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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">WW4zcNJdqNdHjcMcNTHSfYk</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00015</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001600015</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700315</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001600015</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Par&#226;metros diretos do duplex scan no diagn&#243;stico da estenose da art&#233;ria renal: estudo de valida&#231;&#227;o e otimiza&#231;&#227;o dos pontos de corte</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Motta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xavier</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Salles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopez</surname>
            <given-names>Gaudencio Espinosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brunini</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana Marlowe Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Radiologia </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Amil</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Total Care </institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>321</fpage>
      <lpage>328</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Testar o desempenho dos par&#226;metros diretos do duplex scan no diagn&#243;stico da estenose da art&#233;ria renal (EAR) e verificar se os pontos de corte recomendados pela literatura s&#227;o os mais adequados para se discriminar a gravidade da les&#227;o. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo prospectivo, incluindo 62 pacientes portadores de EAR, submetidos ao duplex scan, seguido da arteriografia seletiva. O pico de velocidade sist&#243;lico (PVS) e a rela&#231;&#227;o renal-aorta (RRA) foram mensurados. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica incluiu a curva ROC (receiver operating characteristic curve), t test student n&#227;o pareado a sensibilidade, especificidade, os valores preditivos positivo e negativo, e a acur&#225;cia. RESULTADOS: A arteriografia revelou EAR 0-59% em 31 art&#233;rias (24%); EAR 60-99% em 91 art&#233;rias (72%) e 5 oclus&#245;es (4%). A an&#225;lise de ROC mostrou que o PVS e a RRA apresentaram desempenho semelhante na detec&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o, cujas &#225;reas sob as curvas foram 0,96 e 0,95, respectivamente. Considerando os pontos de corte recomendados pela literatura, o PVS de 180 cm/s apresentou sensibilidade de 100% e especificidade de 81%, enquanto que a RRA de 3,5 apresentou sensibilidade de somente 79%, com 93% de especificidade. Estes par&#226;metros foram analisados de forma conjugada (crit&#233;rio direto), revelando 79% de sensibilidade e 97% de especificidade. Os pontos de corte otimizados foram: PVS de 189 cm/s e RRA de 2,6, demonstrando 100%, 87%, 96% e 87% de sensibilidade e especificidade para o PVS e para a RRA, respectivamente. CONCLUS&#195;O: O uso isolado do PVS otimizado apresentou o melhor desempenho na detec&#231;&#227;o e na gradua&#231;&#227;o da EAR.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Estenose da art&#233;ria renal</kwd>
        <kwd>duplex scan</kwd>
        <kwd>pico de velocidade sist&#243;lico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGOS ORIGINAIS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Par&#226;metros diretos do <italic><bold>duplex scan</bold></italic> no diagn&#243;stico da estenose da art&#233;ria renal. Estudo de valida&#231;&#227;o e otimiza&#231;&#227;o dos pontos de corte</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Carla Motta Cardoso<sup>I, II</sup>; S&#233;rgio Salles Xavier<sup>I</sup>; Gaudencio Espinosa Lopez<sup>I</sup>; Tatiana Marlowe Cunha Brunini<sup>II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Radiologia da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Total Care - Amil - Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Testar o desempenho dos par&#226;metros diretos do <italic>duplex scan</italic> no diagn&#243;stico da estenose da art&#233;ria renal (EAR) e verificar se os pontos de corte recomendados pela literatura s&#227;o os mais adequados para se discriminar a gravidade da les&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Estudo prospectivo, incluindo 62 pacientes portadores de EAR, submetidos ao duplex scan, seguido da arteriografia seletiva. O pico de velocidade sist&#243;lico (PVS) e a rela&#231;&#227;o renal-aorta (RRA) foram mensurados. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica incluiu a curva ROC (receiver operating characteristic curve), <italic>t test student</italic> n&#227;o pareado a sensibilidade, especificidade, os valores preditivos positivo e negativo, e a acur&#225;cia. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>A arteriografia revelou EAR 0-59% em 31 art&#233;rias (24%); EAR 60-99% em 91 art&#233;rias (72%) e 5 oclus&#245;es (4%). A an&#225;lise de ROC mostrou que o PVS e a RRA apresentaram desempenho semelhante na detec&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o, cujas &#225;reas sob as curvas foram 0,96 e 0,95, respectivamente. Considerando os pontos de corte recomendados pela literatura, o PVS de 180 cm/s apresentou sensibilidade de 100% e especificidade de 81%, enquanto que a RRA de 3,5 apresentou sensibilidade de somente 79%, com 93% de especificidade. Estes par&#226;metros foram analisados de forma conjugada (crit&#233;rio direto), revelando 79% de sensibilidade e 97% de especificidade. Os pontos de corte otimizados foram: PVS de 189 cm/s e RRA de 2,6, demonstrando 100%, 87%, 96% e 87% de sensibilidade e especificidade para o PVS e para a RRA, respectivamente. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>O uso isolado do PVS otimizado apresentou o melhor desempenho na detec&#231;&#227;o e na gradua&#231;&#227;o da EAR.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Estenose da art&#233;ria renal, duplex scan, pico de velocidade sist&#243;lico.</p>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; considerada a doen&#231;a mais prevalente do mundo, acometendo cerca de 10-20% da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta <sup>1 </sup>e aproximadamente 50% da popula&#231;&#227;o a partir da s&#233;tima d&#233;cada de vida <sup>2</sup>. Cerca de 5-10% apresentam hipertens&#227;o arterial secund&#225;ria <sup>3</sup>, podendo alcan&#231;ar 50% numa popula&#231;&#227;o de hipertensos com quadro cl&#237;nico bem definido <sup>4</sup>. A estenose da art&#233;ria renal &#233; a causa mais freq&#252;ente de hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria e a de mais simples identifica&#231;&#227;o <sup>5</sup>. Excetuando-se o uso de anticoncepcionais orais, &#233; a causa de hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria que melhor responde ao tratamento, podendo ser mais facilmente controlada, ou at&#233; mesmo curada, com a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica <sup>6</sup>. Mais de 90% das estenoses das art&#233;rias renais s&#227;o causadas por aterosclerose obliterante (AEO) e, uma minoria, causada por fibrodisplasia muscular (FDM) <sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Aproximadamente um quarto dos pacientes com EAR pode evoluir para nefropatia isqu&#234;mica <sup>8</sup>. Estima-se que cerca de 20% de todos os pacientes em fase terminal da insufici&#234;ncia renal, em programa de hemodi&#225;lise permanente, tiveram a hipertens&#227;o renovascular como a causa da insufici&#234;ncia renal <sup>9</sup>. Desta forma, todo paciente com hipertens&#227;o arterial e insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica progressiva deve ser investigado, para excluir a hip&#243;tese de hipertens&#227;o renovascular (HRV) e evitar, assim, que o dano renal evolua irreversivelmente para a atrofia<sup>10</sup>. </p>
    <p>Atualmente, uma variedade de testes diagn&#243;sticos para o rastreamento da EAR est&#225; cada vez mais dispon&#237;vel. Um exame de triagem deve ser, preferencialmente, in&#243;cuo, de baixo custo, que dispense o uso de contraste nefrot&#243;xico ou de radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante e, sobretudo, que apresente alta sensibilidade, com elevado valor preditivo negativo<sup>11</sup>. </p>
