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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">y4Sq7njr8bX5QbzpNWX87ch</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001600010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700310</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001600010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influ&#234;ncia do g&#234;nero no valor progn&#243;stico da troponina I ap&#243;s angioplastia coronariana eletiva</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Julio Cesar Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bitencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Almir Galv&#227;o Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Marianna Deway</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aras Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Roque</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Esteves</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; P&#233;ricles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Portugu&#234;s</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>288</fpage>
      <lpage>293</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis de troponina I (TnI) em pacientes submetidos, eletivamente, a interven&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias percut&#226;neas (ICP) com ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos adversos (ECA) no seguimento de 6 meses. M&#201;TODOS: No per&#237;odo de um ano, foram selecionados consecutivamente 111 pacientes submetidos a ICP eletiva, com angina est&#225;vel (AE), inst&#225;vel (AI) ou isquemia silenciosa (IS), assintom&#225;ticos por mais de 72 horas antes do procedimento. As dosagens de TnI foram realizadas entre 8 e 24 horas ap&#243;s a ICP. Cada paciente foi contatado por telefone, ap&#243;s seis meses, e questionado quanto &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de ECA, definidos como morte, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e recorr&#234;ncia de isquemia. RESULTADOS: Ocorreu eleva&#231;&#227;o de TnI em 24 (21,6%) pacientes ap&#243;s a ICP, independente de caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e complica&#231;&#245;es do procedimento. O surgimento de eventos foi mais freq&#252;ente em quem apresentou eleva&#231;&#227;o de TnI: 66,7 vs. 42,5% (RR=1,57; IC95%=1,08-2,28). Este risco parece ser maior nos subgrupos de g&#234;nero feminino e naqueles com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de AI. Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada, apenas g&#234;nero se confirmou como co-vari&#225;vel modificadora de efeito com risco de ECA maior em mulheres com eleva&#231;&#227;o de TnI (OR=7,22. IC95%=1,4 -36,9) e similar em homens (OR=1,26. IC95%=0,35-4,55). CONCLUS&#195;O: Eleva&#231;&#227;o de TnI foi freq&#252;entemente encontrada ap&#243;s ICP e &#233; um fator associado ao surgimento de ECA a m&#233;dio prazo. Entretanto, quando ajustada para outras vari&#225;veis, este efeito s&#243; se manteve em pacientes do g&#234;nero feminino.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Troponina</kwd>
        <kwd>interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>progn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGOS ORIGINAIS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Influ&#234;ncia do g&#234;nero no valor progn&#243;stico da troponina I ap&#243;s angioplastia coronariana eletiva</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Julio Cesar Vieira Braga; Almir Galv&#227;o Vieira Bitencourt; Marianna Deway Andrade; Roque Aras Junior; Jos&#233; P&#233;ricles Esteves</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital Portugu&#234;s - Salvador, BA</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis de troponina I (TnI) em pacientes submetidos, eletivamente, a interven&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias percut&#226;neas (ICP) com ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos adversos (ECA) no seguimento de 6 meses. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> No per&#237;odo de um ano, foram selecionados consecutivamente 111 pacientes submetidos a ICP eletiva, com angina est&#225;vel (AE), inst&#225;vel (AI) ou isquemia silenciosa (IS), assintom&#225;ticos por mais de 72 horas antes do procedimento. As dosagens de TnI foram realizadas entre 8 e 24 horas ap&#243;s a ICP. Cada paciente foi contatado por telefone, ap&#243;s seis meses, e questionado quanto &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de ECA, definidos como morte, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e recorr&#234;ncia de isquemia. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Ocorreu eleva&#231;&#227;o de TnI em 24 (21,6%) pacientes ap&#243;s a ICP, independente de caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e complica&#231;&#245;es do procedimento. O surgimento de eventos foi mais freq&#252;ente em quem apresentou eleva&#231;&#227;o de TnI: 66,7 vs. 42,5% (RR=1,57; IC95%=1,08-2,28). Este risco parece ser maior nos subgrupos de g&#234;nero feminino e naqueles com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de AI. Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada, apenas g&#234;nero se confirmou como co-vari&#225;vel modificadora de efeito com risco de ECA maior em mulheres com eleva&#231;&#227;o de TnI (OR=7,22. IC95%=1,4 -36,9) e similar em homens (OR=1,26. IC95%=0,35-4,55). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Eleva&#231;&#227;o de TnI foi freq&#252;entemente encontrada ap&#243;s ICP e &#233; um fator associado ao surgimento de ECA a m&#233;dio prazo. Entretanto, quando ajustada para outras vari&#225;veis, este efeito s&#243; se manteve em pacientes do g&#234;nero feminino.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Troponina, interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea, progn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>O procedimento de interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) est&#225; freq&#252;entemente associado &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de necrose mioc&#225;rdica m&#237;nima ou microinfartos, detectados na maioria das vezes apenas pela eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de necrose mioc&#225;rdica<sup>1-5</sup>. Esses pequenos infartos decorrem principalmente de microemboliza&#231;&#245;es durante o procedimento<sup>6,7</sup>. </p>
    <p>Publica&#231;&#245;es recentes trazem resultados controversos quanto ao valor progn&#243;stico dessas les&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas m&#237;nimas, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o da ICP<sup>8-10</sup>. Por outro lado, o valor progn&#243;stico de eleva&#231;&#245;es, mesmo que m&#237;nimas, dos marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de necrose mioc&#225;rdica, no cen&#225;rio das s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA), j&#225; est&#225; muito bem demonstrado<sup>11</sup>. Estudos anteriores mostraram que eleva&#231;&#245;es no n&#237;vel da isoforma card&#237;aca da enzima creatina-quinase (CK-MB) t&#234;m relev&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica ap&#243;s ICP, por&#233;m apenas quando a eleva&#231;&#227;o &#233; de pelo menos 3 vezes o valor normal<sup>12,13</sup>. As troponinas card&#237;acas (TnI e TnT) s&#227;o consideradas de maior especificidade e sensibilidade do que a CK-MB<sup>13-15 </sup>e encontram-se elevadas em aproximadamente 13 a 48% dos pacientes submetidos a ICP<sup>7,16,17</sup>. A eleva&#231;&#227;o ou re-eleva&#231;&#227;o de TnI ap&#243;s ICP, nas SCA, est&#225; associada a maior risco de surgimento de eventos cardiovasculares a m&#233;dio e longo prazo<sup>5,10,18</sup>. No entanto, quando a ICP &#233; realizada eletivamente, essa associa&#231;&#227;o ainda &#233; incerta<sup>19-21</sup>. </p>
    <p>Nosso objetivo &#233; avaliar se os n&#237;veis de TnI ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de ICP eletiva se associam &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia, ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, de eventos card&#237;acos adversos (ECA) definidos como morte, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o ou isquemia recorrente, no seguimento de 6 meses. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Durante o per&#237;odo de julho de 2000 a agosto de 2001, foram inclu&#237;dos consecutivamente pacientes admitidos em uma unidade coronariana ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de ICP eletiva que apresentavam diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de angina est&#225;vel (AE), isquemia mioc&#225;rdica silenciosa (IS) ou angina inst&#225;vel (AI) sem intercorr&#234;ncias por mais de 72 horas antes do procedimento. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com IAM h&#225; menos de 15 dias ou com dosagem de TnI elevada nas 48 horas antes do procedimento. Os procedimentos de ICP foram realizados por equipe de profissionais com larga experi&#234;ncia neste tipo de evento, ficando a cargo dos mesmos a indica&#231;&#227;o de implante de <italic>stents</italic>.</p>
    <p>Todos os indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos a dosagens de TnI entre 8 e 24 horas ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o da ICP. As dosagens foram feitas atrav&#233;s da t&#233;cnica de quimioluminesc&#234;ncia (DPC - <italic>Diagnostics Products Corporation</italic>, Los Angeles, Calif&#243;rnia, USA). No caso de mais de uma dosagem, selecionamos o valor mais elevado como refer&#234;ncia. Eleva&#231;&#227;o anormal da TnI foi considerada acima de 1,0 ng/dl, valor definido pelo fabricante como crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico de IAM. </p>
