversas vari&#225;veis em estudo, foram feitas tabelas de freq&#252;&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas (sexo, diagn&#243;sticos, ritmo card&#237;aco) e estat&#237;sticas descritivas das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas (idade, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo - FEVE, dias de interna&#231;&#227;o, s&#243;dio s&#233;rico e tempo de doen&#231;a).</p>
    <p>Para comparar as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas entre os grupos, foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado ou, quando necess&#225;rio (valores esperados menores que 5), o teste exato de Fisher. Para comparar as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas entre os grupos, foi utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney, devido &#224; falta de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou assimetria dos dados.</p>
    <p>Foram tamb&#233;m calculadas as estat&#237;sticas de bondade do ajuste de Hosmer e Lemeshow<sup>5</sup> para cada &#237;ndice progn&#243;stico, para descrever a exatid&#227;o dos diferentes modelos. Foram comparadas as freq&#252;&#234;ncias de &#243;bitos e altas, estimados e observados em dez faixas, com intervalos de dez por cento de &#243;bito calculados (estat&#237;stica <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/qXPGRh9TRpScLzCg7Pzwxvv/4ceb34f65929b337e982175bb0cd6d95a5cfe14f.gif"/>). Valores de p maiores que 0,05 aceitam a hip&#243;tese de igualdade entre a mortalidade estimada e a mortalidade observada, ou seja, apresenta boa calibra&#231;&#227;o. Para evitar o pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes em algumas faixas de risco, tamb&#233;m foi realizada a estat&#237;stica <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/qXPGRh9TRpScLzCg7Pzwxvv/d6963321f3a1ef1a9d0766ba0fb98560434dd0b4.gif"/>, dividindo o total de pacientes em 10 faixas de risco, com um n&#250;mero semelhante de pacientes em cada faixa.</p>
    <p>O poder discriminat&#243;rio de cada &#237;ndice foi avaliado pela ASC (&#225;rea sob a curva) da ROC (<italic>Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve</italic>)<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>A SMR (<italic>Standardized Mortality Ratio</italic>) foi calculada dividindo-se a mortalidade observada pela mortalidade predita, em cada um dos modelos. SMR igual a 1 significa que a mortalidade observada &#233; igual a mortalidade predita. A SMR superior a 1 indica um n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos maior que o previsto.</p>
    <p>O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado para os testes estat&#237;sticos foi de 5% (p &lt; 0.05). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref> apresenta as curvas ROC dos tr&#234;s modelos utilizados.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0344-00018-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As an&#225;lises descritivas das vari&#225;veis utilizadas e a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos de sobreviventes e &#243;bitos s&#227;o apresentadas nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabelas 1 a 7</xref>. Foi observada uma alta mortalidade neste grupo de pacientes graves. Quase dois ter&#231;os dos pacientes com IC classe IV ou choque cardiog&#234;nico faleceram durante a interna&#231;&#227;o na UTI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0344-00018-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0344-00018-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0344-00018-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0344-00018-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0344-00018-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0344-00018-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab07">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0344-00018-gt07.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Foi observada maior mortalidade nos pacientes com idades abaixo de 30 ou acima de 70 anos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>). As idades &lt;30 e &gt;70 anos foram fator de risco de &#243;bito (p = 0,004).</p>
    <p>Outros fatores, como o sexo (p = 0,75), tipo de cardiopatia (p = 0,32), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (p = 0,95) e dias de interna&#231;&#227;o (p=0,097), n&#227;o foram diferentes entre o grupo de &#243;bitos e sobreviventes, portanto, n&#227;o s&#227;o considerados fatores adicionais de risco (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabs. 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">4</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">5 </xref>e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">6</xref>).</p>
    <p>Os fatores, como o tempo de doen&#231;a (p &lt; 0,001) e a natremia (p = 0,097) foram analisados e houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica, denotando maior mortalidade naqueles com tempo de doen&#231;a maior que dois anos e com s&#243;dio s&#233;rico menor que 129 mEq/l. Outro fator, como ritmo card&#237;aco no momento da interna&#231;&#227;o (p=0,595), n&#227;o foi diferente entre o grupo de &#243;bitos e sobreviventes, portanto, n&#227;o foi considerado fator adicional de risco (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07">tabs. 7</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab08">8</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab09">9</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab08">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0344-00018-gt08.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab09">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0344-00018-gt09.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Chama a aten&#231;&#227;o a alta incid&#234;ncia de embolia pulmonar. Doze dos noventa pacientes (13,3%) tiveram o diagn&#243;stico, confirmado por exame de imagem ou por necropsia, equivalente a 21% de todos os pacientes que faleceram (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab10">tab. 10</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab10">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0344-00018-gt10.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os &#237;ndices usados tiveram baixa sensibilidade e especificidade para apurar o risco de &#243;bito.</p>
    <p>A estat&#237;stica teste de bondade (<italic>Goodness of Fit</italic>) de Hosmer e Lemeshow &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab11">tabela 11</xref>. A diferen&#231;a entre risco previsto e risco observado foi estatisticamente significante para todos os grupos e para todos os &#237;ndices (p &lt; 0,0001). O risco previsto de &#243;bito foi de 19,03 pelo modelo APACHE II, 15,50 pelo modelo SAPS II e 39,16, pelo modelo Unicamp II, e a mortalidade global observada foi de 63,3% (57/90). A rela&#231;&#227;o entre a mortalidade observada e o risco previsto (SMR - <italic>Standard Mortality Ratio</italic>) para cada modelo mostra que a mortalidade observada foi maior que a prevista em todos os modelos. Entretanto, a SMR mais baixa foi registrada no modelo Unicamp II (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab11">tab. 11</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab11">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0344-00018-gt11.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os dados das curvas ROC s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab12">tabela 12</xref>. Note-se que o &#250;nico modelo que apresentou uma &#225;rea sob a curva (ASC) significante foi o sistema APACHE II.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab12">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0344-00018-gt12.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref> apresenta os resultados das curvas ROC para os &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos APACHE II, SAPS II e Unicamp II.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Desde 1981, v&#225;rios &#237;ndices de gravidade v&#234;m sendo propostos para pacientes admitidos em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI)<sup>1</sup>. Inicialmente, dadas as limita&#231;&#245;es de leitos em UTIs, o objetivo era o de selecionar aqueles com maior potencial de recupera&#231;&#227;o. Posteriormente, os &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos foram utilizados para avaliar o desempenho de diferentes servi&#231;os, a partir do estabelecimento de equival&#234;ncia de recursos dispon&#237;veis e o perfil dos pacientes nos referidos servi&#231;os. Finalmente, os &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos t&#234;m sido utilizados para estratificar pacientes no sentido de avaliar a efic&#225;cia de novos tratamentos.</p>
    <p>Em 1967, algumas classifica&#231;&#245;es, relacionadas com a gravidade de pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, come&#231;aram a ser descritas, como a classifica&#231;&#227;o de KILLIP<sup>13</sup> e, posteriormente, a classifica&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>14</sup>. Para outras patologias, como por exemplo, o trauma cr&#226;nio-encef&#225;lico, a escala de coma de Glasgow<sup>15</sup> &#233; amplamente utilizada. O primeiro &#237;ndice progn&#243;stico proposto para pacientes internados em terapia intensiva foi o APACHE (<italic>Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation</italic>)<sup>1</sup>, desenvolvido por Knaus (Knaus e cols.) nos EUA, posteriormente aprimorado para a vers&#227;o APACHE II<sup>2</sup>. Hoje &#233; o sistema mais utilizado entre os &#237;ndices de gravidade. Mais recentemente, foi introduzido o APACHE III<sup>16</sup>, que utiliza dezessete vari&#225;veis, n&#250;mero superior &#224;s vari&#225;veis utilizadas na vers&#227;o anterior. Outro &#237;ndice, o SAPS<sup>17</sup> (<italic>Simplified Acute Physiology</italic>), foi desenvolvido na Fran&#231;a por Le Gall, tendo evolu&#237;do mais tarde para a vers&#227;o SAPS II.</p>
    <p>Os tr&#234;s modelos estudados utilizam diferentes pesos para cada vari&#225;vel de interesse, como idade, desvios fisiol&#243;gicos agudos, interna&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica ou cir&#250;rgica e doen&#231;a pregressa. </p>
    <p>No modelo APACHE II, cr&#237;ticas t&#234;m sido dirigidas aos coeficientes diagn&#243;sticos destinados a subgrupos de pacientes, porque a classifica&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica realizada no momento da interna&#231;&#227;o nem sempre corresponde ao diagn&#243;stico definitivo. Um segundo fator relevante &#233; o fato destes coeficientes serem muito gerais, pois o n&#250;mero de diagn&#243;sticos dispon&#237;veis &#233; muito limitado. O coeficiente deve ser escolhido nas primeiras 24 horas, mas o diagn&#243;stico diferencial entre a IC Classe Funcional IV e o choque cardiog&#234;nico pode ser questionado. Este foi um dos motivos que levaram Le Gall e cols. a desenvolverem o modelo SAPS<sup>3</sup>, pois nesse modelo n&#227;o existe a necessidade de se escolher um diagn&#243;stico principal. O sistema Unicamp II tamb&#233;m dispensa o diagn&#243;stico de entrada<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em pacientes ambulatoriais, o <italic>Heart Failure Survival Score</italic> (HFSS)<sup>18</sup> tem procurado identificar o progn&#243;stico de pacientes portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Entretanto, este &#237;ndice progn&#243;stico n&#227;o conseguiu se mostrar superior ao teste de caminhada de 6 minutos, nem ao consumo de O<sub>2 </sub>(VO<sub>2</sub>) ou a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE). Como o HFSS foi inferior aos outros testes na capacidade de prever a sobrevida, os autores sugerem que seja aplicado um modelo simplificado com as vari&#225;veis FEVE e teste de 6 minutos<sup>18</sup>. Em pacientes ambulatoriais, ou em pacientes n&#227;o agudos internados em enfermarias, aplicar ainda o pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico<sup>19</sup>.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios sistemas de &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos procuraram avaliar a sobrevida, a longo prazo, dos pacientes com IC<sup>20-22</sup>. Nestes pacientes, a FEVE tem sido um importante par&#226;metro progn&#243;stico. Contudo, n&#227;o s&#227;o conhecidos &#237;ndices que considerem a descompensa&#231;&#227;o aguda de doentes com IC grave refrat&#225;ria &#224; terap&#234;utica ambulatorial. Mesmo porque, nos casos de IC Classe Funcional IV ou choque cardiog&#234;nico, em nossa casu&#237;stica, a FEVE est&#225; invariavelmente reduzida. Neste trabalho, todos os pacientes que foram submetidos &#224; ecodopplercardiografia (n = 51) tinham uma FEVE inferior a 50%, sendo que, destes, 39% tinham uma FEVE inferior a 30%. Neste grupo de pacientes graves e inst&#225;veis, ao contr&#225;rio de pacientes ambulatoriais ou internados, mas est&#225;veis, a FEVE n&#227;o consegue prognosticar o &#243;bito visto que, tanto pacientes com FEVE inferior a 30% como pacientes com FEVE entre 30 e 50% tiveram a mesma elevada mortalidade de 75%. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,949).</p>