    <p>A aplica&#231;&#227;o do <italic>duplex scan</italic> para investiga&#231;&#227;o da EAR come&#231;ou a ser empregada h&#225; pouco mais de duas d&#233;cadas, ap&#243;s o sucesso obtido no estudo das car&#243;tidas e na avalia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria dos transplantes renais<sup>12-15</sup>. Seu emprego foi poss&#237;vel gra&#231;as ao desenvolvimento dos transdutores de baixa freq&#252;&#234;ncia e &#224;s modernas t&#233;cnicas de processamento de imagem, que permitiram a detec&#231;&#227;o dos vasos abdominais mais profundos<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Inicialmente, alguns crit&#233;rios para a detec&#231;&#227;o da EAR se basearam nos par&#226;metros utilizados para a avalia&#231;&#227;o das car&#243;tidas como, por exemplo, o PVS maior que 100 cm/s, a aus&#234;ncia do fluxo durante a di&#225;stole, e o borramento do Doppler espectral durante a s&#237;stole (equivalente &#224; turbul&#234;ncia no modo colorido)<sup>12</sup>, entre outros. Posteriormente, pesquisadores da Universidade de Washington propuseram um novo crit&#233;rio de avalia&#231;&#227;o da EAR, atrav&#233;s da rela&#231;&#227;o renal-aorta (RRA) de 3,5<sup>6,15-17</sup>, e do pico de velocidade sist&#243;lico (PVS) de 180 cm/s<sup>15,18</sup>. Tais crit&#233;rios foram aceitos e amplamente utilizados por diversas publica&#231;&#245;es, at&#233; os dias de hoje, gerando um abandono dos demais crit&#233;rios.</p>
    <p>Atualmente, com o emprego da curva ROC na radiologia novos estudos est&#227;o sendo publicados a fim de testar os pontos de corte estabelecidos pela literatura, abrindo uma nova frente de debate a respeito da sua validade. Assim, este trabalho se prop&#244;s a testar, atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise de ROC, o desempenho dos par&#226;metros diretos do <italic>duplex scan</italic>, no diagn&#243;stico da EAR e verificar se os pontos de corte recomendados pela literatura s&#227;o os mais adequados para discriminar a gravidade da les&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este &#233; um estudo prospectivo, realizado atrav&#233;s de um estudo inter-institucional, entre o Departamento de Radiologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro e o setor de Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem do <italic>Total Care</italic>. Aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Medicina da UFRJ.</p>
    <p>O estudo foi realizado num per&#237;odo compreendido entre agosto de 2002 a agosto de 2004. Foram investigados 78 pacientes e 159 art&#233;rias renais. Os pacientes foram provenientes de duas diferentes origens. Sessenta e tr&#234;s pacientes foram encaminhados pela cirurgia vascular ap&#243;s a detec&#231;&#227;o de EAR 60-99%, diagnosticada pela arteriografia convencional. A hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica de tais pacientes ou era de claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente e m&#250;ltiplos fatores de risco para doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, ou era para investiga&#231;&#227;o de EAR. E a minoria constou de 15 pacientes encaminhados pela cl&#237;nica cardiol&#243;gica, com hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o refrat&#225;ria, em uso de tr&#234;s ou mais drogas anti-hipertensivas, com ou sem fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular, sendo considerados, ent&#227;o, como de alta probabilidade pr&#233;-teste para EAR. </p>
    <p>O <italic>duplex scan</italic> foi realizado em todos os pacientes, sendo que, no grupo dos pacientes que apresentavam a arteriografia convencional, o m&#233;dico ecografista n&#227;o dispunha do conhecimento pr&#233;vio desta, nem do lado comprometido, nem da gravidade da les&#227;o. E no segundo grupo, dos pacientes sem arteriografia convencional, somente aqueles que apresentavam <italic>duplex scan</italic> positivo (EAR 60-99%) foram encaminhados para a confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica, pela arteriografia seletiva. Desta forma, foram inclu&#237;dos, no estudo, 62 pacientes (127 art&#233;rias renais) com estenose grave (EAR 60-99%) em pelo menos um dos lados.</p>
    <p>O crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o foi a aus&#234;ncia de EAR 60-99% em pelo menos uma das art&#233;rias renais (pois estes pacientes n&#227;o teriam indica&#231;&#227;o para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da arteriografia seletiva). Al&#233;m destes, foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes cujos exames de <italic>duplex scan</italic> n&#227;o obedeceram ao protocolo proposto para o estudo; assim como os pacientes com hist&#243;ria de cirurgias pr&#233;vias, por angioplastia com coloca&#231;&#227;o de stent, ou por revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria renal. </p>
    <p>Os exames de duplex scan foram realizados pelo mesmo m&#233;dico ecografista, um dos autores do presente trabalho (CMC), utilizando o equipamento da marca Hewlett Packard, modelo sonus 4.500 e transdutores setorial de 1,8 &#150; 4,0 MHz e convexo de 3,0 &#150; 3,5 MHz. O preparo do paciente foi jejum absoluto de 12 horas. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; arteriografia seletiva (exame padr&#227;o), com at&#233; tr&#234;s meses de realiza&#231;&#227;o do <italic>duplex scan</italic>, devido &#224; indica&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica de angioplastia percut&#226;nea. Cada arteriografia foi avaliada por dois observadores, de forma independente, um deles co-autor do presente trabalho (GEL). A gradua&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o foi realizada atrav&#233;s da observa&#231;&#227;o visual, sendo efetuada a mensura&#231;&#227;o quantitativa (pelos tra&#231;ados pr&#243;prios do programa computacional) somente nos casos de estenoses lim&#237;trofes ou discordantes. Os achados da arteriografia foram classificados em tr&#234;s grupos: art&#233;ria normal ou com les&#227;o de leve a moderada (EAR 0-59%); estenose grave (EAR 60-99%) e oclus&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Par&#226;metros analisados: PVS e RRA - O protocolo de realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame foi iniciar a abordagem transabdominal, no dec&#250;bito dorsal, para a visualiza&#231;&#227;o da aorta e dos &#243;stios das art&#233;rias renais e, em seguida, a abordagem atrav&#233;s dos flancos, nos dec&#250;bitos laterais direito e esquerdo, para a detec&#231;&#227;o dos trajetos das art&#233;rias renais at&#233; os hilos.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o incluiu a detec&#231;&#227;o do maior PVS, ao longo de todo o trajeto da art&#233;ria renal, sob o &#226;ngulo de incid&#234;ncia do Doppler fixado a 60&#186;. O ponto de corte recomendado pela literatura, de 180 cm/s <sup>15,18,19</sup>, foi considerado para discriminar a gravidade da les&#227;o (EAR 60-99%).</p>
    <p>Entende-se por RRA a raz&#227;o entre o PVS detectado na art&#233;ria renal, pelo PVS na aorta. O ponto de corte recomendado pela literatura da RRA de 3,5 <sup>6,15-19</sup> foi considerado para a gradua&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o em 60-99%. O PVS (sob o &#226;ngulo de insona&#231;&#227;o fixado a 60&#186;), na aorta, foi obtido num espa&#231;o compreendido entre as origens das art&#233;rias mesent&#233;rica superior e das renais, afastando-se tanto quanto poss&#237;vel da presen&#231;a de dilata&#231;&#245;es ou estenoses locais da aorta. O PVS e a RRA foram analisados, de forma conjugada, no chamado crit&#233;rio direto e, posteriormente, foram calculados os resultados de cada vari&#225;vel, isoladamente. Para a classifica&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da estenose, foram adotados os crit&#233;rios de Strandness e cols., conforme demonstrado no <xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr">quadro 1</xref> <sup>18,19</sup>. A oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria renal foi considerada, quando nenhum sinal de fluxo foi obtido ao longo do seu trajeto e a mensura&#231;&#227;o do comprimento longitudinal do rim foi inferior a 9,0 cm <sup>18,19</sup>.</p>