    <p>Para cada paciente inclu&#237;do no estudo foi preenchido um question&#225;rio-padr&#227;o contendo caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas. Os dados angiogr&#225;ficos foram analisados por observador &#250;nico, cego para as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais dos pacientes. Consideramos uma les&#227;o complexa para ICP aquela que, &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica, apresentava imagem sugestiva de presen&#231;a de trombos, dissec&#231;&#227;o ou envolvimento de ramos antes da interven&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s o procedimento, foi observada a ocorr&#234;ncia das seguintes complica&#231;&#245;es: oclus&#227;o aguda, dissec&#231;&#227;o e oclus&#227;o de ramos. O seguimento dos pacientes foi feito atrav&#233;s de contato telef&#244;nico, por entrevistador treinado. Todos os pacientes consentiram, por telefone, em participar da pesquisa. As informa&#231;&#245;es sobre ECA foram fornecidas pelo pr&#243;prio paciente, ou substituto que dispusesse das mesmas, nos per&#237;odos de um, tr&#234;s e seis meses ap&#243;s a data da ICP. Isquemia mioc&#225;rdica documentada foi considerada, quando algum teste isqu&#234;mico, ou Holter, documentava isquemia. Os demais eventos card&#237;acos adversos, que incluem morte, IAM e nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, seja ela nova ICP ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, baseavam-se na informa&#231;&#227;o fornecida pelo entrevistado. </p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> - Eleva&#231;&#227;o de TnI foi avaliada como a vari&#225;vel independente principal e a ocorr&#234;ncia de ECA como dependente principal. </p>
    <p>Com base em dados te&#243;ricos, g&#234;nero, idade, complica&#231;&#227;o imediata ao procedimento foram avaliados como poss&#237;veis modificadores do efeito. Al&#233;m destes fatores, uso de <italic>stents</italic>, complexidade da les&#227;o e diagn&#243;stico de angina inst&#225;vel antes da ICP foram avaliados como poss&#237;veis confundidores. </p>
    <p>A vari&#225;vel idade n&#227;o apresentou distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e foi transformada em categ&#243;rica e descrita como propor&#231;&#245;es. Associa&#231;&#227;o entre TnI e co-vari&#225;veis foram avaliadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado.</p>
    <p>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre eleva&#231;&#227;o de TnI e eventos cardiovasculares em 6 meses foram calculados para todos os pacientes, estimando o RR bruto (n&#227;o ajustado) e de forma estratificada em subgrupos de interesse. Nesta etapa, a avalia&#231;&#227;o de intera&#231;&#227;o foi feita pelo teste de homogeneidade de Mantel-Haenszel; caso p&lt;0,20 a co-vari&#225;vel seria inclu&#237;da no modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>An&#225;lise multivariada com regress&#227;o log&#237;stica n&#227;o condicional foi utilizada para estimativa da OR entre eleva&#231;&#227;o de TnI e eventos com 6 meses. Realizamos an&#225;lise de intera&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s do teste da raz&#227;o de m&#225;xima verossimilhan&#231;a (<italic>log likelihood ratio test</italic>), comparando modelos com e sem termos de intera&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise de confundimento, atrav&#233;s da mudan&#231;a na OR da vari&#225;vel de exposi&#231;&#227;o principal (<italic>percent change in effect</italic>) com elimina&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis, utilizando a estrat&#233;gia <italic>backward</italic>. </p>
    <p>O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5% para hip&#243;teses bicaudais. Os dados coletados foram processados no programa STATA 7.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi constitu&#237;da de 111 pacientes e ocorreu eleva&#231;&#227;o de TnI em 24 (21,6%) deles. <italic>Stents</italic> foram utilizados em 86,4% das interven&#231;&#245;es e n&#227;o apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o com eleva&#231;&#227;o da TnI. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> mostra a distribui&#231;&#227;o das co-vari&#225;veis g&#234;nero, idade, diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio &#224; ICP, uso de <italic>stents</italic>, presen&#231;a de complica&#231;&#227;o imediata ao procedimento e a vari&#225;vel desfecho principal surgimento de eventos com 6 meses, de acordo com o valor da troponina (normal ou elevado). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0288-00010-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>G&#234;nero masculino n&#227;o foi mais freq&#252;ente nos pacientes com eleva&#231;&#227;o de TnI (50 vs 49,4% nos pacientes com troponina normal, p=0,96), assim como idade &#136;7 65 anos (50 vs 44,8%, p=0,65), diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de angina inst&#225;vel (41,7 vs 46,0%, p=0,71), uso de <italic>stents</italic> (87,5 vs 87,7%, p=1,0) e complica&#231;&#245;es imediatas ao procedimento (37,5 vs 34,5%, p=0,78). O surgimento de ECA em 6 meses foi mais freq&#252;ente em quem apresentou eleva&#231;&#227;o de TnI (66,7 vs 42,5%, p=0,036). Os ECA em 6 meses em quem apresentou eleva&#231;&#227;o da TnI vs quem n&#227;o apresentou foram compostos de: &#243;bito (4,3 vs 0%, p=0,22); infarto (17,4 <italic>vs</italic> 2,5, p=0,02); novo procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (8,7 <italic>vs</italic> 20,0%, p=0,35); comprova&#231;&#227;o de isquemia em teste isqu&#234;mico (50% vs 31,3%, p=0,07).</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref> mostra as medidas de risco associadas &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o de TnI. A estimativa bruta mostra um risco relativo de eventos maior em quem apresentou eleva&#231;&#227;o de TnI (RR=1,57; IC 95%=1,08-2,28). Este risco parece inicialmente estar maior nos subgrupos de g&#234;nero feminino em rela&#231;&#227;o ao masculino (RR=2,04 vs 1,13; MH=0,12) e naqueles com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de angina inst&#225;vel (RR=2,15 vs 1,26; MH=0,17). Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise atrav&#233;s de modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, apenas g&#234;nero se confirmou uma co-vari&#225;vel modificadora de efeito. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0288-00010-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref>, a <italic>odds ratio</italic> obtida por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para eventos em quem apresentou eleva&#231;&#227;o de TnI foi de 2,70 (IC 95%=1,05-6,98). Ao aplicarmos o modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, g&#234;nero foi identificado como modificador do efeito e n&#227;o encontramos nenhuma outra vari&#225;vel confundidora da associa&#231;&#227;o entre troponina e eventos.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0288-00010-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo, realizado em um &#250;nico centro, confirma que a eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponinas card&#237;acas &#233; freq&#252;entemente encontrada ap&#243;s ICP e &#233; um importante fator progn&#243;stico de ECA a m&#233;dio prazo<sup>5</sup>. Esta eleva&#231;&#227;o ocorreu independente de caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas e de complica&#231;&#245;es imediatas ao procedimento, achados estes que s&#227;o motivos de controv&#233;rsias at&#233; a presente data<sup>1-4,6,7,12</sup>. Os mecanismos pelos quais a eleva&#231;&#227;o da TnI ap&#243;s o procedimento confere uma maior necessidade de subseq&#252;ente revasculariza&#231;&#227;o ainda n&#227;o s&#227;o evidentes<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>No seguimento de pacientes ap&#243;s ICP, a combina&#231;&#227;o dos eventos, incluindo morte cardiovascular, IAM, novo procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e recorr&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, tem sido utilizada com freq&#252;&#234;ncia <sup>22</sup>. Para defini&#231;&#227;o de recorr&#234;ncia de isquemia s&#227;o utilizados crit&#233;rios diferentes, dentre eles recorr&#234;ncia de angina, interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar por angina ou teste isqu&#234;mico demonstrando isquemia. Considera-se o &#250;ltimo o mais consistente, aumentando a confiabilidade dos resultados do presente estudo.</p>
    <p>Os resultados de estudos recentes ainda s&#227;o controversos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; import&#226;ncia das eleva&#231;&#245;es de CK-MB e troponinas como preditores de mortalidade a m&#233;dio e longo prazo. Apesar das troponinas serem marcadores mais sens&#237;veis que a CK-MB na detec&#231;&#227;o de necrose mioc&#225;rdica<sup>23</sup>, alguns autores n&#227;o encontraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre a eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponinas e aumento na mortalidade a m&#233;dio e longo prazo; no entanto, descreveram que a eleva&#231;&#227;o da CK-MB &#233; um fator preditor independente de mortalidade nesses pacientes<sup> 24,25</sup>. H&#225; controv&#233;rsias ainda na defini&#231;&#227;o de pontos de corte da eleva&#231;&#227;o das enzimas card&#237;acas que definam necrose mioc&#225;rdica clinicamente importante, e se n&#237;veis discretos de eleva&#231;&#227;o desses marcadores t&#234;m relev&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica<sup>26-28</sup>.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, a eleva&#231;&#227;o de TnI ap&#243;s ICP eletiva esteve associado ao surgimento de eventos cardiovasculares nos 6 meses seguintes, o que poderia justificar uma abordagem diferenciada para este grupo de pacientes, tanto em termos de tratamento mais agressivo ou acompanhamento mais cuidadoso, o que poderia incluir a realiza&#231;&#227;o rotineira de testes para pesquisa de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Esta investiga&#231;&#227;o poderia ser ben&#233;fica em prevenir recorr&#234;ncia de eventos mais s&#233;rios como morte e IAM a longo prazo. A curto prazo, parece que ao menos o risco de &#243;bito n&#227;o est&#225; associado a estas pequenas eleva&#231;&#245;es de marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica<sup>29</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os achados deste trabalho devem ser considerados no contexto de algumas limita&#231;&#245;es que tamb&#233;m est&#227;o presentes em outros estudos abordando este tema<sup>15</sup>. Apesar de todos os pacientes com hist&#243;ria de angina inst&#225;vel e IAM terem tido uma avalia&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis basais de troponina, os pacientes est&#225;veis n&#227;o tiveram, o que torna poss&#237;vel que pacientes com sintomas est&#225;veis e Tn basal elevada tenham sido inclu&#237;dos no estudo. No entanto, n&#227;o nos parece justific&#225;vel fazer esta dosagem pr&#233;-procedimento, de forma rotineira. Al&#233;m disso, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um valor categorizado, no nosso caso 1,0 ng/dl, pode ser questionada, visto que n&#227;o h&#225; dados definitivos para um valor exato que sirva como ponto de corte. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram diferenciados grupos de acordo com o grau de eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina, nem de acordo com g&#234;nero ou ra&#231;a, visto que os n&#237;veis de troponina podem ser diferentes nesses subgrupos<sup>30</sup>. Apesar de ter sido reportada uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de troponina p&#243;s-ICP e eventos adversos ap&#243;s seis meses, uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal n&#227;o pode ser inferida a partir desses dados apenas; estudos posteriores s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar esta rela&#231;&#227;o e determinar se h&#225; rela&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m a longo prazo.</p>
    <p>O aumento do risco associado &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o da TnI em pacientes do g&#234;nero feminino pode estar relacionado ao fato de que este subgrupo tem valores de TnI mais baixos do que homens<sup>30</sup>. Como utilizamos um ponto de corte igual para os dois g&#234;neros, podemos estar incluindo homens com valores proporcionalmente menores no subgrupo tratado com troponina elevada. Quando consideramos um valor arbitr&#225;rio como eleva&#231;&#227;o de TnI, em nosso caso acima de 1,0 ng/dl, devemos ter uma conduta mais cautelosa com rela&#231;&#227;o a mulheres do que a homens, fato a ser confirmado em estudos voltados especificamente para este objetivo.</p>
    <p>Conclu&#237;mos que a eleva&#231;&#227;o de TnI, freq&#252;ente ap&#243;s ICP, representando micro-infartos devido a microemboliza&#231;&#245;es, &#233; um importante fator preditor de ECA a m&#233;dio prazo. Desta forma, esse tipo de les&#227;o ap&#243;s manipula&#231;&#227;o iatrog&#234;nica das coron&#225;rias deve ser sistematicamente prevenido, avaliado e, se detectado, devemos sempre alertar os m&#233;dicos na defini&#231;&#227;o do perfil de risco desses pacientes<sup>27</sup>. S&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos posteriores para avaliar a efic&#225;cia de estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria no progn&#243;stico a m&#233;dio e longo prazo, nesses casos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Julio Cesar Vieira Braga </p>
        <p> Rua Rosa dos Ventos, 39/1002 </p>
        <p> 40298-440 &#150; Salvador, BA </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="juliobraga@cardiol.br">juliobraga@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 07/03/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 21/11/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Influence of gender on the prognostic value of troponin I after elective percutaneous coronary interventions</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between troponin I concentrations (TnI) in patients submitted to elective percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) and adverse coronary events (ACE) during a six month follow-up period. METHODS: One hundred and eleven patients who had been submitted to an elective PCI were consecutively selected during a one year timeframe. The patients had stable angina (SA), unstable angina (UA) or silent ischemia (SI) and were asymptomatic for at least 72 hours before the procedure. TnI concentrations were measured between 8 and 24 hours after the PCI. Each patient was contacted by telephone six months later and interviewed regarding ACE which were defined as death, myocardial infarction, new revascularization and recurrent ischemia. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients showed elevated concentrations of TnI (21.6%) after the PCI regardless of clinical characteristics or procedure complications. Those who presented elevated TnI concentrations had higher event rates: 66.7 vs. 42.5% (RR=1.57; CI 95%=1.08-2.28). This risk seems to be higher in the subgroups of females and patients with a previous diagnosis of unstable angina. Multivariate analysis confirmed that gender was the only effect modifying co-variable associated with ACE risk, which is higher for females with elevated TnI concentrations (OR=7.22; CI 95%=1.4 -36.9) and unaltered for males (OR=1.26; CI 95%=0.35-4.55). CONCLUSION: Elevated TnI concentrations were a common occurrence after PCI and is a factor related to the development of ACE in the mid term. However, when adjusted for other variables, this effect is only maintained in female patients.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Troponin</kwd>