    <p>Em nossa casu&#237;stica de 90 pacientes, 57 encontravam-se em choque cardiog&#234;nico e 33, em classe funcional IV, resultando em elevada mortalidade, de 61,4% e 66,6%, respectivamente, denotando extrema gravidade deste grupo. Esta elevada mortalidade ainda tem sido descrita em publica&#231;&#245;es recentes, apesar dos avan&#231;os da medicina<sup> 23</sup>.</p>
    <p>Pacientes mais jovens e mais velhos apresentaram maior mortalidade (p = 0,049) que os pacientes na faixa et&#225;ria entre trinta e setenta anos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>). A idade avan&#231;ada &#233; um fator agravante no progn&#243;stico, n&#227;o s&#243; do cardiopata grave, mas de todos os pacientes admitidos em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva. A alta incid&#234;ncia de IC nos idosos pode estar relacionada a mudan&#231;as relacionadas &#224; pr&#243;pria idade, como fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, como tamb&#233;m &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco para IC, como HAS, DM e dislipidemia<sup>24.</sup> Trata-se de um dado t&#227;o relevante que foi incorporado como vari&#225;vel significativa no c&#225;lculo da pontua&#231;&#227;o de todos &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos. </p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; elevada mortalidade em paciente com idade inferior a 30 anos, &#233; um achado interessante que j&#225; fora descrito na literatura<sup>25-27</sup>, cuja explica&#231;&#227;o seria a maior gravidade das cardiopatias em crian&#231;as, tais como as doen&#231;as reum&#225;ticas ou cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, e sua menor toler&#226;ncia &#224; IC.</p>
    <p>Dos 16 pacientes abaixo de 30 anos, 13 evolu&#237;ram para o &#243;bito. Destes, quatro apresentavam cardiopatia reum&#225;tica desde a inf&#226;ncia, dois apresentavam cardiopatia chag&#225;sica. Sabe-se que em alguns casos de doen&#231;a de Chagas pode haver uma progress&#227;o da fase aguda para uma cardiopatia cr&#244;nica, cuja evolu&#231;&#227;o grave pode levar &#224; morte<sup>28</sup>. Um dos pacientes apresentava linfoma, como doen&#231;a de base, h&#225; 15 anos. Outros dois apresentavam arritmia ventricular complexa e, por fim, dois &#243;bitos foram decorrentes de TEP, ambos confirmados na necropsia.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica na taxa de mortalidade quanto ao sexo (p = 0,753), assim como no estudo EPICA Niter&#243;i<sup>29</sup> e entre as diferentes cardiomiopatias (p=0,324). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; etiologia, observamos que apenas 18,8% eram portadores de cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica. Esta baixa incid&#234;ncia, se comparada com outras estat&#237;sticas, justifica-se por existir, no mesmo hospital, uma unidade coronariana separada da UTI, acrescido do fato de que, nas estat&#237;sticas internacionais, a incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a de Chagas &#233; quase nula. Houve tend&#234;ncia (p &lt; 0.10) de maior mortalidade (84,21%) em pacientes com menor tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o (menor ou igual a 5 dias), quando comparada com tempos de interna&#231;&#227;o mais longos (56,25 a 60,87%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">tab. 6</xref>). &#201; de se supor que a gravidade dos comprometimentos hemodin&#226;micos e sist&#234;micos precoces tenham contribu&#237;do para uma maior mortalidade dos pacientes nos primeiros dias de interna&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Como tanto a IC classe funcional IV quanto o choque cardiog&#234;nico t&#234;m importantes repercuss&#245;es sist&#234;micas sobre &#243;rg&#227;os e tecidos, os &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos que permitem uma avalia&#231;&#227;o global do paciente parecem ser ferramentas mais poderosas que uma avalia&#231;&#227;o limitada ao desempenho cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>Neste trabalho foram aplicados tr&#234;s modelos de &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos (APACHE II, SAPS II, Unicamp II) propostos para avaliar pacientes cr&#237;ticos, e foi ponderada a sua aplicabilidade no subgrupo espec&#237;fico de cardiopatas admitidos na UTI.</p>
    <p>Os resultados indicam que os tr&#234;s &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos estudados n&#227;o avaliaram corretamente a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, subestimando a mortalidade dos cardiopatas graves. Assim a SMR de 3,33 para o modelo APACHE II, de 4,08, para o modelo SAPS II e de 1,62, para o modelo Unicamp II, revela uma mortalidade superior &#224; mortalidade estimada por estes modelos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07">tab. 7</xref>). </p>
    <p>Diversos fatores podem interferir na avalia&#231;&#227;o do APACHE II, tais como o tipo de atendimento recebido pelo paciente antes de ser admitido<sup>30</sup> e o retardo na transfer&#234;ncia para a UTI<sup>31</sup>. Principalmente em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, estes fatores n&#227;o podem ser subestimados. Por isso, a inclus&#227;o de um modelo baseado em um banco de dados coletados em um hospital p&#250;blico universit&#225;rio brasileiro. Seria importante levar em conta estes fatores que n&#227;o dependem do desempenho da UTI, mas das defici&#234;ncias inatas ao nosso sistema de sa&#250;de. Poderia ser argumentado se seria pertinente a aplica&#231;&#227;o de sistemas desenvolvidos em outro pa&#237;s, com sens&#237;veis diferen&#231;as populacionais, nutricionais, de sa&#250;de e cujo atendimento pr&#233;-hospitalar &#233; diferente do nosso. Por isso, foi inclu&#237;do o modelo Unicamp<sup>4</sup>, que aplica uma equa&#231;&#227;o gerada por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, baseada em dados coletados de pacientes provenientes do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de, desenvolvida na Universidade Estadual de Campinas e posteriormente validada<sup>32</sup>. Semelhante aos resultados da literatura, obtidos com outros modelos de &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos aplicados a pacientes de UTI geral (<italic>case mix</italic>), o modelo Unicamp apresentou uma SMR pr&#243;xima de um. Contrariamente, neste trabalho, analisando pacientes cardiopatas graves, a SMR resultou mais elevada, por&#233;m n&#227;o tanto como nos modelos APACHE II e SAPS II.</p>
    <p>Em estudo multic&#234;ntrico, empregando o APACHE III, Bastos e cols.<sup>33</sup> apresentaram SMRs muito vari&#225;veis em 13 hospitais brasileiros, com uma m&#233;dia de SMR = 1,67. As diferen&#231;as apontadas entre os diversos hospitais variaram de 1,01 a 2,30 e foram atribu&#237;das a desigualdades de recursos tecnol&#243;gicos em diferentes Unidades. &#192; disponibilidade de tecnologia foi atribu&#237;da a varia&#231;&#227;o da SMR no projeto APACHE III no Brasil. Entretanto, &#233; discut&#237;vel que esta seja a &#250;nica, ou mesmo, a causa mais relevante.</p>
    <p>De qualquer forma, mesmo os valores mais elevados de SMR, no estudo de Bastos e cols. <sup>34</sup>, ficaram muito abaixo das SMRs encontradas neste grupo de cardiopatas graves, pelos modelos APACHE II e SAPS II.</p>
    <p>O APACHE II tamb&#233;m foi aplicado a uma popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira em 208 pacientes de UTI Geral<sup>4</sup>. A SMR do APACHE resultou em 1,31 e a SMR do modelo Unicamp II resultou em 0,85.</p>
    <p>Dados t&#227;o discrepantes em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes de UTI Geral, mesmo em nosso meio, com um sistema desenvolvido no Pa&#237;s, sugerem que algum fator espec&#237;fico. n&#227;o previsto pelos &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos empregados, possa influenciar a mortalidade destes pacientes.</p>
    <p>Assim, a seda&#231;&#227;o profunda, o bloqueio neuromuscular e a ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica podem mascarar anormalidades<sup>35</sup>. Os dados dos desvios fisiol&#243;gicos agudos (APS) podem expressar diferentes vari&#225;veis fisiol&#243;gicas, dependendo n&#227;o s&#243; da precocidade do tratamento com volume e drogas vasoativas, mas tamb&#233;m do momento em que &#233; instalada a ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica. Al&#233;m disso, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da escala de coma de Glasgow fica comprometida se o paciente j&#225; chega &#224; UTI sedado e/ou sob entuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal.</p>
    <p>Embora a presen&#231;a de arritmias<sup> 35,36</sup>, a hiponatremia <sup>37,38</sup>, o tamanho das cavidades ventriculares<sup>39,40</sup> e o n&#237;vel de catecolaminas s&#233;ricas<sup>41</sup> sejam fatores comprovadamente importantes na evolu&#231;&#227;o a longo prazo do cardiopata, estas vari&#225;veis tamb&#233;m podem influenciar a fase aguda de descompensa&#231;&#227;o. Nesta casu&#237;stica, observamos que a hiponatremia, com s&#243;dio s&#233;rico inferior a 129 mEq/l, dobra a mortalidade dos pacientes, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com dosagem de s&#243;dio normal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tab. 5</xref>). O ritmo card&#237;aco analisado no momento da interna&#231;&#227;o foi dividido em 3 grupos, aqueles em ritmo sinusal, aqueles em fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e, finalmente, aqueles com implante pr&#233;vio de marcapasso card&#237;aco por bloqueio &#225;trio-ventricular. A mortalidade foi de 94,4%, 85,7% e 100%, respectivamente (p = 0,595). Nas cardiopatias avan&#231;adas, &#233; freq&#252;ente a altern&#226;ncia de ritmo card&#237;aco em curto espa&#231;o de tempo, o que dificulta rigor na an&#225;lise deste fator.</p>
    <p>E em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo de IC pr&#233;via, dos pacientes analisados, observamos que o tempo foi um fator progn&#243;stico (p = &lt;0,001).</p>
