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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Y8gPp94NRzTgwQJHMzbdKvj</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001600014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700314</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001600014</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Escore de Framingham em motoristas de transportes coletivos urbanos de Teresina, Piau&#237;</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Landim</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio Batista Paes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Victor</surname>
            <given-names>Edgar Guimar&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>315</fpage>
      <lpage>320</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Estimar o risco absoluto de contra&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, nos pr&#243;ximos 10 anos, em motoristas de transportes coletivos urbanos de Teresina, Piau&#237;, segundo o escore de risco de Framingham. M&#201;TODOS: Foi realizado um estudo observacional, descritivo, transversal, aplicando-se o escore de Framingham, em 107 motoristas de transportes coletivos urbanos de Teresina, Piau&#237;, para avalia&#231;&#227;o do grau de risco e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com as vari&#225;veis previstas no mesmo, que foram: idade, colesterol total, colesterol HDL, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, presen&#231;a de diabete melito e tabagismo. O teste de signific&#226;ncia usado foi o c&#178;. Utilizou-se a raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia como medida de associa&#231;&#227;o. RESULTADOS: O risco m&#233;dio foi de 5%, com a maior parte situando-se na categoria de baixo risco (85,05%). As m&#233;dias obtidas foram: 42 anos para a idade, colesterol total 200 mg%, colesterol HDL 49 mg%, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica 130 mmHg e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica 85 mmHg. As associa&#231;&#245;es diabete melito, tabagismo e colesterol HDL, com o risco, n&#227;o foram estatisticamente significantes, diferente do ocorrido com as outras vari&#225;veis, que tiveram grande influ&#234;ncia no risco obtido. CONCLUS&#195;O: O risco absoluto m&#233;dio estimado para os pr&#243;ximos 10 anos de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, em motoristas de transportes coletivos urbanos de Teresina, calculado pelo escore de Framingham, apresentou-se baixo. Uma parte consider&#225;vel dos participantes da pesquisa (85,05%) situou-se na categoria de baixo risco, ou seja, igual ou inferior a 10%.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>grau de risco</kwd>
        <kwd>atividade profissional</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>escore de Framingham</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGOS ORIGINAIS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Escore de Framingham em motoristas de transportes coletivos urbanos de Teresina, Piau&#237;</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Maur&#237;cio Batista Paes Landim; Edgar Guimar&#227;es Victor</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE - Recife, PE</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Estimar o risco absoluto de contra&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, nos pr&#243;ximos 10 anos, em motoristas de transportes coletivos urbanos de Teresina, Piau&#237;, segundo o escore de risco de Framingham. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Foi realizado um estudo observacional, descritivo, transversal, aplicando-se o escore de Framingham, em 107 motoristas de transportes coletivos urbanos de Teresina, Piau&#237;, para avalia&#231;&#227;o do grau de risco e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com as vari&#225;veis previstas no mesmo, que foram: idade, colesterol total, colesterol HDL, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, presen&#231;a de diabete melito e tabagismo. O teste de signific&#226;ncia usado foi o c<sup>2</sup>. Utilizou-se a raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia como medida de associa&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>O risco m&#233;dio foi de 5%, com a maior parte situando-se na categoria de baixo risco (85,05%). As m&#233;dias obtidas foram: 42 anos para a idade, colesterol total 200 mg%, colesterol HDL 49 mg%, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica 130 mmHg e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica 85 mmHg. As associa&#231;&#245;es diabete melito, tabagismo e colesterol HDL, com o risco, n&#227;o foram estatisticamente significantes, diferente do ocorrido com as outras vari&#225;veis, que tiveram grande influ&#234;ncia no risco obtido. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>O risco absoluto m&#233;dio estimado para os pr&#243;ximos 10 anos de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, em motoristas de transportes coletivos urbanos de Teresina, calculado pelo escore de Framingham, apresentou-se baixo. Uma parte consider&#225;vel dos participantes da pesquisa (85,05%) situou-se na categoria de baixo risco, ou seja, igual ou inferior a 10%.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, grau de risco, atividade profissional, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, escore de Framingham.</p>
    <p>Na discuss&#227;o sobre risco de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) em popula&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas, &#233; importante considerar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o indiv&#237;duo e o seu local de trabalho, mais precisamente com a fun&#231;&#227;o ou ocupa&#231;&#227;o exercida pelo trabalhador<sup>1</sup>. Na tentativa de simplificar o levantamento epidemiol&#243;gico, &#233; poss&#237;vel dispor de m&#233;todos j&#225; validados, como o escore de risco de Framingham, ferramenta importante no campo da preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, que estima o risco absoluto de um indiv&#237;duo desenvolver DAC clinicamente manifesta em 10 anos, em ambos os sexos<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Um cl&#225;ssico trabalho de Morris e cols.<sup>3</sup> comparou cobradores a motoristas de &#244;nibus de Londres e constatou maior incid&#234;ncia de DAC nos &#250;ltimos, atribuindo o fato ao maior n&#237;vel de estresse, dentre outros fatores, como a inatividade f&#237;sica. Seria desastroso um evento coronariano s&#250;bito, eventualmente fatal, em profissional deste tipo, em plena atividade laboral, principalmente se forem consideradas as condi&#231;&#245;es de previsibilidade de tal circunst&#226;ncia e, conseq&#252;entemente, a possibilidade de interven&#231;&#227;o em sua hist&#243;ria natural.</p>