    <fig id="qdr">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0321-00015-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>N&#227;o foi objetivo do presente estudo a inclus&#227;o da an&#225;lise da art&#233;ria renal acess&#243;ria, exceto nos casos em que havia oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria renal principal, com o fluxo se fazendo atrav&#233;s de uma art&#233;ria acess&#243;ria p&#233;rvia.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada atrav&#233;s do programa computacional Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do <italic>t test student</italic> n&#227;o pareado, foi poss&#237;vel a compara&#231;&#227;o entre as m&#233;dias e os desvios padr&#245;es (DP) de cada par&#226;metro do duplex scan, na avalia&#231;&#227;o da estenose da art&#233;ria renal, possibilitando analisar o desempenho de cada um na detec&#231;&#227;o e na gradua&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o. Todas as diferen&#231;as foram consideradas estatisticamente significantes, quando P &lt; ,005. A curva Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) permitiu a an&#225;lise de cada par&#226;metro testado, possibilitando a avalia&#231;&#227;o das &#225;reas sob as curvas e a otimiza&#231;&#227;o dos respectivos pontos de corte. Os c&#225;lculos da sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo e acur&#225;cia foram realizados para cada par&#226;metro, isoladamente, e de forma conjugada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, foram avaliadas pelo duplex scan e pela arteriografia seletiva, 127 art&#233;rias renais em 62 pacientes. A amostra contou com 37 mulheres (60%) e 25 homens (40%). As idades variaram entre 22 e 86 anos (m&#233;dia 66,9 anos &#177; 10,9). Foi obtida uma taxa de sucesso t&#233;cnico de 100% na detec&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria renal, pelo duplex scan. Os resultados da arteriografia foram listados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0321-00015-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O comprometimento bilateral de 60-99% esteve presente em 28 pacientes (45%). Houve um caso (1,6%) de EAR 60-99%, numa paciente com rim &#250;nico solit&#225;rio (com hist&#243;ria de nefrectomia pr&#233;via, devido a atrofia renal). Dos cinco pacientes que apresentavam oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria renal, dois rins eram supridos por art&#233;ria renal acess&#243;ria. Nos outros dois pacientes, a art&#233;ria renal acess&#243;ria localizava-se no rim contra-lateral &#224; oclus&#227;o, somando quatro casos de art&#233;rias renais acess&#243;rias. As demais art&#233;rias renais acess&#243;rias n&#227;o foram contabilizadas e, portanto, n&#227;o entraram no c&#225;lculo das vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas. Assim, foram inclu&#237;das na planilha de c&#225;lculo as 118 art&#233;rias renais principais e as quatro art&#233;rias renais acess&#243;rias, excluindo-se as cinco oclus&#245;es, num total de 122 art&#233;rias. </p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; etiologia da les&#227;o, a aterosclerose obliterante (AEO) esteve presente em 55 pacientes (89%) e a fibrodisplasia muscular (FDM) em 7 pacientes (11%). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref> mostra a ocorr&#234;ncia da estenose conforme a idade, o sexo, os fatores de risco e os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da ur&#233;ia e creatinina, de acordo com a etiologia da les&#227;o:</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0321-00015-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Par&#226;metros analisados: PVS e RRA</p>
    <p>O PVS e a RRA apresentaram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos dos pacientes com EAR 0-59% e EAR 60-99% (P &lt; 0,005), como mostra a <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0321-00015-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de ROC revelou que o PVS e a RRA apresentaram &#225;reas semelhantes abaixo da curva, isto &#233;, de 0,96 e 0,95, respectivamente (quando a maior &#225;rea poss&#237;vel foi definida como 1,0). A an&#225;lise de ROC proporcionou a otimiza&#231;&#227;o dos pontos de corte do PVS de 189 cm/s da RRA de 2,6, como mostram a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref> e a <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabela 4</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0321-00015-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0321-00015-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os resultados foram analisados isoladamente com os diferentes pontos de corte. O PVS foi o par&#226;metro que melhor atendeu no diagn&#243;stico da les&#227;o, apresentando 100% de sensibilidade para ambos os pontos de corte de 180 e de 189 cm/ s, e especificidade de 81% e 87%, respectivamente. O ponto de corte da RRA de 3,5 apresentou baixa sensibilidade (79%) e alta especificidade (93%), havendo uma acentuada melhora ap&#243;s a otimiza&#231;&#227;o deste. Estes resultados foram listados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tabela 5</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0321-00015-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de ROC mostrou que a an&#225;lise conjugada do crit&#233;rio direto foi beneficiada ap&#243;s a otimiza&#231;&#227;o dos pontos de corte, como listado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">tabela 6</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0321-00015-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">Figura 2</xref> mostra um exemplo de uma paciente do sexo feminino, de 78 anos, com hist&#243;ria de diabetes e dislipidemia e agravamento s&#250;bito da hipertens&#227;o arterial tornando-se refrat&#225;ria ao uso das tr&#234;s medica&#231;&#245;es anti-hipertensivas vigentes. O <italic>duplex scan</italic> colorido detectou estenose ostial da art&#233;ria renal direita com PVS = 392 cm/s e RRA = 2,7. Considerando os pontos de corte recomendados pela literatura, esta estenose se enquadraria no grupo de EAR 0-59%. Entretanto, a arteriografia seletiva revelou EAR 60-99%. Este resultado falso negativo do <italic>duplex scan</italic>, com os pontos de corte recomendados pela literatura, demonstra o elevado limite da RRA de 3,5.</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0321-00015-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo revelou tr&#234;s achados de especial interesse: 1) os pontos de corte determinados pela curva ROC tiveram um desempenho diagn&#243;stico significativamente superior aos recomendados pela literatura, principalmente em refer&#234;ncia &#224; RRA. 2) o PVS foi o par&#226;metro isolado que apresentou melhor desempenho no diagn&#243;stico e na gradua&#231;&#227;o da estenose da art&#233;ria renal. 3) a ado&#231;&#227;o de um crit&#233;rio direto, conjugado, melhorou a especificidade, com discreta queda na sensibilidade.</p>
    <p>Embora a HRV seja uma doen&#231;a de baixa preval&#234;ncia, a elevada preval&#234;ncia (75%) obtida na nossa casu&#237;stica foi devido &#224; inclus&#227;o seletiva dos pacientes portadores de EAR 60-99%, em pelo menos um dos lados. Como se sabe, uma baixa preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a cursa com um baixo valor preditivo positivo, o que pode n&#227;o garantir um bom resultado de qualquer que seja o teste de rastreamento, testado numa popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o selecionada de indiv&#237;duos <sup>11</sup>. Isto explica o elevado valor preditivo positivo (VPP) e o reduzido valor preditivo negativo (VPN) obtidos pelo crit&#233;rio direto, utilizando tanto os pontos de corte recomendados pela literatura, como os determinados pela curva ROC, neste estudo.</p>
    <p>Na d&#233;cada de 80, pesquisadores na Universidade de Washington estabeleceram, pela primeira vez, os par&#226;metros de avalia&#231;&#227;o do duplex scan, no estudo das art&#233;rias renais, que seriam utilizados at&#233; os dias de hoje. Inicialmente, constataram diferen&#231;as individuais das medidas de velocidade na aorta que implicariam em varia&#231;&#245;es destas velocidades nas art&#233;rias renais; desta forma, as medidas das velocidades nas art&#233;rias renais deveriam ser relacionadas com a velocidade do fluxo na aorta. Estes autores encontraram a RRA de 3,5 como limite para diagnosticar a estenose significante <sup>16</sup>, o que foi aceito posteriormente por outros pesquisadores <sup>6,15</sup>. </p>
    <p>Este mesmo grupo da Universidade de Washington realizou o <italic>duplex scan</italic> nas art&#233;rias renais de indiv&#237;duos h&#237;gidos, para constatar a varia&#231;&#227;o das velocidades normais nestas art&#233;rias, obtendo uma m&#233;dia do PVS de 100 cm/s &#177; 20 cm/s. Ressaltaram que devido &#224; angula&#231;&#227;o da emerg&#234;ncia da art&#233;ria renal, a partir da aorta, assim como da profundidade e do seu curso sinuoso, tornava-se dif&#237;cil a exata insona&#231;&#227;o do &#226;ngulo do Doppler sobre a sua origem, explicando a ampla varia&#231;&#227;o destas velocidades. Desta forma, para evitar resultados falsos positivos, o valor do PVS foi extrapolado para o limite de 180 cm/ s, que representava mais de duas vezes o desvio-padr&#227;o acima dos valores normais obtidos nos indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis <sup>18</sup>. </p>