    <p>Por&#233;m, o mais importante, a nosso ver, &#233; o fato de que os &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos se baseiam nos dados coletados nas primeiras 24 horas de interna&#231;&#227;o na UTI. Setenta e um dos noventa pacientes (79%) permaneceram internados por mais de cinco dias. Quarenta e oito pacientes (mais da metade) ficaram internados por mais de dez dias e, destes, mais da metade faleceu. &#201; compreens&#237;vel que, embora os &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos permane&#231;am est&#225;ticos como calculados na interna&#231;&#227;o, o risco real de &#243;bito aumenta com o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o. Complica&#231;&#245;es surgem no curso da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o neste suscet&#237;vel grupo de pacientes cr&#237;ticos e inst&#225;veis. Assim, esses pacientes demandam um maior n&#250;mero de procedimentos invasivos, pass&#237;veis de determinarem infec&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas. J&#225; &#233; de conhecimento de m&#233;dicos intensivistas que a S&#237;ndrome de Resposta Inflamat&#243;ria Sist&#234;mica (SIRS) &#233; comum e letal em pacientes graves, principalmente nos idosos<sup>42</sup>. Freq&#252;entemente, a SIRS, o Choque S&#233;ptico e a Fal&#234;ncia de &#211;rg&#227;os e Sistemas n&#227;o s&#227;o quadros cl&#237;nicos declarados na interna&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes na UTI e, conseq&#252;entemente, n&#227;o s&#227;o pass&#237;veis de pontua&#231;&#227;o pelos &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos. Este fato j&#225; havia sido apontado por Cerra e cols.<sup>43 </sup>em pacientes cir&#250;rgicos admitidos na UTI no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e, recentemente, por Lim e cols., em pacientes com choque cardiog&#234;nico<sup>24</sup>. Estes autores comentam que, a despeito de hemodin&#226;mica normalizada, os pacientes morrem por choque distributivo. Diante do fato de que a metade dos pacientes que falecem n&#227;o tem evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica de manifesta infec&#231;&#227;o, estes autores sup&#245;em que durante o epis&#243;dio de choque cardiog&#234;nico possa haver libera&#231;&#227;o de citocinas e outros mediadores inflamat&#243;rios. Estes autores tamb&#233;m sugerem que situa&#231;&#245;es de isquemia mesent&#233;rica e de embolia pulmonar possam n&#227;o ser reconhecidas como causas de &#243;bito, em pacientes cuja hemodin&#226;mica j&#225; tivesse normalizada<sup>24</sup>.</p>
    <p>Curiosamente, nesta casu&#237;stica, houve uma elevada incid&#234;ncia de tromboembolismo pulmonar de grande repercuss&#227;o cl&#237;nica no grupo de pacientes que faleceu. O diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico do TEP geralmente &#233; dif&#237;cil e, muitas vezes, subestimado nos pacientes com IC<sup>44</sup>, vertendo para a descompensa&#231;&#227;o de forma aguda, mesmo frente a epis&#243;dios tromboemb&#243;licos pulmonares subsegmentares<sup>36</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nos &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos que foram aplicados, n&#227;o h&#225; vari&#225;veis que quantifiquem o risco de ocorr&#234;ncia de tromboembolismo pulmonar. A despeito da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o profil&#225;tica destes pacientes, ainda assim, doze pacientes tiveram o TEP confirmado por cintilografia ventila&#231;&#227;o-perfus&#227;o ou por necropsia, e todos evolu&#237;ram para o &#243;bito. Esses pacientes representam 21% da mortalidade global. </p>
    <p>Os dados obtidos salientam a import&#226;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es que ocorrem ap&#243;s a interna&#231;&#227;o. Estas complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o foram previstas, neste singular grupo de pacientes, pelos sistemas progn&#243;sticos convencionais. Dessas complica&#231;&#245;es desponta, pela elevada incid&#234;ncia, o fen&#244;meno tromboemb&#243;lico. Esse, freq&#252;entemente, s&#243; &#233; diagnosticado na necropsia, um recurso normalmente s&#243; dispon&#237;vel em hospitais universit&#225;rios. Muitas vezes, apesar de n&#227;o apresentar um quadro cl&#237;nico cl&#225;ssico de embolia pulmonar, o TEP pode, sem ser diagnosticado, agravar os sintomas, levando a refratariedade do tratamento e, eventualmente, &#224; morte do cardiopata grave na UTI. </p>
    <p>Concluindo, os sistemas de avalia&#231;&#227;o APACHE II, SAPS II e Unicamp II n&#227;o foram modelos adequados para expressar o progn&#243;stico de cardiopatas em UTI. Observamos uma mortalidade acima da prevista pelos &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos na IC. Provavelmente, fatores n&#227;o computados nesses &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos influenciaram a discrep&#226;ncia dos resultados obtidos. Por&#233;m, a elevada incid&#234;ncia de embolia pulmonar nesta casu&#237;stica, a despeito de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o profil&#225;tica, aponta para a necessidade de se rever os crit&#233;rios de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o plena. Novos sistemas que levem em considera&#231;&#227;o vari&#225;veis espec&#237;ficas para os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em UTI devem ser estudados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#192; Srta. M&#244;nica Moreira Juli&#227;o pelo apoio t&#233;cnico e ao Sr. Helymar Machado pelas an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Silvia H. G. Lage </p>
        <p> Rua Capote Valente, 361/102 </p>
        <p> 05409-001 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="sglage@incor.usp.br">sglage@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Recebido em 20/10/04 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 22/04/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Knaus WA, Zimmerman JE, Wagner DP, et al.    APACHE  Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation: A physiologically based    classification system. Crit Care Med 1981; 9: 591-597.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>APACHE - Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation: A physiologically based classification system</article-title>
          <source>Crit Care Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1981</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>591</fpage>
          <lpage>597</lpage>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Knaus</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zimmerman</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wagner</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman    J. APACHE II: A severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med 1985;    13: 818-29.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>APACHE II: A severity of disease classification system</article-title>
          <source>Crit Care Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1985</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>818</fpage>
          <lpage>29</lpage>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Knaus</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Draper</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wagner</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zimmerman</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Le Gall JR, Lemeshow S, Saulnier F. A new    simplified acute physiology score. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 270: 2957-63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A new simplified acute physiology score</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2957</fpage>
          <lpage>63</lpage>
          <volume>270</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Le Gall</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lemeshow</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saulnier</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Terzi RGG, Gomes MI, Ara&#250;jo S, Dragosavac    D, Falc&#227;o ALE, Machado HC. &#205;ndices progn&#243;sticos em Medicina    Intensiva III Modelo UNICAMP. Rev Bras Terap Intens 2002; 14: 6-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>&#205;ndices progn&#243;sticos em Medicina Intensiva III Modelo UNICAMP</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Terap Intens</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>6</fpage>
          <lpage>21</lpage>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Terzi</surname>
              <given-names>RGG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gomes</surname>
              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dragosavac</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Falc&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>ALE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Machado</surname>
              <given-names>HC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Lemeshow S, Teres D, Pastides H, Avrunin JS,    Steingrub J. A method for predicting survival and mortality of ICU patients    using objectively derived weights. Crit Care Med 1985; 13: 519-25.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A method for predicting survival and mortality of ICU patients using objectively derived weights</article-title>
          <source>Crit Care Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1985</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>519</fpage>
          <lpage>25</lpage>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lemeshow</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teres</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pastides</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Avrunin</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steingrub</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Stewart TC, Lane PL, Stefanits T. An evaluation    of patients outcomes before and after Trauma Center designation using Trauma    and injury Severity Score analysis. J Trauma 1995; 39: 1036-401.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>An evaluation of patients outcomes before and after Trauma Center designation using Trauma and injury Severity Score analysis</article-title>
          <source>J Trauma</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1036</fpage>
          <lpage>401</lpage>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stewart</surname>
              <given-names>TC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lane</surname>
              <given-names>PL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stefanits</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Yeung C, Ming-Weilu, Martinez EG, Puri VK.    Critical Care Scoring System-New concept based on hemodynamic data. Crit Care    Med 1990; 18: 1347-52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Critical Care Scoring System-New concept based on hemodynamic data</article-title>
          <source>Crit Care Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1347</fpage>
          <lpage>52</lpage>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yeung</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ming-Weilu,</surname>
              <given-names>Martinez EG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Puri</surname>
              <given-names>VK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Norris RM, Brant PWT, Caughey DE, Lee AJ,    Scott PJ. A new coronary prognostic index. Lancet 1969: 1(7589): 274-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A new coronary prognostic index</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <date>
            <year>1969</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>274</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>7589</issue>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Norris</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brant</surname>
              <given-names>PWT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caughey</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scott</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Tuman KJ, McCarthy RJ, March RJ, Najafi H,    Ivankovich AD. Morbidity and duration of ICU stay after cardiac surgery. Chest    1992; 102: 36-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Morbidity and duration of ICU stay after cardiac surgery</article-title>
          <source>Chest</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>36</fpage>
          <lpage>44</lpage>
