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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Fv4QGMHwYkQczdvgg4W3Whw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001600013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700313</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001600013</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O papel da transluc&#234;ncia nucal no rastreamento de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bruns</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Frederico</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moron</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Murta</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Geraldo Viana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Fl&#225;vio de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zamith</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Maccagnano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Vit&#243;ria Medifetus</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Blumenau</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica Materno-Fetal</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>307</fpage>
      <lpage>314</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a acur&#225;cia da medida da transluc&#234;ncia nucal (TN) entre onze e treze semanas e seis dias como marcador ultra-sonogr&#225;fico para rastreamento de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas (CC). M&#201;TODOS: Estudo multic&#234;ntrico retrospectivo, no qual foram analisadas gesta&#231;&#245;es &#250;nicas de fetos eupl&#243;ides. A medida da TN foi realizada no exame de primeiro trimestre quando os fetos tinham entre 45 e 84 mm de comprimento cabe&#231;a-n&#225;dega (CCN), segundo os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos pela Fetal Medicine Foundation. Os casos foram seguidos at&#233; um m&#234;s ap&#243;s o parto para avaliar a presen&#231;a de CC. RESULTADOS: Foram analisadas 3.664 gesta&#231;&#245;es, das quais vinte rec&#233;m-nascidos apresentaram alguma cardiopatia cong&#234;nita at&#233; o primeiro m&#234;s de vida (preval&#234;ncia de 0,55%). A mediana da TN nos fetos com CC foi de 1,70 mm e nos fetos sem CC foi de 1,60 mm; entretanto, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre as duas medianas (Teste de Mann-Whitney, p&gt;0,05). A sensibilidade da TN na detec&#231;&#227;o de CC variou de 15% a 20%, com probabilidade de falso-positivos de 86,4% a 97,9%, dependendo do ponto de corte utilizado. A raz&#227;o de chance para CC foi alta, quando comparada com as indica&#231;&#245;es cl&#225;ssicas de ecocardiografia fetal, variando de 4,7 a 33,7, de acordo com o ponto de corte utilizado. CONCLUS&#195;O: Apesar da baixa sensibilidade do teste, a TN aumentada &#233; um importante fator de risco para CC, devendo ser inclu&#237;da na estrat&#233;gia do seu rastreamento pr&#233;-natal.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Transluc&#234;ncia nucal</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiopatia cong&#234;nita</kwd>
        <kwd>rastreamento</kwd>
        <kwd>ultra-som</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGOS ORIGINAIS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O papel da transluc&#234;ncia nucal no rastreamento de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rafael Frederico Bruns; Antonio Fernandes Moron; Carlos Geraldo Viana Murta; Lu&#237;s Fl&#225;vio de Andrade Gon&#231;alves; Marina Maccagnano Zamith</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, Cl&#237;nica Materno-Fetal e Vit&#243;ria Medifetus - S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; Blumenau, SC</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar a acur&#225;cia da medida da transluc&#234;ncia nucal (TN) entre onze e treze semanas e seis dias como marcador ultra-sonogr&#225;fico para rastreamento de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas (CC). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Estudo multic&#234;ntrico retrospectivo, no qual foram analisadas gesta&#231;&#245;es &#250;nicas de fetos eupl&#243;ides. A medida da TN foi realizada no exame de primeiro trimestre quando os fetos tinham entre 45 e 84 mm de comprimento cabe&#231;a-n&#225;dega (CCN), segundo os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos pela Fetal Medicine Foundation. Os casos foram seguidos at&#233; um m&#234;s ap&#243;s o parto para avaliar a presen&#231;a de CC. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Foram analisadas 3.664 gesta&#231;&#245;es, das quais vinte rec&#233;m-nascidos apresentaram alguma cardiopatia cong&#234;nita at&#233; o primeiro m&#234;s de vida (preval&#234;ncia de 0,55%). A mediana da TN nos fetos com CC foi de 1,70 mm e nos fetos sem CC foi de 1,60 mm; entretanto, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre as duas medianas (Teste de Mann-Whitney, p&gt;0,05). A sensibilidade da TN na detec&#231;&#227;o de CC variou de 15% a 20%, com probabilidade de falso-positivos de 86,4% a 97,9%, dependendo do ponto de corte utilizado. A raz&#227;o de chance para CC foi alta, quando comparada com as indica&#231;&#245;es cl&#225;ssicas de ecocardiografia fetal, variando de 4,7 a 33,7, de acordo com o ponto de corte utilizado. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Apesar da baixa sensibilidade do teste, a TN aumentada &#233; um importante fator de risco para CC, devendo ser inclu&#237;da na estrat&#233;gia do seu rastreamento pr&#233;-natal.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Transluc&#234;ncia nucal, cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, rastreamento, ultra-som.</p>
    <p>As cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas (CC) constituem uma importante parcela de todas as malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas maiores, que est&#227;o presentes em 2% a 3% dos rec&#233;m-nascidos (RN)<sup>1</sup>. Estima-se que a preval&#234;ncia de CC na popula&#231;&#227;o geral seja de cerca de oito casos para cada mil nascidos vivos<sup>2</sup>. Quando se estudam casos de &#243;bitos fetais, a incid&#234;ncia de CC varia de 0,5% a 39,5%, de acordo com a idade gestacional em que ocorreu a perda fetal. Os &#243;bitos mais precoces s&#227;o associados principalmente &#224; presen&#231;a de CC complexas<sup>3</sup>. M&#233;dia de 35% dos &#243;bitos infantis s&#227;o relacionados com CC<sup>4</sup>; portanto, as CC constituem um tema importante dentro da mortalidade neonatal e infantil.</p>