    <p>A aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; categoria profissional de motoristas de transportes coletivos urbanos ganha import&#226;ncia quanto ao prop&#243;sito de poder ser dimensionado o risco prim&#225;rio e, nesse aspecto, contribuir para a redu&#231;&#227;o das taxas de incid&#234;ncia e preval&#234;ncia da DAC. Some-se a isto o m&#233;rito de fornecer subs&#237;dios &#224;s autoridades governamentais para o estabelecimento de medidas eficazes de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, bem como quanto &#224; quest&#227;o de seguran&#231;a para uma grande parcela da popula&#231;&#227;o, usu&#225;ria desse sistema de transporte.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi realizado um estudo descritivo, observacional, transversal, de base populacional, nas empresas privadas de transportes coletivos urbanos com sede em Teresina, estado do Piau&#237;. A popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo constituiu-se de motoristas de transportes coletivos urbanos, do sexo masculino, regularmente inscritos e em plena atividade laboral, de 30 a 74 anos. Foram exclu&#237;dos os profissionais sabidamente portadores de cardiopatia, atrav&#233;s de hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e exame f&#237;sico, de qualquer natureza e/ou etiologia.</p>
    <p>O tamanho da amostra foi definido baseado na preval&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos de alto risco (45%) em um levantamento feito por Ladeia e Matos<sup>4</sup>, no estado da Bahia. O percentual utilizado foi de 45%, na perspectiva de um erro amostral de 5% e um n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a de 95%. Levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o tratar-se de uma popula&#231;&#227;o finita de 916 motoristas, redimensionou-se o tamanho da amostra obtido de 380 e chegou-se a um tamanho apropriado de 122 indiv&#237;duos.</p>
    <p>O levantamento foi feito em duas etapas, em dezembro de 2003. Inicialmente realizou-se o sorteio de 4 empresas das 10 existentes, atrav&#233;s de uma tabela de n&#250;meros aleat&#243;rios<sup>5</sup>. Em seguida, listaram-se os profissionais de cada uma das empresas sorteadas, enumerando-os, para sortear novamente quais seriam os motoristas a serem pesquisados. O n&#250;mero de motoristas sorteados em cada empresa foi proporcional &#224; participa&#231;&#227;o de cada uma em rela&#231;&#227;o ao total de motoristas a serem sorteados.</p>
    <p>Tomou-se como vari&#225;vel dependente o risco absoluto de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana nos pr&#243;ximos 10 anos, dividido em alto se <underline>&gt;</underline> 20%, risco m&#233;dio se &gt; 10% e &lt; 20% e baixo se <underline>&lt;</underline> 10%. As vari&#225;veis independentes consideradas foram os preditores de risco inclu&#237;dos no c&#225;lculo do escore de Framingham, quais sejam, idade em anos, colesterol total e colesterol HDL, em mg%, press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, em mmHg, presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia do h&#225;bito de fumar e diabete melito.</p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de diabete melito foi estabelecido pelos antecedentes cl&#237;nicos, o uso de hipoglicemiantes e/ou se a glicemia casual foi maior ou igual a 200 mg%, refer&#234;ncia para o teste de sobrecarga de glicose, n&#227;o sendo poss&#237;vel, por quest&#245;es log&#237;sticas (dificuldade de agendamento pr&#233;vio), obedecer aos crit&#233;rios do Consenso Brasileiro de Diabetes<sup>6</sup>. O h&#225;bito de fumar foi avaliado questionando-se se o motorista era fumante regular, pelo menos de um cigarro ao dia, h&#225; pelo menos um ano.</p>
    <p>Inicialmente, foram estabelecidos a m&#233;dia, o desvio-padr&#227;o, o valor m&#225;ximo e o m&#237;nimo para o risco absoluto (vari&#225;vel dependente), para a idade, colesterol total, colesterol HDL, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (vari&#225;veis independentes). Realizou-se a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos motoristas por grau de risco absoluto, faixa et&#225;ria, n&#237;veis de colesterol total, colesterol HDL, press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, condi&#231;&#227;o de diabete e h&#225;bito de fumar.</p>
    <p>Foi feita uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a vari&#225;vel dependente e as vari&#225;veis independentes. O grau de risco foi dividido em duas categorias: baixo risco, se <underline>&lt;</underline> 10% e m&#233;dio/alto, se &gt; 10%. As vari&#225;veis independentes tamb&#233;m foram divididas em categorias. A idade foi categorizada nas faixas et&#225;rias de 31 a 35, 36 a 40, 41 a 45, 46 a 50 e 51 a 55 anos. O colesterol total foi dividido nas categorias de &lt; 200 mg% (menos expostos) e <underline>&gt;</underline> 200 mg% (mais expostos). O colesterol HDL ficou dividido nas categorias de <underline>&gt;</underline> 40 mg% (menos expostos) e &lt; 40 mg% (mais expostos). A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica foi dividida em &lt; 140 mmHg (menos expostos) e &gt; 140 mmHg (mais expostos). A press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica ficou categorizada em &lt; 90 mmHg (menos expostos) e <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg (mais expostos).</p>
    <p>A medida de associa&#231;&#227;o usada foi a raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia, comparando-se a preval&#234;ncia de risco m&#233;dio/alto entre os grupos de maior e menor exposi&#231;&#227;o para cada vari&#225;vel independente. O intervalo de confian&#231;a foi de 95%, com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% (p &lt; 0,05). Para o c&#225;lculo da raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia associando risco absoluto e faixa et&#225;ria, esta foi categorizada nas faixas de 31 a 45 anos (menor exposi&#231;&#227;o) e 46 a 55 anos (maior exposi&#231;&#227;o).</p>
    <p>Os dados obtidos foram processados atrav&#233;s do programa SPSS (<italic>Statistical Package for Social Science</italic>), vers&#227;o 10.5, que forneceu os resultados conforme um plano de tabula&#231;&#227;o previamente planejado para se atingir os objetivos do estudo. O teste de signific&#226;ncia usado foi o c<sup>2</sup> (raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a), com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% (p &lt; 0,05). Para o c&#225;lculo da raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia (RP), intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% e estimativa de signific&#226;ncia (p &lt; 0,05), foi usado o programa Bioestat <sup>R</sup> 2.0. </p>
    <p>O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CEP), envolvendo seres humanos do Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de (CCS) da Universidade Federal de Pemambuco.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 122 motoristas sorteados, 15 foram exclu&#237;dos por se recusarem a participar da pesquisa. Todos eram motoristas de &#244;nibus urbanos. O risco absoluto m&#233;dio foi de 5% (&#177; 4,7), a m&#233;dia de idade foi de 42 anos (&#177; 6), o colesterol total m&#233;dio foi de 200 mg% (&#177; 38,8), o colesterol HDL m&#233;dio foi de 49 mg% (&#177; 7,7), a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) m&#233;dia foi de 130 mmHg (&#177; 18,9) e a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) m&#233;dia, de 85 mmHg (&#177; 12,9) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0315-00014-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Dos motoristas pesquisados, 85,05% situaram-se no grupo de baixo risco (&lt; 10%), 10,28% no m&#233;dio risco (&gt; 10% e &lt; 20%) e 4,67% no alto risco (&gt;20%).</p>
