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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Y6BksFWk5sGwyqMK7Fr7Gdh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001600016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700316</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001600016</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos do tartarato de metoprolol em pacientes portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Albuquerque de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mady</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grupi</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;sar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Luiz</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>329</fpage>
      <lpage>335</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Estudar os efeitos do tartarato de metoprolol em pacientes portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. M&#201;TODOS: Foram avaliados em estudo prospectivo, 50 pacientes (36 homens) com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, classe funcional II a IV, com 52&#177;14,8 anos, e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &lt; 45% avaliada pela ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica. Foi adicionado tartarato metoprolol &#224; terap&#234;utica habitual. Iniciado 12,5 mg e aumentado semanalmente at&#233; atingir 200 mg/dia, conforme toler&#226;ncia. Realizaram-se avalia&#231;&#227;o clinica, eletrocardiograma, ecodopplercardiograma, holter 24 horas e ventriculografia radiosot&#243;pica na fase pr&#233;-tratamento, e repetidos ap&#243;s tr&#234;s e seis meses em uso da medica&#231;&#227;o. RESULTADOS: Ao final de seis meses, houve melhora da classe funcional (NYHA) com redu&#231;&#227;o de 3,04&#177;0,11 para 1,66&#177;0,06(p&lt;0,001). A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o aumentou de 29,84+1,61% para 38,56&#177;1,95% (p&lt; 0,001). O di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico ventricular esquerdo apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o de 67,70&#177;1,31 mm para 63,96&#177;1,29 mm (p&lt;0,001), e o di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico ventricular esquerdo apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o de 54,80&#177;1,67 mm para 48,58&#177;1,38 (p&lt;0,001). N&#227;o houve varia&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de noradrenalina no seguimento de seis meses (p&gt;0,05). A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o de 78,84&#177;batimentos por minuto para 67,48&#177;1,86 batimentos por minuto (p&lt;0,001). CONCLUS&#195;O: A utiliza&#231;&#227;o do tartarato de metoprolol adicionado &#224; terap&#234;utica habitual da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; acompanhada por aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, melhora da classe funcional, diminui&#231;&#227;o dos di&#226;metros ventriculares e pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Estes resultados sugerem efeitos anti-remodelamento em pacientes portadores de IC, com o uso de tartarato de metoprolol.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>beta-bloqueador</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiomiopatia dilatada</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGOS ORIGINAIS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Efeitos do tartarato de metoprolol em pacientes portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jos&#233; Albuquerque de Figueiredo Neto; Charles Mady; C&#233;sar Grupi</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o e Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Luiz, MA - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Estudar os efeitos do tartarato de metoprolol em pacientes portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Foram avaliados em estudo prospectivo, 50 pacientes (36 homens) com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, classe funcional II a IV, com 52&#177;14,8 anos, e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &lt; 45% avaliada pela ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica. Foi adicionado tartarato metoprolol &#224; terap&#234;utica habitual. Iniciado 12,5 mg e aumentado semanalmente at&#233; atingir 200 mg/dia, conforme toler&#226;ncia. Realizaram-se avalia&#231;&#227;o clinica, eletrocardiograma, ecodopplercardiograma, holter 24 horas e ventriculografia radiosot&#243;pica na fase pr&#233;-tratamento, e repetidos ap&#243;s tr&#234;s e seis meses em uso da medica&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Ao final de seis meses, houve melhora da classe funcional (NYHA) com redu&#231;&#227;o de 3,04&#177;0,11 para 1,66&#177;0,06(p&lt;0,001). A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o aumentou de 29,84+1,61% para 38,56&#177;1,95% (p&lt; 0,001). O di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico ventricular esquerdo apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o de 67,70&#177;1,31 mm para 63,96&#177;1,29 mm (p&lt;0,001), e o di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico ventricular esquerdo apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o de 54,80&#177;1,67 mm para 48,58&#177;1,38 (p&lt;0,001). N&#227;o houve varia&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de noradrenalina no seguimento de seis meses (p&gt;0,05). A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o de 78,84&#177;batimentos por minuto para 67,48&#177;1,86 batimentos por minuto (p&lt;0,001). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o do tartarato de metoprolol adicionado &#224; terap&#234;utica habitual da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; acompanhada por aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, melhora da classe funcional, diminui&#231;&#227;o dos di&#226;metros ventriculares e pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Estes resultados sugerem efeitos anti-remodelamento em pacientes portadores de IC, com o uso de tartarato de metoprolol.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, beta-bloqueador, cardiomiopatia dilatada.</p>
    <p>A Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; a via final comum da maioria das cardiopatias. O custo s&#243;cio-econ&#244;mico da s&#237;ndrome &#233; elevado, envolvendo disp&#234;ndio com medicamentos, interna&#231;&#245;es repetidas, perda de produtividade, aposentadorias precoces, eventuais cirurgias e, ocasionalmente, transplante card&#237;aco1. O objetivo do tratamento de portadores de IC inclui a redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade, morbidade, com conseq&#252;ente melhoria da qualidade de vida, evitando a evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>A atenua&#231;&#227;o da ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tico&#150;adren&#233;rgica pelo tratamento cr&#244;nico com betabloqueadores, cujos resultados s&#227;o diferentes dos resultantes da administra&#231;&#227;o aguda, levou &#224; mudan&#231;a do paradigma da contra-indica&#231;&#227;o para a utiliza&#231;&#227;o desses agentes na IC, (representando um grande avan&#231;o na terap&#234;utica da s&#237;ndrome). V&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m documentado que os beta-bloqueadores reduzem a morbidade e mortalidade dos portadores de IC<sup>2-5</sup>. </p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi estudar a efic&#225;cia e toler&#226;ncia de um beta-bloqueador seletivo (&#223;-1), o tartarato de metoprolol, em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por miocardiopatia dilatada, de grau moderado a importante, adicionado &#224; terap&#234;utica convencional (digital, diur&#233;ticos, inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina ou vasodilatadores e nitratos).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram recrutados 80 pacientes consecutivos em acompanhamento no ambulat&#243;rio de cardiologia do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Presidente Dutra - UFMA.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: pacientes com IC, em CF II a IV pela New York Heart Association (NYHA) que se apresentavam clinicamente est&#225;veis nos &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s meses, com ritmo sinusal ao eletrocardiograma de repouso, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<underline>&lt;</underline> 45% pela ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica, e com conforma&#231;&#227;o tor&#225;cica que possibilitasse janela ecocardiogr&#225;fica adequada para a aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagem para medida dos di&#226;metros das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: hist&#243;ria de alcoolismo, IAM nos &#250;ltimos seis meses, bloqueio atrioventricular de segundo ou terceiro graus, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &lt; 90mmHg , freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca menor que 60 batimentos por minuto, contra-indica&#231;&#245;es ao uso de betabloqueadores. </p>
