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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">7bzFmqmmBfpqFwFZN7ZWcXK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001600011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700311</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001600011</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estratificando o risco na angina inst&#225;vel com a ecocardiografia sob estresse com dobutamina</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Markman Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Brivaldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Celita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Markman</surname>
            <given-names>Manuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chaves</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moretti</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; A. F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>C&#233;sar</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>294</fpage>
      <lpage>299</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a import&#226;ncia da ecocardiografia sob estresse pela dobutamina (EED) na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel (AI) de baixo a moderado risco, quanto &#224; capacidade de predizer os eventos cl&#237;nicos combinados (morte de causa cardiovascular, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), AI recorrente, necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica) no seguimento de 6 meses. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo prospectivo, multic&#234;ntrico. Os pacientes inclu&#237;dos estavam internados, assintom&#225;ticos havia 24 horas e a medica&#231;&#227;o em uso n&#227;o era suspensa para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame. O EED era realizado preferencialmente at&#233; 72 horas da chegada ao hospital. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 95 pacientes consecutivos. O EED foi positivo para isquemia em 40 pacientes (42,1%) e em 55 (57,9%), foi negativo. Eventos ocorreram em 28 pacientes, 26 dos quais tinham o EED positivo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Os outros 67 pacientes n&#227;o tiveram eventos; desses, 53 tinham o EED negativo. A sensibilidade, especificidade, acur&#225;cia, valor preditivo positivo e negativo do teste frente aos desfechos foram: 92,9%, 79,1%, 83,2%, 65% e 96,4%, respectivamente. Sobrevida livre de eventos ap&#243;s 6 meses para os pacientes com EED negativo foi de 96%, comparada com 35% nos que tiveram o EED positivo (p&lt;0,001). A an&#225;lise univariada identificou classifica&#231;&#227;o da AI, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, &#237;ndice de movimenta&#231;&#227;o parietal do VE pr&#233; e pico, resultado do EED e antecedentes de IAM pr&#233;vio como fatores progn&#243;sticos associados com os desfechos. Somente a vari&#225;vel resultado do EED permaneceu com uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com o desfecho atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise multivariada (p&lt;0,01). CONCLUS&#195;O: O EED apresentou excelente valor preditivo negativo, permitindo alta hospitalar precoce dos pacientes, sem necessidade de exames adicionais. O resultado do exame foi o &#250;nico fator progn&#243;stico independente para os eventos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Angina inst&#225;vel</kwd>
        <kwd>estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiografia sob estresse</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGOS ORIGINAIS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estratificando o risco na angina inst&#225;vel com a ecocardiografia sob estresse com dobutamina</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Brivaldo Markman Filho; Maria Celita Almeida; Manuel Markman; Andrea Chaves; Miguel A. Moretti; Jos&#233; A. F. Ramires; Luiz A. C&#233;sar</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco e Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - Recife, PE</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar a import&#226;ncia da ecocardiografia sob estresse pela dobutamina (EED) na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel (AI) de baixo a moderado risco, quanto &#224; capacidade de predizer os eventos cl&#237;nicos combinados (morte de causa cardiovascular, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), AI recorrente, necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica) no seguimento de 6 meses. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Estudo prospectivo, multic&#234;ntrico. Os pacientes inclu&#237;dos estavam internados, assintom&#225;ticos havia 24 horas e a medica&#231;&#227;o em uso n&#227;o era suspensa para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame. O EED era realizado preferencialmente at&#233; 72 horas da chegada ao hospital. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Foram avaliados 95 pacientes consecutivos. O EED foi positivo para isquemia em 40 pacientes (42,1%) e em 55 (57,9%), foi negativo. Eventos ocorreram em 28 pacientes, 26 dos quais tinham o EED positivo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Os outros 67 pacientes n&#227;o tiveram eventos; desses, 53 tinham o EED negativo. A sensibilidade, especificidade, acur&#225;cia, valor preditivo positivo e negativo do teste frente aos desfechos foram: 92,9%, 79,1%, 83,2%, 65% e 96,4%, respectivamente. Sobrevida livre de eventos ap&#243;s 6 meses para os pacientes com EED negativo foi de 96%, comparada com 35% nos que tiveram o EED positivo (p&lt;0,001). A an&#225;lise univariada identificou classifica&#231;&#227;o da AI, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, &#237;ndice de movimenta&#231;&#227;o parietal do VE pr&#233; e pico, resultado do EED e antecedentes de IAM pr&#233;vio como fatores progn&#243;sticos associados com os desfechos. Somente a vari&#225;vel resultado do EED permaneceu com uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com o desfecho atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise multivariada (p&lt;0,01). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>O EED apresentou excelente valor preditivo negativo, permitindo alta hospitalar precoce dos pacientes, sem necessidade de exames adicionais. O resultado do exame foi o &#250;nico fator progn&#243;stico independente para os eventos.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Angina inst&#225;vel, estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, ecocardiografia sob estresse.</p>