    <p>Feita a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos motoristas por faixa et&#225;ria em anos, a menor idade foi de 31 anos e a maior, de 55 anos, com maior propor&#231;&#227;o na faixa de 36 a 40; por n&#237;vel de colesterol total (mg%), com distribui&#231;&#227;o aproximada entre as faixas de &lt; 200 e &gt; 200; por n&#237;vel de colesterol HDL (mg%), com maior propor&#231;&#227;o na faixa acima ou igual a 40; por press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg), com maior n&#250;mero na faixa inferior a 140 e por press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (mmHg), com maior n&#250;mero na faixa inferior a 90. A preval&#234;ncia de diabetes foi de 3,7% e tabagismo de 18,7%.</p>
    <p>Foi relacionado o grau de risco com cada uma das vari&#225;veis independentes, sendo os n&#237;veis de risco divididos em baixo e m&#233;dio/alto. Quando se separaram os pertencentes &#224;s faixas de 31 a 45 e 46 a 55 anos, houve, na faixa inferior, uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o de motoristas no grupo de baixo risco comparado ao m&#233;dio/alto risco, 94% e 6%, respectivamente. Essa propor&#231;&#227;o caiu para 66% e 34%, respectivamente, na faixa mais superior (p &lt; 0,05), (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>). A raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia foi de 5,92; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC 95%) 2,05- 17,05 (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0315-00014-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao colesterol total, tanto no grupo menos exposto (&lt; 200 mg%) como no mais exposto (&gt; 200 mg%) houve uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o de motoristas de baixo risco, 96,23% e 74,04%, respectivamente (p &lt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>). Raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia 6,87; IC 95% 1,64- 28,78 (p &lt; 0,05). O mesmo ocorreu com o colesterol HDL (240 e &lt; 40), 85,56% e 80%, respectivamente, por&#233;m sem signific&#226;ncia (p &gt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. 4</xref>). Raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia 1,38; IC 95% 0,37- 5,24 (p &gt; 0,05).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0315-00014-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0315-00014-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Ao se relacionar risco com PAS, no grupo menos exposto (&lt; 140 mmHg), houve 95,83% de motoristas no grupo baixo risco e 4,17% no m&#233;dio/alto risco. No grupo mais exposto (&gt; 140 mmHg), a propor&#231;&#227;o de baixo risco caiu para 62,86%, ficando 37,14% no m&#233;dio/alto risco (p &lt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tab. 5</xref>). Raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia 8,9; IC 95% 2,72 -29,26 (p &lt; 0,05). Propor&#231;&#245;es semelhantes ocorreram com a PAD, com 96,61% no grupo de baixo risco se &lt; 90 mmHg e 70,83% se &gt; 90 mmHg (p &lt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">tab. 6</xref>). Raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia 8,6; IC 95% 2,05 -36,02 (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0315-00014-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0315-00014-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Nos motoristas n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos (n&#227;o expostos), a maioria situou-se no grupo de baixo risco, 86,41%, com 13,59% no m&#233;dio/alto risco. Situa&#231;&#227;o diferente ocorreu nos diab&#233;ticos (expostos), em que as propor&#231;&#245;es foram equivalentes, 50%, para ambas as categorias de risco (p &gt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07">tab. 7</xref>). Nos indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o fumantes (n&#227;o expostos), 87,36% ficaram no grupo de baixo risco e, nos fumantes (expostos), essa propor&#231;&#227;o caiu para 75% (p &gt; 0,05), (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab08">tab. 8</xref>). Nessas duas &#250;ltimas vari&#225;veis n&#227;o houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia para DM 3,68; IC 95% 1,23- 10,98 (p &gt; 0,05). Para os fumantes, houve raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia 1,98; IC 95% 0,77-5,05 (p &gt; 0,05).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab07">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0315-00014-gt07.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab08">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0315-00014-gt08.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O sistema de escore utilizado para estimativa de risco, criado pelos investigadores de Framingham, leva em considera&#231;&#227;o as vari&#225;veis: idade, colesterol total ou colesterol LDL, colesterol HDL, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, o valor mais elevado, DM e tabagismo<sup>2</sup>. Outros fatores de risco n&#227;o considerados v&#234;m assumindo import&#226;ncia na epidemiologia da doen&#231;a cardiovascular, em especial a DAC, fato que no momento representa uma limita&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lculo de risco de Framingham.</p>
    <p>O risco absoluto m&#233;dio de um evento cardiovascular nos pr&#243;ximos dez anos, na amostra, foi de 5%. O mesmo &#233; considerado baixo para fins de metas de interven&#231;&#227;o, propostas pelas &#250;ltimas Diretrizes Brasileiras sobre Dislipidemias e Diretriz de Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose<sup>7</sup>, com a maior e consider&#225;vel parte dos pesquisados, acima de 80%, na categoria de baixo risco.</p>
    <p>Grundy<sup>8</sup> procurou mostrar que o envelhecimento de nossas art&#233;rias &#233; proporcional ao envelhecimento do organismo. Uma m&#233;dia de idade de 42 anos parece ter sido um fator que influenciou a estimativa de risco encontrada, sendo 55 anos a maior idade encontrada e 31 anos a menor.</p>
    <p>A amostra populacional apresentou-se jovem, com a maior parte na faixa dos 36 aos 40 anos. Explica&#231;&#245;es para tal fato podem advir de um processo de sele&#231;&#227;o intencional por parte dos propriet&#225;rios das empresas de &#244;nibus. Isto por conhecerem a rotina extremamente desgastante que esse tipo de ocupa&#231;&#227;o imp&#245;e ao profissional, com alta demanda e pouco poder de decis&#227;o, com dificuldades em lidar com um tr&#226;nsito geralmente dif&#237;cil, por vezes ca&#243;tico, pela necessidade de regularidade de hor&#225;rios, pela exposi&#231;&#227;o a temperaturas nem sempre amenas e ainda pelo sedentarismo. Saliente-se, na amostra estudada, que Teresina est&#225; situada na regi&#227;o centro-norte do Brasil, com temperatura m&#233;dia elevada. </p>
    <p>A Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia<sup>7</sup> estabelece como fator de risco a ser considerado, uma idade superior ou igual a 45 anos para o sexo masculino, podendo modificar as metas de colesterol LDL a serem alcan&#231;adas, quando da necessidade de uma interven&#231;&#227;o. Ao associar o grau de risco com a faixa et&#225;ria, ser&#225; encontrada uma preval&#234;ncia maior de motoristas no grupo de baixo risco, em faixas et&#225;rias mais inferiores, menores que 45 anos ou iguais, com uma diminui&#231;&#227;o nas faixas mais elevadas.Encontrou-se uma raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia para a faixa et&#225;ria de 5,92 (IC 95% 2,05 -17,05) ao se comparar as preval&#234;ncias de risco m&#233;dio/alto entre as idades de 31 a 45 e 46 a 55 anos.</p>
