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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rfNRJBD6NrSc5qkx7qfMssh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001600009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001600009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fibrinog&#234;nio s&#233;rico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio como preditor de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio na cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jaeger</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano Pederneiras</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Abdala Karam</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guaragna</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Carlos Vieira da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carrion</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Jaeger Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bodanese</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Petracco</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Batista</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul </institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>281</fpage>
      <lpage>287</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Determinar o valor preditivo do n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de fibrinog&#234;nio pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio para a ocorr&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) no per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM), bem como para outros desfechos de impacto, como acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico (AVEI), tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP) e morte, isoladamente e de maneira composta. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo com an&#225;lise do banco de dados de cirurgia card&#237;aca do Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da PUC-RS, com 1.471 pacientes consecutivos que realizaram CRM com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea entre janeiro de 1998 e dezembro de 2002. RESULTADOS: IM perioperat&#243;rio ocorreu em 14% dos pacientes da amostra. N&#227;o foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o entre o fibrinog&#234;nio pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e IM perioperat&#243;rio (410,60 &#177; 148,83 mg/dl para o grupo em estudo x 401,57 &#177;135,23 mg/dl para o grupo controle - p = 0,381 - RC = 1,000 - IC95%: 0,998-1,002 - p = 0,652), o desfecho combinado de IM, AVEI, TEP e morte (411,40 &#177; 153,52 mg/dl para o grupo com o desfecho x 400,31 &#177; 131,98 mg/dl para o grupo sem o desfecho - p = 0,232) e nem com cada um destes isoladamente. CONCLUS&#195;O: Nesta amostra, o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de fibrinog&#234;nio pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio n&#227;o apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o com a ocorr&#234;ncia de IM perioperat&#243;rio nas CRM, nem mesmo com outros desfechos de impacto, incluindo AVEI, TEP e morte, isoladamente ou em conjunto.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Fibrinog&#234;nio</kwd>
        <kwd>infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGOS ORIGINAIS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Fibrinog&#234;nio s&#233;rico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio como preditor de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio na cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Cristiano Pederneiras Jaeger; Renato Abdala Karam Kalil; Jo&#227;o Carlos Vieira da Costa Guaragna; Luciana Jaeger Machado Carrion; Luiz Carlos Bodanese; Jo&#227;o Batista Petracco</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia e Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul - Porto Alegre, RS</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Determinar o valor preditivo do n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de fibrinog&#234;nio pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio para a ocorr&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) no per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM), bem como para outros desfechos de impacto, como acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico (AVEI), tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP) e morte, isoladamente e de maneira composta. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo de coorte retrospectivo com an&#225;lise do banco de dados de cirurgia card&#237;aca do Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da PUC-RS, com 1.471 pacientes consecutivos que realizaram CRM com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea entre janeiro de 1998 e dezembro de 2002. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>IM perioperat&#243;rio ocorreu em 14% dos pacientes da amostra. N&#227;o foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o entre o fibrinog&#234;nio pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e IM perioperat&#243;rio (410,60 &#177; 148,83 mg/dl para o grupo em estudo x 401,57 &#177;135,23 mg/dl para o grupo controle &#150; p = 0,381 &#150; RC = 1,000 &#150; IC95%: 0,998-1,002 &#150; p = 0,652), o desfecho combinado de IM, AVEI, TEP e morte (411,40 &#177; 153,52 mg/dl para o grupo com o desfecho x 400,31 &#177; 131,98 mg/dl para o grupo sem o desfecho &#150; p = 0,232) e nem com cada um destes isoladamente. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Nesta amostra, o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de fibrinog&#234;nio pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio n&#227;o apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o com a ocorr&#234;ncia de IM perioperat&#243;rio nas CRM, nem mesmo com outros desfechos de impacto, incluindo AVEI, TEP e morte, isoladamente ou em conjunto.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Fibrinog&#234;nio, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es tromb&#243;ticas nas cirurgias de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) apresentam-se como as principais causas de mortalidade nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Entre elas tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP), acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico (AVEI) e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM). A baixa incid&#234;ncia de TEP, descrita na literatura como 0,5%, parece estar subestimada, em virtude das dificuldades de diagn&#243;stico dessa afec&#231;&#227;o, que exige alto &#237;ndice de suspei&#231;&#227;o<sup>1,2</sup>. O AVEI ocorre em 0,4% a 6% dos pacientes que realizam CRM, e, desses, at&#233; 28% evoluem para &#243;bito, demonstrando o impacto de sua ocorr&#234;ncia<sup>3</sup>. Dentre essas graves complica&#231;&#245;es, o IM perioperat&#243;rio &#233; a mais comumente encontrada, com uma incid&#234;ncia que varia de 5% a 15%, conforme dados da