    <p>Partindo do princ&#237;pio de que, quanto mais precoce o diagn&#243;stico da CC &#233; realizado, melhor o seu progn&#243;stico<sup>5</sup>, alguns autores t&#234;m estudado o impacto da utiliza&#231;&#227;o da ecocardiografia fetal na redu&#231;&#227;o da morbidade e mortalidade neonatal. Resultados animadores s&#227;o observados, em especial, nas seguintes CC: (1) s&#237;ndrome hipopl&#225;sica do cora&#231;&#227;o esquerdo<sup>6,7</sup>; (2) transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias<sup>8</sup>; e (3) coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Infelizmente, a detec&#231;&#227;o de CC no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-natal &#233; baixa, pois o ultra-sonografista que realiza o exame obst&#233;trico n&#227;o &#233; preparado para avaliar corretamente a anatomia card&#237;aca. Estudos populacionais com a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames de rotina demonstram taxas de detec&#231;&#227;o desapontadoras, variando de 6% a 35%<sup>10</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, a solicita&#231;&#227;o do exame de ecocardiografia fetal especializada baseado em fatores de risco n&#227;o &#233; capaz de detectar a maioria das CC<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>A transluc&#234;ncia nucal (TN) &#233; o espa&#231;o hipoecog&#234;nico entre a pele e o tecido subcut&#226;neo que recobre a coluna cervical do feto. Desde o in&#237;cio dos anos 1990, diversos estudos com pequenas casu&#237;sticas e com popula&#231;&#245;es de alto risco demonstraram associa&#231;&#227;o do aumento da espessura da TN, entre onze semanas e treze semanas e seis dias, e a presen&#231;a de anomalias cromoss&#244;micas<sup>12</sup>. Os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos que explicam esse marcador ultra-sonogr&#225;fico transit&#243;rio ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o bem estabelecidos<sup>13</sup>. Alguns eventos que ocorrem nessa &#233;poca da gesta&#231;&#227;o poderiam, eventualmente, esclarecer o ac&#250;mulo transit&#243;rio de l&#237;quido na regi&#227;o da nuca do feto, que &#233; atribu&#237;do a altera&#231;&#245;es da drenagem linf&#225;tica fetal e/ou, particularmente, a dist&#250;rbio hemodin&#226;mico do feto em raz&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca fetal<sup>14-16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Encontrar um marcador, como a TN, capaz de rastrear na popula&#231;&#227;o de baixo risco quais pacientes deveriam ser avaliadas por ecocardiografia fetal seria de grande valia. Tendo em vista a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da TN aumentada como indica&#231;&#227;o para ecocardiografia fetal, o objetivo de nosso estudo foi avaliar a acur&#225;cia da TN para rastreamento de CC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo do tipo valida&#231;&#227;o de teste diagn&#243;stico. O estudo foi multic&#234;ntrico, incluindo dois centros: o primeiro em Florian&#243;polis (SC) e o segundo em Vit&#243;ria (ES). As gestantes inclu&#237;das no estudo realizaram exame ultra-sonogr&#225;fico nesses centros para a medida da TN entre onze semanas e treze semanas e seis dias de idade gestacional, estimada pelo comprimento cabe&#231;a-n&#225;dega (de 45 a 84 mm). Os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram utilizados: (1) gesta&#231;&#245;es &#250;nicas; (2) cari&#243;tipo fetal normal e/ou fen&#243;tipo normal.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca fetal foi realizada por meio de exame cl&#237;nico neonatal ou, quando necess&#225;rio, com ecocardiografia fetal e/ou neonatal. Todos os casos foram seguidos at&#233;, pelo menos, um m&#234;s ap&#243;s o parto. A aquisi&#231;&#227;o dos dados relevantes foi realizada no banco de dados mantido pelas institui&#231;&#245;es participantes ou mediante contato com o m&#233;dico respons&#225;vel. </p>
    <p>Os aparelhos utilizados nos exames foram: Acuson<sup>&#174;</sup> XP10, Acuson<sup>&#174;</sup> Aspen&#8482;, Medison<sup>&#174;</sup> SONOACE&#8482; 9900, Toshiba<sup>&#174;</sup> SSH-140A e Voluson 730 da GE<sup>&#174;</sup>. Os exames foram realizados pelos m&#233;dicos do corpo cl&#237;nico de cada centro, utilizando a t&#233;cnica preconizada pela <italic>Fetal Medicine Foundation</italic> (FMF): (1) a imagem deve ser um corte sagital do feto com magnifica&#231;&#227;o suficiente para o p&#243;lo cef&#225;lico ocupar 75% da imagem; (2) a cabe&#231;a fetal deve estar em posi&#231;&#227;o neutra em rela&#231;&#227;o ao corpo; (3) deve-se ter cuidado para distinguir entre a pele fetal e a membrana amni&#243;tica; (4) mede-se a espessura m&#225;xima do espa&#231;o anec&#243;ico.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a coleta de dados realizou-se uma an&#225;lise descritiva univariada das vari&#225;veis de interesse. Por meio do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, foi verificado se a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos valores de TN era normal.</p>
    <p>Nas vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, foi utilizada a m&#233;dia para representar a medida de tend&#234;ncia central da amostra. Nos mesmos casos, para medir a dispers&#227;o da amostra foi calculado o desvio padr&#227;o, e para verificar a ocorr&#234;ncia de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica utilizou-se o teste param&#233;trico <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic>. </p>
    <p>Nas vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o diferente da normal, optou-se por realizar um teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico para avaliar a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, sendo o teste de Mann-Whitney utilizado nesses casos. Uma vez que nas distribui&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o-normais a m&#233;dia sofre grande influ&#234;ncia dos valores extremos da distribui&#231;&#227;o (tamb&#233;m conhecidos por <italic>outliers</italic>), optou-se pela mediana para representar a medida central da amostra, e a dispers&#227;o foi representada na forma de percentis. Foram considerados significativos valores de p&lt;0,05.</p>
    <p>Em seguida, a base de dados foi dividida em dois grupos, sendo o primeiro grupo denominado sem CC e o segundo com CC. Utilizando o grupo sem CC, foram determinados os percentis 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90, 95 e 99 do valor absoluto da TN, em mil&#237;metros, para toda a amostra de casos normais. Esses percentis tamb&#233;m foram determinados em valores relativos, expressos na forma de m&#250;ltiplos da mediana, levando-se em conta que o valor da mediana da TN varia de acordo com o CCN. Posteriormente, foram feitos os c&#225;lculos de sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos positivo e negativo e probabilidade de falso-positivos e negativos.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi analisado e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo em 2 de junho de 2004, processo n&#250;mero 0665/04.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A amostra final do estudo compreendeu 3.664 exames. O n&#250;mero de exames realizados em cada centro foi relativamente semelhante, e sendo 56% (2.061) dos exames realizados em Vit&#243;ria, e 44% (1.603), em Florian&#243;polis.</p>