    <p>A angina inst&#225;vel (AI), juntamente com o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) n&#227;o Q, comp&#245;em, face &#224;s similaridades an&#225;tomo-patol&#243;gicas e cl&#237;nicas, o que se denomina s&#237;ndromes isqu&#234;micas mioc&#225;rdicas inst&#225;veis sem supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST. Processos fisiopatol&#243;gicos m&#250;ltiplos s&#227;o implicados na sua g&#234;nese, com a ruptura da placa ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana associada &#224; trombose n&#227;o oclusiva do vaso, o mais comumente encontrado<sup>1</sup>. A AI abrange um grupo heterog&#234;neo de pacientes, com progn&#243;sticos variados, de eventos cl&#237;nicos adversos<sup>2</sup>, a curto e longo prazos. Portanto, a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco nestes pacientes permitiria racionalizar a melhor estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica, diminuir o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e, conseq&#252;entemente, poupar recursos financeiros<sup>3.</sup></p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma sob estresse pela dobutamina (EED) tem se firmado como um m&#233;todo complementar vers&#225;til e acurado no diagn&#243;stico e acompanhamento da doen&#231;a coronariana<sup>4</sup>. Tem sido utilizado na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de pacientes que se submetem &#224; cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca<sup>5</sup>, ap&#243;s epis&#243;dio de IAM<sup>6</sup> e na investiga&#231;&#227;o de dor tor&#225;cica<sup>7</sup>. Seu valor na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes portadores de AI &#233; limitado<sup>8,9</sup>. Portanto, realizamos um estudo prospectivo, para testar a import&#226;ncia do EED na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de pacientes admitidos em ambiente hospitalar com o diagn&#243;stico de AI de baixo a moderado risco de eventos adversos, com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; capacidade de predizer os desfechos cl&#237;nicos combinados (morte de causa cardiovascular, IAM n&#227;o fatal, novo epis&#243;dio de AI, necessidade de tratamento com revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica) no intervalo de tempo de 6 meses, a partir da data da realiza&#231;&#227;o do EED.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Tratou-se de um estudo prospectivo, envolvendo quatro hospitais da regi&#227;o metropolitana da cidade do Recife, dotados de servi&#231;o de cardiologia, a saber: Proc&#225;rdio Diagn&#243;sticos e Urg&#234;ncias Cardiol&#243;gicas LTDA., Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Hospital Agamenon Magalh&#227;es e Hospital Universit&#225;rio Oswaldo Cruz. O estudo recebeu aprova&#231;&#227;o dos respectivos comit&#234;s de &#233;tica em pesquisa cl&#237;nica e todos os pacientes participantes entenderam e assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
    <p>Para inclus&#227;o, os pacientes tinham que ter as seguintes caracter&#237;sticas: 1-estar livres de sintomas h&#225; 24 horas; 2- estar ainda no per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, 3- preencher os crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos de risco intermedi&#225;rio e baixo de AI conforme a diretriz vigente<sup>10</sup>. Exclu&#237;mos aqueles com as seguintes condi&#231;&#245;es: com diagn&#243;stico de AI de alto risco ou AI secund&#225;ria<sup>10</sup> e doen&#231;as graves limitantes, tais como neoplasias com met&#225;stases, insufici&#234;ncia renal com creatinina <underline>&gt;</underline> 2,5 mg/dl, diabetes melito descompensado e insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica com ascite. O EED era realizado preferencialmente at&#233; 72 horas da chegada ao hospital e a medica&#231;&#227;o em uso n&#227;o era suspensa antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame.</p>
    <p>O ecocardi&#243;grafo utilizado foi o HDI 3000 &#150; Philips Medical Systems<sup>R</sup>. com m&#243;dulo de ecocardiografia de estresse integrado - Kodak<sup>R</sup>. A infus&#227;o da dobutamina fez-se de forma cont&#237;nua, com incrementos da dose a intervalos regulares de tr&#234;s minutos, da seguinte maneira: 5, 10, 20, 30 e 40 &#181;g/kg/min, sendo essa &#250;ltima considerada a dose pico ou ent&#227;o a dose imediatamente anterior, caso os objetivos para t&#233;rmino do exame tivessem sido alcan&#231;ados. Se a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) sub-m&#225;xima [(220-idade do paciente) x 0,85] n&#227;o fosse atingida, administra&#231;&#227;o de atropina na dose de 0.25 mg/min, at&#233; uma dose m&#225;xima de 2 mg, era realizada<sup>11,12</sup>. Nesse momento e, a crit&#233;rio do examinador, os pacientes eram orientados a comprimir com uma das m&#227;os uma bola de borracha (manobra de "handgrip"), com o objetivo de potencializar o efeito cronotr&#243;pico positivo da atropina. O in&#237;cio da administra&#231;&#227;o da atropina podia ser feito precocemente, na dose de 20 &#181;g/kg/min, se FC &lt; 100 bpm<sup>13,14</sup>. A FC e a presss&#227;o arterial foram continuamente monitorizadas durante todo o procedimento. Com o intuito de analisar a contratilidade regional, utilizou-se um modelo de divis&#227;o em 16 segmentos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<sup>15</sup>. O EED foi considerado positivo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica com o surgimento de uma altera&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade segmentar do VE (hipocinesia, acinesia ou discinesia) ou com a piora de uma altera&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til pr&#233;-existente. Resposta bif&#225;sica caracterizada por uma melhora do padr&#227;o contr&#225;til de um segmento do VE j&#225; alterado em repouso, em resposta a baixas doses de dobutamina, com posterior piora com doses mais elevadas, indicando respectivamente viabilidade com componente de isquemia, foi tamb&#233;m considerada como teste positivo<sup>12</sup>. Atribu&#237;ram-se pontos de acordo com a resposta do segmento do VE durante o exame, variando de 1 para os segmentos normais at&#233; 4 para as regi&#245;es discin&#233;ticas. Hipocinesia e acinesia receberam 2 e 3 respectivamente. Calculou-se ent&#227;o o &#237;ndice de movimenta&#231;&#227;o parietal do VE (IMPVE) que se considerou como a soma dos pontos dos 16 segmentos do VE, dividida pelo n&#250;mero dos segmentos analisados<sup>16,17</sup>. Uma contratilidade uniforme de todos os segmentos do VE implicou em um IMPVE igual a um. Valores superiores foram considerados anormais.</p>