          <volume>102</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tuman</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McCarthy</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>March</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Najafi</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ivankovich</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Vincent JL, Moreno R,Takala J, et al. The    SOFA (sepsis-related organ failure assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction    / failure. On behalf of the Working Group on sepsis-related problems of the    European Society of intensive care Medicine. Intensive Care Med 1996; 22: 707-710.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The SOFA (sepsis-related organ failure assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction / failure: On behalf of the Working Group on sepsis-related problems of the European Society of intensive care Medicine</article-title>
          <source>Intensive Care Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>707</fpage>
          <lpage>710</lpage>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vincent</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moreno</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Takala</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Barriere SL, Lowry S. An overview of mortality    risk prediction in sepsis. Crit Care Med 1995; 23: 376-93.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>An overview of mortality risk prediction in sepsis</article-title>
          <source>Crit Care Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>376</fpage>
          <lpage>93</lpage>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barriere</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lowry</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Fleiss, JL. Statistical Methods for Rates    and Proportions. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1981.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions</source>
          <date>
            <year>1981</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fleiss</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Killip T, Kimbal JT. Treatment of miocardial    infarction in a coronary care unit. A two year experience with 2150 patients.    Am J Cardiol 1967; 2: 457-64.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Treatment of miocardial infarction in a coronary care unit: A two year experience with 2150 patients</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1967</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>457</fpage>
          <lpage>64</lpage>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Killip</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kimbal</surname>
              <given-names>JT.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Forrester JS, Diamond GA, Swan HJC. Correlative    classification of clinical and hemodynamic function after acute myocardial infarction.    Am J Cardiol 1977; 39: 137.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Correlative classification of clinical and hemodynamic function after acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>137</fpage>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Forrester</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diamond</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Swan</surname>
              <given-names>HJC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Teasdale G, Jennet B. Assessment of coma    and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet 1974; 13: 81-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: A practical scale</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <date>
            <year>1974</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>81</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Teasdale</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jennet</surname>
              <given-names>B.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Knaus AW, Wagner DP, Draper EA, et al. APACHE    III prognostic System. Risk Prediction of Hospital Mortality for Critically    ill Hospitalized Adults. Chest 1991; 100: 1619-36.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>APACHE III prognostic System: Risk Prediction of Hospital Mortality for Critically ill Hospitalized Adults</article-title>
          <source>Chest</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1619</fpage>
          <lpage>36</lpage>
          <volume>100</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Knaus</surname>
              <given-names>AW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wagner</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Draper</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Le Gall JR, Loirat P, AlperovitchL A, et    al. A simplified acute physiology score for ICU patients. Crit Care Med 1984;    12: 975-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A simplified acute physiology score for ICU patients</article-title>
          <source>Crit Care Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1984</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>975</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Le Gall</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Loirat</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>AlperovitchL</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Zugck C, Kr&#252;ger C, Kell R, et al. Risk    stratification in middle-aged patients with congestive heart failure: prospective    comparison of the Heart Failure Survival score(HFSS) and a simplified two-variable    model. Eur J Heart Fail 2001; 3: 577-85.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Risk stratification in middle-aged patients with congestive heart failure: prospective comparison of the Heart Failure Survival score(HFSS) and a simplified two-variable model</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>577</fpage>
          <lpage>85</lpage>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zugck</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kr&#252;ger</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kell</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Maisel AS, Krishnaswamy P, Nowak RM, et al.    Rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of    heart failure. N Eng J Med 2002; 347: 161-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure</article-title>
          <source>N Eng J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>161</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>347</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Maisel</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krishnaswamy</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nowak</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group.Effects of    Enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure: results of the cooperative    North Scandinavian enalapril survival study. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 1429-35.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effects of Enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure: results of the cooperative North Scandinavian enalapril survival study</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1987</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1429</fpage>
          <lpage>35</lpage>
          <volume>316</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. SOLVD - Effects of enalapril on survival    in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection and congestive heart failure.    N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 293-302.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>SOLVD - Effects of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection and congestive heart failure</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>293</fpage>
          <lpage>302</lpage>
          <volume>325</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Cintron G, Johnson G, Francis G, Colb JN.    Prognostic significance of serial changes in left ventricular ejection in patients    with congestive heart failure. Circulation 1993; 87(Suppl): VI 17-VI 23.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prognostic significance of serial changes in left ventricular ejection in patients with congestive heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>VI 17</fpage>
          <lpage>VI 23</lpage>
          <issue>Suppl</issue>
          <volume>87</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cintron</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Francis</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colb</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Lim N, Dubois M-J, De Backer D, Vincent J-L.    Do All nonsurvivors of cardiogenic shock die with a low cardiac index? Chest    2003; 124: 1885-91.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Do All nonsurvivors of cardiogenic shock die with a low cardiac index?</article-title>
          <source>Chest</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1885</fpage>
          <lpage>91</lpage>
          <volume>124</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lim</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dubois</surname>
              <given-names>M-J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Backer</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vincent</surname>
              <given-names>J-L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Hunt SA, Baker DW, Chin MH, et al. American    College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines    (Committee to Revise the 1995. Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management    of Heart Failure). Circulation 2001; 104(24): 2996-3007.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1995: Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure)</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2996</fpage>
          <lpage>3007</lpage>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <volume>104</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hunt</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baker</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chin</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Schocken DD, Arrieta MI, Leaverton PE, et    al. Prevalence and mortality rate of congestive heart failure in United States.    J Am Cardiol Coll 1992; 20: 301-06.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prevalence and mortality rate of congestive heart failure in United States</article-title>
          <source>J Am Cardiol Coll</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>301</fpage>
          <lpage>06</lpage>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schocken</surname>
              <given-names>DD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arrieta</surname>
              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leaverton</surname>
              <given-names>PE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Ho KKL, Pinsky JL, Kannel WB, et al. The    epidemiology of heart failure: the framigham study. J Am Cardiol Coll 1993;    22(Supll A): 6A-13A. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The epidemiology of heart failure: the framigham study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Cardiol Coll</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>6A</fpage>
          <lpage>13A</lpage>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ho</surname>
              <given-names>KKL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pinsky</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kannel</surname>
              <given-names>WB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>27. Barretto ACP, Nobre MRC, Wajngarten M, Canesin    MF, Ballas D, Serro-Azul JB. Insufici&#234;ncia em grande Hospital Terci&#225;rio    de S&#227;o Paulo. Arq Bras Cradiol 1998; 71: 1-11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Insufici&#234;ncia em grande Hospital Terci&#225;rio de S&#227;o Paulo</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cradiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>11</lpage>