    <p>A idade das pacientes variou de quatorze a 53 anos, com uma m&#233;dia de 32 anos. A m&#233;dia da idade foi maior no grupo de pacientes de Florian&#243;polis do que em Vit&#243;ria, sendo de 34,5 anos e 30,2 anos, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0307-00013-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Foram diagnosticados vinte casos de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita na amostra estudada. Desses, quinze foram diagnosticados no centro de Florian&#243;polis e cinco no centro de Vit&#243;ria, representando uma preval&#234;ncia de 0,94% e 0,24%, respectivamente. Os casos de cardiopatia diagnosticados est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="a13tab02">tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a13tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0307-00013-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Ainda no centro de Florian&#243;polis, durante o exame obst&#233;trico morfol&#243;gico foram observados: um caso de bradicardia sinusal, dois casos de taquicardia supraventricular e tr&#234;s casos de contra&#231;&#245;es atriais prematuras. Esses casos n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos como CC por se tratar primariamente de dist&#250;rbios do ritmo card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>Foi observado um aumento progressivo da preval&#234;ncia de CC segundo os valores de TN obtidos no exame, conforme exposto na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0307-00013-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos valores de TN nos casos sem CC n&#227;o foi normal, conforme identificado pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, no qual o valor calculado de p foi menor que 0,05. Para demonstrar que a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos valores de TN n&#227;o obedeceu a uma curva normal, plotamos o gr&#225;fico quantil-quantil normal dos valores de TN (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0307-00013-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A mediana da TN foi de 1,70 mm para os casos em que havia CC, e de 1,60 para o grupo no qual n&#227;o foi detectado CC; entretanto, essa diferen&#231;a n&#227;o se mostrou estatisticamente significante, conforme a <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabela 4</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0307-00013-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Entre os casos sem CC, os valores dos percentis encontrados para a TN foram os seguintes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tab. 5</xref>):</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0307-00013-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Foram utilizados diferentes pontos de corte para avaliar a acur&#225;cia da TN no rastreamento de CC. Esses valores podem ser observados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">tabela 6</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0307-00013-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figura 2</xref> mostra o gr&#225;fico da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos casos normais e anormais em rela&#231;&#227;o ao CCN e &#224; medida da TN, assinalando os diversos pontos de corte estudados.</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0307-00013-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Determinou-se ainda a raz&#227;o de chance da presen&#231;a de CC, conforme espessura da TN (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07">tab. 7</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab07">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0307-00013-gt07.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Para ilustrar a efic&#225;cia do m&#233;todo, calculou-se o n&#250;mero de rastreamentos necess&#225;rios (NRN). O NRN &#233; um m&#233;todo estat&#237;stico novo que vem ganhando aten&#231;&#227;o como forma de relatar resultados de testes dicot&#244;micos<sup>17</sup>. O NRN &#233; definido como o n&#250;mero de pacientes que deveriam ser rastreados, em m&#233;dia, para se alcan&#231;ar algum benef&#237;cio (no caso, seria o n&#250;mero de pacientes que realizariam ecocardiografia para diagnosticar uma CC) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab08">tab. 8</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab08">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0307-00013-gt08.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Recentemente, muito se tem discutido sobre a import&#226;ncia do diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-natal das malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas. Com a melhora da qualidade dos aparelhos de ultra-sonografia nas duas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas e com o treinamento de profissionais habilitados a realizarem a an&#225;lise morfol&#243;gica fetal, a sensibilidade do exame tem alcan&#231;ado valores pr&#243;ximos a 83%<sup>18</sup>. O diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-natal das doen&#231;as fetais permite que a&#231;&#245;es que visem ao bem-estar materno-fetal sejam tomadas, melhorando em muito o progn&#243;stico do rec&#233;m-nascido.</p>
    <p>Apesar do avan&#231;o na detec&#231;&#227;o de malforma&#231;&#245;es fetais, contudo, a detec&#231;&#227;o das CC ainda deixa a desejar. A dificuldade na aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens com o &#243;rg&#227;o em movimento e o grande conhecimento anat&#244;mico necess&#225;rio s&#227;o apontados como os principais fatores que dificultam o diagn&#243;stico das CC<sup>19</sup>. Portanto, a an&#225;lise do cora&#231;&#227;o fetal depende muito da experi&#234;ncia do examinador, e a sensibilidade do exame ultra-sonogr&#225;fico, para a detec&#231;&#227;o de CC, pode variar de 40% a 90%, mesmo quando realizado por especialistas em ecocardiografia<sup>20</sup>. </p>
    <p>A TN est&#225; consagrada como um marcador para avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco para doen&#231;as cromoss&#244;micas. Apesar de ainda n&#227;o conhecermos por completo a fisiopatologia do aumento da TN nos casos de fetos com doen&#231;as cromoss&#244;micas, a sua correla&#231;&#227;o est&#225; bem estabelecida. Diversos mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos t&#234;m sido implicados no aumento da TN, incluindo a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em adultos sabidamente produz um edema de membros inferiores, em particular por a&#231;&#227;o da gravidade, e esse edema &#233; mais pronunciado ao fim do dia. O aumento da TN foi associado com o aumento da express&#227;o g&#234;nica de marcadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>21</sup>. Entretanto, n&#227;o &#233; explicado como a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no feto seria capaz de produzir um edema restrito &#224; regi&#227;o nucal.</p>
    <p>A medida da TN &#233; uma metodologia simples de ser aprendida e facilmente reprodut&#237;vel. Demonstrar que existe correla&#231;&#227;o entre o aumento da TN e CC seria extremamente interessante do ponto de vista epidemiol&#243;gico para o rastreamento de CC, e essa foi a motiva&#231;&#227;o principal para a realiza&#231;&#227;o deste estudo.</p>