    <p>Para o estudo m&#237;nimo de 30 casos, conforme desenho inicial, 80 pacientes foram recrutados. Foram exclu&#237;dos vinte e seis pacientes (dez pacientes recusaram participar da avalia&#231;&#227;o, seis apresentaram fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou defeitos de condu&#231;&#227;o ao Holter, oito pacientes apresentavam janela ecocardiogr&#225;fica inadequada, dois pacientes estavam com valvopatia prim&#225;ria). Todos os pacientes receberam informa&#231;&#245;es e esclarecimentos com respeito ao protocolo de estudo, tendo assinado termo de consentimento em participar do estudo. Este estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Presidente Dutra-UFMA .</p>
    <p>Na fase pr&#233;-tratamento, os pacientes realizaram consulta clinica, eletrocardiograma de repouso, Holter 24 horas, ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica, ecocardiograma, dosagem plasm&#225;tica de catecolaminas e exames laboratoriais de rotina.</p>
    <p>A adi&#231;&#227;o do tartarato de metoprolol foi iniciada na dose de 12,5 mg duas vezes/dia, e aumentada semanalmente buscando-se atingir a dose de 200mg/dia, conforme a toler&#226;ncia do paciente. Depois de alcan&#231;ada a dose m&#225;xima desejada, ou tolerada, o paciente era reavaliado mensalmente ou em per&#237;odo mais curto, conforme a necessidade clinica. Os exames complementares foram repetidos ap&#243;s tr&#234;s e seis meses em uso da medica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes estavam em uso de digit&#225;licos, diur&#233;ticos e inibidores de enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina, nas doses m&#225;ximas toleradas por cada paciente.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram representadas por freq&#252;&#234;ncia absoluta (n) e relativa (%). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como a m&#233;dia e erro padr&#227;o. As diferen&#231;as entre os grupos foram avaliadas pela an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia com repeti&#231;&#227;o para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas (ANOVA), com o teste de Bartlets para dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e o teste de Tukey-Kramer para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas se p&lt;0,05. Adotou-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05 (=5%). N&#237;veis descritivos(P) inferiores a esse valor foram considerados significantes e representados por asterisco (*).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram acompanhados 54 pacientes. Tr&#234;s pacientes n&#227;o toleraram o uso do metoprolol, e um paciente apresentou morte s&#250;bita no terceiro m&#234;s de seguimento; estes pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no grupo n&#227;o respondedores.</p>
    <p>Dentre os pacientes estudados, 16 (26%) eram do sexo feminino e 38 (74%) do sexo masculino. A idade variou de 18 a 75 anos, com m&#233;dia de 52,34 anos, com 24 (48%) pacientes apresentando idade acima de 52 anos.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; etiologia da IC, 16 (26%) pacientes tinham etiologia isqu&#234;mica e 38 (74%) etiologia n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica, sendo 17 com etiologia hipertensiva e 21 com etiologia idiop&#225;tica.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso de outras medica&#231;&#245;es, 45 (83%) pacientes estavam em uso de digital, 49 (90%) usavam diur&#233;ticos e 48 (88%) faziam uso de inibidores da enzima conversora. O tempo de seguimento variou de 6 a 17 meses com m&#233;dia de 12 meses. A dose m&#233;dia de metoprolol utilizada foi de 150 mg ao dia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0329-00016-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>No grupo estudado, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE), avaliada pela ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica no in&#237;cio do seguimento, variou de 12 a 45% com m&#233;dia e erro padr&#227;o de 29,84&#177;1,61%. Apresentaram m&#233;dia de 29%, ou menos, 27 pacientes (50%) da amostra. Ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses de tratamento, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o aumentou para 34,64&#177;1,92% e ap&#243;s seis meses para 38,5&#177;1,95%. Houve aumento significativo em 42 pacientes (77%) (p&lt;0,001). O aumento ocorreu a partir do terceiro m&#234;s e manteve-se at&#233; o sexto m&#234;s de seguimento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf01">gr&#225;fico 1</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="grf01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0329-00016-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Foram obtidos ecodopplercardiogramas adequados para an&#225;lise comparativa em 48 (88%) pacientes. No in&#237;cio do estudo o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDFVE) variou de 50 a 95 mm, com m&#233;dia e erro padr&#227;o de 67,70&#177;1,31 mm. Apresentaram m&#233;dia de 67 mm, ou mais, 28 pacientes (51%) da amostra. O di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DSFVE) variou de 36 a 83 mm, com m&#233;dia e erro padr&#227;o de 54,80&#177;1,61 mm. Apresentaram m&#233;dia de 54 mm ou mais, 25 pacientes (42%) da amostra.</p>
    <p>Houve diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa do DDFVE (p&lt;0,001), ao final do sexto m&#234;s de seguimento, em 34 pacientes (62%). Foi observada redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do DSFVE (p&lt;0,001), ao final do sexto m&#234;s de seguimento, em 42 pacientes (77%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0329-00016-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>No in&#237;cio do seguimento, 14 (25%) pacientes apresentavam classe funcional II, 20 (37%) classe funcional III e 16 (29%) classe funcional IV.</p>
    <p>Houve melhora significativa da classe funcional (NYHA) com o uso de metoprolol, ap&#243;s seis meses de seguimento (p&lt;0,001).</p>
    <p>Quinze pacientes apresentaram melhora da classe funcional IV para a classe funcional II, e um paciente para a classe funcional l.</p>
    <p>Dos 20 pacientes inicialmente classificados em classe funcional III, 17 apresentaram melhora para classe funcional II, e tr&#234;s apresentaram melhora para classe funcional I.</p>
    <p>No grupo de pacientes que na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial estavam em classe funcional II, 12 apresentaram melhora para classe funcional I e dois pacientes permaneceram inalterados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf02">gr&#225;fico 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="grf02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0329-00016-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>N&#227;o ocorreram mudan&#231;as nas dosagens de s&#243;dio e creatinina, durante o seguimento de seis meses (p&gt;0,05) com o uso do metoprolol. </p>