    <p>A partir destes estudos, diversas publica&#231;&#245;es passaram a testar a acur&#225;cia do <italic>duplex scan</italic> no diagn&#243;stico da EAR, utilizando os par&#226;metros e os pontos de corte por eles recomendados. Infelizmente, nesta &#233;poca, a an&#225;lise de ROC era pouco empregada na radiologia, sendo os pontos de corte determinados pelas m&#233;dias e DP. At&#233; hoje, estes s&#227;o amplamente aceitos e poucos s&#227;o os estudos de valida&#231;&#227;o e otimiza&#231;&#227;o destes limites.</p>
    <p>Par&#226;metros analisados: A taxa de sucesso t&#233;cnico na detec&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias renais foi de 100%, em concord&#226;ncia com a taxa de sucesso de recentes estudos (95-100%)<sup>20,21</sup>. Os valores da m&#233;dia &#177; DP do PVS na art&#233;ria renal apresentaram uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (p &lt; 0,005) entre os grupos com EAR 0-59% e EAR 60-99% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>), de acordo com os resultados obtidos em diversas publica&#231;&#245;es <sup>22-24</sup>.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, a curva ROC mostrou que o PVS e a RRA apresentaram desempenhos similares, evidenciados pelas &#225;reas sob as curvas, de 0,96 e 0,95, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). Embora as &#225;reas sob as curvas n&#227;o tenham apresentado diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante, o PVS foi o par&#226;metro que melhor diferenciou as estenoses de 0-59% das estenoses de 60-99%, devido a sua excelente sensibilidade (100%). O ponto de corte &#243;timo, determinado pela curva ROC de 189 cm/ s, mostrou &#150;se mais apropriado do que o recomendado pela literatura, pois manteve a sensibilidade de 100%, elevando a especificidade e acur&#225;cia deste par&#226;metro (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. 4</xref>).</p>
    <p>A RRA na avalia&#231;&#227;o da EAR 60-99% apresentou valores m&#233;dios de 5,46 &#177; 2,67 (p &lt; ,005), observando-se, entretanto, uma superposi&#231;&#227;o consider&#225;vel dos valores entre os grupos com EAR 0-59% e 60-99% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>). Estes resultados corroboram com os achados de Baumgartner e cols. que, examinando a reprodutibilidade do m&#233;todo em indiv&#237;duos h&#237;gidos, mostraram que a RRA apresentou m&#233;dia de 0,85 &#177; 0,41, sugerindo que valores inferiores a 3,5 poderiam estar associados a estenose significativa da art&#233;ria renal, sem perder a especificidade do m&#233;todo <sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora a RRA de 3,5 tenha propiciado elevada especificidade (93%), ela provocou consider&#225;vel perda na sensibilidade (79%). O ponto de corte &#243;timo, determinado pela curva ROC de 2,6 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. 4</xref>) permitiu aumentar a sensibilidade (96%) e a acur&#225;cia (93%) deste par&#226;metro, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ponto de corte recomendado pela literatura (79% e 83%, respectivamente). Al&#233;m disto, beneficiou tamb&#233;m o VPN deste par&#226;metro, sem interferir no VPP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tab. 5</xref>).</p>
    <p>Uma cuidadosa an&#225;lise dos dados permitiu reconhecer que o limitado desempenho da RRA correspondeu &#224; acentuada variabilidade do denominador usado para o seu c&#225;lculo. Aqueles pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e aneurisma da aorta abdominal apresentaram reduzido PVS na aorta e, portanto, elevados &#237;ndices de RRA. Em contrapartida, os pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva aorto-il&#237;aca apresentaram valores de PVS na aorta mais altos e, conseq&#252;entemente, menores &#237;ndices de RRA. Por esta raz&#227;o, estes resultados sugerem que o uso da RRA, como par&#226;metro isolado para diagnosticar a EAR de 60-99%, n&#227;o oferece nenhuma vantagem, quando comparado ao uso isolado do PVS na art&#233;ria renal.</p>
    <p>A reduzida sensibilidade (79%) e a elevada especificidade (97%) demonstradas pelo crit&#233;rio direto (PVS e RRA conjugados) com os pontos de corte recomendados pela literatura, tamb&#233;m foram explicadas pelo comportamento espec&#237;fico da RRA. No entanto, os pontos de corte determinados pela curva ROC se revelaram mais adequados por aumentar a sensibilidade, sem acarretar d&#233;ficit expressivo na especificidade deste crit&#233;rio. Al&#233;m disto, melhorou o VPN, diminuindo o n&#250;mero de falsos negativos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">tab. 6</xref>).</p>
    <p>Como se sabe, &#233; mais importante para o cl&#237;nico o resultado positivo de um teste sens&#237;vel <sup>25,</sup> pois um teste de rastreamento deve ser, por excel&#234;ncia, o de mais elevada sensibilidade, com o mais alto VPN. Desta forma, o PVS foi o par&#226;metro de melhor desempenho na avalia&#231;&#227;o da EAR nesta casu&#237;stica, devido &#224; sensibilidade de 100%, ao VPN de 100% e &#224; acur&#225;cia de 97%.</p>
    <p>O ponto de corte do PVS, determinado pela curva ROC, no presente estudo (189 cm/s), superior ao recomendado pela literatura (180 cm/s), corrobora com os obtidos em outros estudos publicados mais recentemente, os quais revelaram melhores resultados, elevando o ponto de corte do PVS para valores entre 198 - 220 cm/s <sup>22,26,27,28</sup>. Contrariamente a estes achados, Motew e cols. obtiveram melhores resultados com o ponto de corte de 180 cm/s do que com o de 200 cm/s <sup>23</sup> e Napoli e cols. preferiram o ponto de corte de 159 cm/s ao de 180 cm/s <sup>24,</sup> devido &#224;s maiores taxas de sensibilidade obtidas com estes limites.</p>
    <p>Nossos resultados mostraram que o ponto de corte &#243;timo da RRA, determinado pela curva ROC, foi inferior ao ponto de corte recomendado pela literatura. Este resultado est&#225; em acordo com os de outros autores, os quais tamb&#233;m demonstraram que a redu&#231;&#227;o do ponto de corte da RRA, para valores entre 2,5 &#150; 3,2, elevou a sua sensibilidade, diminuindo a ocorr&#234;ncia de falsos negativos <sup>24,26,27,28</sup>. Em contrapartida, Miralles e cols. demonstraram que a RRA com o ponto de corte de 3,3 apresentou baixa sensibilidade e que este par&#226;metro n&#227;o contribuiu para o diagn&#243;stico da les&#227;o, quando comparado ao uso isolado do PVS <sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, os pontos de corte determinados pela curva ROC favoreceram a eleva&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade do crit&#233;rio direto, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; baixa sensibilidade obtida, quando utilizados os pontos de corte recomendados pela literatura (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">tab. 6</xref>). Estes achados est&#227;o de acordo com os de Conkbayir e cols., os quais obtiveram maior sensibilidade com a combina&#231;&#227;o do PVS de 180 cm/s ou de 200 cm/s e a RRA de 3,0 (quando comparada &#224; sensibilidade obtida com os pontos de corte recomendados pela literatura), enfatizando que o que determinou a melhora nos resultados foi o decr&#233;scimo do ponto de corte da RRA <sup>28</sup>. O achados corroboram tamb&#233;m com o estudo de House e cols., que obtiveram melhores resultados com a combina&#231;&#227;o do PVS de 180 cm/s e da RRA de 3,0 <sup>27</sup>. Engelhorn e cols., embora tenham obtido alta taxa de sensibilidade, utilizando os pontos de corte recomendados pela literatura, assinalaram que, nos casos dos resultados falsos negativos, o PVS foi de aproximadamente 200 cm/s e a RRA inferior a 3,5<sup> 29</sup>.</p>
    <p>No nosso estudo, uma an&#225;lise comparativa entre o desempenho do crit&#233;rio direto otimizado e o desempenho isolado do PVS otimizado, permitiu-nos observar que este &#250;ltimo apresentou sensibilidade e acur&#225;cia superiores ao primeiro, demonstrando que a RRA desempenhou um papel de menor import&#226;ncia nesta casu&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>No diagn&#243;stico da oclus&#227;o, nosso estudo, demonstrou uma concord&#226;ncia com a arteriografia, em 3 dos 5 casos de oclus&#227;o (60%). Destas, 4 oclus&#245;es apresentavam fluxo pr&#243;ximo ao curso da art&#233;ria renal, proveniente de colateral desenvolvida. Este achado corrobora com os de outros pesquisadores que tamb&#233;m relataram a mesma limita&#231;&#227;o do <italic>duplex scan</italic>, no diagn&#243;stico da oclus&#227;o, devido &#224; detec&#231;&#227;o de fluxo de colateral, pr&#243;ximo ao trajeto da art&#233;ria renal oclu&#237;da <sup>16, 30, 31</sup>.</p>