    <p>Em nossa amostra, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da TN como m&#233;todo de rastreamento de CC mostrou ter uma baixa sensibilidade, (sensibilidade de 20% quando usamos o 95&#186; percentil como ponto de corte). Entretanto, a especificidade do m&#233;todo mostrou-se elevada, (para o ponto de corte de 4,0 mm a especificidade foi de 99,4%, e o valor preditivo negativo ficou sempre acima de 99%, nos diferentes pontos de corte). N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel determinar a associa&#231;&#227;o de nenhuma forma de CC (isolada ou grupo que produzisse altera&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica semelhante) com o aumento da TN.</p>
    <p>A especificidade e o valor preditivo negativo extremamente altos qualificam o teste como importante quanto a tranq&#252;ilizar o casal, pois diante de uma TN normal a chance de cardiopatia seria muito pequena, menor que 1%. </p>
    <p>As CC, por sua vez, s&#227;o raras na popula&#231;&#227;o de baixo risco, com uma incid&#234;ncia menor que 1%. Realizar um teste de rastreamento e concluir que o risco ap&#243;s o teste (risco <italic>a posteriori</italic>) &#233; igual ao risco antes do teste (risco <italic>a priori</italic>) n&#227;o demonstra nenhuma vantagem na sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Dessa forma, possivelmente o teste teria uma import&#226;ncia maior nos grupos de alto risco para CC, como m&#227;es que j&#225; tiveram um filho com CC, cujo risco de recorr&#234;ncia &#233; de 2%-3% nas gesta&#231;&#245;es subseq&#252;entes<sup>22</sup>, ou para m&#227;es portadoras de CC, cujo risco de recorr&#234;ncia pode ser de 5%-10%<sup>23</sup>. Em casos em que a CC faz parte de uma s&#237;ndrome gen&#233;tica, o risco de recorr&#234;ncia &#233; o mesmo atribu&#237;do ao risco de recorr&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica. Nesses grupos, um risco <italic>a posteriori</italic> de menos de 1% seria extremamente tranq&#252;ilizador; entretanto, n&#227;o excluiria a necessidade de avalia&#231;&#227;o detalhada mediante a ecocardiografia fetal.</p>
    <p>A sensibilidade de 20% encontrada em nossa amostra, apesar de n&#227;o t&#227;o animadora quanto os melhores resultados j&#225; publicados, est&#225; condizente com os valores dispon&#237;veis na literatura, que variam de 11,1% a 56%. Em metan&#225;lise publicada por Makrydimas e cols.<sup>24</sup>, a sensibilidade estimada da TN no rastreamento de CC foi de 37%. Essa grande varia&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade em diferentes estudos deve-se principalmente aos seguintes fatores:</p>
    <p>(1) O ponto de corte para separar o grupo de TN normal e alterada &#233; muito vari&#225;vel, podendo ser de 2,5 mm, 3,5 mm, 4,0 mm, 95&#186; percentil e 99&#186; percentil, dependendo do estudo.</p>
    <p>(2) A defini&#231;&#227;o de CC n&#227;o est&#225; muito clara na maioria dos estudos. Enquanto alguns autores s&#227;o extremamente seletivos e incluem como CC apenas aquelas mais graves e que necessitam interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica nos primeiros meses de vida, outros autores consideram at&#233; mesmo a persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial (muito comum em prematuros) como uma CC.</p>
    <p>(3) Ap&#243;s a publica&#231;&#227;o dos resultados obtidos por Hyett e cols.<sup>25</sup>, demonstrando uma sensibilidade de 56% em um estudo com cerca de 30 mil exames, autores com resultados menos encorajadores possivelmente n&#227;o publicaram seus trabalhos por acreditarem que seus resultados estivessem errados. Isso &#233; chamado de "vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o"<sup>26</sup>.</p>
    <p>(4) Os primeiros estudos publicados geralmente sofrem falhas de planejamento estat&#237;stico e o cuidado em revisar os dados obtidos &#233; pequeno, pois existe um interesse e uma press&#227;o muito grandes em publicar. Por isso, os primeiros estudos publicados, sobre qualquer assunto, devem ser vistos com olhos muito cr&#237;ticos<sup>26</sup>.</p>
    <p>O valor da TN isolado n&#227;o deve ser utilizado como &#250;nico m&#233;todo para selecionar os casos que dever&#227;o ser submetidos para exame de ecocardiografia detalhado. A probabilidade de falso-positivos variou de 86,4% a 97,9%, dependendo do ponto de corte utilizado. O valor que produziu o menor n&#250;mero de falso-positivos foi o corte de 4,0 mm. Quando se utiliza esse ponto de corte para indicar a ecocardiografia, de cada oito exames realizados tem-se um alterado; entretanto, 85% das CC n&#227;o ser&#227;o rastreadas.</p>
    <p>Comparando-se o aumento da TN e a presen&#231;a de CC com as indica&#231;&#245;es cl&#225;ssicas de ecocardiografia fetal, pode-se observar que a TN aumentada &#233; respons&#225;vel por um acr&#233;scimo significante na raz&#227;o de chance para CC. A raz&#227;o de chance &#233; uma forma alternativa de descrever o desempenho de um teste diagn&#243;stico. Ela sumariza o mesmo tipo de informa&#231;&#227;o fornecida pela sensibilidade e a especificidade e pode ser usada para calcular a chance de doen&#231;a ap&#243;s um teste positivo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab09">tab. 9</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab09">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0307-00013-gt09.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Dessa forma, se a exposi&#231;&#227;o materna a terat&#243;genos e a hist&#243;ria de um filho anterior com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita s&#227;o indica&#231;&#245;es para ecocardiografia fetal (raz&#227;o de chance para CC de 0,9 e 12,4, respectivamente), tamb&#233;m a TN aumentada deve ser indica&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiografia fetal (raz&#227;o de chance de 4,7 e 25 "para o 95&#186; e 99&#186; percentil, respectivamente")<sup>27,28</sup>.</p>
    <p>Um teste de rastreamento deve ser aplicado a uma popula&#231;&#227;o aparentemente normal com o intuito de identificar indiv&#237;duos com alta probabilidade de terem uma determinada doen&#231;a. Um teste de rastreamento positivo acaba por originar, na maior parte dos casos, um teste de diagn&#243;stico. Um bom teste de rastreamento, portanto, deve ter alta sensibilidade e boa especificidade, para reduzir o n&#250;mero de falso-positivos que necessitem posterior investiga&#231;&#227;o. Para que um teste de rastreamento tenha significado cl&#237;nico, torna-se necess&#225;rio que, uma vez detectada a doen&#231;a, existam possibilidades terap&#234;uticas que alterem o desfecho do caso, reduzindo a mortalidade e a morbidade.</p>
    <p>O treinamento de ultra-sonografistas para realizar um rastreamento m&#237;nimo, avaliando o corte em quatro c&#226;maras e as vias de sa&#237;da, tem se mostrado uma metodologia eficiente. Em um estudo realizado por Carvalho e cols.<sup>29</sup> foi avaliada a efic&#225;cia de se adicionar a visualiza&#231;&#227;o das vias de sa&#237;da ao corte de quatro c&#226;maras no ultra-som de rotina, realizado por obstetras. O &#237;ndice de detec&#231;&#227;o de CC neste estudo foi de 75%. Os autores atribu&#237;ram o sucesso da taxa de rastreamento do programa a uma infra-estrutura dedicada &#224; educa&#231;&#227;o continuada da equipe de ultra-sonografistas por ecocardiografistas fetais.</p>