    <p>O n&#237;vel de noradrenalina, no in&#237;cio do seguimento, variou de 77,2 a 1493,2 pg/mL, com m&#233;dia e erro padr&#227;o de 758,26&#177;62,11 pg/mL. Houve redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de noradrenalina ao final do terceiro m&#234;s de seguimento (p&lt;0,001), com retorno aos n&#237;veis pr&#233;-tratamento ao final do sexto m&#234;s de seguimento. Este aumento foi significante apenas entre o terceiro e sexto m&#234;s de seguimento (p&lt;0,01), por&#233;m n&#227;o foi significante entre o in&#237;cio e o sexto m&#234;s de seguimento (p&gt;0,05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf03">gr&#225;fico 3</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="grf03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0329-00016-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os pacientes estudados apresentavam FC m&#233;dia de 78,84&#177;1,67 batimentos por minuto no in&#237;cio do seguimento. Observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da FC com o uso do metoprolol no sexto m&#234;s. A redu&#231;&#227;o da FC foi observada a partir do terceiro m&#234;s e se manteve at&#233; o sexto m&#234;s de seguimento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>). Esta diminui&#231;&#227;o foi observada em 30 (55%) dos pacientes (p&lt;0,0001).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0329-00016-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>V&#225;rios estudos demonstraram que os betabloqueadores reduzem a morbidade e a mortalidade dos portadores de IC <sup>2-5</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os mecanismos pelos quais os betabloqueadores produzem efeitos ben&#233;ficos nos pacientes com IC n&#227;o s&#227;o adequadamente conhecidos. Entre os v&#225;rios mecanismos propostos temos: diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de noradrenalina plasm&#225;tica e tecidual por redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica; aumento do cleareance de noradrenalina e bloqueio dos efeitos t&#243;xicos das catecolaminas sobre os mi&#243;citos com redu&#231;&#227;o de apoptose e morte celular; restabelecimento da densidade dos beta- receptores diminu&#237;da, em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia da ativa&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica cr&#244;nica, permitindo ao mioc&#225;rdio responder &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o das catecolaminas end&#243;genas, resultando em melhora sintom&#225;tica e maior toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio; consider&#225;vel aumento dos n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na G estimuladora (Gs), com maior atividade da adenilciclase, maior produ&#231;&#227;o de energia e maior efici&#234;ncia das unidades contr&#225;teis; redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de secre&#231;&#227;o de renina pelo bloqueio simp&#225;tico, mimetizando a a&#231;&#227;o dos inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina e prevenindo o escape da supress&#227;o de angiotensina II pelos inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina; melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o barorreflexa, redu&#231;&#227;o da imped&#226;ncia a&#243;rtica (p&#243;s-carga) e melhora da efici&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria; redu&#231;&#227;o da fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, com menor consumo de oxig&#234;nio pelo mioc&#225;rdio, melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, aumento de fluxo coronariano e redu&#231;&#227;o de isquemia, arritmias ventriculares e morte s&#250;bita. </p>
    <p>O metoprolol &#233; um betabloqueador seletivo, lipof&#237;lico, sem atividade simpaticomim&#233;tica intr&#237;nseca. Entre os betabloqueadores, metoprolol foi o primeiro e mais estudado em pacientes com IC. V&#225;rios estudos n&#227;o controlados foram realizados antes do primeiro estudo randomizado com betabloqueador em IC, publicado por Anderson e cols.<sup>6</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em pacientes com IC, metoprolol melhora a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, o remodelamento ventricular esquerdo, a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio e diminui os sintomas de IC<sup>7,8</sup>. </p>
    <p>No estudo de Engelmeier e cols.<sup>8</sup> pacientes recebendo metoprolol melhoraram sua capacidade de exerc&#237;cio em 3 mets e sua classe funcional pela NYHA.Contudo o numero pequeno de pacientes inclu&#237;dos (9 no grupo metoprolol e 16 no grupo placebo) e outros problemas no desenho do estudo,tornaram o seu resultado dif&#237;cil de interpretar e pouco convincente.Cucchini e cols.<sup>9 </sup>estudaram a a&#231;&#227;o do metoprolol em 20 pacientes com miocardiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica, que foram seguidos por um per&#237;odo de seis meses.No grupo metoprolol, houve melhora da classe funcional,aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 34&#177;12% para 44&#177;11%(p&lt;0.001); o volume sist&#243;lico final bem como a press&#227;o de capilar foram reduzidos. Estes resultados n&#227;o foram observados no grupo placebo.</p>
    <p>O estudo MDC<sup>10</sup> foi o primeiro grande estudo realizado com metoprolol. Trezentos e oitenta e tr&#234;s pacientes com miocardiopatia dilatada idiopatica foram inclu&#237;dos; 94% estavam em classe funcional lI ou III(NYHA). O objetivo prim&#225;rio deste estudo era um objetivo combinado (mortalidade e necessidade de transplante). Houve 34% de redu&#231;&#227;o de necessidade de transplante (p&lt;0.058); por&#233;m, n&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade. No seguimento, houve uma significante melhora funcional no grupo metoprolol, e o n&#250;mero de pacientes que necessitaram de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o foi menor no grupo metoprolol que no grupo placebo,ainda que n&#227;o significante. Os efeitos ben&#233;ficos hemodin&#226;micos do metoprolol em pacientes com miocardiopatia dilatada n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica foram avaliados por Eichhorn e cols.<sup>11</sup>: 24 pacientes foram submetidos a cateterismo antes e tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s terapia com metoprolol (n=15) ou placebo (n=9), em adi&#231;&#227;o a terapia habitual.No grupo metoprolol houve aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo sem aumento do consumo mioc&#225;rdico de oxig&#234;nio, sugerindo melhora na efic&#225;cia miocardica.</p>
    <p>Fisher e cols.<sup>7</sup> estudaram 50 pacientes com IC associada com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de seis meses, o metoprolol promoveu uma redu&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es, melhora na classe funcional, na capacidade de exerc&#237;cio e aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. O estudo RESOLVD <sup>12</sup> incluiu 426 pacientes com IC de causas variadas. O estudo consistiu de um design duplo-cego, placebo controlado, com dois est&#225;gios de randomizac&#227;o. No est&#225;gio I, pacientes foram randomizados para receber candesartan, enalapril ou uma combina&#231;&#227;o. No est&#225;gio II, os pacientes foram randomizados para receber 200 mg/dia de metoprolol ou placebo. O metoprolol n&#227;o afetou o resultado da caminhada de seis minutos,da classe funcional (NYHA), ou da qualidade de vida.Contudo,houve uma importante melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, com redu&#231;&#227;o dos volumes diast&#243;licos e sist&#243;licos finais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no grupo metoprolol,quando comparado ao grupo placebo.</p>
    <p>Apesar de todas estas evid&#234;ncias do benef&#237;cio do uso do metoprolol em pacientes com IC, o estudo MERITI-HF foi o que demonstrou de maneira inequ&#237;voca que este f&#225;rmaco diminui a mortalidade em pacientes com IC<sup>5</sup>. O objetivo prim&#225;rio deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do metoprolol na mortalidade e num objetivo combinado de mortalidade total e todas as causas de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o,com objetivos secund&#225;rios de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o,sintomas,classe funcional (NYHA) e qualidade de vida.O estudo foi planejado para dois anos, sendo interrompido prematuramente ap&#243;s um ano, por uma redu&#231;&#227;o precoce na mortalidade. Tr&#234;s mil, trezentos e noventa e um pacientes em IC classe funcional II a IV(NYHA), e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE &lt; 40%. Os pacientes foram randomizados para metoprolol ou placebo, buscando-se atingir 200 mg/dia de metoprolol. A formula&#231;&#227;o gal&#234;nica do metoprolol utilizada neste estudo - o succinato de metoprolol de libera&#231;&#227;o prolongada - foi diferente daquela usada nos estudos pr&#233;vios, como o MDC<sup>10</sup>, que usou o tartarato de metoprolol. Com isso, uma concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica constante de metoprolol &#233; obtida com intervalo de administra&#231;&#227;o de 24 horas. A velocidade de libera&#231;&#227;o independe de fatores fisiol&#243;gicos como pH e peristaltismo. Devido &#224; inexist&#234;ncia de picos na concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica, a seletividade cl&#237;nica aos receptores beta-1 &#233; aumentada, quando comparada &#224;s formula&#231;&#245;es convencionais de bloqueadores beta-1 seletivos.</p>