    <p>O colesterol total m&#233;dio de 200 mg% mostra que os n&#237;veis dessa vari&#225;vel encontram-se pr&#243;ximos dos limites da normalidade. Quando se observa o grupo como um todo, nota-se que aproximadamente metade da amostra tem n&#237;veis considerados de menor exposi&#231;&#227;o, ou seja, inferiores a 200 mg% e outra metade est&#225; em n&#237;veis mais preocupantes, acima de 200 mg% ou superior. O ponto de corte usado seguiu as diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia<sup>7</sup>, que classificam como &#243;timo o colesterol abaixo de 200 mg%.</p>
    <p>Ao associar colesterol total com o risco de DAC, foi encontrado um cen&#225;rio semelhante em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; faixa et&#225;ria, com uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o de motoristas de baixo risco nos n&#237;veis de menor exposi&#231;&#227;o (&lt; 200 mg%), se comparados ao m&#233;dio/alto risco. Em n&#237;veis mais elevados de colesterol sang&#252;&#237;neo, h&#225; uma queda na diferen&#231;a entre essas propor&#231;&#245;es. Uma raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia de 6,87 (IC 95% 1,64-28,78), demonstra a for&#231;a dessa vari&#225;vel como um fator de risco para DAC.</p>
    <p>As pesquisas que procuram elucidar o papel das dislipidemias na aterog&#234;nese centram aten&#231;&#227;o no colesterol "n&#227;o HD", calculado pelo &#237;ndice de colesterol total menos o colesterol HDL, como &#237;ndicador de predi&#231;&#227;o de morte cardiovascular de import&#226;ncia consider&#225;vel<sup>9</sup>. Embora estudos cl&#237;nicos tenham sugerido ser o colesterol LDL a lipoprote&#237;na aterog&#234;nica principal, estabelecendo-o como meta lip&#237;dica, com vantagens na sua dosagem em cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos, nos dados de Framingham o impacto do colesterol total e colesterol LDL sobre estimativas de risco s&#227;o semelhantes<sup>2</sup>. Explicam os autores do referido escore que medir o colesterol total &#233; somente uma alternativa v&#225;lida ao colesterol LDL na avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco.</p>
    <p>O colesterol HDL m&#233;dio encontrado ficou consideravelmente acima dos valores-limites em que o efeito protetor &#233; mais pronunciado. Uma grande propor&#231;&#227;o dos motoristas situou-se acima de 40% mg ou igual, com menor exposi&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; estimativa de risco. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de 40mg% ou superior, como situa&#231;&#227;o de menor exposi&#231;&#227;o, ocorreu, tamb&#233;m, em concord&#226;ncia com as &#250;ltimas diretrizes brasileiras<sup>7</sup> que estabelecem esse valor como ponto de corte para classificar o colesterol HDL como alto ou baixo.</p>
    <p>Encontramos tamb&#233;m uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o de motoristas de baixo risco no grupo com colesterol HDL &gt; 40 mg%, propor&#231;&#227;o essa que caiu, ao se considerar o valor inferior a 40 mg%; por&#233;m, n&#227;o houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica nessa associa&#231;&#227;o. A raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia encontrada foi de 1,38, com IC 95% 0,37- 5,24, sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica na nossa amostra (p &gt; 0,05), mostrando n&#227;o ter havido uma associa&#231;&#227;o importante entre o colesterol HDL e o grau de risco.</p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica encontrada foi de 32,71% e hipertens&#227;o diast&#243;lica 44,86%, considerando-se os limites de 140/90 mmHg. As m&#233;dias de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica aferidas mantiveram-se em n&#237;veis inferiores &#224;queles considerados como hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1, de acordo com todos os consensos nacionais e internacionais. Essas m&#233;dias situaram-se nas categorias de pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o, como classifica o JOINT VII<sup>10</sup>, que estabeleceu como tal valores entre 120 e 139 mmHg, para a PAS, e 80 a 89 mmHg, para a PAD. Vasan e cols.<sup>11</sup> procuraram demonstrar o impacto da press&#227;o sang&#252;&#237;nea normal alta sobre o risco de eventos cardiovasculares. Cabe aqui enfatizar que se tratam de valores m&#233;dios e que qualquer medida de preven&#231;&#227;o individual deve levar em considera&#231;&#227;o uma avalia&#231;&#227;o caso a caso dos sujeitos acometidos.</p>
    <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o de ambas as press&#245;es arteriais com o grau de risco mostra maior propor&#231;&#227;o de baixo risco nos n&#237;veis mais inferiores, &lt;140 mmHg e &lt;90 mmHg, respectivamente. Os pontos de corte aqui considerados estiveram de acordo com os crit&#233;rios das IV Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o<sup>12</sup>, que classificaram como hipertensos os indiv&#237;duos com press&#227;o arterial maior que esses valores ou igual. Essa propor&#231;&#227;o diminui quando analisamos os n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial mais elevados, &gt;140 mmHg e &gt; 90 mmHg. Encontramos uma raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia de 8,9 (IC 95% 2,72- 29,26) (p &lt; 0,05), para a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica e 8,6 (IC 95% 2,05 -36,02) (p &lt; 0,05), para a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica, ambas denunciando a import&#226;ncia dessa vari&#225;vel na estimativa de risco de nossa amostra.</p>
    <p>Os n&#250;meros aqui revelados surpreendem, de algum modo, pois &#233; visto que de todas as vari&#225;veis que comp&#245;em o escore de risco de Framingham, talvez a press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica seja a mais intimamente ligada ao estilo de vida do profissional ou trabalhador. Esperavam-se, nesta pesquisa, valores mais altos, pois a tens&#227;o no trabalho, imposta nessa categoria, &#233; reconhecidamente elevada. Steptoe e cols.<sup>13</sup> conseguiram demonstrar que tens&#227;o no trabalho est&#225; associada a respostas de press&#227;o sang&#252;&#237;nea aumentada para tarefas ditas n&#227;o control&#225;veis, ou seja, com baixo poder de decis&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Foi encontrada uma preval&#234;ncia de DM, em nossa amostra, de somente 3,7%, pequena na nossa analise. A literatura n&#227;o fornece dados sobre a preval&#234;ncia desta condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica em grupos populacionais espec&#237;ficos, como os pertencentes a determinadas categorias profissionais. O fato de tratar-se de uma amostra pequena, n&#227;o afasta a preocupa&#231;&#227;o, devido &#224;s conseq&#252;&#234;ncias que poder&#227;o advir para esses trabalhadores, se n&#227;o tiverem um controle glic&#234;mico estrito. </p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia do h&#225;bito de fumar tamb&#233;m foi pequena, em torno de 20% da amostra pesquisada. Isto pode sugerir que as campanhas de combate ao tabagismo, desenvolvidas pelas autoridades governamentais, com participa&#231;&#227;o da sociedade como um todo, v&#234;m surtindo o efeito desejado. </p>