    <p>O per&#237;odo de acompanhamento dos pacientes foi de pelo menos seis meses, visto que as complica&#231;&#245;es mais importantes ocorrem dentro deste per&#237;odo de evolu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar<sup>18,19</sup>. O seguimento se deu atrav&#233;s de consulta aos prontu&#225;rios, entrevista telef&#244;nica ou avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica dos pacientes pelos investigadores ou mesmo entrevista com o m&#233;dico assistente do mesmo.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> - A an&#225;lise dos dados constou de duas etapas com procedimentos estat&#237;sticos distintos. Na primeira etapa, realizou-se um estudo descritivo e comparativo das vari&#225;veis, atrav&#233;s de distribui&#231;&#245;es de freq&#252;&#234;ncias (absolutas e relativas) e medidas descritivas tais como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o. A compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas de interesse, em pacientes com eventos e sem eventos, foi realizada atrav&#233;s do teste t de Student para amostras independentes. Os testes foram considerados significantes para valores de p &lt; 0,05. A sobrevida livre de eventos foi descrita atrav&#233;s do m&#233;todo de Kaplan &#150; Meier, com as diferen&#231;as entre os grupos comparadas pelo teste log-rank. Ap&#243;s, foi realizada uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para identificar e quantificar a associa&#231;&#227;o daqueles fatores considerados como potencialmente preditivos para um dos desfechos. A seguir, ap&#243;s an&#225;lise univariada, selecionamos aquelas vari&#225;veis pass&#237;veis de compor um modelo log&#237;stico multivariado. O crit&#233;rio de escolha baseou-se no valor de p e, seguindo a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de Hosmer e Lemeshow<sup>20</sup>, foram escolhidas aquelas vari&#225;veis para as quais o correspondente valor de p, obtido na an&#225;lise univariada, foi <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,25.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo compreendido entre Janeiro de 2000 a Junho de 2002, 95 pacientes consecutivos que preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o, foram avaliados atrav&#233;s do EED. Os exames foram realizados em um &#250;nico centro (Proc&#225;rdio) por dois ecocardiografistas com experi&#234;ncia no m&#233;todo. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0294-00011-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Dos 95 pacientes estudados, 62 (65,3%) eram portadores de AI de moderado risco e 33 pacientes (34,7%) eram de baixo risco. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao intervalo de tempo decorrido entre a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e a realiza&#231;&#227;o do EED, 70 pacientes (73,7%) realizaram o exame nas primeiras 72 horas. A dose m&#233;dia de dobutamina utilizada foi de 29,5&#177;6,4 &#181;g/kg/min. Atropina foi administrada em associa&#231;&#227;o &#224; dobutamina em 84% dos pacientes, com dose m&#233;dia de 0,61&#177;0,30 mg. O EED foi positivo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em 40 pacientes (42,1%) e em 55 pacientes (57,9%), foi negativo. Ao longo do per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o, apresentaram eventos 28 pacientes; destes, 26 pacientes tinham EED positivo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Os outros 67 pacientes n&#227;o tiveram eventos e destes, 53 tinham o EED negativo. Desse modo, a sensibilidade, especificidade, acur&#225;cia, valor preditivo positivo e valor preditivo negativo do teste frente aos desfechos cl&#237;nicos foram: 92,9%, 79,1%, 83,2%, 65% e 96,4%, respectivamente. Apenas 2 pacientes dos 55 que apresentaram EED negativo apresentaram um dos eventos cl&#237;nicos ao final dos 6 meses de observa&#231;&#227;o, correspondendo &#224; angioplastia coron&#225;ria com implante de stents, em ambos. O restante dos eventos, em 26 pacientes, ocorreu no grupo do EED compat&#237;vel com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, correspondendo a 11 cirurgias de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, 9 angioplastias coron&#225;rias e 6 interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares por AI recorrente. Portanto, a sobrevida livre de eventos dos pacientes com EED negativo foi de 96%, comparada com 35% para os pacientes com EED positivo (log-rank 45,3; p &lt; 0,001), conforme disposto na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0294-00011-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref> mostra a associa&#231;&#227;o entre poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e eventos, enquanto a <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref> mostra a associa&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis do EED e eventos, ambas atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise univariada.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0294-00011-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0294-00011-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Verificou-se que a classifica&#231;&#227;o de AI, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (FEVE), o IMPVE pr&#233; e pico, o resultado do EED e os antecedentes de IAM pr&#233;vio apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante com os eventos, com p&lt;0,05.</p>