    <p>Concluindo, o PVS otimizado foi o par&#226;metro de melhor desempenho para o diagn&#243;stico e gradua&#231;&#227;o da EAR, nesta casu&#237;stica. O ponto de corte da RRA, recomendado pela literatura, mostrou-se muito elevado para a discrimina&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da les&#227;o. Mesmo ap&#243;s a otimiza&#231;&#227;o do seu ponto de corte, o uso isolado da RRA apresentou valor inferior, quando comparado ao uso isolado do PVS e do crit&#233;rio direto otimizados. </p>
    <p>A elevada preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a nesta amostragem foi a principal limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo pois, como se sabe, al&#233;m de afetar os valores preditivos dos par&#226;metros testados, a alta preval&#234;ncia pode elevar, tamb&#233;m, o n&#250;mero de resultados falsos negativos. Desta forma, os resultados n&#227;o podem ser extrapolados para a popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, a qual apresenta uma baixa preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a. N&#243;s acreditamos que novas pesquisas dever&#227;o ser realizadas, a fim de testar se estes achados podem ser reproduzidos numa popula&#231;&#227;o com menor preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a e testar se a otimiza&#231;&#227;o dos pontos de corte poder&#225; reduzir o inaceit&#225;vel n&#250;mero de resultados falsos negativos do <italic>duplex scan</italic>, no diagn&#243;stico da EAR.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ao Dr. Dino Roberto Gomes &#150; Diretor M&#233;dico do Total Care &#150; por seu apoio na realiza&#231;&#227;o desta pesquisa.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>Carla Motta Cardoso </p>
        <p> Pra&#231;a Miguel Os&#243;rio, 120/209 - Bl. 3B </p>
        <p> 22790-190 &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="carlamcardoso@uol.com.br">carlamcardoso@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 30/01/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 22/08/05</p>
  </body>
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          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>82</volume>
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            <name>
              <surname>Engelhorn</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
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              <surname>Engelhorn</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pullig</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
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        <mixed-citation>30. Norris CS, Pfeiffer JS, Rittgers SE, Barnes    RW. Noninvasive evaluation of renal artery stenosis and renovascular resistance.    Experimental and clinical studies; J Vasc Surg 184;1:192-201.</mixed-citation>
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              <given-names>JS</given-names>
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              <surname>Rittgers</surname>
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              <surname>Barnes</surname>
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            </name>
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        <mixed-citation>31. Desberg AL, Paushter DM, Lammert GK, et al.    Renal artery stenosis: evaluation with color Doppler flow imaging. Radiology    1990;177:749-53.</mixed-citation>
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          <article-title>Renal artery stenosis: evaluation with color Doppler flow imaging</article-title>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Direct duplex scanning parameters in the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis: a study to validate and optimize cut-off points</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To test the efficiency of the direct duplex scanning parameters in the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis (RAS), and verify whether or not the cut-off points recommended by medical literature are the most appropriate means to distinguish lesion severity. METHODS: Prospective study, including 62 patients with RAS, submitted to a duplex ultrasound scan and selective arteriography. The peak systolic velocity (PSV) and the renal-aortic ratio (RAR) were measured. Statistical analysis included the ROC (receiver operating characteristic curve), unpaired student&#8217;s t-test, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and accuracy. RESULTS: The arteriography revealed RAS 0-59% in 31 arteries (24%); RAS 60-99% in 91 arteries (72%) and 5 occlusions (4%). ROC analysis demonstrated that the lesion detection efficiency of PSV and RAR were similar with areas below the curves of 0.96 and 0.95, respectively. Considering the cut-off points recommended by medical literature, PSV of 180 cm/sec presented a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 81%, while the RAR of 3.5 presented a sensitivity of only 79%, with a specificity of 93%. These parameters were analyzed in conjunction (direct criteria) revealing a sensitivity of 79% and specificity of 97%. The optimized cut-off points were: PSV of 189 cm/sec and RAR of 2.6, demonstrating sensitivity and specificity rates of 100%, 87%, 96% and 87% respectively. CONCLUSION: The individual use of optimized peak systolic velocity (PSV) was the most efficient parameter in the detection and grading of RAS.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Renal artery stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>duplex scanning</kwd>
        <kwd>systolic peak velocity</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Direct duplex scanning parameters in the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis: a study to validate and optimize cut-off points </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Carla Motta Cardoso<sup>I, II</sup>; S&#233;rgio Salles Xavier<sup>I</sup>; Gaudencio Espinosa Lopez<sup>I</sup>; Tatiana Marlowe Cunha Brunini<sup>II</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Total Care - Amil - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To test the efficiency of the direct duplex scanning parameters in the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis (RAS), and verify whether or not the cut-off points recommended by medical literature are the most appropriate means to distinguish lesion severity.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Prospective study, including 62 patients with RAS, submitted to a duplex ultrasound scan and selective arteriography. The peak systolic velocity (PSV) and the renal-aortic ratio (RAR) were measured. Statistical analysis included the ROC (receiver operating characteristic curve), unpaired student&#146;s t-test, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and accuracy.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The arteriography revealed RAS 0-59% in 31 arteries (24%); RAS 60-99% in 91 arteries (72%) and 5 occlusions (4%). ROC analysis demonstrated that the lesion detection efficiency of PSV and RAR were similar with areas below the curves of 0.96 and 0.95, respectively. Considering the cut-off points recommended by medical literature, PSV of 180 cm/sec presented a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 81%, while the RAR of 3.5 presented a sensitivity of only 79%, with a specificity of 93%. These parameters were analyzed in conjunction (direct criteria) revealing a sensitivity of 79% and specificity of 97%. The optimized cut-off points were: PSV of 189 cm/sec and RAR of 2.6, demonstrating sensitivity and specificity rates of 100%, 87%, 96% and 87% respectively.</p>
      <p><bold>Conclusion: </bold>The individual use of optimized peak systolic velocity (PSV) was the most efficient parameter in the detection and grading of RAS.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Renal artery stenosis, duplex scanning, systolic peak velocity.</p>