    <p>Como as condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas dos motoristas de transportes coletivos urbanos, em v&#225;rias cidades de nosso pa&#237;s, se n&#227;o em todas, s&#227;o de tend&#234;ncias desfavor&#225;veis, torna-se necess&#225;rio, de qualquer modo, insistir em educ&#225;-los, em envolv&#234;-los nas campanhas para a aboli&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo, esclarecendo todas as suas conseq&#252;&#234;ncias n&#227;o s&#243; para o aparelho cardiovascular como para toda a economia do organismo. </p>
    <p>Ao associar a DM ao grau de risco, foi encontrada uma maior preval&#234;ncia de baixo risco nos n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos, comparados aos diab&#233;ticos, por&#233;m sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, com RP 3,68 (IC 95% 1,23-10,98) com p &gt; 0,05. A rela&#231;&#227;o fumo e risco comportou-se de maneira semelhante ao DM, com um maior n&#250;mero de motoristas na categoria de baixo risco, quando comparados ao m&#233;dio/alto risco nos fumantes, propor&#231;&#227;o essa que diminui nos fumantes. Tamb&#233;m os testes n&#227;o mostraram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, RP 1,98 (IC 95% 0,77 -5,05) com p &gt; 0,05. </p>
    <p>Finalmente, deve ser enfatizado que as vari&#225;veis independentes pesquisadas tiveram uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o com o n&#237;vel de risco, ou seja, quanto maiores os valores da idade, colesterol total, PAS e PAD, maior &#233; o risco de DAC nos pr&#243;ximos 10 anos. A exce&#231;&#227;o ocorreu com o colesterol HDL, DM e tabagismo que, na amostra, n&#227;o influenciaram o grau de risco de maneira estatisticamente significante. </p>
    <p>Campanhas preventivas e educativas nos locais de trabalho s&#227;o indispens&#225;veis, devendo ter o engajamento das autoridades governamentais, da sociedade e a participa&#231;&#227;o ativa e importante das institui&#231;&#245;es de pesquisa e ensino de nosso pa&#237;s. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A todos que, direta ou indiretamente, colaboraram para a realiza&#231;&#227;o dessa pesquisa, em especial aos empres&#225;rios de transportes coletivos urbanos de Teresina e aos profissionais motoristas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Maur&#237;cio Batista Paes Landim </p>
        <p> Av. Marechal Castelo Branco, 742/1602 </p>
        <p> 64001-810 &#150; Teresina, PI </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="landim@cardiol.br">landim@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 30/05/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 22/08/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Framingham score for public transportation drivers in the dity of Teresina, Piau&#237;</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To estimate the absolute risk of the public transportation drivers in the city of Teresina, Piau&#237;, to develop coronary heart disease over the course of ten years based on the Framingham risk score. METHODS: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study using the Framingham score was conducted with 107 public transportation drivers in the city of Teresina, Piau&#237;, to assess level of risk and its association with the Framingham predictors that include: age, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, diabetes mellitus and smoking. The significance test used was c&#178;. The prevalence rate was used as the association measurement. RESULTS: Mean risk was 5% and the greatest majority of the participants were situated in the low risk category (85.05%). Mean values for the variables were: 42 years of age, total cholesterol 200 mg%, HDL cholesterol 49 mg%, systolic blood pressure 130 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure 85 mmHg. The associations between diabetes mellitus, smoking and HDL cholesterol with level of risk were not statistically significant; however other variables had a great influence on the level of risk obtained. CONCLUSION: The mean absolute risk estimate for the public transportation drivers in the city of Teresina to develop coronary heart disease over the next ten years based on the Framingham score is low. The majority of the participants in the study (85.05%) were situated in the low risk category, that is, with a relative risk less than or equal to 10%.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular disease</kwd>
        <kwd>level of risk</kwd>
        <kwd>profession</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary heart disease</kwd>
        <kwd>primary prevention</kwd>
        <kwd>Framingham score</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Framingham score for public transportation drivers in the city of Teresina, Piau&#237; </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Maur&#237;cio Batista Paes Landim; Edgar Guimar&#227;es Victor</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE - Recife, PE- Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To estimate the absolute risk of the public transportation drivers in the city of Teresina, Piau&#237;, to develop coronary heart disease over the course of ten years based on the Framingham risk score.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study using the Framingham score was conducted with 107 public transportation drivers in the city of Teresina, Piau&#237;, to assess level of risk and its association with the Framingham predictors that include: age, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, diabetes mellitus and smoking. The significance test used was c<sup>2</sup>. The prevalence rate was used as the association measurement.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Mean risk was 5% and the greatest majority of the participants were situated in the low risk category (85.05%). Mean values for the variables were: 42 years of age, total cholesterol 200 mg%, HDL cholesterol 49 mg%, systolic blood pressure 130 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure 85 mmHg. The associations between diabetes mellitus, smoking and HDL cholesterol with level of risk were not statistically significant; however other variables had a great influence on the level of risk obtained.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The mean absolute risk estimate for the public transportation drivers in the city of Teresina to develop coronary heart disease over the next ten years based on the Framingham score is low. The majority of the participants in the study (85.05%) were situated in the low risk category, that is, with a relative risk less than or equal to 10%.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Cardiovascular disease, level of risk, profession, coronary heart disease, primary prevention, Framingham score.</p>