    <p>Em seguida, foi realizada a an&#225;lise multivariada e, ent&#227;o, apenas a vari&#225;vel resultado do EED permaneceu com uma associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante com os eventos (p&lt; 0,01; OR 49,2; IC-95% para o OR: 10,4 a 232,8).</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao perfil de seguran&#231;a do EED, os efeitos colaterais observados nos 95 pacientes estudados encontram-se dispostos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabela 4</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0294-00011-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O epis&#243;dio de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) parox&#237;stica ocorreu na fase de recupera&#231;&#227;o e se reverteu ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o do metoprolol por via endovenosa. Quanto &#224; HAS, foram 2 epis&#243;dios de hipertens&#227;o sist&#243;lica &#150; 250mmHg e 240mmHg respectivamente e 1 epis&#243;dio de hipertens&#227;o diast&#243;lica &#150; 130mmHg. Ocorreram no &#250;ltimo est&#225;gio do exame, no pico de infus&#227;o da dobutamina e os pacientes n&#227;o apresentaram sintomas. Ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o do metoprolol, os n&#237;veis tensionais retornaram aos valores basais. Hipotens&#227;o arterial foi observada em 1 paciente, ao final do protocolo de infus&#227;o, revertida com a administra&#231;&#227;o endovenosa de solu&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica a 0,9%. Dor precordial leve, sem o surgimento de d&#233;ficit contr&#225;til segmentar do VE associado, n&#227;o era condi&#231;&#227;o para o t&#233;rmino do protocolo de infus&#227;o. N&#227;o houve nenhum epis&#243;dio de taquicardia ventricular, IAM, fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular ou morte nos pacientes estudados, durante ou imediatamente ap&#243;s o exame.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O conceito de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco n&#227;o invasiva, para pacientes estabilizados clinicamente durante epis&#243;dio de AI, aplica-se aos que apresentam baixo a moderado risco de eventos adversos a curto e m&#233;dio prazo, segundo as diretrizes vigentes<sup>10,21,22</sup>. No nosso estudo, a maior parte dos pacientes, aproximadamente 2/3 da amostra, era composta pelos que tinham moderado risco para desenvolvimento de eventos isqu&#234;micos, exatamente o grupo no qual se evidencia maior diverg&#234;ncia em rela&#231;&#227;o ao manuseio, atrav&#233;s de uma conduta invasiva precoce ou n&#227;o. Pacientes de baixo risco compunham aproximadamente 1/3 da amostra e, comparados os desfechos, a AI de baixo risco, como esperado, teve um efeito protetor no que se refere aos eventos isqu&#234;micos, visto que 85% dos pacientes desta classe n&#227;o apresentaram eventos.</p>
    <p>Entre as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas de interesse, a hist&#243;ria de IAM pr&#233;vio tem sido demonstrada como sendo um fator preditivo de risco independente para eventos card&#237;acos, bem como tem sido um fator progn&#243;stico de eventos adversos na an&#225;lise univariada, por exemplo, em estudo que utilizou a EED para estratificar o risco na angina inst&#225;vel<sup>8</sup>. Em nosso estudo, ter antecedente de IAM pr&#233;vio foi um fator preditivo de risco estatisticamente significante, pela an&#225;lise univariada, mas n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica &#224; an&#225;lise multivariada, neste caso, provavelmente pela casu&#237;stica n&#227;o t&#227;o grande.</p>
    <p>Considerando agora a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE, esta &#233; um fator determinante do progn&#243;stico de pacientes portadores de cardiopatia, no momento de isquemia aguda e tamb&#233;m cronicamente<sup>23,24</sup>. A FEVE &#233; uma das medidas mais comumente utilizadas na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica visando &#224; quantifica&#231;&#227;o desta fun&#231;&#227;o, sendo de extrema valia para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco ap&#243;s o evento agudo. Apenas sete pacientes (7,4%), na nossa amostra, apresentavam FEVE&lt;0,50, com cinco desses apresentando eventos. Houve associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante entre a FEVE e os eventos, embora a magnitude ou for&#231;a desta associa&#231;&#227;o fosse prejudicada pelo pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes com FE diminu&#237;da.</p>
    <p>Uma an&#225;lise semiquantitativa da contratilidade foi feita partindo da divis&#227;o do VE em 16 segmentos, como recomenda a Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<sup>15</sup>, atrav&#233;s do c&#225;lculo do IMPVE. Quanto maior o &#237;ndice, pior a contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica e um &#237;ndice superior a 1,6 parece estar relacionado a um pior progn&#243;stico<sup>25</sup>. Durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o do EED, o IMPVE est&#225; intimamente relacionado ao desenvolvimento de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, refletida pela altera&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade segmentar do VE. Diversos ensaios cl&#237;nicos t&#234;m demonstrado a import&#226;ncia do IMPVE como fator preditivo independente para o desenvolvimento de eventos card&#237;acos adversos<sup>26-28</sup>. Nosso estudo evidenciou forte associa&#231;&#227;o do IMPVE pr&#233; e no pico do estresse com eventos. Atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise univariada, verificamos que IMPVE igual a um foi um forte fator de prote&#231;&#227;o contra o acontecimento de eventos, tanto no pr&#233; quanto no pico de infus&#227;o da dobutamina.</p>