literatura<sup>3,4</sup>. As conseq&#252;&#234;ncias do IM podem transitar desde pequenas eleva&#231;&#245;es enzim&#225;ticas sem relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica at&#233; quadros de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco ou taquiarritmias malignas, seguidos de &#243;bito ou com redu&#231;&#227;o de sobrevida em longo prazo<sup>3</sup>, o que explica os esfor&#231;os realizados na tentativa de evitar tal complica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Sendo o fibrinog&#234;nio uma prote&#237;na inflamat&#243;ria de fase aguda, respons&#225;vel por fun&#231;&#245;es &#237;mpares na cascata de coagula&#231;&#227;o, sua associa&#231;&#227;o com fen&#244;menos tromb&#243;ticos e inflamat&#243;rios j&#225; foi extensamente estudada<sup>5-29</sup>. Dentre elas, a associa&#231;&#227;o com o IM &#233;, sem d&#250;vida, a mais amplamente avaliada<sup>5-25,30</sup>. O fibrinog&#234;nio atua atrav&#233;s da liga&#231;&#227;o ao receptor plaquet&#225;rio glicoprot&#233;ico IIb IIIa, exposto na superf&#237;cie da plaqueta quando esta se encontra ativada. Dessa forma, ele proporciona a agrega&#231;&#227;o entre duas ou mais c&#233;lulas e a forma&#231;&#227;o do trombo plaquet&#225;rio. Al&#233;m disso, o fibrinog&#234;nio tamb&#233;m possui um papel fundamental no est&#225;gio final da cascata de coagula&#231;&#227;o, quando da elabora&#231;&#227;o da rede de fibrina, formando mon&#244;meros de fibrina ao ser clivado pela trombina (outro importante ativador plaquet&#225;rio), formada a partir da ativa&#231;&#227;o do fator X, que, por sua vez, se origina da ativa&#231;&#227;o do fator tecidual.</p>
    <p>No contexto de cirurgia card&#237;aca, no entanto, encontramos na literatura apenas um estudo, publicado por Rif&#243;n e cols.<sup>31</sup>, no qual o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de fibrinog&#234;nio foi avaliado, numa coorte prospectiva, no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de CRM de dezenove pacientes que apresentaram oclus&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica de enxerto venoso dentro de um m&#234;s de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, e comparado com 63 controles com enxertos p&#233;rvios. Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada, n&#227;o foi verificada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (350 &#177; 70 mg/dl x 380 &#177; 90 mg/dl &#150; p = NS) entre os grupos. Estudos com n&#250;mero amostral mais expressivo e avaliando desfechos cl&#237;nicos n&#227;o foram encontrados na literatura, ap&#243;s extensa revis&#227;o, incluindo as publica&#231;&#245;es dos &#250;ltimos trinta anos. </p>
    <p>Apesar, portanto, de existirem diversos estudos observacionais e relatos de associa&#231;&#227;o do fibrinog&#234;nio com doen&#231;a cardiovascular aterotromb&#243;tica, n&#227;o h&#225; na literatura estudos relacionando o fibrinog&#234;nio com IM no per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio da CRM. Tal informa&#231;&#227;o apresenta-se com grande import&#226;ncia, na medida em que, se identificado e manejado adequadamente esse risco no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, pode vir a ser poss&#237;vel a redu&#231;&#227;o dessa grave complica&#231;&#227;o no contexto cir&#250;rgico.</p>
    <p>Este estudo tem por objetivo principal determinar se o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de fibrinog&#234;nio dosado no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio possui valor preditor para a ocorr&#234;ncia de IM no per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio de CRM. Como objetivo secund&#225;rio, procuramos avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o do fibrinog&#234;nio s&#233;rico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio com a ocorr&#234;ncia de AVEI, TEP e mortalidade, de maneira isolada ou associados ao IM, como desfecho composto no per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio de CRM.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Delineamento - Estudo de coorte retrospectivo, com coleta prospectiva dos dados para a organiza&#231;&#227;o do banco de dados.</p>
    <p>Popula&#231;&#227;o - Pacientes submetidos a CRM isolada no Hospital S&#227;o Lucas, da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUC-RS).</p>
    <p>Amostra - Dos 2.102 pacientes consecutivos que realizaram cirurgia card&#237;aca no HSL-PUC-RS, no per&#237;odo compreendido entre janeiro de 1998 e dezembro de 2002, 1.580 realizaram CRM, e desses, 1.472 foram submetidos a CRM isolada. Finalmente, 1.471 dispunham da dosagem de fibrinog&#234;nio no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio entre um e quatorze dias antes do procedimento cir&#250;rgico e foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. A amostra era bem representativa para uma coorte de pacientes submetidos a CRM, com uma m&#233;dia de idade de 60,8 &#177; 10,1 anos e a presen&#231;a de 15,6% de mulheres. Diabete melito estava presente em 27,5% da amostra; hipertens&#227;o arterial em 67,9%; les&#227;o de tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda (TCE) em 20,9%; e, em m&#233;dia, cada paciente recebeu 2,96 &#177; 0,96 enxertos vasculares. A m&#233;dia da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio foi de 47,5 &#177; 12,1%; 2,5% dos pacientes j&#225; haviam realizado CRM previamente; 1,4% necessitaram de cirurgia de urg&#234;ncia; 0,6% realizaram endarterectomia coronariana durante a cirurgia; e, por fim, um alto &#237;ndice (40,6%) de pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel (AI) no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio compunha a amostra (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0281-00009-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Defini&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis</italic> - Os crit&#233;rios utilizados para a defini&#231;&#227;o de IM no per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio da CRM foram aqueles amplamente descritos na literatura<sup>3,4</sup>: 1) nova e persistente onda Q no eletrocardiograma (ECG) em 48 horas de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, associada a n&#237;vel s&#233;rico m&#225;ximo de CK-MB &gt; 30 U/l; 2) novo e persistente bloqueio de ramo esquerdo, associado a n&#237;vel s&#233;rico m&#225;ximo de CK-MB &gt; 30 U/l; 3) n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de CK-MB &gt; 80 U/l, isoladamente. As coletas enzim&#225;ticas foram realizadas em 0, 4, 8, 16, 24, 36 e 48 horas de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio; os ECGs foram realizados em 0, 24 e 48 horas de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. AVEI perioperat&#243;rio foi definido como a ocorr&#234;ncia de novo d&#233;ficit neurol&#243;gico associado &#224; altera&#231;&#227;o isqu&#234;mica em exame de imagem cerebral (tomografia computadorizada ou resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica) em territ&#243;rio cerebral topograficamente compat&#237;vel com o quadro neurol&#243;gico, at&#233; a alta hospitalar. TEP foi definido como a ocorr&#234;ncia de dispn&#233;ia, dor tor&#225;cica ou choque sem outra etiologia, associado a exame de imagem pulmonar (angiotomografia computadorizada de t&#243;rax, cintilografia pulmonar de ventila&#231;&#227;o e perfus&#227;o ou arteriografia pulmonar) com alta probabilidade ou confirmat&#243;rio de TEP, at&#233; a alta hospitalar. A ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito foi avaliada durante o per&#237;odo da interna&#231;&#227;o &#237;ndex. O desfecho combinado foi computado como a primeira ocorr&#234;ncia de qualquer um dos desfechos avaliados (IM, AVEI, TEP e mortalidade).</p>