      <p>An important consideration when discussing coronary heart disease (CHD) risks for specific population groups is the relation between the individual and the workplace, particularly the employee&#146;s function or occupation<sup>1</sup>. In order to simplify the epidemiological survey it is possible to use previously validated methods such as the Framingham risk score, a valuable primary prevention tool that estimates the absolute risk of an individual to develop clinically manifest CHD within a ten year timeframe for both males and females<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>A well known study conducted by Morris and associates<sup>3</sup> compared London bus conductors and drivers and found that the drivers had a higher incidence of CHD which was attributed to higher stress levels combined with other factors such as lack of physical activity. A sudden and possibly fatal coronary event during working hours could be disastrous in this type of profession, particularly considering the predictability of such an event and consequently the possibility of intervening in its natural history.</p>
      <p>The importance of the attention dedicated to the professional category of city public transportation drivers is the possibility of assessing the primary risk and in this respect, the contribution to reduce incidence and prevalence rates of CAD. Add to this the importance of supplying the government with subsidies to establish efficient public health measures as well as safety measures for the large percentage of the population who use public transportation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A descriptive, observational cross sectional study was conducted using a population base from the private city mass transportation companies headquartered in Teresina, in the state of Piau&#237;. The individuals used in the study were male city public transportation drivers who were active registered full time employees between the ages of 30 and 74. Professionals that had a heart disease of any nature or etiology, verified by means of medical histories and physical examinations were excluded from the study. </p>
      <p>The sample size was defined based on the prevalence of high risk individuals (45%) in a survey conducted by Ladeia and Matos<sup>4</sup>, in the state of Bahia. The percentage used was 45%, anticipating a 5% sample error and a 95% confidence level. Considering a finite population of 916 drivers, a reduction in the sample size resulted in 380 individuals and reached an appropriate size of 122 individuals. </p>
      <p>The survey consisted of two stages carried out in December 2003. Initially four of the ten companies were selected using a random number table<sup>5</sup>. Next the names of the professionals from the selected companies were entered in a raffle to determine the study group. The number of drivers selected from each company was proportional to the participation of each one of them in relation to the total number of drivers entered in the raffle. </p>
      <p>The absolute risk of coronary heart disease over the course of ten years was adopted as the dependent variable and was classified as high <underline>&gt;</underline>20%, moderate &gt;10% but &lt;20%, and low <underline>&lt;</underline>10%. The independent variables considered were the risk predictors used to calculate the Framingham score which are, age, total and HDL cholesterol in mg%, systolic and diastolic blood pressure in mmHg, and whether or not the person was a smoker or had diabetes mellitus.</p>
      <p>The diagnosis of diabetes mellitus was established by medical history, the use of hypoglycemic agents and/or casual glucose concentrations higher than or equal to 200 mg%, which is a reference for the hyperglycemia test, as due to logistic problems (difficulty to schedule in advance) it was not possible to follow the criteria of the Brazilian Diabetes Consensus<sup>6</sup>. Smoking was evaluated by asking the driver if he regularly smoked at least one cigarette per day for at least one year.</p>
      <p>Initially the mean, standard deviation, maximum and minimum values were established for absolute risk (dependent variable), age, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure (independent variables). The drivers were distributed according to absolute risk levels, age group, total cholesterol levels, HDL cholesterol levels, systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements and whether or not they had diabetes or were smokers.</p>
      <p>An association was made between the dependent variable and the independent variables. Risk levels were classified as low <underline>&lt;</underline>10% and moderate/high &gt;10%. The independent variables were also classified. Classifications for age groups were 31 to 35 years, 36 to 40 years, 41 to 45 years, 46 to 50 years and 51 to 55 years. Total cholesterol was classified as &lt;200 mg% (lower susceptibility) and <underline>&gt;</underline>200 mg% (higher susceptibility). HDL cholesterol was classified as <underline>&gt;</underline>40 mg% (lower susceptibility) and &lt;40 mg% (higher susceptibility). Systolic blood pressure was classified as &lt;140 mmHg (lower susceptibility) and <underline>&gt;</underline>140 mmHg (higher susceptibility). Diastolic blood pressure was classified as &lt;90 mmHg (lower susceptibility) and <underline>&gt;</underline>90 mmHg (higher susceptibility).</p>
      <p>The prevalence rate was used as the association measurement, comparing the prevalence of moderate to high risk among the groups with lower and higher susceptibility for each independent variable. The confidence interval was 95%, with a significance level of 5% (p &lt;0.05). The prevalence rate was calculated for the association between absolute risk and age using the age groups of 31 to 45 years (lower susceptibility) and 46 to 55 years (higher susceptibility). </p>
      <p>Data were processed using the computer program SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science), version 10.5, that furnished the results in a previously established tabulation format in accordance with the study objectives. The significance test used was c<sup>2</sup> (verisimilitude rate), with a significance level of 5% (p &lt; 0.05). The prevalence rate, 95% confidence interval (CI) and significance estimate (p &lt; 0.05) were calculated using the Bioestat<sup>R</sup> 2.0 computer program.</p>
      <p>The project was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Center of Health Sciences of the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Fifteen of the 122 drivers chosen for the study were excluded as they refused to participate. All were city bus drivers. The mean absolute risk was 5% (&#177; 4.7), the mean age was 42 years (&#177; 6), mean total cholesterol was 200 mg% (&#177; 38.8), mean HDL cholesterol was 49 mg% (&#177; 7.7), mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) was 130 mmHg (&#177; 18.9) and mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was 85 mmHg (&#177; 12.9) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0315-00014-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>From the drivers included in the study, 85.05% were placed in the low risk group (<underline>&lt;</underline>10%), 10.28% in the moderate risk group (&gt;10% but &lt;20%) and 4.67% in the high risk group (<underline>&gt;</underline>20%).</p>
      <p>The drivers ranged from 31 to 55 years. Distribution of the variables in relation to the drivers revealed that the majority were between the ages of 36 and 40 years; for total cholesterol levels (mg%) the majority were between the ranges of &lt;200 and <underline>&gt;</underline>200; for HDL cholesterol levels (mg%) the majority were in the range of <underline>&gt;</underline>40; for systolic blood pressure (mmHg) the majority were in the range below 140 and for diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) the majority were in the range below 90. The prevalence of diabetes was 3.7% and smoking 18.7%. </p>