    <p>Atrav&#233;s destes estudos, demonstrou-se que o metoprolol melhora a classe funcional, a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e o progn&#243;stico em termos de mortalidade e necessidade de interna&#231;&#245;es, independente da etiologia da IC. N&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel, no entanto, afirmar se a diferen&#231;a de efic&#225;cia observada nestes estudos deveu-se &#224; diferen&#231;a entre as formula&#231;&#245;es utilizadas (tartarato ou succinato), j&#225; que estudos comparando diretamente estas duas formula&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o foram realizados. </p>
    <p>O COMET<sup>13</sup> foi um estudo multic&#234;ntrico, randomizado e duplo cego,desenhado para comparar diretamente os efeitos de carvedilol e metoprolol na sobrevida e morbidade de indiv&#237;duos com IC sist&#243;lica, com FEVE <underline>&lt;</underline> 35%. </p>
    <p>A sua hip&#243;tese principal correspondia a um benef&#237;cio ampliado do carvedilol em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; do tartarato de metoprolol nestes pacientes, j&#225; que carvedilol &#233; um BB n&#227;o seletivo, com variadas a&#231;&#245;es potencialmente favor&#225;veis, como inibi&#231;&#227;o do receptor a, maior efeito antiisqu&#234;mico,inibi&#231;&#227;o de apoptose e a&#231;&#227;o antioxidante<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os resultados do COMET<sup>13</sup> demonstraram que carvedilol reduziu significativamente (queda relativa de 17%) o risco de morte por todas as causas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao metoprolol, com uma diminui&#231;&#227;o absoluta de 5,7% na mortalidade em 5 anos. A mortalidade anual foi de 10% para o grupo metoprolol e 8,3% para carvedilol. Na an&#225;lise de desfechos combinados (mortalidade total ou admiss&#227;o por qualquer causa), embora numericamente a favor do carvedilol, n&#227;o foram detectadas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes entre os dois grupos. </p>
    <p>Algumas considera&#231;&#245;es, entretanto, merecem ser feitas diante da referida superioridade do carvedilol frente ao tartarato de metoprolol no estudo COMET<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Inicialmente, a taxa de mortalidade anual descrita para o grupo metoprolol neste trabalho (10%) parece alta, quando comparada &#224;s registradas em outros ensaios cl&#237;nicos recentes avaliando o efeito de BB na morbi-mortalidade de IC. No estudo MERIT-HF<sup>5</sup>, testando succinato de metoprolol versus placebo, a mortalidade no grupo BB foi de 7,2%. No estudo CIBIS II<sup>4</sup>, comparando bisoprolol e placebo, a taxa de morte anual no grupo bisoprolol foi de 8,8%. Essas taxas parecem mais pr&#243;ximas da mortalidade anual descrita para o grupo carvedilol no pr&#243;prio COMET13 (8,3%). Junto a isso, observa-se que a dose m&#233;dia di&#225;ria de metoprolol (85 mg) atingida no COMET13 foi inferior &#224;s de ensaios cl&#237;nicos pr&#233;vios 5,10. No estudo Metoprolol Dilated Cardiomyopathy (MDC)10, a dose m&#233;dia "real" do tartarato de metoprolol foi de 108 mg/dia (dose alvo de 100-150 mg/dia), provocando uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) de 15 batimentos/minuto (bat/min), bem superior aos 11,7 bat/min de queda na FC, alcan&#231;ados pelo COMET13. No MERIT-HF 5, o maior estudo de metoprolol em IC,a droga testada foi o succinato de metoprolol de libera&#231;&#227;o programada, numa dose "real" m&#233;dia de 159 mg em &#250;nica tomada, o que equivale a 106mg/dia de tartarato de metoprolol, formula&#231;&#227;o usada no COMET13 e MDC10. Com esta dose, os autores do MERIT-HF5 relataram uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 14 bat/min na FC de repouso, tamb&#233;m superior &#224; referida no COMET13. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao carvedilol, por outro lado, a queda de 13,3 bat/min na FC de repouso ap&#243;s 4 meses de tratamento foi conseguida com uma dose m&#233;dia "real" di&#225;ria de 41,8 mg13, o que se assemelha aos resultados do US carvedilol study 3 (dose de 45 mg/dia e queda de 13 bat/min na FC), trabalho que serviu de base para a defini&#231;&#227;o da dose alvo de carvedilol para o COMET13.</p>
    <p>At&#233; que ponto essas diferen&#231;as nas doses de metoprolol usadas ou mesmo na formula&#231;&#227;o escolhida (succinato de metoprolol ainda n&#227;o estava dispon&#237;vel para uso quando o estudo COMET13 foi iniciado) influenciaram os resultados a favor do carvedilol, n&#227;o se pode garantir ao certo.</p>
    <p>Nossos resultados demonstram que a adi&#231;&#227;o do tartarato de metoprolol ao tratamento de pacientes portadores de IC promove redu&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, diminui&#231;&#227;o dos di&#226;metros ventriculares e melhora da classe funcional. N&#227;o havendo altera&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos da noradrenalina e s&#243;dio.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; classe funcional (NYHA), 28% dos pacientes apresentavam-se em classe II, 40% em classe III, e 32% em classe IV. Houve uma melhora importante na classe funcional, com seis pacientes n&#227;o conseguindo melhora sintom&#225;tica. </p>
    <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes de acordo com a classe funcional foi concordante com a literatura para as classes II e III. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; classe funcional IV, o n&#250;mero de pacientes encontrado foi maior que o de outros trabalhos da literatura. Este fato decorre provavelmente da dificuldade de acesso a servi&#231;os especializados de cardiologia em nosso meio, o que faz com que pacientes se apresentem em fases avan&#231;adas da IC. </p>
    <p>Houve melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com significativo aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o na ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica, com adi&#231;&#227;o do tartarato de metoprolol &#224; terap&#234;utica habitual da IC,o que &#233; concordante com a literatura15. Este aumento da FEVE com o uso de betabloqueadores tem sido maior do que com outras interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas na IC. </p>
    <p>Esta melhora &#233; freq&#252;entemente, mas n&#227;o uniformemente, associada com a redu&#231;&#227;o dos di&#226;metros sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo16. Em nosso estudo, verificou-se diminui&#231;&#227;o significante de ambos os di&#226;metros ventriculares ao final do seguimento de seis meses. Este efeito favor&#225;vel foi alcan&#231;ado j&#225; no terceiro m&#234;s de seguimento e manteve-se at&#233; o final do sexto m&#234;s.</p>
    <p>Nesse trabalho, foram encontrados n&#237;veis de noradrenalina plasm&#225;tica, com valores basais de 758,60&#177;62,11 pgm. Esses s&#227;o valores elevados, o que prediz uma evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel. V&#225;rios trabalhos17,18 demonstraram o valor progn&#243;stico da concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de noradrenalina. No estudo de Cohn e cols.17, valores entre 400 e 800 ng/ml estiveram relacionados &#224; alta mortalidade. &#201; importante ressaltar que a import&#226;ncia prognostica da noradrenalina depende da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, sendo maior naquelas com pacientes em est&#225;gio avan&#231;ado da doen&#231;a18.</p>
    <p>Nessa casu&#237;stica, os pacientes com classe funcional IV (NYHA) apresentaram os maiores valores de noradrenalina plasm&#225;tica. Al&#233;m disso, os n&#237;veis de noradrenalina demonstraram rela&#231;&#227;o com outros &#237;ndices de gravidade na IC como &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e os di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