      <p>Hypertension is considered the most prevalent disease in the world affecting roughly 10-20% of the adult population<sup>1 </sup>and approximately 50% of the population over age 70<sup>2</sup>. On average 5-10% have secondary hypertension<sup>3</sup>, which can be as high as 50% in a hypertensive population with a well defined clinical picture<sup>4</sup>. Renal artery stenosis is the most common cause of secondary hypertension and the easiest to identify<sup>5</sup>. With the exception of hypertension caused by oral contraceptives, secondary hypertension caused by renal artery stenosis responds to treatment better than any other type of high blood pressure, it is easy to control and can even be cured with surgical intervention<sup>6</sup>. Obliterating atherosclerosis is responsible for more than 90% of the cases of renal artery stenosis and to a lesser degree fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD)<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Approximately one quarter of the patients with RAS could develop ischemic nephropathy<sup>8</sup>. It is estimated that renovascular hypertension (RVHT) is responsible for 20% of the patients with end stage kidney failure who require permanent dialysis support<sup>9</sup>. Therefore, patients with hypertension and progressive chronic renal insufficiency should be investigated to exclude the hypothesis of renovascular hypertension (RVHT) in order to prevent the kidney damage from developing into irreversible atrophy<sup>10</sup>. </p>
      <p>Currently, a variety of diagnostic tests for RVHT detection is widely available. A triage examination should be innocuous, economical, dispense the use of nephrotoxic contrast agents or ionizing radiation and most importantly present high sensitivity with an elevated negative predictive value<sup>11</sup>. </p>
      <p>Based on the success obtained in carotid artery studies and postoperative evaluations of kidney transplants, duplex scanning was implemented to investigate RAS a little more than twenty years ago<sup>12,13,14,15</sup>. The use of this method was made possible by the development of low frequency transducers and modern image processing techniques that enabled detection of deep abdominal vessels <sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>Initially some of the criteria for RAS detection were based on the parameters used for carotid assessment such as: PSV higher than 100 cm/sec, no flow during the diastole and blurring of the Doppler spectrum during the systole (equivalent to turbulence in color mode)<sup>12</sup>, among others. Later, researchers from the Washington University proposed new RAS evaluation criteria using the renal-aortic ratio (RAR) of 3.5 <sup>6,15,16,17</sup>, and the peak systolic velocity (PSV) of 180 cm/sec<sup>15,18</sup>. These criteria were accepted and have been widely used for publications purposes up to present times discarding all other criteria.</p>
      <p>Currently, the ROC curve is being used in radiology and new studies are being published to test the cut-off points established by medical literature, generating controversy regarding its validity. Similarly, this study proposes to test the efficiency of the direct duplex scanning parameters for diagnosing RAS using the ROC curve and verify if the cut-off points recommended by medical literature are the most appropriate means to distinguish lesion severity.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is a prospective study, conducted through an inter-institutional study between the Radiology Department of the Medical School of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, and its Total Care Image Diagnosis department. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Medical School of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      <p>The study was conducted between August 2002 and August 2004. Seventy-eight patients and 159 renal arteries were investigated. The patients were from two different backgrounds. The majority consisted of patients referred by vascular surgery after the detection of RAS 60-99%, diagnosed by conventional arteriography. The clinical history of these patients was either for intermittent claudication and multiple risk factors for atherosclerosis or for the investigation of RVHT. The minority consisted of patients referred by the cardiology department with a history of refractory hypertension, using three or more anti-hypertensive medications with or without risk factors for cardiovascular disease and therefore with a high probability that they had RVHT.</p>
      <p>Duplex scanning was performed on all patients. For the group of patients that had previously undergone a conventional arteriography, the sonographer was not informed of the renal artery affected or the severity of the lesion. For the second group that had not previously undergone a conventional arteriography, only those who presented a positive duplex scan (RAS 60-99%) were referred for diagnostic confirmation by selective arteriography. Therefore, 62 patients (127 renal arteries) with significant stenosis (RAS 60-99%) in at least one renal artery were included in the study.</p>
      <p>Exclusion criterion was based on the absence of RAS 60-99% in at least one of the renal arteries (since these patients were not indicated for a selective arteriography). Other exclusion factors included: patients whose duplex scan was not in accordance with the proposed study protocol, as well as patients with a history of previous angioplasty and stent implant surgery or renal artery revascularization surgery. </p>
      <p>The duplex scans were performed by the same sonographer physician, one of the authors of this study (CMC), using a Hewlett Packard, sonos model 4500 equipment and a 1.8 &#150; 4.0 MHz sector transducer and a 3.0 &#150; 3.5 MHz convex transducer. Patient preparation consisted of absolute fasting for 12 hours. All patients were submitted to a selective arteriography (standard test) within three months of the duplex scan due to the therapeutic indication of percutaneous angioplasty. Each arteriography was evaluated independently by two observers (one a co-author of this study). Lesion grading was performed by means of visual observation and quantitative measurement (by the tracings made by the computer program) was only conducted in the case of borderline stenosis or disagreement. The findings of the arteriography were classified in three groups: normal artery or with a slight to moderate lesion (RAS 0-59%); significant stenosis (RAS 60-99%) and occlusion. </p>
      <p>Parameters analyzed: PSV and RAR &#150; The first step of the examination protocol was to visualize the aorta and the ostial renal arteries using a transabdominal approach with the patient in a supine position. Next, the flank approach was used with the patients placed on their left and right sides to trace the renal artery path to the hilum of the kidney.</p>
      <p>The evaluation included detecting the highest PSV along the entire length of the renal artery, using a Doppler incidence angle of 60&#176;. The cut-off point recommended by medical literature of 180 cm/sec<sup>15,18,19,</sup> was considered to distinguish lesion severity (RAS 60-99%).</p>
      <p>RAR is the ratio between the PSV detected in the renal artery and the PSV in the aorta. The cut-off point recommended by medical literature for RAR of 3.5 <sup>6,15-19</sup> was considered for lesion grading of 60-99%. The aorta PSV (with a fixed incidence angle of 60&#176;) was obtained between the level of the origins of the superior mesenteric arteries and renal arteries, keeping as distal as possible from the presence of dilations or local aorta stenosis.</p>
      <p>PSV and RAR were analyzed in conjunction for the so called direct criteria and later, the results for each variable were calculated individually. Stenosis severity was classified according to the criteria of Strandness DE Jr and associates as shown in sidebar I<sup>18,19</sup>.</p>
      <p>Occlusion of the renal artery was considered when there was no flow detected along its length and the longitudinal measurement of the kidney was less than 9.0 cm<sup>18,19</sup>.</p>