        <kwd>percutaneous coronary intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>prognosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Influence of gender on the prognostic value of troponin I after elective percutaneous coronary interventions</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Julio Cesar Vieira Braga; Almir Galv&#227;o Vieira Bitencourt; Marianna Deway Andrade; Roque Aras Junior; Jos&#233; P&#233;ricles Esteves </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Portugu&#234;s - Salvador, BA - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the association between troponin I concentrations (TnI) in patients submitted to elective percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) and adverse coronary events (ACE) during a six month follow-up period</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>One hundred and eleven patients who had been submitted to an elective PCI were consecutively selected during a one year timeframe. The patients had stable angina (SA), unstable angina (UA) or silent ischemia (SI) and were asymptomatic for at least 72 hours before the procedure. TnI concentrations were measured between 8 and 24 hours after the PCI. Each patient was contacted by telephone six months later and interviewed regarding ACE which were defined as death, myocardial infarction, new revascularization and recurrent ischemia.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Twenty-four patients showed elevated concentrations of TnI (21.6%) after the PCI regardless of clinical characteristics or procedure complications. Those who presented elevated TnI concentrations had higher event rates: 66.7 vs. 42.5% (RR=1.57; CI 95%=1.08-2.28). This risk seems to be higher in the subgroups of females and patients with a previous diagnosis of unstable angina. Multivariate analysis confirmed that gender was the only effect modifying co-variable associated with ACE risk, which is higher for females with elevated TnI concentrations (OR=7.22; CI 95%=1.4 -36.9) and unaltered for males (OR=1.26; CI 95%=0.35-4.55).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold> Elevated TnI concentrations were a common occurrence after PCI and is a factor related to the development of ACE in the mid term. However, when adjusted for other variables, this effect is only maintained in female patients.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Troponin, percutaneous coronary intervention, prognosis.</p>
      <p>Percutaneous coronary intervention procedures are frequently associated with the development of minimal myocardial necrosis or silent myocardial infarctions which generally speaking are only detected by the elevated serum levels of cardiac necrosis biochemical markers<sup>1-5</sup>. These small heart attacks are usually caused by micro-embolization during the procedure<sup>6,7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Results documented in recent publications are controversial regarding the prognostic value of these minimal myocardial lesions in relation to the occurrence of events after a PCI <sup>8-10</sup> . Conversely, the prognostic value of elevations, even though minimal, of the cardiac necrosis biochemical markers for acute coronary syndromes (ACS) has been well demonstrated<sup>11</sup>. Previous studies have shown that elevated levels of the creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) cardiac isoform after a PCI are relevant for prognosis purposes, but only when the levels are at least three times higher than the normal value<sup>12,13</sup>. The specificity and sensitivity of cardiac troponins (TnI and TnT) are considered to be higher than CK-MB<sup>13-15 </sup> and are elevated in approximately 13 to 48% of the patients submitted to PCI<sup>7,16,17</sup>. The elevation or re-elevation of TnI after PCI in ACS is associated with a higher risk to develop cardiovascular events in the mid to long terms<sup>5,10,18</sup>. Nevertheless, in the case of elective PCI this association is still questionable<sup>19-21</sup>.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study is to evaluate whether or not TnI concentrations after elective PCI are associated with adverse cardiac events (ACE) which are defined as death, acute myocardial infarction, new revascularization procedures or recurrent ischemia during a six month follow-up timeframe after hospital discharge.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients admitted to a coronary care unit after elective PCI surgery were consecutively selected between July 2000 and August 2001. All patients had been previously diagnosed with stable angina (SA), silent myocardial ischemia (SI) or unstable angina (UA) and had been asymptomatic for at least 72 hours before the procedure. Patients who had suffered an AMI within 15 days of the procedure or presented elevated TnI concentrations within 48 hours of the procedure were excluded from the study. The PCI procedures were performed by a team of professionals with extensive experience in this area, who were also responsible for the stent implant indications.</p>
      <p>TnI concentrations were taken on all individuals between 8 and 24 hours after the PCI procedure. The measurements were taken using chemiluminescence (DPC - Diagnostics Products Corporation, Los Angeles, California, USA). When more than one measurement was taken the highest value was used as the reference. TnI elevations above 1.0 ng/dl were considered abnormal, based on the manufacturer&#146;s recommendation for AMI diagnostic criteria. </p>