    <p>Observou-se diminui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o significante dos n&#237;veis de noradrenalina, entre o in&#237;cio do seguimento e ao final do terceiro m&#234;s, havendo retorno aos n&#237;veis pr&#233;-tratamento ao final de seis meses. Esses resultados s&#227;o semelhantes aos de Satostasi e cols.19, Gilbert e cols.20 e Tjeerdsma e cols.21, que utilizaram metoprolol em pacientes portadores de IC, por um per&#237;odo de seis meses, n&#227;o demonstrando altera&#231;&#245;es significativas nos n&#237;veis de noradrenalina.Como os betabloqueadores interferem com a a&#231;&#227;o de um sistema neuroend&#243;crino end&#243;geno em n&#237;vel celular, os benef&#237;cios hormonais destas drogas podem n&#227;o ser evidentes atrav&#233;s das medidas das catecolaminas circulantes.Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da catecolaminas podem permanecer inalterados ou diminu&#237;rem durante o uso com betabloqueadores 22.</p>
    <p>Foi observada uma redu&#231;&#227;o da FC ao final do sexto m&#234;s de seguimento,de cerca de 15%, sendo essa redu&#231;&#227;o detectada j&#225; ao final do terceiro m&#234;s de seguimento com o uso do tartarato metoprolol. Este fato demonstra evidente efeito bloqueador beta-adren&#233;rgico. Esses resultados est&#227;o de acordo com v&#225;rios outros estudos da literatura, que demonstraram a diminui&#231;&#227;o da FC em pacientes em uso de betabloqueador4,5. </p>
    <p> Este estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, sendo a principal delas a n&#227;o exist&#234;ncia de um grupo-controle. Contudo, a melhoria dos sintomas, a diminui&#231;&#227;o dos di&#226;metros ventriculares e a melhora da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, com o uso do tartarato de metoprolol, foram similares aos resultados j&#225; demonstrados previamente em estudos controle-placebo. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>CONCLUS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O uso do tartarato de metoprolol em pacientes portadores de miocardiopatia dilatada foi acompanhado pela melhora da classe funcional (NYHA), pelo aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, pela redu&#231;&#227;o dos di&#226;metros sist&#243;licos e diast&#243;licos ventriculares e pela redu&#231;&#227;o da FC. N&#227;o foi observada altera&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de noradrenalina.</p>
    <p>Como n&#227;o h&#225; na literatura nenhuma evid&#234;ncia, demonstrando redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade em pacientes com IC, utilizando o tartarato de metoprolol,deve ser utilizado um dos tr&#234;s betabloqueadores aprovados para IC (carvedilol, bisoprolol ou succinato de metoprolol), at&#233; que novos estudos venham a definir melhor sobre potenciais diferen&#231;as no efeito cl&#237;nico dos betabloqueadores na IC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Jos&#233; Albuquerque de Figueiredo Neto </p>
        <p> Rua Eng. Ruy Ribeiro Mesquita, Ed. Dom Gabriel apto. 402 </p>
        <p> 65075-260 &#150; S&#227;o Luiz, MA </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="jafneto@cardiol.br">jafneto@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 03/07/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 17/10/05</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of metoprolol tartrate therapy in patients with heart failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of metoprolol tartrate therapy in patients with heart failure. METHODS: Fifty patients (36 males) aged 52&#177;14.8 yrs, with functional class II to IV heart failure (HF) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVFE) &lt; 45%, assessed by radionuclide ventriculography, were evaluated in a retrospective study. Metoprolol tartrate was added to the usual therapy, with a starting dose of 12.5 mg, which was increased weekly to a maximum of 200 mg/day, according to patients&#8217; tolerance. Clinical evaluation, electrocardiogram, Doppler echocardiogram, 24-h Holter monitoring and radionuclide ventriculography were carried out in the pre-treatment phase and repeated three and six months after the start of therapy. RESULTS: At the end of six months, there was functional class (NYHA) improvement with a reduction from 3.04&#177;0.11 to 1.66&#177;0.06(p&lt;0.001). Ejection fraction increased from 29.84+1.61% to 38.56&#177;1.95% (p&lt; 0.001). The left ventricular diastolic diameter showed a reduction from 67.70&#177;1.31 mm to 63.96&#177;1.29 mm (p&lt;0.001), and the left ventricular systolic diameter showed a reduction from 54.80&#177;1.67 mm to 48.58&#177;1.38 (p&lt;0.001). There was no alteration in noradrenaline levels during the six-month follow-up period (p&gt;0.05). Cardiac frequency decreased from 78.84&#177;1.68 to 67.48&#177;1.86 b.p.m. (p&lt;0.001). CONCLUSION: The adding of metoprolol tartrate to the usual heart failure therapy is followed by an increase of ejection fraction, functional class improvement, and decrease of ventricular diameters and cardiac frequency. These results suggest anti-remodeling effects in patients with HF who utilize metoprolol tartrate in addition to the usual therapy.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>beta-blocker</kwd>
        <kwd>dilated cardiomyopathy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Effects of metoprolol tartrate therapy in patients with heart failure</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jos&#233; Albuquerque de Figueiredo Neto; Charles Mady; C&#233;sar Grupi</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o e Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Luiz, MA - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To study the effects of metoprolol tartrate therapy in patients with heart failure.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Fifty patients (36 males) aged 52&#177;14.8 yrs, with functional class II to IV heart failure (HF) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVFE) &lt; 45%, assessed by radionuclide ventriculography, were evaluated in a retrospective study. Metoprolol tartrate was added to the usual therapy, with a starting dose of 12.5 mg, which was increased weekly to a maximum of 200 mg/day, according to patients&#146; tolerance. Clinical evaluation, electrocardiogram, Doppler echocardiogram, 24-h Holter monitoring and radionuclide ventriculography were carried out in the pre-treatment phase and repeated three and six months after the start of therapy.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>At the end of six months, there was functional class (NYHA) improvement with a reduction from 3.04&#177;0.11 to 1.66&#177;0.06(p&lt;0.001). Ejection fraction increased from 29.84+1.61% to 38.56&#177;1.95% (p&lt; 0.001). The left ventricular diastolic diameter showed a reduction from 67.70&#177;1.31 mm to 63.96&#177;1.29 mm (p&lt;0.001), and the left ventricular systolic diameter showed a reduction from 54.80&#177;1.67 mm to 48.58&#177;1.38 (p&lt;0.001). There was no alteration in noradrenaline levels during the six-month follow-up period (p&gt;0.05). Cardiac frequency decreased from 78.84&#177;1.68 to 67.48&#177;1.86 b.p.m. (p&lt;0.001).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The adding of metoprolol tartrate to the usual heart failure therapy is followed by an increase of ejection fraction, functional class improvement, and decrease of ventricular diameters and cardiac frequency. These results suggest anti-remodeling effects in patients with HF who utilize metoprolol tartrate in addition to the usual therapy.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Heart failure, beta-blocker, dilated cardiomyopathy.</p>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) is the usual final outcome of most cardiomyopathies. The socioeconomic cost of the syndrome is high, involving drug therapy, repeated hospital admissions, productivity loss, early retirement, eventual surgery and, occasionally, heart transplant costs<sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p>The treatment goal of HF patients includes mortality and morbidity reduction, with the consequent improvement in quality of life by preventing disease evolution.</p>
      <p>The attenuation of the sympathetic-adrenergic activation through chronic beta-blocker treatment, whose outcomes are different from those resulting from the acute administration, has led to the alteration of the contraindication paradigm for the utilization of these agents in HF (which represents a great advancement in the syndrome therapeutics). Several studies have documented that beta-blockers reduce the morbidity and mortality of patients with HF<sup>2-5</sup>.</p>