          <volume>71</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barretto</surname>
              <given-names>ACP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nobre</surname>
              <given-names>MRC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wajngarten</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Canesin</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ballas</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Serro-Azul</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>28. Dias JCP. Hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a    de Chagas. Arq Bras Cardiol 1995; 65: 359-66.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a de Chagas</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>359</fpage>
          <lpage>66</lpage>
          <volume>65</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dias</surname>
              <given-names>JCP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <mixed-citation>29. Tavares LR, Victer H, Linhares JM, et al.    Epidemiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada em Niter&#243;i:    Projeto EPICA - Niter&#243;i. Arq Bras Cardiol 2004; 82: 121-4. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Epidemiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada em Niter&#243;i: Projeto EPICA - Niter&#243;i</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>121</fpage>
          <lpage>4</lpage>
          <volume>82</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tavares</surname>
              <given-names>LR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Victer</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Linhares</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <mixed-citation>30. Rapaport J, Teres D, Lemeshow S, Harris D.    Timing of intensive care unit admission in relation to ICU outcome. Crit Care    Med 1990; 18: 1231-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Timing of intensive care unit admission in relation to ICU outcome</article-title>
          <source>Crit Care Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1231</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rapaport</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teres</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lemeshow</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harris</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <mixed-citation>31. Dragsted L, Jorgensen J, Jensen NH, et al.    Interhospital comparisons of patients outcome from intensive care:importance    of lead-time bia. Crit Care Med 1989; 17: 418-22.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Interhospital comparisons of patients outcome from intensive care: importance of lead-time bia</article-title>
          <source>Crit Care Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>418</fpage>
          <lpage>22</lpage>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dragsted</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jorgensen</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jensen</surname>
              <given-names>NH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <mixed-citation>32. Alves CJ, Terzi RGG, Franco GPP, Malheiros    WMP. Compara&#231;&#227;o entre o modelo UNICAMP II e APACHE II em uma UTI    Geral. Rev Bras Terap Intens 2003; 15: 144-52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre o modelo UNICAMP II e APACHE II em uma UTI Geral</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Terap Intens</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>144</fpage>
          <lpage>52</lpage>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Alves</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Terzi</surname>
              <given-names>RGG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Franco</surname>
              <given-names>GPP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malheiros</surname>
              <given-names>WMP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <mixed-citation>33. Bastos PG, Sun X, Wagner DP, Knaus WA, Zimmerman    JE. Application of the APACHE III prognostic system in Brazilian intensive care    units: a prospective multicenter study. Intensive Care Med 1996; 22: 564-70.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Application of the APACHE III prognostic system in Brazilian intensive care units: a prospective multicenter study</article-title>
          <source>Intensive Care Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>564</fpage>
          <lpage>70</lpage>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bastos</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sun</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wagner</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Knaus</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zimmerman</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <mixed-citation>34. Bastos PG, Knaus WA, Zimmerman JE, Magalh&#227;es    A Jr, Sun X, Wagner. The importance of technology for achieving superior outcomes    from intensive care. Brazil APACHE III Study Group. Intensive Care Med 1996;    22: 664.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The importance of technology for achieving superior outcomes from intensive care: Brazil APACHE III Study Group</article-title>
          <source>Intensive Care Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>664</fpage>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bastos</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Knaus</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zimmerman</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>A Jr</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sun</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wagner.</surname>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <mixed-citation>35. Lengyel M, Kokeny M. Follow-up study in congestive    cardiomyopathy. Cardiologica 1981; 36: 35-48.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Follow-up study in congestive cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Cardiologica</source>
          <date>
            <year>1981</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>35</fpage>
          <lpage>48</lpage>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lengyel</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kokeny</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <mixed-citation>36. Reese DB, Silverman ME, Gold MR, Gottlieb    SS. Prognostic importance of the length of ventricular tachycardia in patients    with non ischemic congestive heart failure. Am Heart J 1995; 130: 489-93.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prognostic importance of the length of ventricular tachycardia in patients with non ischemic congestive heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>489</fpage>
          <lpage>93</lpage>
          <volume>130</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Reese</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silverman</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gold</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gottlieb</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <mixed-citation>37. Lee WH, Packer M. Prognostic importance of    serum sodium concentration and its modification by converting-enzyme inhibition    in patients with severe chronic heart failure. Circulation 1986; 73: 257-67.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prognostic importance of serum sodium concentration and its modification by converting-enzyme inhibition in patients with severe chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>257</fpage>
          <lpage>67</lpage>
          <volume>73</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>WH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Packer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <mixed-citation>38. Oster J, Materson BJ. Renal and eletrolyte    complication of congestive heart failure and effects of therapy with angiotensin    converting enzyme inhibitors. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152: 704-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Renal and eletrolyte complication of congestive heart failure and effects of therapy with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors</article-title>
          <source>Arch Intern Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>704</fpage>
          <lpage>10</lpage>
          <volume>152</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oster</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Materson</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <mixed-citation>39. Lee TH, Hamilton MA, Stevenson LW, et al.    Impact of left ventricular cavity size on survival on in advanced heart failure.    Am J Cardiol 1993; 72: 672-76. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Impact of left ventricular cavity size on survival on in advanced heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>672</fpage>
          <lpage>76</lpage>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hamilton</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stevenson</surname>
              <given-names>LW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <mixed-citation>40. Fuster V, Gersh BJ, Giuliani ER, Tajik AJ,    Brandenburg O, Fryl RL. The natural course of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.    Am J Cardiol 1981; 47: 525-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The natural course of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1981</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>525</fpage>
          <lpage>31</lpage>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fuster</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gersh</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giuliani</surname>
              <given-names>ER</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tajik</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brandenburg</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fryl</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B41">
        <mixed-citation>41. Cohn JN, Levine TB, Garberg V, Francis GS,    Simon AB, Rector T. Plasma norepinephrine as a guide to prognosis in patients    with chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 1984; 311: 819-23.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Plasma norepinephrine as a guide to prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1984</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>819</fpage>
          <lpage>23</lpage>
          <volume>311</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cohn</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levine</surname>
              <given-names>TB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garberg</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Francis</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Simon</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rector</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B42">
        <mixed-citation>42. Bone RC. A continuing evolution in our understanding    of the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) and the Multiple Organ    Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS). Ann Intern Med 1996; 125: 680-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A continuing evolution in our understanding of the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) and the Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS)</article-title>