      <p>A standard questionnaire, detailing clinical characteristics, was filled out for each patient in the study. The angiographical data were analyzed by a single observer who was unaware of the patients&#146; clinical and laboratorial characteristics. Lesions angiographically evaluated before the intervention that presented an image indicative of thrombi, dissection or branch artery involvement, were considered complex PCI lesions. After the procedure, the following complications were observed: acute occlusion, dissection and branch occlusions. Patient follow-up was conducted by a trained interviewer via telephone. All patients consented to participate in the study by telephone. ACE information for one, three and six months after the PCI was supplied by the patient or a representative familiar with the situation. Documented myocardial ischemia was considered when recorded by an ischemic test or Holter monitoring. All other adverse cardiac events, including death, AMI and new myocardial revascularization, whether a new PCI or myocardial revascularization surgery, were based on the information supplied by the person interviewed.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis </italic> - Elevation of TnI was evaluated as the main independent variable and adverse coronary events evaluated as the main dependent variable. </p>
      <p>Based on theoretical data, gender, age and immediate procedure complications were evaluated as possible effect modifiers. In addition to these factors, stent implantation, lesion complexity and a diagnosis of unstable angina before the PCI were evaluated as possible confounding factors. </p>
      <p>The age variable did not present a normal distribution and was transformed into a categorical variable, described in ratios. The association between TnI and co-variables was evaluated using the chi-square test.</p>
      <p>The association between TnI elevation and cardiovascular events within six months was calculated for all patients by estimating the gross (not adjusted) risk ratio (RR) and using stratification in subgroups of interest. In this stage, interaction evaluations were calculated using the Mantel-Haenszel homogeneity test; if p was less than 0.20 the co-variable would be included in the logistic regression model.</p>
      <p>Multivariate analysis with nonconditional logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) between TnI elevation and events within six months. Interaction analysis was conducted using the verisimilitude rate test (log likelihood ratio test) to compare models with and without interaction terms. Confounding analysis was conducted using the OR alteration of the variable in focus (percent change in effect), eliminating variables with the backward stepwise strategy. </p>
      <p>The significance level adopted for two tailed hypotheses was 5%. The data collected were processed using the computer program STATA 7.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study population was comprised of 111 patients and 24 presented elevated TnI concentrations (21.6%). Stents were used in 86.4% of the interventions and did not present an association with TnI elevations. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the distribution of the co-variables gender, age, diagnosis before the PCI, use of stents, immediate procedure complications and the main six month event outcome variable according to troponin values (normal or elevated). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0288-00010-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Males did not represent the highest percentage of patients with elevated TnI concentrations (50 versus 49.4% of the patients with normal troponin, p=0.96), age <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 years (50 versus 44.8%, p=0.65), a previous diagnosis of unstable angina (41.7 versus 46.0%, p=0.71), stent implants (87.5 versus 87.7%, p=1.0) or immediate procedure complications (37.5 versus 34.5%, p=0.78). The development of ACE within six months was more frequent in those with elevated TnI concentrations (66.7 versus 42.5%, p=0.036). Comparison of the ACE within the six month timeframe between the patients who had elevated TnI concentrations and those who did not revealed: death (4.3 versus 0%, p=0.22); heart attack (17.4 versus 2.5%, p=0.02); new revascularization procedure (8.7 versus 20.0%, p=0.35); ischemia recorded during an ischemic test (50% versus 31.3%, p=0.07).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the risk levels associated with elevated TnI concentrations. The gross estimate shows a higher relative risk to develop events in those with elevated TnI concentrations (RR=1.57; CI 95%=1.08-2.28). Initially this risk appeared to be higher in the female subgroups when compared to males (RR=2.04 versus 1.13; MH=0.12) and in those with a previous diagnosis of unstable angina (RR=2.15 versus 1.26; MH=0.17). After analysis using logistic regression models only gender was confirmed as a effect modifying co-variable.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0288-00010-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>, the odds ratio obtained by logistic regression for events in those that presented elevated TnI concentrations was 2.70 (CI 95%=1.05-6.98). By applying the logistic regression model, gender was identified as an effect modifier and no other confounding variables were associated with troponin and events.