    <p>Estudos europeus investigando com EED pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de AI de baixo a moderado risco foram recentemente publicados<sup>8,9</sup>. Tais estudos ressaltaram a import&#226;ncia do resultado positivo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica como fator preditivo independente de eventos ao longo do per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o (18 meses em m&#233;dia). Os nossos resultados est&#227;o em conson&#226;ncia com a literatura, ressaltando a boa capacidade da ecocardiografia de estresse para estratificar o risco nestes pacientes com AI<sup>8,9,29-31</sup>. O valor preditivo negativo alcan&#231;ado (96,4%) nesta casu&#237;stica confirma o excelente progn&#243;stico dos pacientes que apresentam um EED negativo, classificando-os como um grupo de muito baixo risco para eventos e que n&#227;o necessitariam de investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica suplementar, bem como poderiam ser candidatos &#224; alta hospitalar precoce<sup>32</sup>. A an&#225;lise multivariada demonstrou que o EED positivo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, dentre os fatores potencialmente preditivos de resultados adversos, foi o &#250;nico a alcan&#231;ar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>Alguns estudos t&#234;m avaliado a seguran&#231;a do EED em pacientes sabidamente portadores de coronariopatia cr&#244;nica ou em fase de investiga&#231;&#227;o<sup>33,34</sup>. Mesmo quando utilizado em um grupo de pacientes com um maior potencial para complica&#231;&#245;es durante e ap&#243;s a sua realiza&#231;&#227;o, o EED apresentou um perfil de seguran&#231;a bastante aceit&#225;vel, sem registro de intercorr&#234;ncias mais graves<sup>9</sup>. Na nossa casu&#237;stica, corroborando o estudo anteriormente citado, n&#227;o aconteceram eventos graves como morte, IAM ou arritmias malignas (fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular ou taquicardia ventricular sustentada).</p>
    <p>Embora a disponibiliza&#231;&#227;o do resultado do EED para uma parte dos m&#233;dicos assistentes possa ter introduzido algum vi&#233;s na decis&#227;o de encaminhar os pacientes para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cinecoronariografia, cumpre salientar que a realiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo cinecoronariogr&#225;fico n&#227;o fazia parte dos eventos cl&#237;nicos relacionados neste estudo. Com certeza, a realiza&#231;&#227;o da cinecoronariografia permitiu identificar graves les&#245;es coronarianas, levando &#224; indica&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m do mais, a quase impossibilidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de outro m&#233;todo complementar com acur&#225;cia semelhante, ou seja, a cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica, em tempo h&#225;bil para compara&#231;&#227;o com o EED, de modo que o resultado deste n&#227;o fosse acessado pelos cl&#237;nicos, principalmente nos hospitais p&#250;blicos participantes desse estudo, inviabilizaria o processo de estratifica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva neste grupo de pacientes.</p>
    <p>Os autores agradecem a valiosa ajuda do Prof. Jos&#233; Natal Figueiroa, na an&#225;lise dos dados estat&#237;sticos deste estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Brivaldo Markman Filho </p>
        <p> Av. Visconde de Jequitinhonha, 2544/1902 </p>
        <p> Recife, PE </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="brimark@cardiol.br">brimark@cardiol.br</email> ou </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="brivaldomarkman@uol.com.br">brivaldomarkman@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 11/03/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 11/11/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Stratifying the risk in unstable angina with dobutamine stress echocardiography</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) in the risk stratification of low to moderate risk unstable angina (UA) patients, to predict the combined clinical outcome of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction (MI), recurrent UA and the need of revascularization procedures in a 6 month period. METHODS: Multicenter prospective study. Patients should be admitted to the hospital and asymptomatic in the last 24 hours. The exam was performed up to 72 hours from the hospital admission and no medication was stopped prior to the test. RESULTS: Ninety-five consecutive patients were evaluated by DSE. Forty patients (42,1%) had a positive ischemic test and fifty five (57,9%) had a negative one. Clinical events occurred in twenty eight patients, twenty six of whom had a positive test. The rest of the patients (67) did not have clinical events and fifty three of them, had a negative test. The sensibility, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the test related to the clinical events were: 92,9%, 79,1%, 83,2%, 65% and 96,4%, respectively. Event-free survival after 6 months for pacients with a negative DSE was 96% compared to 35% for those with a positive DSE (p&lt;0,001). The UA classification, left ventricular ejection fraction, rest and peak wall motion score index, DSE result and history of previous MI were associated with the combined end point by univariate analysis. The test result was the only independent predictor of cardiac events by multivariate analysis (p&lt;0.001). CONCLUSION: O DSE has shown an excellent negative predictive value allowing for early hospital discharge without further exams. The positive test result was the only independent predictor for adverse cardiac events.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Unstable angina</kwd>
        <kwd>risk stratification</kwd>
        <kwd>stress-echocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Stratifying risk in unstable angina with dobutamine stress echocardiography </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Brivaldo Markman Filho; Maria Celita Almeida; Manuel Markman; Andrea Chaves; Miguel A. Moretti; Jos&#233; A. F. Ramires; Luiz A. C&#233;sar</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco e Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - Recife, PE - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the role of dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) in the risk stratification of low to moderate risk unstable angina (UA) patients, to predict the combined clinical outcome of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction (MI), recurrent UA and the need of revascularization procedures in a 6 month period.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Multicenter prospective study. Patients should be admitted to the hospital and asymptomatic in the last 24 hours. The exam was performed up to 72 hours from the hospital admission and no medication was stopped prior to the test.