    <p>Outra tecnologia promissora que promete auxiliar na avalia&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca fetal &#233; o STIC (<italic>Spatio-temporal image correlation/</italic>correla&#231;&#227;o espa&#231;o-temporal de imagem). O STIC armazena blocos tridimensionais do cora&#231;&#227;o fetal, reduzindo a necessidade de experi&#234;ncia do examinador para avaliar a anatomia card&#237;aca<sup>30</sup>. Os blocos armazenados n&#227;o se reduzem a imagens bidimensionais da regi&#227;o de interesse, mas a toda a informa&#231;&#227;o da anatomia adjacente. Como conseq&#252;&#234;ncia, o examinador pode armazenar um bloco para estudo posterior, obtendo planos de corte diferentes. Os blocos podem ainda ser enviados para outros examinadores com maior experi&#234;ncia em ecocardiografia fetal.</p>
    <p>Um estudo realizado por Gon&#231;alves e cols.<sup>31</sup> verificou a capacidade de se obter o plano de quatro c&#226;maras e a visualiza&#231;&#227;o das vias de sa&#237;da a partir de blocos de STIC previamente adquiridos. Foram obtidos vinte blocos por um investigador; posteriormente, dois investigadores com no&#231;&#245;es de ecocardiografia fetal foram treinados para manipular os blocos e obter os planos necess&#225;rios para avaliar a anatomia card&#237;aca. As imagens obtidas foram classificadas de acordo com sua qualidade. Os escores m&#233;dios variaram entre aceit&#225;vel e bom para todos os planos examinados, e n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os examinadores. Portanto, ap&#243;s maiores estudos e com o barateamento dessa tecnologia, o STIC poder&#225; auxiliar a implementar um m&#233;todo de rastreamento mais eficaz e com maior velocidade.</p>
    <p>Ressaltamos a import&#226;ncia da detec&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-natal das CC, dessa forma trazendo comprovado benef&#237;cio para o rec&#233;m-nascido. Uma vez que a TN isolada n&#227;o parece ser um bom m&#233;todo para o rastreamento de CC, sugerimos a implanta&#231;&#227;o de outros m&#233;todos, como o treinamento dos ultra-sonografistas na obten&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise do corte de quatro c&#226;maras card&#237;acas e vias de sa&#237;da. Futuramente, tecnologias como o STIC poder&#227;o ser empregadas para melhorar o rastreamento de CC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico - CNPq, entidade governamental brasileira promotora do desenvolvimento cient&#237;fico e tecnol&#243;gico, que apoiou financeiramente a realiza&#231;&#227;o deste estudo mediante concess&#227;o de bolsa de mestrado, Processo n.130495/2003-4. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Rafael Frederico Bruns </p>
        <p> Rua Dr. Armando Odebrecht, 70 &#150; S/504 </p>
        <p> 89020-400 &#150; Blumenau, SC </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="rafa@bruns.med.br">rafa@bruns.med.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 08/03/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 12/01/06</p>
  </body>
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              <surname>Espinoza</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chaiworapongsa</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schoen</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">The role of nuchal translucency in the screening for congenital heart defects</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: Assess the accuracy of the nuchal translucency (NT) measurement between 11 and 13 weeks and 6 days of gestation as a sonographic marker to screen for congenital heart defects (CHD). METHODS: Multicentric retrospective study, analyzing single pregnancies from euploid fetuses. NT measurement was performed in the first trimester, when fetuses had from 45 to 84 mm of crown-rump length (CRL), according to the criteria established by the Fetal Medicine Foundation. Cases were followed until 1 month after delivery to verify the presence of CHD. RESULTS: 3,664 pregnancies were analyzed and 20 newborns had CHD diagnosed until the first month of life (prevalence of 0.55%). The median NT of the fetuses with CHD was 1.70 mm and 1.60 mm for fetuses without CHD, however no significant difference was found (Mann-Whitney test, p &gt; 0.05). The sensitivity of NT in detection of CHD varied from 15% to 20%, with a range of false positive probability from 86.4% to 97.9%, depending on the cut-off point used. However, the odds ratio was high, compared to the classic indications of echocardiography, ranging from 4.7 to 33.7 according to the cutt-off point. CONCLUSION: In spite of the low sensitivity of the test, enlarged NT is an important risk factor for CHD and should be used in prenatal screening for CHD.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Nuchal translucency</kwd>
        <kwd>congenital heart defect</kwd>
        <kwd>ulrasound</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The role of nuchal translucency in the screening of congenital heart defects </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Rafael Frederico Bruns; Antonio Fernandes Moron; Carlos Geraldo Viana Murta; Lu&#237;s Fl&#225;vio de Andrade Gon&#231;alves; Marina Maccagnano Zamith</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, Maternal-Fetal Clinic and Vit&#243;ria Medifetus - S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; Blumenau, SC - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> Assess the accuracy of the nuchal translucency (NT) measurement between 11 and 13 weeks and 6 days of gestation as a sonographic marker to screen for congenital heart defects (CHD).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> This is a multi-center retrospective study in which singleton gestations of euploid fetuses were analyzed. NT measurement was performed in the first trimester examination when the fetal crown-rump length (CRL) was 45 to 84 mm, according to the criteria established by the Fetal Medicine Foundation. The cases were followed up to one month postpartum to assess the presence of CHD.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Three thousand six hundred and sixty four gestations were analyzed, of which twenty newborn infants had some congenital heart defect up to the first month of life (prevalence of 0.55%). The median NT in fetuses with CHD was 1.70 mm, and 1.60 mm in fetuses without CHD. However no statistically significant difference was observed between the two medians (Mann-Whitney test, p &gt; 0.05). The NT sensitivity to detect CHD ranged from 15% to 20%, with a probability of false positive cases of 86.4% to 97.9%, depending on the cut-off point used. Odds ratio for CHD was high when compared to the classical indications for fetal echocardiography, ranging from 4.7 to 33.7, according to the cut-off point used.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Despite the low sensitivity of the test, increased NT is an important risk factor for CHD, and should be included in the strategy of prenatal screening for these diseases.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Nuchal translucency, congenital heart defects, screening, pregnancy, fetal echocardiography.</p>