    <p><italic>Planejamento</italic> - Foi realizada an&#225;lise do banco de dados da Unidade de P&#243;s-Operat&#243;rio de Cirurgia Card&#237;aca (UPOCC) do HSL-PUC-RS, com verifica&#231;&#227;o dos valores pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios de fibrinog&#234;nio, das vari&#225;veis controladas e dos desfechos cl&#237;nicos de IM, AVEI, TEP e morte. Foi feita a revis&#227;o dos prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos do laborat&#243;rio de an&#225;lises cl&#237;nicas do HSL-PUC-RS, com o objetivo de resgatar os valores de fibrinog&#234;nio de cada paciente, eventualmente n&#227;o dispon&#237;veis no banco de dados.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise laboratorial</italic> - Amostras sang&#252;&#237;neas para a dosagem do n&#237;vel s&#233;rico do fibrinog&#234;nio foram coletadas de todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo entre um e quatorze dias antes do procedimento cir&#250;rgico, atrav&#233;s do m&#233;todo de Clauss, por leitura de turbidimetria, utilizando-se o equipamento Coag-A-Mate MTX<sup>&#174;</sup> e o reagente Fibriquik<sup>&#174;</sup>, composto de reagente de trombina (100 U NIH/ml), refer&#234;ncia de calibra&#231;&#227;o do fibrinog&#234;nio (solu&#231;&#227;o tamp&#227;o, plasma humano e estabilizadores) e solu&#231;&#227;o tamp&#227;o Veronal de Owren (0,28M de barbital de s&#243;dio).</p>
    <p><italic>Controle de vari&#225;veis</italic> - Foram controladas as seguintes vari&#225;veis, descritas na literatura como fatores predisponentes para a ocorr&#234;ncia do desfecho (IM perioperat&#243;rio), ou seja, poss&#237;veis fatores de confus&#227;o: idade, sexo, FEVE, les&#227;o de TCE, AI, endarterectomia coronariana, cirurgia de urg&#234;ncia, re-opera&#231;&#227;o, n&#250;mero de enxertos e tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC). O tempo de pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico n&#227;o foi inclu&#237;do na an&#225;lise, por se tratar de uma vari&#225;vel com o mesmo padr&#227;o de comportamento do tempo de CEC (r = 0,82). O n&#250;mero de enxertos substituiu, no modelo anal&#237;tico, a ocorr&#234;ncia de les&#227;o trivascular, por se tratar de uma vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua e apresentar o mesmo padr&#227;o de comportamento daquela.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> - O c&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra foi realizado baseado nos resultados de um estudo piloto<sup>32</sup> em que a incid&#234;ncia de IM perioperat&#243;rio foi de 23% e 13% nos grupos em estudo e controle, respectivamente, e a raz&#227;o de chances (RC) para a associa&#231;&#227;o do fibrinog&#234;nio com o desfecho em quest&#227;o foi de 1,89. Considerando significativo um valor de p &lt; 0,05, e com um poder de 80% para estimar uma diferen&#231;a de 10% entre os grupos, chegou-se, atrav&#233;s do programa Epi-info, a um n&#250;mero de 1.350 pacientes necess&#225;rios para que o resultado da an&#225;lise pudesse confirmar ou negar, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, a hip&#243;tese do estudo.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada por interm&#233;dio do programa SPSS 11.0, com an&#225;lise descritiva dos dados gerais, coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson para a exclus&#227;o de vari&#225;veis de mesmo padr&#227;o de comportamento do modelo anal&#237;tico, an&#225;lise univariada pelo teste de qui-quadrado para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e pelo teste t de Student para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e an&#225;lise multivariada por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para as vari&#225;veis que apresentaram um valor de p &lt; 0,2 na an&#225;lise univariada. Os resultados finais foram apresentados em raz&#227;o de chances (RC) com intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% e foi estabelecida signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica em p &lt; 0,05 para a an&#225;lise multivariada.</p>
    <p><italic>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas</italic> - Sendo esta uma pesquisa em prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos de pacientes n&#227;o facilmente encontrados, sem endere&#231;o informado ou j&#225; falecidos, e, portanto, imposs&#237;vel de serem localizados para assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre Informado, este n&#227;o foi apresentado. Al&#233;m disso, o banco de dados em cirurgia card&#237;aca da UPOCC do HSL-PUC-RS tem a aprova&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa desse hospital. O estudo foi apreciado e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do HSL-PUC-RS e do Instituto de Cardiologia/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC-FUC). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 1.471 pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo, 206 (14%) apresentaram IM perioperat&#243;rio, 2,79% AVEI, 2,92% TEP, e 7,41% evolu&#237;ram com &#243;bito. O desfecho combinado ocorreu em 22,7% da amostra (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>). Na an&#225;lise univariada, algumas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas foram encontradas entre os grupos com e sem IM perioperat&#243;rio, como j&#225; era esperado. No grupo 1 (com IM) a m&#233;dia do n&#250;mero de enxertos foi maior (3,21 &#177; 0,96 x 2,92 &#177; 0,95 &#150; p &lt; 0,001), assim como a presen&#231;a de les&#227;o de TCE (29,1% x 19,6% &#150; p = 0,002), AI pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria (50,5% x 39,0% &#150; p = 0,002) e o tempo de CEC (95,7 &#177; 32,8 minutos x 81,7 &#177; 28,8 minutos &#150; p &lt; 0,001). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos com e sem IM perioperat&#243;rio quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas de sexo, idade, FEVE, cirurgia de urg&#234;ncia, reopera&#231;&#227;o e endarterectomia coronariana conjunta (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0281-00009-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0281-00009-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A m&#233;dia do fibrinog&#234;nio pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa, quando comparados os dois grupos, com e sem IM perioperat&#243;rio (410,60 &#177; 148,83 mg/dl x 401,57 &#177; 135,23 mg/dl &#150; p = 0,39) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>). Mesmo ap&#243;s categoriza&#231;&#227;o da amostra em percentis, com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dosagem do fibrinog&#234;nio s&#233;rico, a compara&#231;&#227;o tanto do primeiro quartil quanto do primeiro decil, em ordem decrescente, com o restante da amostra n&#227;o demonstrou diferen&#231;a significativa (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. 4</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0281-00009-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A despeito de mostrar-se negativa, &#224; an&#225;lise univariada, a associa&#231;&#227;o do fibrinog&#234;nio no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio com o IM perioperat&#243;rio, foi realizada an&#225;lise multivariada por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, uma vez que os dois grupos diferiam em muitas caracter&#237;sticas. Al&#233;m do fibrinog&#234;nio, as outras vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das na equa&#231;&#227;o foram sexo, idade, presen&#231;a de les&#227;o de TCE, ocorr&#234;ncia de AI pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, endarterectomia coronariana, reopera&#231;&#227;o, n&#250;mero de enxertos vasculares e tempo de CEC. Ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, seis vari&#225;veis foram identificadas como preditoras independentes para a ocorr&#234;ncia de IM perioperat&#243;rio na CRM: sexo feminino, les&#227;o de TCE, AI pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, re-opera&#231;&#227;o, tempo de CEC e n&#250;mero de enxertos. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de fibrinog&#234;nio pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e a ocorr&#234;ncia de IM perioperat&#243;rio persistiu nula ap&#243;s o ajuste para os poss&#237;veis fatores de confus&#227;o inclu&#237;dos no modelo de regress&#227;o (RC = 1,000 &#150; IC95%: 0,998-1,002 &#150; p = 0,652) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tab. 5</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0281-00009-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o a outros desfechos de interesse, o fibrinog&#234;nio pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio tamb&#233;m n&#227;o demonstrou associa&#231;&#227;o com AVE perioperat&#243;rio (440,63 &#177; 157,71 mg/dl x 401,75 &#177; 136,47 mg/dl &#150; p = 0,074), TEP perioperat&#243;rio (426,05 &#177; 165,99 mg/dl x 402,13 &#177; 136,24 mg/dl &#150; p = 0,260), mortalidade intra-hospitalar (408,72 &#177; 162,68 mg/dl x 402,36 &#177; 135,01 mg/dl &#150; p = 0,642) e desfecho composto de IM, AVEI, TEP e mortalidade (411,40 &#177; 153,52 mg/dl x 400,31 &#177; 131,98 mg/dl &#150; p = 0,232) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">tab.6</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0281-00009-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>J&#225; fora descrita a associa&#231;&#227;o independente do fibrinog&#234;nio com IM e MS em pacientes com AI; sua rela&#231;&#227;o direta com DAC avaliada por angiografia e IM em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e naqueles com IM pr&#233;vio, e nesse &#250;ltimo grupo tamb&#233;m foi identificada associa&#231;&#227;o com mortalidade geral; sua import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica nos desfechos de necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, IM fatal e n&#227;o-fatal e morte cardiovascular em pacientes com angina est&#225;vel, bem como in&#250;meras outras associa&#231;&#245;es. No entanto, com tanta evid&#234;ncia em favor do fibrinog&#234;nio s&#233;rico elevado como preditor de eventos cl&#237;nicos tromb&#243;ticos, por que motivo essa associa&#231;&#227;o mostrou-se negativa no presente estudo, que se contextualiza no cen&#225;rio da CRM? Embora se acreditasse inicialmente que o IM perioperat&#243;rio fosse resultado da oclus&#227;o dos enxertos vasculares, estudos de necr&#243;psia demonstraram que a maior parte desses estava p&#233;rvio nos pacientes que evolu&#237;ram com &#243;bito em raz&#227;o de IM perioperat&#243;rios, como aquele realizado por Bulkley &amp; Hutchins<sup>33</sup> [seq&#252;&#234;ncia da RB errada], que analisou 54 aut&#243;psias de pacientes que realizaram CRM e evolu&#237;ram com &#243;bito em menos de um m&#234;s de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Quarenta e duas bandas de necrose transmural regional foram identificadas em 22 pacientes (38% da amostra), sendo 34 dessas &#225;reas situadas em territ&#243;rios de distribui&#231;&#227;o de enxertos vasculares e 30 (88%) delas apresentavam enxertos patentes. Essa observa&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;ia a id&#233;ia de que outros fatores fisiopatog&#234;nicos estejam envolvidos na etiologia do IM perioperat&#243;rio. Dentre eles, um desequil&#237;brio entre a oferta e a demanda de oxig&#234;nio mioc&#225;rdico no per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio parece ser o principal fator respons&#225;vel pela maioria dos IM diagnosticados no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de CRM, o que justifica a nulidade da associa&#231;&#227;o neste estudo.</p>
    <p>A amostra representativa de uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes submetidos a CRM, trazendo dados semelhantes aos encontrados no registro do banco de dados de CRM da Sociedade Americana de Cirurgi&#245;es Tor&#225;cicos para os pacientes operados no ano de 2000, oferece fidedignidade ao m&#233;todo consecutivo de sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes. Na amostra americana, a m&#233;dia de idade era de 65 anos, a taxa de mulheres de 19%, a incid&#234;ncia de les&#227;o de TCE era de 23%, e de REDO de 7%, sendo a FEVE m&#233;dia no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de 49%<sup>34</sup>. O grande n&#250;mero de pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo, planejado conforme c&#225;lculo pr&#233;-estudo do tamanho da amostra, reitera a confian&#231;a expressa nos resultados.</p>
    <p>Alguns problemas metodol&#243;gicos, contudo, devem ser considerados como potenciais limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo. A fidedignidade dos dados pode ser prejudicada nos estudos realizados de maneira retrospectiva; no entanto, uma vez que a coleta dos dados para a forma&#231;&#227;o do banco de dados tenha sido prospectiva, a chance de termos incorrido nesse erro fica minimizada.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, como j&#225; comprovado em estudos anteriores, o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico do fibrinog&#234;nio possui ritmos circadianos, circaseptanos e circanuais<sup>35-40</sup>; portanto, algum vi&#233;s de aferi&#231;&#227;o pode ter ocorrido, conforme o hor&#225;rio do dia, o dia da semana ou at&#233; mesmo a esta&#231;&#227;o do ano em que foram realizadas as coletas.</p>