      <p> The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerance of a selective beta-blocker (b-1), metoprolol tartrate, in patients with heart failure due to moderate to severe dilated cardiomyopathy, added to the usual therapeutics (digitalis, diuretics, angiotensin-conversion enzyme inhibitors or vasodilators, and nitrates). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Eighty consecutive patients being followed at the Cardiology Outpatient Clinic of the Hospital Universit&#225;rio Presidente Dutra &#150; UFMA, were enrolled in the study.</p>
      <p>The inclusion criteria were: patients with HF, functional class (FC) II to IV according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA) who had been clinically stable in the previous three months, with sinusal rhythm in the electrocardiogram at rest, left ventricular ejection fraction <underline>&lt;</underline> 45% at the radionuclide ventriculography, and a thoracic structure that enabled an adequate echocardiographic window for the acquisition of images in order to measure the diameters of the cardiac chambers.</p>
      <p>Exclusion criteria were: history of alcohol abuse, AMI in the previous six months, second or third-degree atrioventricular block, systolic arterial pressure &lt; 90 mmHg, cardiac frequency &lt; 60 bpm, and beta-blocker use contraindication.</p>
      <p>Eighty patients were recruited for the minimum study of 30 cases, according to the initial design. Twenty-six patients were excluded (ten patients refused to participate in the study, six presented atrial fibrillation or conduction defects at Holter monitoring, eight patients presented an inadequate echocardiographic window, and two patients presented primary valvopathy). All patients received information and explanations regarding the study protocol, and signed a written informed consent form, agreeing to participate in the study. This study was approved by the Review Board of the Hospital Universit&#225;rio Presidente Dutra-UFMA.</p>
      <p>During the pre-treatment phase, the patients underwent clinical evaluation, electrocardiogram at rest, 24-hour Holter monitoring, radionuclide ventriculography, echocardiogram, measurement of plasma catecholamines, and routine lab tests. </p>
      <p>The addition of metoprolol tartrate was started with a dose of 12.5 mg twice daily and increased weekly, with the objective of reaching a 200-mg/day dose, according to the patients&#146; tolerance. After the maximum desired or tolerated dose had been reached, the patient was reassessed monthly or within a shorter period, according to the clinical necessity. The complementary clinical examinations were repeated after three and six months of medication use.</p>
      <p>The patients were being treated with individual maximum-tolerated doses of digitalis, diuretics and angiotensin-conversion enzyme inhibitors. The qualitative variables were represented by absolute (n) and relative frequencies (%). The continuous variables were expressed as means and standard deviations. Differences between the groups were evaluated by analysis of variance with repetition for continuous variables (ANOVA), by Bartlets test for data with normal distribution and Tukey-Kramer test for multiple comparisons, if p&lt;0.05. Significance level was set at p=0.05 (5%). Descriptive levels (P) lower than this value were considered significant and are represented by an asterisk (*).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Fifty-four patients were followed. Three patients did not tolerate metoprolol use, and a patient died of sudden death in the third month of follow-up; these patients were included in the nonresponder group.</p>
      <p>Among the studied patients, 16 (26%) were females and 38 (74%) were males. Age ranged from 18 to 75 years, with a mean of 52.34 yrs; 24 patients (48%) were older than 52 yrs.</p>
      <p>As for the etiology of HF, 16 patients (26%) presented ischemic etiology and 38 (74%) non-ischemic etiology; of the latter, 17 presented hypertensive etiology and 21 idiopathic etiology. </p>
      <p>Regarding the use of other drugs, 45 (83%) used digitalis, 49 (90%) used diuretics and 48 (88%) used angiotensin-conversion enzyme inhibitors. Follow-up ranged from 6 to 17 months , with a mean of 12 months. The initial dose of metoprolol utilized was 150 mg daily (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Tab. 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0329-00016-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In the studied group, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), assessed by radionuclide ventriculography at the start of follow-up, varied from 12 to 45%, with mean &#177;SD =29.84 &#177; 1.61%. At least 27 patients (50%) from the sample presented a LVEF mean of 29% or less. After three months of treatment with metoprolol, ejection fraction increased to 34.64&#177;1.92%, and after six months, it increased to 38.5&#177;1.95%. Forty-two patients (77%) presented a significant LVFE increase (p&lt; 0.001). The increase occurred from the third month on, and was maintained until the sixth month of follow-up (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr01-body2">Chart 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="qdr01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0329-00016-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Adequate Doppler echocardiograms were obtained for comparative analysis in 48 (88%) of the patients. In the beginning of the study the left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) varied from 50 to 95 mm, with mean&#177;SD=67.70&#177;1.31 mm. Twenty-eight of these patients (51%) presented a mean of 67 mm or higher. The left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD) varied from 36 to 83 mm, with mean&#177;SD= 54.80&#177;1.61 mm. Twenty-five of these patients (42%) presented a mean of 54 mm or higher. </p>
      <p>A significant LVEDD decrease (p&lt;0.001) was observed in 34 patients (62%), as well as a significant LVESD reduction (p&lt;0.001) in 42 patients (77%) at the end of the sixth-month follow-up (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Tab. 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0329-00016-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>At the beginning of the follow-up, 14 (25%), 20 (37%) and 16 (29%) of the patients were functional class II, III and IV, respectively. </p>
      <p>There was a significant functional class improvement (NYHA) with metoprolol tartrate use after a six-month follow-up (p&lt;0.001)</p>
      <p>Fifteen patients presented improvement from functional class IV to II, and one patient improved to functional class I. </p>
      <p>Of the 20 patients initially classified as functional class III, 17 improved to functional class II and 3 to functional class I.</p>
      <p>Of the patients who were initially classified as functional class II, 12 improved to functional class I and 2 patients showed no alteration (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr02-body2">Chart 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="qdr02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0329-00016-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Sodium and creatinine levels remained unaltered throughout the six-month follow-up (p&gt; 0.05) of metoprolol use.</p>