      <p>Congenital heart defects (CHD) comprise an important part of all major congenital malformations which affect 2% to 3% of newborn infants (NBI)<sup>1</sup>. The prevalence of CHD in the general population is estimated at 8:1000 live births<sup>2</sup>. When fetal deaths are studied, the incidence of CHD ranges from 0.5% to 39.5%, according to the gestational age at which the fetal loss occurred. The earliest deaths are mainly associated with the presence of complex CHDs<sup>3</sup>. An average of 35% of child deaths are related to CHD<sup>4</sup>; therefore, CHDs are an important issue in the context of neonatal and child death. </p>
      <p>Starting from the principle that the earlier the diagnosis of CHD is made the better the prognosis<sup>5</sup>, some authors have studied the impact of the utilization of fetal echocardiography on the reduction of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Encouraging results are observed especially in the following CHDs: (1) hypoplastic left heart syndrome<sup>6,7</sup>; (e) transposition of the great arteries<sup>8</sup>; and (3) coarctation of the aorta<sup>9</sup>. </p>
      <p>Unfortunately, the detection of CHD in the prenatal period is low because the ultrasound specialist that performs the obstetric examination is not trained for a correct assessment of the anatomy of the heart. Population-based studies on the performance of routine examinations demonstrate disappointing detection rates ranging from 6% to 35%<sup>10</sup>. In addition, the request of a specialized fetal echocardiography examination based on risk factors does not provide the detection of most of the CHDs<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Nuchal translucency (NT) is the hypoechogenic space between the skin and the subcutaneous tissue that covers the cervical spine of the fetus. Since the beginning of the 1990&#146;s several studies with small case series and high risk populations have demonstrated the association of increased NT thickness measured between eleven weeks of gestation and thirteen weeks and six days of gestation with the presence of chromosomal anomalies<sup>12</sup>. The pathophysiological mechanisms that explain this transient sonographic marker are not well established yet<sup>13</sup>. Some events that occur in this phase of pregnancy could occasionally explain the transient accumulation of liquid in the fetal nuchal region, which is attributed to alterations in the fetal lymphatic drainage and/or, particularly, to fetal hemodynamic disorders related to heart failure<sup>14-16</sup>.</p>
      <p>It would be very useful to find a marker such as the NT, able to screen which patients among the low risk population should undergo fetal echocardiography. In view of the use of an increased NT as an indication for fetal echocardiography, the objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of NT in the screening of CHD.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A multi-center retrospective study for validation of a diagnostic test was conducted. Two study centers were included: the first one in Florian&#243;polis (State of Santa Catarina, Brazil), and the second one in Vit&#243;ria (State of Esp&#237;rito Santo, Brazil). The pregnant women included in the study underwent ultrasonographic examination at these centers to measure NT between eleven weeks and thirteen weeks and six days of gestation, as estimated by the crown-rump length (from 45 to 84 mm). The following inclusion criteria were used: (1) singleton gestations; (2) normal fetal karyotype and/or normal phenotype.</p>
      <p>Fetal heart assessment was performed with a neonatal clinical examination or, when necessary, with fetal and/or neonatal echocardiography. All cases were followed up until at least one month after delivery. Relevant data were obtained from the database kept by the institutions participating in the study or through contact with the patient&#146;s physician.</p>
      <p>The equipment used to perform the examinations were: Acuson<sup>TM</sup>! XP10, Acuson<sup>TM</sup> Aspen<sup>TM</sup>, Medison<sup>TM</sup> SONOACE<sup>TM</sup> 9900, Toshiba<sup>TM</sup> SSH-140A and GE<sup>TM</sup> Voluson 730. The examinations were performed by doctors from each center&#146;s medical staff, using the technique recommended by the Fetal Medicine Foundation (FMF): (1) the image should be obtained from a sagittal section of the fetus with a magnification large enough for the cephalic pole to occupy 75% of the image; (2) fetal head should be in a neutral position in relation to the body; (3) care should be taken to distinguish fetal skin and amnion; (4) the widest part of translucency is measured.</p>
      <p>After data collection a descriptive univariate analysis of the variables of interest was performed. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to verify whether NT values distribution was normal.</p>
      <p>In the variables with a normal distribution the mean was used to represent the measurement of the central trend of the sample. In the same cases, the standard deviation was calculated to measure the sample dispersion, and the Student&#146;s t parametric test was used to verify the occurrence of statistical significance.</p>
      <p>In the variables with a non-normal distribution we chose to use a non-parametric test to evaluate the statistical significance. The Mann-Whitney test was used in such cases. Since in non-normal distributions the mean is under a great influence of the extreme values of the distribution (also known as outliers), we chose the median to represent the central measurement of the sample, and the dispersion was represented as percentiles. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered significant. </p>
      <p>The database was then divided into two groups, the first of which was named non-CHD group, and the second was named CHD group. Using the non-CHD group, the 1st, 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, 95th, and 99th percentiles of the absolute value of NT were determined in millimeters for the whole sample of normal cases. These percentiles were also determined in relative values expressed as multiples of the median, considering that the median NT value varies according to the CRL. Further, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and the probability of false positives and false negatives were calculated.</p>
      <p>The present study was analyzed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the <italic>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</italic> in July, 2nd, 2004, process number 0665/04.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The final sample of the study comprised 3,664 examinations. The number of examinations performed at each center was relatively similar: 56% (2,061) of them were performed in Vit&#243;ria and 44% (1,603) in Florian&#243;polis.</p>