      <p>The level of risk was classified as low and moderate/high and was associated with each independent variable. When those pertaining to the age groups of 31 to 45 and 46 to 55 years were separated, there was a higher percentage of drivers between the ages of 31 and 45 in the low risk group (94%) than in the moderate to high risk group (6%). For the drivers between 46 and 55 this proportion was 66% and 34%, respectively (p &lt;0.05), (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">table 2</xref>). The prevalence rate was 5.92, confidence interval 95% (CI 95%) 2.05 &#150; 17.05 (p &lt;0.05).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0315-00014-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In reference to total cholesterol, for both the lower susceptibility group (&lt;200 mg%) and the higher susceptibility group ( <underline>&gt;</underline>200 mg%), a greater number of drivers were classified as low risk, 96.23% and 74.04% respectively (p &lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">tab. 3</xref>). Prevalence rate 6.87; CI 95% 1.64 &#150; 28.78 (p &lt;0.05). The same trend was seen for HDL cholesterol (240 and &lt;40), 85.56% and 80% respectively, however without any significance (p&gt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">tab. 4</xref>). Prevalence rate 1.38; CI 95% 0.37 &#150; 5.24 (p &gt;0.05).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0315-00014-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0315-00014-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The association between risk and SBP for the lower susceptibility group (&lt;140 mmHg) classified 95.83% of drivers as low risk and 4.17% as moderate/high risk. For the higher susceptibility group (&gt;140 mmHg), the proportion of drivers classified as low risk fell to 62.86% and 37.14% were classified as moderate/high risk (p &lt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">tab. 5</xref>). Prevalence rate 8.9; CI 95% 2.72 &#150; 29.26 (p &lt;0.05). DBP trends were similar with 96.61% classified as low risk (&lt;90 mmHg) and 70.83% classified as moderate/high risk (&gt;90 mmHg), (p &lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2">tab. 6</xref>). Prevalence rate 8.6; CI 95% 2.05 &#150; 36.02 (p &lt;0.05).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0315-00014-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0315-00014-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>For the drivers without diabetes (not susceptible) the majority were classified as low risk (86.41%) and 13.59% as moderate/high risk. However, the diabetics (susceptible) were distributed equally (50%) in both risk categories (p&gt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07-body2">tab. 7</xref>). For nonsmokers (not susceptible) 87.36% were classified as low risk, however, for the smokers (susceptible) this proportion fell to 75% (p &gt;0.05), (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab08-body2">tab. 8</xref>). Neither diabetes nor smoking revealed a statistical significance. The prevalence rate for diabetes mellitus was 3.68; CI 95% 1.23 &#150; 10.98 (p &gt;0.05). The prevalence rate for smokers was 1.98; CI 95% 0.77 &#150; 5.05 (p &gt;0.05).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab07-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0315-00014-gt07-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab08-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0315-00014-gt08-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The score system developed by the Framingham researchers to estimate risk considers the following variables: age, total or LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, the highest systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements, diabetes mellitus and smoking<sup>2</sup>. Other risk factors that are not included in this calculation have currently been earmarked as important indicators for cardiovascular disease, in particular CHD, which has limited the usefulness of the Framingham risk calculation.</p>
      <p>The mean absolute risk for a cardiovascular event to occur over the following ten years for this sample was 5%. In terms of the intervention measures proposed by the latest Brazilian Guidelines for Dyslipidemia and the Guidelines for the Prevention of Atherosclerosis<sup>7</sup>, this percentage is considered very low as more than 80% of the study group was classified as low risk.</p>
      <p>Grundy<sup>8</sup> endeavored to prove that the aging of our arteries and bodies is proportional. It can be presumed that the mean age of 42 years in this sample was the factor that influenced the low risk estimate found as the oldest member was 55 and the youngest was 31.</p>
      <p>The population sample was young and the majority of the members were in the age range of 36 to 40 years. This fact could be due to an intentional selection process on the part of the bus company owners. It is well known by the owners that the routine of these professionals is extremely stressful and demanding with a limited scope for decision making. They must deal with traffic that generally speaking is complicated and at times chaotic, are required to keep a punctual schedule, are subject to weather conditions that are not always pleasant as well as the sedentary nature of the job. It is worth noting that the study sample was from Teresina that is located in the central-northern region of Brazil where the average temperature is quite high.</p>
      <p>The Brazilian Cardiology Society<sup>7</sup> has established that an age of 45 years or older is a risk factor for males which can lower the optimum LDL cholesterol level limits for individuals requiring interventions. An association between risk level and age groups would have produced a higher prevalence of drivers classified as low risk, in the age groups of 45 years or younger and a higher risk in the older age groups. The prevalence rate found for age group was 5.92 (CI 95% 2.05 &#150; 17.05) when compared the prevalence rates for moderate/high risk between the ages of 31 to 45 and 46 to 55 years old.</p>
      <p>Mean total cholesterol of 200 mg% shows that the levels of this variable are close to normal limits. When observing the group as a whole, we note that the levels of roughly one-half of the sample are considered as lower susceptibility or, in other words, less than 200 mg% while the other half have more troubling levels above 200mg%. The cut-off point used is in accordance with the guidelines of the Brazilian Cardiology Society<sup>7</sup>, that classifies cholesterol levels below 200 mg% as excellent.</p>
      <p>The association between total cholesterol and CHD risk revealed a similar trend in relation to age group, with a higher proportion of low risk drivers within the limits of the lower susceptibility group (&lt;200 mg%) in comparison to those classified as moderate/high risk. For higher cholesterol levels the difference between these proportions is lower. A prevalence rate of 6.87 (CI 95% 1.64 &#150; 28.78) demonstrates the strength of this variable as a CHD risk factor.</p>