    <p>A combina&#231;&#227;o de eleva&#231;&#227;o da CK-MB s&#233;rica e presen&#231;a de nova onda Q no ECG foram os crit&#233;rios utilizados para a defini&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico de IM perioperat&#243;rio, amplamente aceitos na literatura mundial<sup>3,4</sup>. No entanto, &#233; sabido que a sensibilidade e especificidade dessa combina&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;todos n&#227;o &#233; o padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia. A dificuldade log&#237;stica pr&#225;tica de deslocar todos os pacientes da unidade de terapia intensiva, nos primeiros dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de uma cirurgia card&#237;aca &#150; eventualmente em estados de gravidade, com drenos pleurais e mediastinais e, muitas vezes, outros dispositivos, como o cateter de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o arterial pulmonar, cateter de press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia sist&#234;mica, marcapasso e bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico &#150;, e conduz&#237;-los para o laborat&#243;rio de medicina nuclear para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com pirofosfato de tecn&#233;cio, tornou essa conduta impratic&#225;vel. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso da troponina, apesar de recentemente estudada, com algumas publica&#231;&#245;es no contexto da CRM<sup>41-43</sup>, ainda n&#227;o h&#225; um consenso na literatura que defina o seu ponto de corte para a ocorr&#234;ncia de IM perioperat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>Nessa amostra, a m&#233;dia do n&#237;vel basal pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de fibrinog&#234;nio (403 mg/dl) era significativamente mais elevada que os valores m&#233;dios dispon&#237;veis na literatura para amostras aleat&#243;rias, cujos valores de refer&#234;ncia variam de 150 a 400 mg/dl<sup>34,44</sup>. Em um estudo que avaliou a ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema de coagula&#231;&#227;o relacionado &#224; CRM, a m&#233;dia do n&#237;vel s&#233;rico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de fibrinog&#234;nio foi de 359 mg/dl, valor esse mais pr&#243;ximo do limite superior de refer&#234;ncia, mas ainda muito aqu&#233;m do avaliado em nossa amostra<sup>45</sup>. Possivelmente a ocorr&#234;ncia na amostra de 40,6% de AI, um evento cl&#237;nico sabidamente tromb&#243;tico e comprovadamente associado &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o do fibrinog&#234;nio s&#233;rico, tenha sido respons&#225;vel por esse alto valor basal<sup>14,20,45,46</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de fibrinog&#234;nio dosado no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio n&#227;o demonstrou associa&#231;&#227;o com a ocorr&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio no per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico, tromboembolismo pulmonar perioperat&#243;rios, mortalidade intra-hospitalar, bem como a composi&#231;&#227;o dos quatro desfechos em estudo tamb&#233;m n&#227;o demonstraram associa&#231;&#227;o com o fibrinog&#234;nio pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. As vari&#225;veis avaliadas neste estudo, que se apresentaram como preditoras independentes de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio perioperat&#243;rio, foram sexo feminino, les&#227;o de tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda, angina inst&#225;vel pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, reopera&#231;&#227;o, tempo prolongado de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea e maior n&#250;mero de enxertos.</p>
    <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul e pelo comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Instituto de Cardiologia/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Cristiano Pederneiras Jaeger </p>
        <p> Rua Germano Petersen J&#250;nior, 533/301 </p>
        <p> 90549-140 &#150; Porto Alegre, RS </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="cristianojaeger@hotmail.com">cristianojaeger@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 04/01/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 08/06/05</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Preoperative serum fibrinogen as a predictor of myocardial infarction in the surgical myocardial revascularization</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: Determine the predictive level of preoperative serum fibrinogen level for the occurrence of MI in perioperative surgical myocardial revascularization (SMR), as well as for other impacting outcomes, such as stroke, pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE), and death, separately or in combination. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study based on the heart surgery database analysis from S&#227;o Lucas Hospital, at Rio Grande do Sul Catholic University with 1,471 consecutive patients submitted to extracorporeal SMR between January, 1998 and December, 2002. RESULTS: Perioperative MI occurred in 14% of sample patients. No association was shown between preoperative fibrinogen and perioperative MI (410.60 &#177; 148.83 mg/dl for the study group x 401.57 &#177; 135.23 mg/dl for control group - p = 0.381 - RC = 1.000 - CI95%: 0.998-1.002 - p = 0.652), combined outcome for MI, stroke, PTE, and death (411.40 &#177; 153.52 mg/dL for the group reporting outcome x 400.31 &#177; 131.98 mg/dL for the group with no outcome - p = 0.232) and neither separately. CONCLUSION: In that sample, preoperative serum fibrinogen level did not show any association with the occurrence of perioperative MI in SMR, neither with other impacting outcomes, stroke, PTE, and mortality, whether separately or as composite endpoints.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Fibrinogen</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>surgical myocardial revascularization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Preoperative serum fibrinogen as a predictor for myocardial infarction in surgical myocardial revascularization</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cristiano Pederneiras Jaeger; Renato Abdala Karam Kalil; Jo&#227;o Carlos Vieira da Costa Guaragna; Luciana Jaeger Machado Carrion; Luiz Carlos Bodanese; Jo&#227;o Batista Petracco</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Rio Grande do Sul Cardiology Institute / University Cardiology Foundation and S&#227;o Lucas Hospital at Rio Grande do Sul Catholic Universit - Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> Determine the predictive level of preoperative serum fibrinogen level for the occurrence of MI in perioperative surgical myocardial revascularization (SMR), as well as for other impacting outcomes, such as stroke, pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE), and death, separately or in combination.