      <p>Patients&#146; ages ranged from fourteen to 53 years, with a mean of 32 years. The mean age was higher in the group of patients from Florian&#243;polis than in the group from Vit&#243;ria, and was 34.5 years and 30.2 years, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Tab. 1</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0307-00013-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Twenty cases of congenital heart defect were diagnosed in the sample studied. Of these, fifteen were diagnosed at Florian&#243;polis Center and five at Vit&#243;ria Center, representing a prevalence of 0.94% and 0.24%, respectively. The cases of heart defects diagnosed are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0307-00013-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The following alterations were observed during the morphologic obstetric examination performed at the Florian&#243;polis Center: one case with sinusal bradycardia, two cases with supraventricular tachycardia and three cases of premature atrial contractions. These cases were not included as CHD because they were primarily related to disorders of the heart rhythm.</p>
      <p>A progressive increase in the prevalence of CHD according to the NT values obtained in the examination was observed, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0307-00013-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>NT value distribution in the cases without CHD was not normal, as identified by the Kolmogorov-Smirvov test, in which the p value calculated was lower than 0.05. To demonstrate that the NT value distribution did not follow a normal curve, we created the normal quantile-quantile plot of NT values (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0307-00013-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Median NT was 1.70 mm for the cases with CHD, and 1.60 for the non-CHD group; however, this difference was not statistically significant, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0307-00013-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Among the non-CHD cases, the percentile values found for NT were as follows (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">Tab. 5</xref>):</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0307-00013-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Different cut-off points were used to evaluate the accuracy of NT in the screening of CHD. These values can be observed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2">Table 6</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0307-00013-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Fig. 2</xref> shows normal and abnormal case distribution plot in relation to CRL and NT measurement, marking the several cut-off points studied.</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0307-00013-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The odds ratio of the presence of CHD according to the NT thickness was also determined (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07-body2">Tab. 7</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab07-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0307-00013-gt07-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The number needed to screen (NNS) was calculated to illustrate the efficacy of the method. The NNS is a new statistical method that has gained attention as a form of reporting results of dichotomous tests<sup>17</sup>. The NNS is defined as the number of patients that need to be screened, in average, to achieve some benefit (in this case, the number of patients undergoing echocardiography to diagnose one CHD) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab08-body2">Tab. 8</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab08-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0307-00013-gt08-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Much has been discussed recently about the importance of the prenatal diagnosis of congenital malformations. With the improvement in the quality of ultrasound equipment in the past two decades and with the training of professionals capable of performing fetal morphologic analysis, the sensitivity of the examination has reached values close to 83%<sup>18</sup>. Prenatal diagnosis of fetal diseases enables actions aimed at the maternal and fetal well-being, thus greatly improving the prognosis of the newborn infant. </p>
      <p>Despite the advances in the detection of fetal malformations, however, the detection of CHD is far from being optimal. The difficulty to obtain images with the organ in movement and the vast anatomic knowledge required are pointed as the major factors that make CHD a difficult diagnosis<sup>19</sup>. Therefore, the analysis of the fetal heart depends a great deal on the examiner&#146;s experience, and the sensitivity of the ultrasound examination for the detection of CHD may range from 40% to 90%, even when performed by echocardiography specialists<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>NT is recognized as a marker for risk assessment of chromosome diseases. Although the pathophysiology of the increased NT in fetuses with chromosome diseases is not fully understood, this correlation is well established. Several pathophysiologic mechanisms have been implied in the increased NT, including heart failure. </p>
      <p>Heart failure in adults is known to produce edema of the lower extremities, particularly due to the gravitational action, and this edema is more pronounced by the end of the day. Increased NT was associated with the increase in the gene expression of heart failure markers<sup>21</sup>. However, how fetal heart failure could cause edema restricted to the nuchal region remains unknown. </p>
      <p>NT measurement is a simple method to be learned and is easily reproducible. The demonstration of a correlation between increased NT and CHD would be extremely interesting from an epidemiological point of view for the screening of CHD, and this was our major motivation to carry out this study. </p>
      <p>In our sample, the use of NT as a screening method for CHD showed a low sensitivity &#150; of 20% when the 95th percentile was used as the cut-off point. However, the specificity of the method was high: 99.4% for the 4.0 mm cut-off point. The negative predictive value was always above 99% at the different cut-off points. The association between any form of CHD (isolated or a group that could induce a similar hemodynamic alteration) and increased NT could not be determined.</p>
      <p>The very high specificity and negative predictive values qualify the examination as an important tool to reassure parents, because the likelihood of heart disease in the presence of a normal NT is very low &#150; less than 1%.</p>
      <p>CHDs, in turn, are uncommon among the low risk population, with an incidence lower than 1%. Performing a screening test to conclude that the risk after the test (<italic>a posteriori</italic> risk) is equal to the risk prior to the test (<italic>a priori</italic> risk) does not show any benefit from its use. </p>