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Ninety-five consecutive patients were evaluated by DSE. Forty patients (42,1%) had a positive ischemic test and fifty five (57,9%) had a negative one. Clinical events occurred in twenty eight patients, twenty six of whom had a positive test. The rest of the patients (67) did not have clinical events and fifty three of them, had a negative test. The sensibility, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the test related to the clinical events were: 92,9%, 79,1%, 83,2%, 65% and 96,4%, respectively. Event-free survival after 6 months for pacients with a negative DSE was 96% compared to 35% for those with a positive DSE (p&lt;0,001). The UA classification, left ventricular ejection fraction, rest and peak wall motion score index, DSE result and history of previous MI were associated with the combined end point by univariate analysis. The test result was the only independent predictor of cardiac events by multivariate analysis (p&lt;0.001).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>DSE has shown an excellent negative predictive value allowing for early hospital discharge without further exams. The positive test result was the only independent predictor for adverse cardiac events.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold> Unstable angina, risk stratification, stress-echocardiography.</p>
      <p>Unstable angina (UA), together with non-Q wave acute myocardial infarction (AMI), in view of anatomopathological and clinical similarities, make up the so-called non-ST segment elevation unstable myocardial ischemic syndromes. Multiple physiopathological processes are involved in their genesis, in that the rupture of the coronary atherosclerotic plaque associated with non-occlusive thrombosis being the most commonly found<sup>1</sup>. Unstable angina includes a heterogeneous group of patients, with varied prognosis for adverse clinical events<sup>2</sup>, in the short and long term. Therefore, the stratification of risk in these patients is supposed to allow the rationalization of the best therapeutic strategy, the reduction of the hospitalization period and the consequently savings in financial resources<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Dobutamine stress echocardiogram (DSE) has been considered as a versatile and accurate complementary method to diagnose and follow up coronary artery disease<sup>4</sup>. It has been used to stratify the risk of patients submitted to non-cardiac surgery<sup>5</sup>, following an episode of AMI<sup>6</sup> and to investigate thoracic pain<sup>7</sup>. Its value in the assessment of UA patients is limited<sup>8,9</sup>. Therefore, we carried out a prospective study to test the importance of DSE in the risk stratification of patients admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of UA with low to moderate risk of adverse events, concerning the ability to predict combined clinical events (death from cardiovascular cause, non-fatal AMI, a new episode of UA, need of treatment with myocardial revascularization) within 6 months from the day of performance of the DSE.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This was a prospective study involving four hospitals of the metropolitan region of the city of Recife which had a cardiology unit: Proc&#225;rdio Diagn&#243;sticos e Urg&#234;ncias Cardiol&#243;gicas LTDA., Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Hospital Agamenon Magalh&#227;es and Hospital Universit&#225;rio Oswaldo Cruz. The study was approved by the respective clinical research ethical committees and all the participants understood and signed the term of free and informed consent.</p>
      <p>In order to be included in the study, the patients had to present the following characteristics: 1-be asymptomatic for 24 hours; 2- be hospitalized, 3- meet the clinical criteria of low to intermediate risk UA according to the then-current guideline<sup>10</sup>. We excluded those patients who: had a diagnosis of high risk UA or secondary UA<sup>10</sup> and severe limiting diseases such as neoplasias with metastasis, renal failure with creatinine <underline>&gt;</underline> 2.5 mg/dl, unbalanced diabetes mellitus and hepatic failure with ascitis. The DSA was performed preferably within 72 hours of hospital admission and the medication in use was not interrupted before the performance of the test.</p>
      <p>We used a Philips Medical Systems<sup>&#174; </sup>HDI 3000 echocardiography device, with a Kodak<sup>&#174;</sup> integrated stress echocardiography module. Dobutamine infusion was administered in a continuous fashion, with dose increments at regular 3-minute intervals as follows: 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 &#181;g/kg/min, in that the dose considered to be the peak was the 40 &#181;g/kg/min or the prior dose if the objectives for the end of the test had been achieved. If the sub-maximum [(220- the patient&#146;s age) x 0.85] heart rate (HR) was not reached, we administered atropine at 0.25 mg/min until a maximum dose of 2 mg<sup>11,12</sup>. At this point, and at the discretion of the practitioner, the patients were told to compress a rubber ball with one hand (the handgrip maneuver), with the objective of increasing the positive chronotropic effect of atropine. The beginning of atropine administration could be carried out early at a dose of 20 &#181;g/kg/min, if HR &lt; 100 bpm<sup>13,14</sup>. The HR and the arterial pressure were monitored continuously throughout the procedure. In order to analyze regional contractility, we used the 16-segment division model of the left ventricle (LV) as recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography<sup>15</sup>. The DSE was considered positive for myocardial ischemia with the occurrence of a change in LV segment contractility (hypokinesia, akinesia or dyskinesia) or with the worsening of a pre-existing change in contractility. Biphasic response characterized by an improvement in the contractile pattern of an LV segment which is changed at rest, in response to low doses of dobutamine, and which later presented worsening with higher doses, indicating viability with a component of ischemia, was also considered a positive test<sup>12</sup>. Points were attributed according to the response of the LV segment during the test, varying from 1 for normal segments to 4 for dyskinetic regions. Hypokinesia and akinesia were assigned 2 and 3 respectively. We calculated the LV wall motion score index (LVWMSI) which was considered as the sum of the points of the 16 segments of LV divided by the number of segments analyzed<sup>16,17</sup>. A uniform contractility of all the segments of LV implied an LVWMSI equal to one. Values above these were deemed abnormal.</p>