      <p>Noradrenaline levels at the beginning of follow-up varied from 77.2 to 1,493.2 pg/mL, with mean &#177; SD= 758.26 &#177; 62.11 pg/mL. Noradrenaline levels decreased at the end of the third month of follow-up (p&lt;0.001), returning to pre-treatment levels at the end of the six months of follow-up. This increase was significant only between the third and the sixth months of follow-up (p&lt;0.01), but it was non-significant between the beginning and the sixth month of follow-up (p&gt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr03-body2">Chart 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="qdr03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0329-00016-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The patients studied presented mean cardiac frequency (CF) of 78.84&#177;1.67 bpm at the beginning of the follow-up. A significant CF reduction was observed on the sixth month with metoprolol use. FC reduction was observed from the third month on and persisted until the sixth month of follow-up (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). This decrease was observed in 30 (55%) of the patients (p&lt;0.0001).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0329-00016-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Several studies have demonstrated that beta-blockers reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with HF<sup>2-5</sup>. The mechanisms through which beta-blockers produce beneficial effects in patients with HF are not accurately known. Among the several proposed mechanisms are: decrease of plasma and tissue noradrenaline levels through reduction in sympathetic activity; increase of noradrenaline clearance and blocking of the toxic catecholamine effects on myocytes with apoptosis and cell death reduction; restoration of decreased beta-receptor density due to chronic adrenergic activation, allowing the myocardium to respond to the stimulation of endogenous catecholamines, resulting in a symptomatic improvement and better tolerance to exercises, considerable increase in stimulatory G-protein levels (Gs), with higher adenylyl cyclase activity, higher energy production and more efficiency of contractile units; reduction of rennin secretion levels through the sympathetic blocking, mimicking the action of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and preventing the escape of angiotensin II suppression by the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; barorreflex function improvement, decreased aortic impedance (post-load) and circulatory efficiency improvement; heart failure decrease, with lower oxygen consumption by the myocardium, improved diastolic function, increased coronary flow and decreased ischemia, ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death.</p>
      <p>Metoprolol is a selective, lipophilic blocker, with no intrinsic sympaticomimetic activity. Among the beta-blockers, metoprolol was the first one to be used and the most studied in patients with HF. Several non-controlled studies were carried out before the first randomized study with beta-blocker in patients with HF was published by Anderson et al<sup>6</sup>. </p>
      <p>In patients with HF, metoprolol improves cardiac function, left ventricular remodeling, exercise capacity and decreases HF symptoms<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
      <p>The study by Engelmeier et al<sup>8</sup> showed that patients receiving metoprolol improved their exercise capacity in 3 METS and NYHA functional class. However, the small sample size (9 patients in the metoprolol group and 16 in the placebo group) and other design problems made its results difficult to interpret and were little convincing. Cucchini et al<sup>9</sup> studied metoprolol action in 20 patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, who were followed for a six-month period. Patients in the metoprolol group presented functional class improvement, left ventricular ejection fraction increase from 34&#177;12% to 44&#177;11%(p&lt;0.001); end systolic volume as well as capillary pressure were reduced. These results were not observed in the placebo group.</p>
      <p>The MDC study<sup>10</sup> was the first broad study carried out with metoprolol. Three hundred and eighty-three patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy were enrolled; 94% of them were functional class II or III (NYHA). The primary aim of this study was a combined objective (mortality and transplant necessity). There was a 34% reduction of transplant necessity (p&lt;0.058); however, there was no alteration regarding mortality. The follow-up showed a significant functional improvement of functional class in the metoprolol group, and the number of patients who needed hospitalization was smaller in the metoprolol group compared to the placebo group, although this number was non-significant. </p>
      <p>The beneficial hemodynamic effects of metoprolol tartrate in patients with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy were evaluated by Eichhorn et al<sup>11</sup>: 24 patients underwent catheterism before and after three months of metoprolol therapy (n=15) or placebo (n=9), in addition to the usual therapy. In the metoprolol group, there was an increase of the left ventricular ejection fraction with no increase of myocardial oxygen consumption, suggesting myocardial efficiency improvement.</p>
      <p>Fisher et al<sup>7</sup> studied 50 patient with HF associated to coronary artery disease. After a six-month period, metoprolol promoted a decrease in the number of hospital admissions, improvement of functional class, exercise capacity and increase of ejection fraction. The RESOLVD<sup>12</sup> study included 426 patients with HF due to multiple causes. The study utilized a 3x2 factorial design with a two-stage randomization. At stage I, patients were randomized to receive candesartan, enalapril or a combination. At stage II, the patients were randomized to receive 200 mg/day of metoprolol or placebo. Metoprolol did not affect the results of the six-minute walk test, functional class (NYHA) and quality of life. However, there was a significant improvement in left ventricular function, with reduction of left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes and increase of the left ventricular ejection fraction in the metoprolol group when compared to the placebo group. </p>
      <p>In spite of the evidence pointing to the beneficial effects of metoprolol use in patients with HF, the MERITI-HF study was the one that definitely demonstrated the unquestionable resulting decrease in mortality in patients with HF<sup>5</sup>. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of metoprolol on mortality and a combined objective of total mortality and all reasons for hospital admission, with secondary objectives of hospitalization, symptoms, functional class (NYHA) and quality of life. The study was planned to last two years, being interrupted prematurely after one year due to a precocious reduction in mortality. Three thousand, three hundred and ninety-one patients in HF, with functional class II to IV (NYHA) and left ventricular ejection fraction &lt; 40% were studied. Patients were randomized to receive metoprolol or placebo, with a goal of 200 mg/day of metoprolol. The galenic formulation of metoprolol utilized in this study - slow-release metoprolol succinate - was different from the one used in previous studies, such as MDC<sup>10</sup>, which utilized metoprolol tartrate. The first one ensures a constant plasma concentration with a 24-hour administration interval. The release velocity does not depend on physiological factors such as pH or peristalsis. Due to the lack of plasma concentration peaks, the clinical selectivity to beta-1 receptors is increased, when compared to the conventional formulations of selective beta-blockers.</p>
      <p>These studies have demonstrated that metoprolol use improves functional class, left ventricular function, and prognosis regarding mortality and necessity of hospitalization, regardless of the HF etiology. Nonetheless, it is not possible to state that the efficacy differences observed in these studies are due to the difference between the formulations utilized (tartrate or succinate), as there have been no studies that directly compared these two formulations. </p>
      <p>The COMET<sup>13</sup> study was a multicentric, randomized and double-blind study designed to directly compare the effects of carvedilol and metoprolol therapies on survival and morbidity of individuals with systolic HF and LVEF <underline>&lt;</underline> 35%. Its main hypothesis was an increased benefit of carvedilol use when compared to metoprolol tartrate in such patients, as carvedilol is a non-selective beta-blocker (BB), with varied potentially favorable actions, such as a-receptor inhibition, higher anti-ischemic effect, apoptosis inhibition and antioxidant action<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>The results of COMET<sup>13</sup> showed that carvedilol therapy significantly reduced (17% decrease) the death risk due to all the causes related to metoprolol, with an absolute decrease of 5.7% in 5-year mortality rate. Annual mortality was 10% for the metoprolol group and 8.3% for the carvedilol group. Although the combined analysis of outcome (total mortality or hospital admission due to any cause) numerically favored carvedilol, no statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups.</p>