      <p>Analysis of accessory renal arteries was not included in the scope of this study except in the case of a main artery occlusion which diverted the flow to a pervious accessory artery.</p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0321-00015-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>Statistical analysis was performed using the computer program Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The unpaired Student&#146;s t-test was used to compare the averages and standard deviations (SD) of each duplex scan parameter to assess renal artery stenosis, enabling the analysis of the efficiency of each one to detect and grade the lesions. All differences were considered statistically significant when p &lt; 0.005. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze each parameter tested, enabling evaluation of the areas below the curves and optimization of the respective cut-off points. Combined and individual calculations for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy were performed for each parameter.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this study, 127 renal arteries from 62 patients were evaluated using duplex scanning and a selective arteriography. The sample consisted of 37 women (60%) and 25 men (40%). Ages varied between 22 and 86 years (mean 66.9 years &#177; 10.9). The technical success rate obtained for renal artery detection by duplex scanning was 100%. The arteriography results are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table 1</xref></p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0321-00015-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Bilateral damage of 60-99% was found in 28 patients (45%). There was one case (1.6%) of RAS 60-99%, in a patient with just one kidney (with a previous history of nephrectomy due to renal atrophy). From the 5 patients that presented renal artery occlusions, two kidneys were fed by an accessory renal artery. In two other patients, the accessory renal artery was located in the kidney, contralateral to the occlusion for a total of 4 cases with accessory renal arteries. The remaining accessory renal arteries were not accounted for and therefore were not included in the numerical variable calculations. As such, the calculation spreadsheet included the 118 main renal arteries and the 4 accessory renal arteries, excluding the 5 occlusions, for a total of 122 arteries. </p>
      <p>In reference to lesion etiology, 55 patients (89%) had obliterating atherosclerosis and 7 (11%) had fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD). <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table II</xref> shows the occurrence of stenosis in accordance with age, gender, risk factors and serum levels of urea and creatinine according to lesion etiology: Parameters analyzed: PSV and RAR &#150; Significant statistical differences were found for the PSV and RAR values between the groups of patients with RAS 0-59% and RAS 60-99% (p &lt; 0.005), as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">table 3</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0321-00015-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0321-00015-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The ROC analysis revealed similar PSV and RAR areas below the curve, that is, 0.96 and 0.95, respectively (when the largest possible area was defined as 1.0). The ROC analysis established the optimal cut-off points of PSV as 189 cm/sec and RAR as 2.6, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">figure 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">table 4</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0321-00015-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0321-00015-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The results were analyzed individually using the different cut-off points. The best parameter for lesion diagnosis was PSV with 100% sensitivity for both cut-off points of 180 and 189 cm/sec, and specificity of 81% and 87%, respectively. The RAR cut-off point of 3.5 had low sensitivity (79%) and high specificity (93%) but improved drastically with cut-off point optimization. These results are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">table 5</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0321-00015-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The ROC analysis showed that the combined analysis of the direct criterium was improved after optimization of the cut-off points, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2">table 6</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0321-00015-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a15fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref> shows an example of a 78 year old female patient with a history of diabetes, dyslipidemia and sudden aggravation of hypertension, who became refractory to the three anti-hypertensive medications in use. The colored duplex scan detected ostial stenosis of the right renal artery with PSV = 392 cm/sec and RAR = 2.7. Considering the cut-off points recommended by medical literature the classification for this stenosis would be RAS 0-59%. However, the selective arteriography revealed RAS of 60-99%. This false-negative result of the duplex scan using the cut-off points recommended by medical literature demonstrates the elevated limit of the 3.5 RAR.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a15fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0321-00015-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study revealed three findings of special interest. 1) The cut-off points determined by the ROC curve had a significantly higher diagnostic efficiency than those recommended by medical literature, particularly in reference to RAR. 2) The most efficient individual parameter to diagnose and grade renal artery stenosis was PSV. 3) The adoption of a combined direct criteriumimproved specificity with a slight drop in sensitivity.</p>
      <p>Although the prevalence of RVHT is low, the selection of patients with RAS 60-99% on at least one side elevated the prevalence (75%) in our case study. As it is known there is a direct relationship between low prevalence of this disease and a low positive predictive value that could not guarantee good results regardless of the test series used on a random population<sup>11</sup>. This explains the elevated positive predictive value (PPV) and the reduced negative predictive value (NPV) in this study, obtained from the direct criterium for both the cut-off points recommended in medical literature and those determined by the ROC curve.</p>
      <p>For the first time in the 1980&#146;s, researchers from Washington University established evaluation parameters for the duplex scan to study renal arteries that have been used up to the present date. Initially, they confirmed that differences in the individual velocity measurements in the aorta were directly related to velocity variations in the renal arteries and therefore a relation should be made between the renal artery and aorta flow velocities. These authors found a RAR limit of 3.5 to diagnose significant stenosis<sup>16</sup>, that was later accepted by other researchers <sup>6,15</sup>. </p>
      <p>This same group from the Washington University performed duplex scans on the renal arteries of healthy individuals in order to confirm variations in normal artery velocities and obtained an average PSV of 100 cm/sec &#177; 20 cm/sec. These authors emphasized that due to the exit angle of the renal artery angle from the aorta, combined with its depth and sinuous curve, that the exact Doppler insonation angle over the origin is difficult to obtain which explains the great variation in these velocities. Therefore, to avoid false-positive results, the PSV value was extrapolated to the limit of 180 cm/sec which is more than two times higher than the normal standard deviation values obtained in healthy individuals<sup>18</sup>. </p>
      <p>Based on these studies, various authors have tested the accuracy of the duplex scan to diagnosis RAS using the parameters and cut-off points that they recommend. Unfortunately, at that time, analysis using the ROC curve was extremely limited in the radiology field and therefore it was not used to determine the cut-off points. Even today, these cut-off points are widely accepted and there are very few studies on the validation and optimization of these parameters.</p>