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0288-00010-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study, conducted in a single center, confirms that the elevation of cardiac troponins is a common condition after PCI and is an important prognostic factor for ACE in the mid-term<sup>5</sup>. This elevation was not related to the angiographic characteristics or immediate procedure complications; findings that to date are controversial issues<sup>1-4,6,7,12</sup>. The mechanisms that confirm a greater necessity of subsequent revascularization due to elevated TnI concentrations after the procedure have not yet been discovered<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>During patient follow-up after the PCI, the combination of events including cardiovascular death, AMI, new revascularization procedures and recurrent myocardial ischemia has been used often. Different criteria are used to define recurrent ischemia which include recurrent angina, hospital admission for angina or ischemia recorded during an ischemic test<sup>22</sup>. Ischemic tests are more dependable than the presence of angina and were used to increase the reliability of the results in this study.</p>
      <p>The results of recent studies are still controversial regarding the importance of elevated CK-MB and troponin concentrations to predict mortality in the mid and long term. Even though troponins are more sensitive markers in the detection of myocardial necrosis<sup>23</sup> than CK-MB, some authors have not found an association between elevated troponin concentrations and increased mortality rates in the mid and long term. However, these authors relate that the elevation of CK-MB is an independent predicting mortality factor for these patients<sup>24,25</sup>. There are still controversies regarding definite cut-off points for cardiac enzyme levels to determine clinically important cardiac necrosis and whether or not a minimal elevation of these markers has prognostic relevance<sup>26-28</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this study, TnI elevation after elective PCI was associated with the development of cardiovascular events in the following six months, which could justify a differentiated approach for these patients in terms of both more aggressive treatments and more attentive follow-up that could include routine ischemic tests. This investigation could be beneficial in preventing more serious events such as death and recurrent AMI in the long term. In the short term, there is no indication that the risk of death is associated with these minimal myocardial necrosis marker elevations<sup>29</sup>.</p>
      <p>The findings of this study should be considered with limitations that have also been encountered by other studies covering this topic<sup>15</sup>. Even though all the patients with a history of unstable angina and AMI underwent basal troponin concentration assessments the stable patients did not, and therefore it is possible that patients with stable symptoms and elevated basal troponin concentrations were included in the study. Nevertheless, it does not seem justifiable to routinely assess these concentrations before the procedure. Furthermore, the use of a categorized value, in our case 1.0 ng/dl, could be questioned since there is no definite data for an exact cut-off value. There was also no differentiation among the groups for the degree of troponin elevation, gender or race and troponin concentrations could be different in these subgroups<sup>30</sup>. Even though an association between troponin concentrations after PCI and adverse events within six months of the procedure has been reported, a causal relation cannot be determined from these data alone. Further studies are necessary to confirm this relationship and to determine a possible relationship in the long term.</p>
      <p>The increased risk associated with TnI elevations in female patients could be related to the fact that this subgroup has lower TnI values than men<sup>30</sup>. Since we used the same cut-off point for both genders, we could be including men with proportionately lower values in the elevated troponin subgroup. Considering an arbitrary value for TnI elevation, in our case above 1.0 ng/dl, the treatment for women should be more attentive than for men; a fact to be confirmed in studies directed towards this specific objective. </p>
      <p>We concluded that TnI elevations, a common occurrence after PCI, indicating silent myocardial infarctions caused by micro-embolization, are an important predicting factor for ACE in the mid term. Consequently, this type of lesion after iatrogenic coronary manipulation should be systematically predicted, assessed and if detected the doctors should be advised of the risk profile of these patients<sup>27</sup>. Further studies are required to evaluate the efficacy of secondary prevention strategies for mid and long term prognosis in these cases.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Julio Cesar Vieira Braga</p>
          <p> Rua Rosa dos Ventos, 39/1002</p>
          <p> 40298-440 &#150; Salvador, BA - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="juliobraga@cardiol.br">juliobraga@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Received on 07/03/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 21/11/05</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