      <p>Studies that attempt to clarify the role of dyslipidemia in the atherogenesis, concentrate on non-high density cholesterol, calculated by subtracting HDL cholesterol from the total cholesterol index as an important indicator to predict cardiovascular mortality<sup>9</sup>. Although clinical studies have suggested that LDL cholesterol is the main atherogenetic lipoprotein and have established it as the lipid target with clinical advantages in its dosage, the Framingham data demonstrates that the impact of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol on risk estimates are similar<sup>2</sup>. The authors of the Framingham score explain that for risk evaluation total cholesterol is simply a valid alternative to LDL cholesterol measurements. </p>
      <p>The mean HDL cholesterol found was considerably above the limit values in which the protector effect is more pronounced. A large proportion of the drivers had levels greater than or equal to 40mg%, with a lower susceptibility in relation to the risk estimate. The use of 40mg% or higher as an indication of lower susceptibility is also in agreement with the latest Brazilian guidelines<sup>7</sup> that establish this value as the cut-off point to classify HDL cholesterol as high or low.</p>
      <p>We also found a higher proportion of low risk drivers in the group with HDL cholesterol <underline>&gt;</underline> 40 mg%, a proportion that was reduced when a value lower than 40 mg% was considered; however, no statistical significance was found for this association. The prevalence rate found was 1.38 (CI 95% 0.37 &#150; 5.24) that had no statistical significance in our sample (p &gt;0.05) and therefore did not reveal an important association between HDL cholesterol and risk level.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of systolic hypertension found was 32.71% and diastolic hypertension was 44.86% based on the limits of 140/90 mmHg. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements obtained were lower than the levels considered as hypertension stage 1, as defined by national and international consensus. These mean values are classified in the JNC VII<sup>10</sup> as pre-hypertension which established these values as ranging from 120 to 139 mmHg for SBP and from 80 to 89 mmHg for DBP. Vasan and associates<sup>11</sup> attempted to demonstrate the impact of systolic blood pressure on the risk of cardiovascular events. It is important to note that these are mean values and that any individual prevention measures should be evaluated on a case by case basis. </p>
      <p>The association of both blood pressure readings with risk levels reveals a higher proportion of low risk at the lower levels, &lt;140 mmHg and &lt;90 mmHg, respectively. The cut-off points considered for this study are in accordance with the criteria of the 4<sup>th</sup> Brazilian Hypertension Guidelines<sup>12</sup> that classifies hypertensive individuals as those with blood pressure measurements equal to or higher than these values. This proportion is reduced when we analyze higher blood pressure levels, <underline>&gt;</underline>140 mmHg and <underline>&gt;</underline>90 mmHg. The prevalence rate was 8.9 (CI 95% 2.72 &#150; 29.26) (p <underline>&lt;</underline>0.05), for systolic blood pressure and 8.6 (CI 95% 2.05 &#150; 36.02) (p <underline>&lt;</underline>0.05), for diastolic blood pressure, substantiating the importance of this variable for risk estimation in the sample. </p>
      <p>The numbers revealed in this report to a certain extent are surprising, since they demonstrate that of all the variables included in the Framingham risk score, it is possible that systemic blood pressure is more closely related to the professional&#146;s or worker&#146;s lifestyle. Higher values were expected in this study as the stress levels for this work category are known to be high. Steptoe and associates.<sup>13</sup> were able to demonstrate that work related stress is associated with blood pressure which is elevated by uncontrollable tasks, or in other words, those that limit decision making power. </p>
      <p>A low prevalence rate of 3.7% for diabetes mellitus was found in this sample. Medical literature does not furnish data regarding the prevalence of this clinical condition in specific population groups, such as those pertaining to particular professional categories. The fact that this was a small sample does not dismiss the preoccupation of the consequences these workers could suffer if they do not strictly control their blood glucose levels.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of smoking in the sample group was also minimal, roughly 20%. This could be an indication that the anti-smoking campaigns developed by government agencies along with the participation of society as a whole have had a positive effect. </p>
      <p>The socioeconomic conditions of public transportation drivers in various, if not all, cities throughout Brazil do not promote favorable tendencies. It is a priority to find ways to educate and involve them in anti-smoking campaigns and clarify the consequences not only for the cardiovascular system but for the body as a whole.</p>
      <p>The association of diabetes mellitus to risk revealed a higher prevalence of low risk for non-diabetic individuals in comparison to diabetics, however there was no statistical significancefor the prevalence rate was 3.68 (CI 95% 1.23 &#150; 10.98) (p &gt;0.05). The trend for the association between smoking and risk was similar to that found for diabetes, with a greater number of drivers in the low risk category when compared to the moderate/high level. This proportion was lower for smokers. These tests did not demonstrate a statistical significance. The prevalence rate was 1.98 (CI 95% 0.77 &#150; 5.05) (p &gt;0.05).</p>
      <p>In closing it should be emphasized that the independent variables used in the study were closely related to risk level, that is, the higher the values of age, total cholesterol, SBP and DBP, the higher the risk of developing CHD within the following ten years. An exception occurred with the HDL cholesterol, diabetes mellitus and smoking that did not have a statistically significant influence on the level of risk for the sample.</p>
      <p>Preventative and educational campaigns supported by governmental agencies and society with an active participation from Brazil&#146;s research and teaching institutions are indispensable in the workplace.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements </bold>
      </p>
      <p>We would like to thank everyone directly or indirectly involved in this study for their efforts and in particular the owners and drivers of the public transportation companies in Teresina.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing Address:</p>
          <p> Maur&#237;cio Batista Paes Landim</p>
          <p> Av. Marechal Castelo Branco, 742/1602</p>
          <p> 64001-810 &#150; Teresina, PI - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="landim@cardiol.br">landim@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Received on 05/30/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 08/22/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