          <source>Ann Intern Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>680</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>125</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bone</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B43">
        <mixed-citation>43. Cerra NF, Abrams J. APACHE II score does    not predict multiple organ failure or mortality in postoperative surgical patients    Arch Surg 1990; 125: 519.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>APACHE II score does not predict multiple organ failure or mortality in postoperative surgical patients</article-title>
          <source>Arch Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>519</fpage>
          <volume>125</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cerra</surname>
              <given-names>NF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abrams</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B44">
        <mixed-citation>44. Lage SG, Ramires JAF, Bellotti G, et al.    An&#225;lise da repercuss&#227;o cl&#237;nico-hemodin&#226;mico do tromboembolismo    pulmonar agudo lobar e segmentar nos cardiopatas. Arq Bras Cardiol 1983; 41(supl1):    86.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>An&#225;lise da repercuss&#227;o cl&#237;nico-hemodin&#226;mico do tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo lobar e segmentar nos cardiopatas</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1983</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>86</fpage>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lage</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramires</surname>
              <given-names>JAF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bellotti</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Severe heart failure at intensive therapy unit: is there an ideal prognostic index?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the applicability of three prognostic indexes - APACHE II, SAPS II and UNICAMP II - in a subgroup of critical heart failure (HF) patients. METHODS: Ninety patients were studied, being 12 females and 78 males. Mean age was 56 (18-83). Patients were ranked in functional class IV (NYHA) or cardiogenic shock secondary to cardiomyopathies: dilated (44%), chagasic (25.5%), ischemic (18%), hypertensive (1.1%), hypertrophic (1.1%), alcoholic (1.1%), and secondary to valvopathies after surgical correction (7.7%). Tables with frequency of categorical variables and descriptive statistics of continuous variables were created in order to describe sample profile for the different variables under study. In order to analyze the relationship between prognostic indexes levels and course towards death, an analysis of the ROC curve, as well as Hosmer and Lemeshow Test of Goodness of Fit calculated, and Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) were carried out. RESULTS: The statistical analysis showed low sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the three prognostic indexes for HF patients. Mortality was underestimated in this group. Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) was a major factor of mortality rate in severe HF. CONCLUSION: The three prognostic indexes under study did not prove to be appropriate for the assessment of cardiopathy patients at Intensive Care Unit (ICU). For HF patients, PTE played a major role in mortality of heart failure. Specific prognostic indexes for cardiopathy patients with severe HF should be proposed, and the discussion on anticoagulation on those patients should be expanded.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Prognostic disease severity indexes</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiogenic shock</kwd>
        <kwd>intensive care unit</kwd>
        <kwd>heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>pulmonary embolism</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Severe heart failure at intensive therapy unit - Is there an ideal prognostic index? </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cristina Bueno Terzi; Silvia G. Lage; Desanka Dragosavac; Renato G. G. Terzi</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP e Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Campinas, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess the applicability of three prognostic indexes - APACHE II, SAPS II and UNICAMP II &#150; in a subgroup of critical heart failure (HF) patients.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Ninety patients were studied, being 12 females and 78 males. Mean age was 56 (18-83). Patients were ranked in functional class IV (NYHA) or cardiogenic shock secondary to cardiomyopathies: dilated (44%), chagasic (25.5%), ischemic (18%), hypertensive (1.1%), hypertrophic (1.1%), alcoholic (1.1%), and secondary to valvopathies after surgical correction (7.7%). Tables with frequency of categorical variables and descriptive statistics of continuous variables were created in order to describe sample profile for the different variables under study. In order to analyze the relationship between prognostic indexes levels and course towards death, an analysis of the ROC curve, as well as Hosmer and Lemeshow Test of Goodness of Fit calculated, and Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) were carried out.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The statistical analysis showed low sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the three prognostic indexes for HF patients. Mortality was underestimated in this group. Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) was a major factor of mortality rate in severe HF.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The three prognostic indexes under study did not prove to be appropriate for the assessment of cardiopathy patients at Intensive Care Unit (ICU). For HF patients, PTE played a major role in mortality of heart failure. Specific prognostic indexes for cardiopathy patients with severe HF should be proposed, and the discussion on anticoagulation on those patients should be expanded. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Prognostic disease severity indexes; cardiogenic shock, intensive care unit; heart failure, pulmonary embolism.</p>
      <p>Different prognostic indexes have been developed for the assessment of patient&#146;s severity level as well as to estimate mortality rate in Intensive Care Units. The application of such indexes aims at identifying patients with higher recovery potential; which is to say, those to benefit from ICU assistance, leading to proper screening for hospital admission and discharge. Additionally, those indexes should allow the comparison of different intensive care units.</p>
      <p>Among the systems proposed, the one most frequently used in many countries is the APACHE (<italic>Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation</italic>), originally developed by Knaus, in 1981<sup>1</sup>, and modified in 1985, into APACHE II<sup>2</sup>. Another system available is the SAPS (<italic>Simplified Acute Physiology Score</italic>)<sup>3</sup>, which differs from APACHE II in that it contains other clinical variables, such as diuresis, serum bicarbonate and bilirrubine, and also for not including admission diagnosis. In addition to those, the UNICAMP II<sup>4 </sup>model - developed at the ICU, <italic>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</italic>-UNICAMP - uses the same computer techniques of step-by-step linear discriminating function and logistic regression analysis previously described by Lemenshow et al<sup>5</sup>, and tries to identify the most significant variables reported for intensive care mortality rate.</p>
      <p>Other systems are also available, with application for specific subgroups, such as trauma<sup>6</sup>, hemodynamic instability<sup>7</sup>, myocardial ischemia<sup>8</sup>, heart surgery post-surgery<sup>9</sup>, multiple organic dysfunction (SOFA)<sup>10</sup> and sepsis<sup>11 </sup>(Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment). At this point in time, however, few studies did focus the subgroup of heart failure (HF) cardiopathy patients.</p>
      <p>Keeping in mind the large number of hospital admissions for severe refractory heart failure in our unit, our purpose was to assess the applicability of three prognostic indexes (APACHE II, SAPS II, UNICAMP II) in this subgroup, with reports specific clinical characteristics not included in the variables of those indexes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Ninety patients diagnosed with heart failure were investigated after their first emergency care.</p>
      <p>Exclusion criteria were: patients under 18, those who stayed less than 24 hours in the Intensive Care Unit, those after heart surgery and those reporting heart structural lesions that could be corrected surgically, acute heart failure and other acute cardiac pathologies.</p>
      <p>Data collection was carried out by one of the physicians in the ICU staff and included clinical history information on worst clinical and laboratory data in the first 24 hours of hospitalization in the ICU, in addition to results of echodopplercardiogram and electrocardiogram. Pulmonary thromboembolism was confirmed by ventilation-perfusion cintigraphy and/or necropsy. Records included course towards death or discharge, and date. Based on those data, the score systems APACHE II, SAPS II and UNICAMP II were applied following the protocols as previously defined in literature<sup>2,3,4</sup>. Individual mortality risks pointed out by the three prognostic indexes were obtained based on the equation Pr(y=1/logit)= e<sup>logit</sup>/1 + e<sup>logit</sup> where e = 2.7182818, which converts scoring into death risk.</p>
      <p>Considering that APACHE II and SAPS II are the most widely known indexes, the present paper will present further details of UNICAMP II index.</p>
      <p>The UNICAMP model was developed at the ICU, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas-UNICAMP, uses the same computer techniques of step-by-step linear discriminant function and logistic regression analysis previously described by Lemenshow et al, and tries to identify the most expressive factors reported for intensive care mortality rate. </p>
      <p>The UNICAMP II<sup>4 </sup>equation was based on the analysis of 819 patients admitted at the ICU Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - UNICAMP in the period between March, 1988 and September, 1989. It is essentially based on APACHE II scoring, added by other variables, such as the use of a respirator (for over 24 hours), with or without renal failure (serum creatinine higher or equal to 1.6 mg/dl), and whether hospital admission was elective or due to emergency. The system does not use any coefficient related to admission diagnosis, which makes bedside application easier, even by paramedics. UNICAMP II equation was validated by recent publication<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p>UNICAMP II Equation</p>
        <p>Death calculated risk = 1/1[1+ EXP(-Y)]</p>
        <p> Where y = - 3.7594</p>
        <p> + 0.1162 x APACHE II scoring</p>
        <p> + 0.7178 if mechanical ventilation</p>
        <p> + 0.7318 if renal failure</p>
        <p> + 0.8367 if emergency / urgency</p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>The present study was carried out at the Heart Institute Cardiology Intensive Care Unit in S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil (InCor). Data were collected at the ICU in a 2-year period after the first emergency admission. Ninety patients diagnosed with heart failure were selected: 12 females and 78 males, mean age 56 (18-83).</p>
      <p>From the 90 patients, 33 were ranked functional class IV (NYHA) and 57 with cardiogenic shock secondary to: 1) idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: 40 (44%); 2) Chagas disease: 23 (25.5%); 3) alcoholic cardiomyopathy: 1 (1.1%); 4) ischemic cardiomyopathy: 17 (18.9%); 5) hypertensive cardiomyopathy: 1 (1.1%); 6) hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: 1 ( 1.1%); 7) valvopathy: 7 (7.7%).</p>