      <p>Therefore, some considerations must be made in face of the reported superiority of carvedilol when compared to metoprolol tartrate in the COMET study<sup>13</sup>: initially, the annual mortality rate reported for the metoprolol group in this study (10%) seems high, when compared to those reported in recent clinical trials that evaluated the effect of BB in HF morbi-mortality. The MERIT-HF<sup>5</sup> study, which tested metoprolol succinate versus placebo, showed that mortality in the BB group was 7.2%. The CIBIS II<sup>4</sup> study, comparing bisoprolol and placebo, showed an annual death rate in the bisoprolol group of 8.8%. These rates seem closer to the annual mortality rate described for the carvedilol group in the COMET<sup>13</sup> study itself (8.3%). Additionally, it was observed that the mean daily dose of metoprolol (85 mg) achieved in the COMET<sup>13</sup> study was lower than the ones utilized in previous clinical trials<sup>5,10. </sup></p>
      <p>The Metoprolol Dilated Cardiomyopathy (MDC)<sup>10 </sup>study utilized a "real" mean dose of metoprolol tartrate of 108 mg/day (target dose: 100-150 md/day), resulting in a mean cardiac frequency (CF) reduction of 15 bpm, quite better compared to the CF reduction observed in the COMET<sup>13</sup> study (11.7 bpm). </p>
      <p>As for the MERIT-HF<sup>5</sup> study, the largest metoprolol trial in HF, the drug tested was slow-release metoprolol succinate, at a "real" mean dose of 159 mg in a single administration, which is equivalent to 106 mg/day of metoprolol tartrate, the formulation utilized in the COMET<sup>13</sup> and MDC<sup>10</sup> studies. With this dose, the authors of MERIT-HF<sup>5</sup> reported a mean reduction of 14 bpm in HF at rest, also higher to the one reported in the COMET<sup>13</sup> study. Regarding carvedilol, on the other hand, the decrease of 13.3 bpm in HF at rest after 4 months of treatment was achieved with a "real" mean daily dose of 41.8 mg<sup>13</sup>, which is similar to the results of the US carvedilol study <sup>3</sup>(45 mg/day dose and decrease of 13 bpm at HF), which was the basis for the definition of the target-dose of carvedilol for the COMET<sup>13 </sup>study. </p>
      <p>The extent to which these differences in metoprolol doses utilized or even the formulation chosen (metoprolol succinate was not available yet when the COMET<sup>13 </sup>study was initiated) have influenced the results in favor of carvedilol cannot be assured. </p>
      <p>Our results demonstrate that the addition of metoprolol tartrate to the usual therapy in patients with HF promote cardiac frequency reduction, increase of the left ventricular ejection fraction, decrease of the ventricular diameters and functional class improvement, with no alteration of plasma noradrenaline and sodium levels.</p>
      <p>Regarding the functional class (NYHA), 28% of the patients were class II, 40% were class III and 32% were class IV. There was a significant improvement in functional class, with six patients presenting no symptomatic improvement.</p>
      <p>The distribution of patients according to the functional class was concordant with the literature for classes II and III. Regarding functional class IV, the number of patients found was higher than that observed in other literature studies. This fact is probably due to the difficult access to specialized cardiology services in our country, which causes patients to present at advanced HF stages.</p>
      <p>There was left ventricular function improvement with a significant increase of the ejection fraction at the radionuclide ventriculography with the addition of metoprolol tartrate to the usual therapy in patients with HF, which is in agreement with literature<sup>15</sup>. This LVEF increase with the use of beta-blockers has been higher than the ones observed with other therapeutic interventions in HF.</p>
      <p>This improvement is frequently, but not uniformly associated with the decrease in left ventricular-end systolic and diastolic diameters<sup>16</sup>. In our study, we observed a significant decrease in both ventricular diameters at the end of the six-month follow-up. This favorable effect was achieved earlier, at the end of the third month, and was maintained until the end of the sixth month. </p>
      <p>In this study, plasma noradrenaline levels were observed, with basal values of 758.60&#177;6211 pg. These are elevated values, which predict an adverse evolution. Several studies<sup>17,18</sup> have demonstrated the prognostic value of plasma noradrenaline concentrations. The study by Cohn et al<sup>17</sup> showed values between 400 and 800 ng/ml, which were related to high mortality. It is important to point out that the prognostic significance of noradrenaline depends on the population studied, being higher in those populations of patients that have reached advanced disease stages<sup>18</sup>. </p>
      <p>In this series, the patients with functional class IV (NYHA) presented the highest plasma noradrenaline levels. In addition, noradrenaline levels showed to be associated to other HF severity indexes, such as ejection fraction and left ventricular-end systolic and diastolic diameters. </p>
      <p>A non-significant decrease of noradrenaline levels was observed between the start of follow-up and the end of the third month, which returned to pre-treatment levels at the end of the sixth month. These results are similar to those obtained by Satostasi et al<sup>19</sup>, Gilbert et al<sup>20 </sup>and Tjeerdsma et al<sup>21</sup>, who utilized metoprolol in patients with HF for a period of six months, with no resulting significant alterations in noradrenaline levels. As beta-blockers interfere with the action of an endogenous neuroendocrine system at cellular level, the hormonal benefits of these drugs may not be evident through the measurement of circulating catecholamines. Serum catecholamine levels may remain unaltered or decrease during beta-blocker use<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>An approximate 15% CF reduction was observed at the end of the sixth month of follow-up, and this reduction had been observed earlier, at the end of the third month of follow-up of metoprolol tartrate use. This fact demonstrates the evident beta-adrenergic blocking effect. These results are in accordance with other studies in literature, which have demonstrated CF decrease in patients receiving beta-blocker therapy<sup>4,5</sup>. </p>
      <p> This study presents some limitations, the main one being the absence of a control group. However, the fact that metoprolol tartrate therapy results in symptom improvement, decrease of ventricular diameters and ejection fraction increase is concordant with the outcomes demonstrated in previous placebo-controlled studies. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>CONCLUSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The use of metoprolol tartrate in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy was followed by functional class (NYHA) improvement, left ventricular ejection fraction increase, left ventricular-end systolic and diastolic diameter decrease and HF reduction. There was no alteration in serum noradrenaline levels. </p>
      <p>As there is no evidence in literature showing mortality reduction in patients with HF, metoprolol tartrate must be used concomitantly with one of the three beta-blockers approved for HF (carvedilol, bisoprolol or metoprolol succinate) until further studies have better established the potential differences in the clinical effects of beta-blockers in HF.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence:</p>
          <p> Jos&#233; Albuquerque de Figueiredo Neto</p>
          <p> Rua Eng. Ruy Ribeiro Mesquita</p>
          <p> Ed. Dom Gabriel apto. 402</p>
          <p> 65075-260 &#150; S&#227;o Luiz, MA - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="jafneto@cardiol.br">jafneto@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 07/03/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 10/17/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