      <p>Parameters analyzed: PSV and RAR &#150; The technical success rate for detecting the renal arteries was 100%, concurrent with the success rates of recent studies (95-100%) <sup>20,21</sup>. The mean values &#177; SD of renal artery PSV presented a significant statistical difference (p &lt; 0.005) between the groups with RAS 0-59% and RAS 60-99% (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">table 3</xref>) in agreement with the results obtained in various publications <sup>22,23,24</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the present study, the ROC curve demonstrated that the efficiency of PSV and RAR are similar, as shown by the areas below the curves of 0.96 and 0.95, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). Although the areas under the curves did not present a significant statistical difference, PSV was the parameter that most accurately distinguished stenosis of 0-59% from stenosis of 60-99%, due to its excellent sensitivity (100%). The optimal cut-off point of 189 cm/sec as determined by the ROC curve proved to be more appropriate than the cut-off recommended by medical literature since it maintained a sensitivity of 100% and elevated the specificity and accuracy of this parameter (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>RAR in the evaluation of RAS 60-99% presented mean values of 5.46 &#177; 2.67 (p &lt; 0.005) revealing however, a considerable overlap in the values between the groups with RAS 0-59% and 60-99% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">table 3</xref>). These results agree with the findings of Baumgartner and associates, that while examining the reproducibility of this method in healthy individuals, demonstrated that the RAR presented an average of 0.85 &#177; 0.41, suggesting that values lower than 3.5 could be associated with significant renal artery stenosis, without losing the specificity of the method<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although a RAR of 3.5 had produced an elevated specificity (93%) it provoked considerable loss in sensitivity (79%). The optimal cut-off point of 2.6 as defined by the ROC curve (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">table 4</xref>) increased the sensitivity (96%) and accuracy (93%) of this parameter in relation to the cut-off point recommended by medical literature (79% and 83% respectively). In addition, it also improved the NPV of this parameter without interfering in the PPV (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">table 5</xref>).</p>
      <p>A detailed analysis of the data revealed that the limited efficiency of RAR corresponded to the accentuated variability of the denominator used for its calculation. Patients with heart failure and abdominal aorta aneurisms presented lower PSV in the aorta and therefore elevated indexes of RAR. On the other hand, patients with aortoiliac occlusive disease presented higher PSV in the aorta and consequently lower indexes of RAR. Based on this, these results suggest that there are no advantages for using RAR as an individual parameter to diagnose RAS of 60-99% when compared to the individual use of PSV in the renal artery.</p>
      <p>The reduced sensitivity (79%) and elevated specificity (97%) demonstrated by the direct criterium (PSV and RAR in conjunction) with the cut-off points recommended by medical literature, were also explained by the specific behavior of RAR. However, the cut-off points determined by the ROC curve proved to be superior, for they increased sensitivity without causing a drastic deficit in the criterium specificity. They also improved the NPV, which lowered the number of false-negatives (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2">table 6</xref>).</p>
      <p>It is well known that the most important issue for a doctor is a positive result from a sensitive test<sup>25</sup>, since a sequential test should have, par excellence, the highest sensitivity and the highest NPV. As such, PSV was the most efficient parameter to evaluate RAS in this case study, due to its 100% sensitivity, 100% NPV and 97% accuracy.</p>
      <p>The PSV cut-off point determined by the ROC curve in the present study (189 cm/sec) which is higher that the value recommended by medical literature (180 cm/sec), is concurrent with the values obtained in other studies that have been published more recently which reveal better results when the PSV cut-off point is increased to values between 198 - 220 cm/sec <sup>22,26,27,28</sup>. In contrast to these findings, Motew and associates obtained better results with a cut-off point of 180cm/sec than with the value of 200 cm/sec <sup>23</sup> and Napoli and associates preferred the cut-off point of 159 cm/sec rather than 180 cm/sec <sup>24</sup>, due to the higher sensitivity rates obtained with these limits.</p>
      <p>Our results demonstrated that the optimal cut-off point for the RAR, as determined by the ROC curve, was lower than that recommended by medical literature. This result agrees with the findings of other authors who also demonstrated that by reducing the RAR cut-off point to values between 2.5 and 3.2, the sensitivity was increased which lowered the occurrence of false negatives <sup>24,26,27,28</sup>. On the other hand, Miralles and associates demonstrated that the RAR with a cut-off point of 3.3 presented low sensitivity and that this parameter did not contribute to lesion diagnosis when compared to the individual use of PSV <sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the present study, the cut-off points determined by the ROC curve favor the increased sensitivity of the direct criterium in comparison to the low sensitivity obtained when using the cut-off points recommended by medical literature (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2">table 6</xref>). These findings are in accordance with those of Conkbayir and associates, who obtained higher sensitivity with a combination of PSV of either 180 cm/sec or 200 cm/sec and RAR of 3.0 (when compared to the sensitivity obtained with the cut-off points recommended by medical literature), stressing that the determining factor for the improved results was the lower RAR cut-off point<sup>28</sup>. These findings also concur with the study conducted by House and associates, who obtained better results using a combination of PSV of 180 cm/sec and RAR of 3.0<sup>27</sup>. Although Engelhorn and associates had obtained high sensitivity rates using the cut-off points recommended by medical literature, they emphasized that in the cases of false-negatives results, the PSV was approximately 200 cm/sec and the RAR was lower than 3.5<sup> 29</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our study, a comparative analysis between the efficiency of the optimized direct criterium and the individual efficiency of the optimized PSV enabled us to observe that the optimized PSV presented superior sensitivity and accuracy and demonstrated that the role of RAR in this case study was less important.</p>
      <p>In the case of occlusion diagnosis, our study agreed with the arteriography in 3 of the 5 occlusion cases (60%). Of these, 4 occlusions presented proximal flow to the renal artery path as a result of collateral vessel development. This finding concurs with those of other researchers that also related the same limitation of the duplex scan in occlusion diagnosis due to the detection of collateral flow patterns close to the path of the blocked renal artery <sup>16, 30, 31</sup>.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, the optimized PSV was the most efficient parameter in the diagnosis and grading of RAS in this case study. The RAR cut-off point recommended by medical literature proved to be very high for distinguishing lesion severity. Even after optimizing the RAR cut-off point, individual use of RAR presented an inferior value when compared to the individual use of PSV and the optimized direct criterium. </p>
      <p>The elevated disease prevalence in this case study was the main limiting factor since it is well known that this elevates sensitivity which in turn can elevate the number of false-positive results. Based on this, the results cannot be extrapolated for the population in general which presents a low prevalence of this disease. We believe that further research is required in order to verify whether or not these findings can be reproduced in a population with a lower prevalence of the disease and if the optimization of the cut-off points could reduce the unacceptable number of false-negative results of the duplex scan in the diagnosis of RAS.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgment</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We would like to thank Dr. Dino Roberto Gomes - Medical Director of Total Care - for his support in this research.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interesrt relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Carla Motta Cardoso</p>
          <p> Pra&#231;a Miguel Os&#243;rio, 120/209 - Bl. 3B</p>
          <p> 22790-190 &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="carlamcardoso@uol.com.br">carlamcardoso@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Received on 30/01/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 22/08/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