      <p>The follow-up period of patients was of at least six months, since the most important complications occur within this period of progression following hospital discharge<sup>18,19</sup>. Follow-up was carried out through hospital records, telephone interview or medical assessment of the patients by the researchers or even interview with the patients&#146; practitioner.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis </italic>&#150; The analysis of the data included two stages with different statistical procedures. In the first stage, we carried out a descriptive and comparative study of the variables, through frequency distributions (absolute and relative distributions) and descriptive measures such as means and standard deviation. The comparison between the means of continuous variables of interest, in patients with events and without events, was carried out using Student&#146;s t test for independent samples. The tests were considered significant for p values &lt; 0.05. The event-free survival rate was described though the Kaplan &#150; Meier method, with the differences between the groups being compared using the log-rank test. After this, we carried out a logistic regression analysis to identify and quantify the association of the factors considered as potentially predictive of one of the outcomes. Then, after a univariate analysis, we selected those variables which could be used to compose a multivariate logistic model. The criterium of choice was based on the value of p and, following the recommendation of Hosmer and Lemeshow<sup>20</sup>, we selected those variables whose p value, obtained in the univariate analysis, was <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.25.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the period between January 2000 and June 2002, 95 consecutive patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were assessed by using the DSE. The tests were carried out in a single center (Proc&#225;rdio) by two echocardiographers with experience on the method. The clinical characteristics of the patients are on <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0294-00011-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Of the 95 patients assessed, 62 (65.3%) had moderate risk UA and 33 patients (34.7%) had low risk UA. As regards the time elapsed between admission to hospital and the performance of the DSE, 70 patients (73.7%) were tested within the first 72 hours. The average dose of dobutamine administered was 29.5&#177;6.4 &#181;g/kg/min. Atropine was administered in association with dobutamine in 84% of the patients, with an average dose of 0.61&#177;0.30 mg. The DSE was positive for myocardial ischemia in 40 patients (42.1%) and negative in 55 patients (57.9%). Throughout the observation period, 28 patients had events; of these, 26 patients had a positive DSE for myocardial ischemia. The other 67 patients did not have events and of these, 53 had a negative DSE. This way, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the test relative to the clinical outcomes were: 92.9%, 79.1%, 83.2%, 65% and 96.4%, respectively. Only 2 patients out of the 55 who had a negative DSE presented one of the clinical events at the end of the 6-month observation period, i.e. percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) with stent implantation in both. The other events, in 26 patients, occurred in the DSE group which was compatible with myocardial ischemia, and corresponded to 11 coronary bypass graft surgeries (CABG), 9 PTCA and 6 admissions to hospital due to recurring UA. Therefore, the event-free survival rate for patients with negative DSE was 96%, as compared with 35% for patients with positive DSE (log rank 45.3; p &lt; 0.001) as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0294-00011-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the association between possible clinical and electrocardiographic variables and events, whereas <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">table 3</xref> shows the association between DSE variables and events, both through univariate analysis.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0294-00011-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0294-00011-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>We verified that the UA classification, the left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF), the rest and peak LVWMSI, DSE result and previous AMI had a statistically significant association with the events, with p&lt;0.05.</p>
      <p>We then carried out the multivariate analysis and then only the variable DSE result maintained a statistically significant association with the events (p&lt; 0.01; OR 49.2; CI-95% for OR: 10.4 to 232.8).</p>
      <p>As regards the DSE safety profile, the side effects observed in 95 patients studied are shown on <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">table 4</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0294-00011-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The episode of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) occurred in the recovery phase and was reversed after the intravenous infusion of metoprolol. As regards systolic arterial hypertension (SAH), there were two episodes of systolic hypertension &#150; 250mmHg and 240mmHg respectively and 1 episode of diastolic hypertension &#150; 130mmHg. They occurred at the last stage of the test, at the peak of dobutamine infusion and the patients did not present symptoms. After the administration of metoprolol, blood pressure levels returned to baseline levels. Arterial hypotension was observed in one patient, at the end of the infusion protocol, and was reversed with the intravenous administration of saline solution at 0.9%. Mild precordial pain, with no contractile deficit in LV segments was not a condition to terminate the infusion protocol. There was no episode of ventricular tachycardia, AMI, ventricular fibrillation or death in the patients studied, during or immediately after the test.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The concept of noninvasive risk stratification for clinically stabilized patients during the UA episode is applicable to those who present low to moderate risk of adverse events in the short and mid term, according to current guidelines<sup>10,21,22</sup>. In our study, most patients, approximately 2/3 of the sample, had moderate risk for developing ischemic events, exactly the groups where there is higher divergence as regards the handling, through early invasive procedures or not. Low risk patients composed approximately 1/3 of the sample, and when the outcomes were compared, low risk UA, as expected, had a protective effect as regards ischemic events, since 85% of the patients of this class did not present events.</p>