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>A retrospective cohort study based on the heart surgery database analysis from S&#227;o Lucas Hospital, at Rio Grande do Sul Catholic University with 1,471 consecutive patients submitted to extracorporeal SMR between January, 1998 and December, 2002.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Perioperative MI occurred in 14% of sample patients. No association was shown between preoperative fibrinogen and perioperative MI (410.60 &#177; 148.83 mg/dl for the study group x 401.57 &#177; 135.23 mg/dl for control group &#150; p = 0.381 &#150; RC = 1.000 &#150; CI95%: 0.998-1.002 &#150; p = 0.652), combined outcome for MI, stroke, PTE, and death (411.40 &#177; 153.52 mg/dL for the group reporting outcome x 400.31 131.98 mg/dL for the group with no outcome &#150; p = 0.232) and neither separately.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold> In that sample, preoperative serum fibrinogen level did not show any association with the occurrence of perioperative MI in SMR, neither with other impacting outcomes, stroke, PTE, and mortality, whether separately or as composite endpoints.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Fibrinogen, myocardial infarction, surgical myocardial revascularization.</p>
      <p>Thrombotic complications in surgical myocardial revascularization (SMR) stand as the major causes of mortality in this population. Among them are pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE), stroke and myocardial infarction (MI). The low incidence of PTE, described in literature as 0.5%, seems to be underestimated as a result of difficulties faced for the diagnosis of the condition, which therefore requires high degree of suspicion<sup>1,2</sup>. Stroke occurs in 0.4% to 6% of patients submitted to SMR. From those, up to 28% have mortality as endpoint, demonstrating how impacting such occurrence is<sup>3</sup>. From those serious complications, perioperative MI is the most commonly found, with incidence ranging from 5 to 15%, as reported in literature<sup>3,4</sup>. MI consequences may range from non-clinically relevant slight enzyme increases to low cardiac debit conditions, or malign tachyarrhythmias, followed by mortality or survival time reduction in the long run<sup>3</sup> - which explains the efforts put into the attempt of preventing such complication.</p>
      <p>Since fibrinogen is an acute phase inflammatory protein, responsible for singular functions in the coagulation cascade, its association with thrombotic and inflammatory phenomena has been extensively studied<sup>5-29</sup>. Among those, the association with MI is, undoubtedly, the most widely assessed<sup>5-25,30</sup>. Fibrinogen acts as a bridge between platelet IIb IIIa glycoprotein receptor exposed on platelet surface when it is activated. Thus, it provides the aggregation of two or more cells, and the formation of a platelet thrombus. Additionally, fibrinogen also plays a key role in the final stage of the coagulation cascade, when the fibrin network is formed, thus forming fibrin monomers when cleavaged with thrombin (another important platelet activator), from X factor activation, which in its turn, originates from tissue factor.</p>
      <p>However, in the heart surgery setting, literature makes available one study only, published by Rif&#243;n et al<sup>31</sup>, where fibrinogen was assessed in a retrospective cohort in the preoperative SMR of 19 patients with angiographic occlusion of venous graft within a month after post-surgery, and compared with 63 controls with pervious grafts. After multivariate analysis, no statistically significant difference was found (350 &#177; 70 mg/dl x 380 &#177; 90 mg/dl &#150; p = NS) between the groups. After extensive literature review &#150; covering the past 30 years &#150; no studies with more expressive samples to assess clinical outcomes could be found. </p>
      <p>Therefore, although there are a number of observational studies and reports on the association of fibrinogen to atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease, no studies are available in the literature to relate fibrinogen and MI in perioperative SMR. Such information is extremely relevant since if preoperative risk is identified and properly managed, it may be possible to reduce that serious complication in the surgical setting.</p>
      <p>The present study has the primary purpose of determining whether preoperative fibrinogen level is a predictor for the occurrence of MI in SMR perioperative period. As a secondary objective, the study tried to assess the association between preoperative serum fibrinogen and the occurrence of stroke, PTE and mortality, independently or associated to MI, as the combined endpoint in SMR perioperative period.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Study design</italic> - A retrospective cohort study, with prospective data collection to put together a database.</p>
      <p><italic>Population</italic> - Patients submitted to isolated MRS at S&#227;o Lucas Hospital at Rio Grande do Sul Catholic University (HSL-PUCRS).</p>
      <p><italic>Sample</italic> - Out of the 2,102 consecutive patients submitted to heart surgery at the HSL-PUCRS in the period between January, 1998 and December, 2002, 1,580 underwent SMR; from those, 1,472 were submitted to isolated SMR. Finally, 1,471 had records of preoperative fibrinogen level between 1 and 14 days before surgical procedure and were included in the study. The sample was quite representative for a cohort of patients submitted to SMR. Age range was 60.8 &#177; 10.1 years of age, and females accounted for 15.6%. Diabetes Mellitus was reported by 27.5% of the sample; hypertension by 67.9%; left coronary bundle branch lesion (LMCA) by 20.9%. Patients had vascular grafts at 2.96 &#177; 0.96. Preoperative left ventricle ejection fraction (FEVE) was 47.5 &#177; 12.1%; 2.5% of the patients had had previous SMR; 1.4% needed urgent surgery; 0.6% were submitted to coronary endarterectomy during surgery, and finally, a high rate (40.6%) of patients reporting preoperative unstable angina (UA) made up the sample population (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0281-00009-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>Defining variables</italic> - The criteria used to define MI in SMR perioperative period were the ones widely described in literature 3,4: 1) new, persistent Q wave shown by electrocardiogram (ECG) within 48 hours of post-surgery and associated to CK-MB &gt; 30 U/L; 2) new and persistent left bundle branch blocking, associated to CK-MB &gt; 30 U/L maximum serum level; 3) CK-MB &gt; 80 U/L serum level taken isolatedly. Enzyme collection was carried out 0, 4, 8, 16, 24, 36 and 48 hours post-surgery; ECGs were carried out 0, 24 and 48 hours post-surgery. Stroke was defined as the occurrence of new neurological deficit, associated to ischemic changes at brain imaging exam (computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) in brain area topographically compatible with neurological condition, up to discharge. PTE was defined as the occurrence of dyspnea, chest pain or shock with no other etiology, associated to pulmonary imaging exam (thoracic computerized angiotomography, ventilation and perfusion pulmonary scintigraphy, and perfusion or pulmonary arteriography), with high probability or confirmation of PTE, up to discharge. Mortality was evaluated during the <italic>index</italic> hospitalization period. Composite endpoint was entered as the first occurrence of any of the endpoints under evaluation (MI, stroke, and mortality).</p>