      <p>In order to describe sample profile in compliance with the different variables under study, categorical variables frequency tables (gender, diagnoses, heart rate) and continuous variables descriptive statistics were created (age, left ventricle ejection fraction, days of hospitalization, serum sodium and disease time course).</p>
      <p>For the sake of comparison of categorical variables among groups the chi-square test was used, or else, whenever necessary (values under 5), Fisher exact test. For the sake of comparison of continuous variables among groups, the Mann-whitney test was used as a result of data asymmetry or lack of normal distribution.</p>
      <p>Hosmer and Lemeshow<sup>5</sup>&#146;s Goodness of Fit adjustment statistics were also calculated for each prognostic index in order to describe the accuracy of the different models. Death and discharge rates were compared, having been estimated and observed in ten bands, with 10% death intervals calculation (<inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/qXPGRh9TRpScLzCg7Pzwxvv/4ceb34f65929b337e982175bb0cd6d95a5cfe14f.gif"/>g statistics). P &gt; 0.05 values accept the assumption that estimated mortality = observed mortality, which is to say, stands for good calibration. In order to avoid a small number of patients in some of the risk bands, Cg statistics was also carried out by dividing the total number of patients into 10 risk bands, with a similar number of patients in each band.</p>
      <p>Discriminatory power of each index was assessed by AUC (area under the curve) of ROC (<italic>Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve</italic>)<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>SMR (<italic>Standardized Mortality Ratio</italic>) was calculated by dividing observed mortality by predicted mortality for each of the models. SMR=1 means observed mortality = predicted mortality. SMR &gt; 1 means death rate is higher than expected.</p>
      <p>Significance level adopted for statistical tests was 5% (p&lt; 0.05). Illustration 1 shows the ROC curves of the three models used.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The descriptive analyses of variables used and the comparison among groups of survivals and deaths are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Tables 1</xref> to VII. High mortality rate was reported in this group of severe patients. Close to 2/3 of patients with class IV HF or cardiogenic shock died in ICU (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0344-00018-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Higher mortality rate was observed among patients under 30 or over 70 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). Age group &lt;30 and &gt;70 were considered death risk factor (p = 0.004).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0344-00018-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Other factors such as gender (p = 0.75), type of cardiopathy (p = 0.32), left ventricle ejection fraction (p = 0.95) and days in hospital (p=0.097) did not differ between survival and death groups. Therefore, those were not considered additional risk factors (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Tables 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">4</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">5</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2">6</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0344-00018-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0344-00018-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0344-00018-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0344-00018-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Factors such as disease time course (p &lt; 0.001) and natremia (p = 0.097) were analyzed, and statistic difference was reported. Mortality rate was higher in those with longer than 2-year time course of disease and serum sodium lower than 129 mEq/l. Another factor &#150; cardiac rhythm at the time of hospitalization (p=0.595) &#150; did not report difference between the group for deaths or for survivors, and was not, therefore, considered as additional risk (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07-body2">Tables 7</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab08-body2">8</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab09-body2">9</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab07-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0344-00018-gt07-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab08-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0344-00018-gt08-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab09-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0344-00018-gt09-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>High rate of pulmonary embolism stands out. Twelve out of 90 patients (13.3%) had their diagnosis confirmed by imaging or necropsy, which stood for 21% of all patients who died (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab10-body2">Table 10</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab10-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0344-00018-gt10-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Indices used showed low sensitivity and specificity to assess death risks.</p>
      <p>Hosmer and Lemeshow&#146;s Goodness of Fit statistics is presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab11-body2">Table 11</xref>. The difference between predicted risk and observed risk was statistically significant for all groups, and for all indices (p &lt; 0.0001). Predicted risk for deaths was 19.03 with APACHE II; 15.50 with SAPS II; and 39.16 with UNICAMP II. Global mortality rate observed was 63.3% (57/90). Ratio between observed mortality and predicted risk (SMR - Standard Mortality Ratio) for each model shows that observed mortality was higher than predicted mortality for all models. However, the lowest SMR was reported for the UNICAMP II model (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab11-body2">Table 11</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab11-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0344-00018-gt11-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>ROC curves data can be found in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab12-body2">Table 12</xref>. It should be pointed out that the only model that showed significant AUC was APACHE II.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab12-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0344-00018-gt12-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Illustration 1 shows results for ROC curves for APACHE II, SAPS II and UNICAMP II prognostic indices.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>As of 1981, different severity indexes have been proposed for patients in Intensive Care<sup>1</sup>. At a first moment, given the limited number of ICU hospital beds, the purpose was to screen those patients with higher recovery potential. At a later stage, prognostic indexes were used to assess the performance of different units based on the equivalence of resources available as well as the profile of patients at those units. Finally, prognostic indexes have been used to stratify patients in order to assess efficacy of new treatments.</p>
      <p>In 1967, levels of severity began to be described related to the severity of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients, as the KILLIP<sup>13</sup> classification, and later on, the AMI hemodynamic classification<sup>14</sup>. For other pathologies, such as traumatic brain injury, the Glasgow<sup>15</sup> trauma scale is widely used. The first prognostic index proposed for patients in Intensive Care was APACHE (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation)<sup>1</sup>, developed by Knaus et al in the US, and later improved into APACHE II<sup>2</sup>. Today, it is the most widely used among all severity indexes. More recently, APACHE III<sup>16 </sup>was introduced, using seventeen variables &#150; a higher number as compared to variables used in the previous version. Another index - SAPS<sup>17</sup> (Simplified Acute Physiology Score) &#150; was developed in France by Le Gall and later evolved into the SAPS II versions.</p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0344-00018-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>The three models under study used different weights for each variable of interest, such as age, acute physiologic dysfunctions, clinical or surgical hospitalization, and previous disease conditions. </p>
      <p>APACHE II has been somewhat criticized in regard to diagnostic coefficients designed for subgroups of patients, since diagnostic classification at the moment of hospital admission not always corresponds to final diagnosis. A second relevant factor is the fact that those coefficients are quite general, because the number of diagnoses available is very limited. The coefficient is to be chosen in the first 24 hours; but differential diagnosis between HF - Functional Class IV and cardiogenic shock may be questioned. This was one of the reasons to lead Le Gall et al to develop the SAPS<sup>3</sup> model, since this model does not require the choice for the admission diagnosis. The UNICAMP II system does not require admission diagnosis either<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>For outpatient unit patients, the Heart Failure Survival Score (HFSS)<sup>18</sup> has tried to identify the prognosis for heart failure. However, that prognostic index has not managed to prove more effective when compared to the 6-minute walk test, or Oxygen (VO<sub>2</sub>) consumption test, or the left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF). As HFSS was lower as compared to the other tests in the ability to predict survival, the authors suggest that a simplified model be applied, with LVEF and the 6-minute walk test as variables<sup>18</sup>. For outpatients, or for non-acute patients in the wards, the natriuretic peptide should also be used for measurement<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>The different prognostic indexes have tried to assess long-term survival of HF patients.<sup>20-22</sup>. In those patients, LVEF has been an important prognostic parameter. However, no known indexes consider the acute decompensation of patients with severe HF resistant to outpatient treatment. It should also be pointed out that our patients invariably report reduced LVEF in regard to HF Functional Class IV or cardiogenic shock. In the present research, all patients submitted to echodopplercardiography (n = 51) reported LVEF under 50%; from those, 39% reported LVEF under 30%. In this group of severe, unstable patients, in contrast with stable patients - at the outpatient unit or in the hospital wards - LVEF does not succeed in prognosing death, since patients reporting LVEF either lower than 30% or in the 30% to 50% range exhibited the same mortality rate - 75%. No statistical difference was shown regarding ejection fraction (p = 0.949).</p>
      <p>From our total number of 90 patients, 57 reported cardiogenic shock, and 33 were Functional Class IV, which high mortality rate (61.4% and 66.6%, respectively), which characterized an extremely severe group. Such high mortality rate has still been reported in recent publications, despite the advances in the medical area<sup> 23</sup>.</p>
      <p>Younger and older patients reported higher mortality rate (p = 0.049) as compared to patients in the 30 to 70 years old range (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). Advanced age is an aggravating prognostic factor, although not restricted to severe cardiopathy patients, but it has been patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit. The high incidence of HF in the elderly may be due to age related changes, such as ventricular function, as well as risk factors associated to HF, such as hypertensive, diabetes and dyslipidemia<sup>24</sup>. This factor is so relevant that has been incorporated as a significant variable for the calculation of prognostic indexes. </p>