      <p>Among the clinical variables of interest, a history of previous AMI has been demonstrated to be an independent predictive risk factor for cardiac events, and also a prognostic factor of adverse events in the univariate analysis, for example, in a study which used DSE to stratify risk in unstable angina<sup>8</sup>. In our study, having a prior history of AMI was a statistically significant predictive risk factor, in the univariate analysis, but was not statistically significant in the multivariate analysis, probably because the number of cases was not so large.</p>
      <p>Considering the LV systolic function, this is a determinant factor in the prognosis of patients with cardiopathy at the time they have acute ischemia and also from the chronic point of view <sup>23,24</sup>. LVEF is one of the most widely used measures in clinical practice to quantify this function, and is extremely valuable to stratify risk after an acute event. Only seven patients (7.4%), of our sample had LVEF&lt;0.50, with five of these presenting events. There was a statistically significant association between LVEF and the events, although the magnitude or strength of this association was affected by the small number of patients with reduced EF.</p>
      <p>A semi-quantitative analysis of contractility was carried out based on the division of the LV in 16 segments, as recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography<sup>15</sup>, through the calculation of LVWMSI. The higher the index, the worse the myocardial contractility and an index higher than 1.6 seems to be related with worse prognosis<sup>25</sup>. During the performance of the DSE, the LVWMSI is closely related with the development of myocardial ischemia, which is reflected in the change in segment contractility of LV. Several clinical trials have demonstrated the importance of LVWMSI as an independent risk factor for the development of adverse cardiac events<sup>26-28</sup>. Our study evidenced a strong association between LVWMSI at rest and at peak stress with the events. Through the univariate analysis, we verified that LVWMSI equal to one was a strong protection factor against events, in the rest and peak dobutamine infusion stages.</p>
      <p>European studies investigating patients diagnosed with low to moderate risk UA by using DSE have been recently published<sup>8,9</sup>. These studies highlighted the importance of a positive result for myocardial ischemia as an independent predictive factor for events throughout the observation period (18 months on average). Our results are in agreement with the literature, and emphasize the good ability of stress echocardiography to stratify risk in these patients with UA<sup>8,9,29-31</sup>. The negative predictive value (96.4%) reached in this set of cases confirms the excellent prognosis of patients who present a negative DSE, classifying them as a very low risk group for events, that would not require supplementary diagnostic investigation, and could be candidates to early discharge from hospital<sup>32</sup>. The multivariate analysis demonstrated that a positive DSE for myocardial ischemia, among the potentially predictive factors for adverse outcomes, was the only one to reach statistical significance.</p>
      <p>Some studies have assessed DSE safety in patients known to have coronary disease, either chronic or under investigation<sup>33,34</sup>. Even when used in a group of patients with a higher potential for complications during and after the test, the DSE presented a very acceptable safety profile, with no record of more serious events<sup>9</sup>. In our set of cases, there were no serious events such as death, AMI or malignant arrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation or sustained ventricular tachycardia) which corroborates the results of the study mentioned above.</p>
      <p>Although the fact that the DSE results were made available to part of the physicians assisting the patients may have somehow biased their decision to refer patients to cinecoronariography, we must stress that this test was not included among the clinical events listed in this study. The cinecoronario graphy surely allowed the identification of severe lesions that prompted the indication of revascularization procedures. Additionally, the virtual impossibility of carrying out another complementary method with a similar accuracy, that is, myocardial scintigraphy, in a timely manner so as to compare it with the DSE, in such a way that the DSE results were not accessed by the physician especially in the public hospitals participating in the study, would make the non-invasive stratification procedure unviable in this group of patients.</p>
      <p>The authors thank Prof. Jos&#233; Natal Figueiroa for his invaluable assistance in the analysis of the statistical data of this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing Address:</p>
          <p> Brivaldo Markman Filho</p>
          <p> Av. Visconde de Jequitinhonha, 2544/1902</p>
          <p> Recife, PE - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="brimark@cardiol.br">brimark@cardiol.br</email> ou </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="brivaldomarkman@uol.com.br">brivaldomarkman@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Received on 03/11/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 11/11/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