      <p><italic>Planning</italic> - The analysis of the database at the HSLPUCRS Heart Surgery Postoperative Unit (UPOCC) was carried out through preoperative values of fibrinogen, of controllable variables and of clinical outcomes for as controllable variables and clinical endpoints, such as MI, stroke, PTE and death. A review of the electronic records at HSL-PUCRS clinical analyses laboratories was carried out with the purpose of retrieving patients' fibrinogen values that might not have been available at the database.</p>
      <p><italic>Laboratory analysis</italic> - Blood samples to dose fibrinogen serum level were collected from all patients included in the study between 1 and 14 days before surgical procedure through the <italic>Clauss</italic> method through turbidimetry reading and the use of Coag-A-Mate MTX<sup>TM</sup> equipment and Fibriquik<sup>TM</sup> reactant, a thrombin reactant compound (100 U NIH/mL), fibrinogen reference calibration (buffer solution, human plasma, and stabilizers) and <italic>Veronal of Owren</italic> buffer solution (0.28M sodium barbital).</p>
      <p><italic>Control of variables</italic> - The following variables were controlled, as described in the literature as predispositional for the occurrence of the outcome (perioperative MI ), which is to say, possible misguiding factors: age, gender, LVEF, LCBB lesion, UA, coronary endarterectomy, urgency surgery, REDO, number of grafts, and time of extracorporeal circulation (ECC). The time for aortic clamp was not included in the analysis, since this variable keeps the same time pattern behavior as ECC (r = 0.82). In the analysis model, the number of grafts replaced the occurrence of three-vessel disease, since this is a continuous variable showing the same behavior pattern (r=0.88).</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - Sample size was calculated based on the results of a pilot study32 where the incidence of perioperative MI was 23% and 13% for study and control groups, respectively, and odds ratio (OR) for the association between fibrinogen and the outcome under discussion was 1.89. Considering p &lt; 0.05 as significant, and an 80% power to estimate a 10% difference between the groups, Epi-info program helped reach a total number of 1,350 patients required so that analysis results could either confirm or deny - with statistical significance - study hypothesis.</p>
      <p> The statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS 11.0 software, with descriptive analysis of general data, Pearson correlation coefficient for the exclusion ofsame behavior pattern variables in the analysis model, univariate analysis through chi-square for categorical variables, Student <italic>t</italic> test for continuous variables, and logistic regression multivariate analysis for variables presenting p &lt; 0.2 in univariate analysis. Final results were presented through odds ratio (OR), with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Statistical significance was defined as p &lt; 0.05 for the multivariate analysis.</p>
      <p><italic>Ethical considerations</italic> - As this is a research based on medical records of patients not easily found, with no informed address or who are already deceased, and therefore not available for signature, the Informed Consent was not included. Additionally, the heart surgery data base at the UPOCC/HSL-PUCRS has been approved by the Ethics Committee at the same hospital. The study was examined and approved of by the Research Ethics Committee at HSL-PUCRS and at the Cardiology Institute University Cardiology Foundation (IC-FUC).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 1,471 patients included in the study, 206 (14%) reported perioperative MI; 2.79% presented stroke; 2.92% reported PTE; and 7.41% had mortality as endpoint. Combined endpoints occurred in 22.7% of the sample (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). In the univariate analysis, some statistically significant differences were found between the groups with and without perioperative MI, as expected. In group 1 (with MI) mean number of grafts was higher (3.21 &#177; 0.96 x 2.92 &#177; 0.95 - p &lt; 0.001), as well as LMCA lesions (29.1% x 19.6% - p = 0.002), preoperative UA: (50.5% x 39.0% - p = 0.002) and time of ECC: (95.7 &#177; 32.8 minutes x 81.7 &#177; 28.8 minutes &#150; p &lt; 0.001). No statistically significant difference was found between the groups with and without perioperative MI in regard to gender, age, LVEF, urgency surgery, REDO, and combined coronary endarterectomy (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0281-00009-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0281-00009-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Mean preoperative fibrinogen did not show statistically significant difference when the two groups were compared &#150; with or without perioperative MI (410.60 &#177; 148.83 mg/dl x 401.57 &#177; 135.23 mg/dl &#150; p = 0.39) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). Even after sample categorization in percentiles for serum fibrinogen level, the decreasing order comparison of both the first quartile and the first decile and the remaining of the sample did not show significant difference (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0281-00009-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Although negative to univariate analysis, the association of preoperative fibrinogen to perioperative MI was carried out through logistic regression multivariate analysis, since many characteristics were different in both groups. In addition to fibrinogen, other variables were included in the equation: gender, age, LMCA lesion, preoperative UA, coronary endarterectomy, REDO, number of vascular grafts, and ECC time. After logistic regression analysis, 6 variables were identified as independent predictors for the occurrence of perioperative MI in SMR: female gender, LMCA lesion, preoperative UA, REDO, ECC time, and the number of grafts. The association between preoperative serum fibrinogen level and the occurrence of perioperative MI was kept null after the adjustment for possible misguiding factors included in the regression model (OR = 1.000 - IC95%: 0.998-1.002 &#150; p = 0.652) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0281-00009-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>As for other endpoints of interest, neither did preoperative fibrinogen show any association with perioperative stroke (440.63 &#177; 157.71 mg/dl x 401.75 &#177; 136.47 mg/dl &#150; p = 0.074), perioperative PTE (426.05 &#177; 165.99 mg/dl x 402.13 &#177; 136.24 mg/dl &#150; p = 0.260), intra-hospital mortality (408.72 &#177; 162.68 mg/dl x 402.36 &#177; 135.01 mg/dl &#150; p = 0.642) or composite endpoints of MI, stroke, PTE, and mortality (411.40 &#177; 153.52 mg/dl x 400.31 &#177; 131.98 mg/dl &#150; p = 0.232) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2">Table 6</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0281-00009-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The independent association between fibrinogen and MI and sudden death in UA patients had already been described; as were its straight correlation with CHD having been assessed through angiography and MI in healthy individuals and in individuals with previous MI &#150; in the latter groups, the association with general mortality was also identified; its prognostic relevance for the outcomes when myocardial revascularization is needed; fatal and non-fatal MI, and cardiovascular death in stable angina patients, as well as a number of other associations. However, considering all evidence favoring high serum fibrinogen as predictor for clinical thrombotic events, why would this association have shown to be negative in the present study in the SMR setting? Although, at a first moment, perioperative MI was believed to be the result of vascular grafts occlusion, necropsy studies have shown that most of them were pervious in patients whose outcome was death due to perioperative MI, as the one carried out by Bulkley and Hutchins<sup>33</sup>, which analyzed 54 autopsies of patients submitted to SMR and whose outcome was death in less than a month within 1 month after surgery. Forty-two bands of regional transmural necrosis were identified in 22 patients (38% of sample), being 34 of them in areas of vascular grafts distribution, and 30 (88%) of them reporting graft patency. Such observation supports the idea that other physiopathogenic factors may be involved in the etiology of perioperative MI. Among them, some unbalance between myocardial oxygen offer and demand in the perioperative period seems to be the key factor for MI diagnosis in postoperative SMR, which explains the null association reported in the present study.</p>
      <p>The representative sample of a population of patients submitted to SMR, with data similar to those found in the SMR data base at the American Society of Thoracic Surgeons for patients operated on in the USA in 2000, makes the consecutive method for patient screening trustworthy. In the American sample, average age was 65 years of age, with 19% of females, 23% of LMCA lesions and 7% of REDO, and average preoperative LVEF at 49%<sup>34</sup>. The high number of patients included in the study &#150; designed following pre-study calculation based on sample size &#150; reiterates results confidence.</p>
      <p>However, some methodology problems must be considered as possible study limitations. Data trustworthiness may be in jeopardy in retrospective studies. However, once data collection for the creation of a data base was retrospective, the chance of having incurred in such error is minimized.</p>
      <p>Additionally, as proven by previous studies, fibrinogen serum level has circadian, circaseptan, and circanual rhythms<sup>35-40</sup>; therefore, some calculation bias may have occurred depending on time of day, day of the week, or even the season when the collection was carried out.</p>
      <p>The combination of serum CK-MB increase and the presence of a new Q wave in the ECG have been the widely accepted criteria used for diagnostic definition of perioperative MI in world literature<sup>3,4</sup>. However, sensitivity and specificity in such method combination are known not to be the gold standard. However, practical logistic difficulties have turned such approach unfeasible: dislocating all patients from ICU on the first days after heart surgery &#150; some in serious condition, with pleural and mediastinal drainage or supported by other equipment such as pulmonary blood pressure monitoring catheter, systemic blood pressure catheter, pacemaker and intraortic balloon pump &#150; and transfer them to a nuclear medicine laboratory for myocardial scintigram with technetium pyrophosphate. Despite the recent studies on troponin, as well as publications in the SMR setting<sup>41-43</sup>, there is still no consensus in literature to define the cut-off point for the occurrence of perioperative MI.</p>
      <p>In that sample, baseline average level for preoperative fibrinogen (403 mg/dl) was significantly higher when compared to mean values made available in the literature for random samples whose baselines ranged from 150 to 400 mg/dL<sup>34,44</sup>. In a study assessing the activation of SMR-related coagulation system, preoperative fibrinogen mean serum level was 359 mg/dL &#150; closer to the upper baseline level, but still quite under the assessment in our sample<sup>45</sup>. The occurrence of 40.6% of UA in the sample &#150; a clinical event known to be thrombotic and with proven association to serum fibrinogen &#150; may have been responsible for that high baseline value<sup>14,20,45,46</sup>.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, preoperative serum fibrinogen level did not show any association with the occurrence of myocardial infarction in the perioperative period of surgical myocardial revascularization. Neither have stroke, pulmonary perioperative thromboembolism, intra-hospital mortality, or the composite four endpoints in the study shown any association with preoperative fibrinogen. The variables under assessment in the present study &#150; acting as independent predictors of perioperative myocardial infarction &#150; were female gender, left main coronary artery lesion, long period of extracorporeal circulation, and higher number of grafts.</p>
      <p>The heart surgery data base at the UPOCC/HSL-PUCRS has been approved by the Ethics Committee at the same hospital. The study was examined and approved of by the Research Ethics Committee at HSL-PUCRS and at the Cardiology Institute / University Cardiology Foundation (IC-FUC).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Cristiano Pederneiras Jaeger</p>
          <p> s Rua Germano Petersen J&#250;nior, 533/301</p>
          <p> 90549-140 &#150; Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="cristianojaeger@hotmail.com">cristianojaeger@hotmail.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Received on 01/04/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 06/08/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