      <p>Thus, the test would likely have a greater impact for groups at high risk for CHD, such as mothers who already had a child with CHD, whose recurrence risk is of 2%-3% in subsequent gestations<sup>22</sup>, or for mothers with CHD, whose recurrence risk may reach 5%-10%<sup>23</sup>. In cases in which the CHD is part of a genetic syndrome, the risk of recurrence is equivalent to that attributed to the risk of recurrence of the genetic disease. In these groups, an <italic>a posterior</italic> risk lower than 1% would be very reassuring. However, it would not exclude the need for a thorough assessment using fetal echocardiography.</p>
      <p>Although the 20% sensitivity found in our sample is not as encouraging as the best results already published, it is in agreement with the values available in the literature, that range from 11.1% to 56%. In a meta-analysis published by Makrydimas et al<sup>24</sup>, the estimated sensitivity of NT in the screening of CHD was 37%. This large variation of sensitivity among different studies is mainly attributable to the following factors:</p>
      <p>(1) The cut-off point to separate the normal and abnormal NT groups is highly variable &#150; 2.5 mm, 3.5 mm, 4.0 mm, 95th percentile and 99th percentile, depending on the study.</p>
      <p>(2) The definition of CHD is not very clear in the majority of the studies. Whereas some authors are extremely selective and include only the most severe diseases that require surgical intervention in the first few months of life, others consider even the patent ductus arteriosus (which is very common in premature infants) as a CHD. </p>
      <p>(3) After the publication of the results obtained by Hyett et al<sup>25</sup>, demonstrating a 56% sensitivity in a study with approximately thirty thousand examinations, authors with less encouraging results possibly did not publish their studies believing that their results were wrong. This is called a "publication bias"<sup>26</sup>.</p>
      <p>NT value alone should not be used as a single method to select the cases that should undergo a thorough echocardiography examination. The probability of false positives ranged from 86.4% to 97.9%, depending on the cut-off point used. The cut-off point producing the lower number of false positive was 4.0mm. When this cut-off point is used to indicate echocardiography, one out of each eight examinations performed is not normal; however, 85% of the CHDs are not screened. </p>
      <p>When increased NT and the presence of CHD are compared with the classical indications of fetal echocardiography, we can observe that an increased NT is responsible for a significant increase in the odds ratio for CHD. The odds ratio is an alternative form of describing the performance of a diagnostic test. It summarizes the same type of information provided by the sensitivity and specificity, and may be used to calculate the odds of a disease after a positive test. </p>
      <p>Thus, if maternal exposure to teratogenic agents and a history of a prior child with congenital heart defect are indications for fetal echocardiography (odds ratio for CHD of 0.9 and 12.4, respectively), so should an increased NT be (odds ratios of 4.7 and 25 for the 95th percentile and 99th percentile, respectively)<sup>27,28</sup>. </p>
      <p>A screening test should be applied to an apparently normal population with the purpose of identifying individuals with a high probability of having a certain disease. In the majority of cases, a positive screening test ultimately leads to a diagnostic test. A good screening test should, therefore, have a high sensitivity and a good specificity to reduce the number of false positives that require further investigation. For a screening test to have a clinical significance, once a disease is detected, there should be therapeutic choices able to change the outcome of the case by reducing mortality and morbidity.</p>
      <p>Training ultrasound specialists to perform a minimum screening by assessing the four-chamber and the ouftlow tract views has proven to be an efficient methodology. In a study conducted by Carvalho et al<sup>29</sup>,the efficacy of adding the outflow tract view to the four chamber view in the routine ultrasound examination performed by obstetricians was evaluated. The rate of detection of CHD in this study was 75%. The authors attributed the successful screening rate of the program to an infrastructure dedicated to the continued education of the ultrasound specialist team by fetal echocardiographists. </p>
      <p>Another promising technology to improve fetal cardiac assessment is the STIC (Spatio-temporal image correlation). STIC stores three-dimensional blocks of the fetal heart, thus reducing the need for examiner&#146;s expertise in the assessment of the anatomy of the heart<sup>30</sup>. The blocks stored are not restricted to two-dimensional images of the region studied, but rather they provide all information on the adjacent anatomy. As a consequence, the examiner may store a block for further study, obtaining different section planes. The blocks may also be sent to other experts in fetal echocardiography.</p>
      <p>A study conducted by Gon&#231;alves et al<sup>31</sup> verified the examiner&#146;s ability to obtain the four chamber plane and the outflow tract view from STIC blocks previously acquired. Twenty blocks were obtained by one investigator. Further, two investigators with notions of fetal echocardiography were trained to handle the blocks and obtain the planes needed to assess the heart anatomy. The images obtained were classified according to their quality. Mean scores ranged from acceptable to good for all planes examined and no significant differences were observed among examiners. Therefore, after larger studies and with the reduction of the cost of this technology, STIC will be able to help implement a more effective and rapid screening method. </p>
      <p>We point out the importance of the prenatal detection of CHDs, thus bringing a proven benefit for the newborn infant. Since NT alone does not seem to be a good screening method for CHD, we suggest the implementation of other methods, such as training ultrasound specialists to obtain and analyze the four-chamber and outflow tract views. In the future, technologies such as the STIC should be used to improve CHD screening.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To <italic>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico &#150; CNPq</italic> (National Council for Technological and Scientific Development), a Brazilian governmental entity that promotes scientific and technological development, for the financial support through the funding of a Master&#146;s scholarship, Process no. 130495/2003-4.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Rafael Frederico Bruns</p>
          <p> Rua Dr. Armando Odebrecht, 70 &#150; S/504</p>
          <p> 89020-400 &#150; Blumenau, SC - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="rafa@bruns.med.br">rafa@bruns.med.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Received on 03/08/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 01/12/06</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