      <p>As for high mortality rate in patients under 30 years old, such finding has been described in literature<sup>25-27</sup>. The explanation would be higher severity of cardiopathies in children, such as rheumatic conditions or inborn cardiopathies, as well as lower tolerance to HF.</p>
      <p> Out of the 16 patients under 30, 13 had death as their outcome. From those, 4 had reported rheumatic cardiopathy from childhood, and 2, chagasic cardiopathy. A progression from the acute phase into chronic cardiopathy is known to take place. Severe evolution of the condition may result in death<sup>28</sup>. One patient had had lymphoma for 15 years as a base disease. Two other patients reported complex ventricular arrhythmia; and lastly, two deaths resulted from TPE: both confirmed at necropsy.</p>
      <p>No statistical difference was reported regarding gender related mortality rate (p = 0.753), as in the EPICA Niter&#243;i<sup>29</sup> study, among the different cardiomyopathies (p=0.324). As for the etiology, only 18.8% showed ischemic cardiopathy. That low incidence &#150; if compared to other statistic data &#150; can be explained by the fact that the hospital has a cardiac unit which is separate from the Intensive Care Unit. Additionally, Chagas disease incidence is practically absent in international statistics. A trend (p &lt; 0.10) was reported towards higher mortality rate (84.21%) among patients with shorter hospitalization time (5 days or less) as compared to longer hospitalization periods (56.25% to 60.87%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2">Table 6</xref>). It should be assumed that the severity level of early hemodynamic and systemic impairments may have contributed for higher mortality among patients in their first days after hospitalization. </p>
      <p>As both Functional Class IV HF and cardiogenic shock have important systemic repercussion on organs and tissues, prognostic indexes to allow global assessment of patients seem to be more powerful tools as compared to the assessment limited to cardiovascular performance.</p>
      <p>The present paper used three models of prognostic indexes (APACHE II, SAPS II, UNICAMP II). The models were proposed to assess critical patients, and their applicability was studied for the specific subgroup of cardiopathy patients admitted at the Intensive Care Unit.</p>
      <p>Results show that the three prognostic indexes under study have not properly evaluated patients&#146; course, thus underestimating mortality rate of severe cardiopathy patients. Therefore, the 3.33 SMR for APACHE II, the 4.08 for SAPS II, and the 1.62 for the UNICAMP II model show higher mortality rate than that estimated by the models (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07-body2">Table 7</xref>). </p>
      <p>A number of factors may have interfered in the assessment of APACHE II, such as the type of assistance to patient before hospital admission<sup>30</sup> and delayed transfer to Intensive Care<sup>31</sup>. Particularly in developing countries, those factors are not to be underestimated. That explains the inclusion of a model based on a data base collected from a University public hospital in Brazil. Here, it is important to point out that those factors are not dependent on the performance of Intensive care assistance, but rather, of the inherent health system deficiencies in this country. It could be argued whether it would be pertinent if the system developed were applied in other countries, with significant populational, nutritional and health differences, and with pre-hospital care different from the one in our country. That is why the UNICAMP<sup>4</sup> model was included: it uses an equation generated by logistic regression and based on data collected from National Health System (SUS) patients, developed at the University of Campinas and later validated<sup>32</sup>. Similarly to results in literature, and obtained from other prognostic indexes applied to patients at general Intensive Care Units (case mix), the UNICAMP model reported SMR close to 1. In contrast, while analyzing cardiopathy patients the present paper reported higher SMR, although not as high as in the APACHE II and SAPS II models.</p>
      <p>In a multicenter study using APACHE III, Bastos et al<sup>33</sup> reported quite variable SMRs at 13 Brazilian hospitals. Mean SMR = 1.67. The differences pointed out between the hospitals ranged from 1.01 to 1.30. Technology resources were accounted for those differences at the different Units. SMR variation in the APACHE III project in Brazil was said to have been the result of technology availability. However, it is arguable whether this would be the only reason, or even the most relevant.</p>
      <p>Any way, even the highest SMR levels were quite below the SMRs found in this group of severe cardiopathy patients, according to the study by Bastos et al<sup>34</sup>, using the APACHE II and SAPS II models.</p>
      <p>APACHE II was also used in a Brazilian population of 208 patients at General Intensive Care Unit<sup>4</sup>. APACHE SMR resulted 1.31, and UNICAMP II SMR resulted in 0.85.</p>
      <p>Such discrepant data regarding patients at the General Intensive Care Unit - even in our setting, with a developed system in the country - do suggests that some specific factor not predicted by prognostic indexes may influence mortality rate in those patients.</p>
      <p>Therefore, deep sedation, neuromuscular blocking, and mechanical ventilation may mask abnormalities<sup>35</sup>. Acute Physiological Score (APS) data may express distinctive physiological variables depending not only on how early treatment starts with volume and vasoactive drugs, but also at the point in time mechanical ventilation is used. Additionally, Glasgow's coma scale assessment is jeopardized if the patient is sedated and/or under orotracheal intubation when admitted to the Intensive Care.</p>
      <p>Although arrhythmia<sup> 35,36</sup>, hyponatremia <sup>37,38</sup>, the size of ventricular cavities<sup>39,40</sup> , and serum catecholamin levels<sup>41</sup> do play key roles in the long term course of cardiopathy patients, those variables may also influence decompensation in the acute phase. In our population we have observed that hyponatremia, and serum sodium lower than 129 mEq/l double mortality rate as compared to patients reporting normal sodium levels (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>). Heart rhythm analyzed at hospital admission was divided into three groups: sinus rhythm, atrial fibrillation, and those with previous heart pacer implantation due to atrial-ventricular blocking. Mortality rate was 94.4%, 85.7%, and 100%, respectively (p = 0.595). Heart rhythm usually alternates in a short time span under advanced cardiopathy condition, which makes accurate analysis harder.</p>
      <p>The duration of HF proved to be a prognostic factor (p = &lt;0.001) for all patients under study.</p>
      <p>However, most important, in authors&#146; view, is the fact that prognostic indexes are based on the first 24 hours after hospital admission at the Intensive Care Unit. Out of the 90 patients, 71 (79%) stayed in the hospital over 5 days. Forty-eight patients (over 50%) stayed in the hospital for over 10 days, and from those, over 50% died. It is understandable that although prognostic indexes are kept unchanged as calculated at the time of admission, real death risk increases as time spent in hospital increases. Complications arise in the course of hospitalization in such a susceptible group of critical and unstable patients. Therefore, those patients require a higher degree of invasive procedures, which may result in systemic infections. Intensive care doctors are aware that Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) is common and lethal in severe patients, especially the elderly<sup>42</sup>. As a rule, conditions such as SIRS, Septic Shock, and Multiple Organ Failure are not present at the moment of admission at the Intensive Care. As a result, they are not included in prognostic indexes scoring. This had been pointed out by Cerra et al<sup>43 </sup>for surgical patients admitted at the Intensive Care post-surgery. More recently, it was also pointed out by Lim et al, for patients under cardiogenic shock<sup>24</sup>. Those authors describe that despite normalized hemodynamics, those patients die from distributive shock. Considering that 50% of patients who die report no clinical evidence of clear infection, the authors assume that cytokines and other inflammatory mediators may be released during a cardiogenic shock episode. The authors also suggest that mesenteric ischemia and pulmonary embolism may not be recognized as causes for death in patients whose hemodynamics has been normalized<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>Curiously, the population under study reported high incidence of thrombopulmonary embolism of high clinical repercussion in the group of patients whose outcome was death. The clinical diagnosis of TPE is usually difficult to reach, and many times it is underestimated in HF patients<sup>44</sup>, thus leading to acute decompensation &#150; even when facing sub segmental pulmonary thromboembolic episodes<sup>36</sup>.</p>
      <p>No variables to quantify the risk of thrombopulmonary embolism have been applied in the prognostic indexes. Despite patients&#146; prophylactic anticoagulation, twelve of them had their TPE confirmed through ventilation-perfusion cintigraphy or necropsy. All of these patients died. Those patients accounted for 21% of global mortality rate. </p>
      <p>These data points out the relevance of complications that occur after hospital admission. Those complications have not been anticipated by conventional prognostic system for this unique group of patients. Out of all complications, the thromboembolic phenomenon stands out for its high incidence. And the thromboembolic phenomenon is usually diagnosed at the autopsy, usually carried out only at university hospitals. Although classic TPE may not be clinically relevant, it may &#150; even when not diagnosed &#150; worsen symptoms and lead to treatment resistance. It may eventually lead to death of these severe cardiopathy patients at the Intensive Care. </p>
      <p>In conclusion: APACHE II, SAPS II and UNICAMP II have not been appropriate models to express the prognosis of cardiopathy patients at the Intensive Care Unit. Mortality rate was seen to be higher than anticipated by HF prognostic indexes. Factors not included in the prognostic indexes presented in this paper may have influenced the discrepancy of results obtained. However, the high incidence of PTE in our population &#150; despite prophylactic anticoagulation - points out to the need for a review of full anticoagulation criteria. New systems should be investigated to encompass specific variables for HF patients at Intensive Care Units.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgments </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Ms M&#244;nica Moreira Juli&#227;o, for her technical support. Mr Helymar Machado for the statistical analyses.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of Interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing Address:</p>
          <p>Silvia H. G. Lage</p>
          <p> Rua Capote Valente, 361/102</p>
          <p> 05409-001 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="sglage@incor.usp.br">sglage@incor.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 10/20/04</p>
      <p> Accepted on 04/22/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
