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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">dbRryNySkVTQVM7scPYLjHB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001600008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001600008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Import&#226;ncia da prote&#237;na C-reativa no diagn&#243;stico e no progn&#243;stico intra-hospitalar em pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica na sala de emerg&#234;ncia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Potsch</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Aristarco Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tura</surname>
            <given-names>Bernardo Rangel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gamarski</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bassan</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nogueira</surname>
            <given-names>M&#244;nica Viegas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moutinho</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Aur&#233;lio E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Cl&#225;udio Masetto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Villacorta</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Augusta Leite</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">PROCEP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco </institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>275</fpage>
      <lpage>280</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Testar os valores diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico imediatos da prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR) nos pacientes admitidos na sala de emerg&#234;ncia (SE) com dor tor&#225;cica (DT) e sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST no eletrocardiograma (ECG). M&#201;TODOS: De janeiro de 2002 a dezembro de 2003, 980 pacientes consecutivos foram atendidos com DT suspeita de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda na SE (idade = 64,9 &#177; 14,3 anos, homens = 55%, diab&#233;ticos = 18%, ECG normal = 84%). Dosou-se a PCR na admiss&#227;o, a creatinofosfoquinase MB fra&#231;&#227;o massa (CKMB) e a troponina I seriadas, al&#233;m de se registrar ECG seriados. As medidas da PCR foram padronizadas (PCR-p) pelo valor do limite superior da normalidade (LSN) do teste utilizado (3,0 mg/L para a PCR de alta sensibilidade-PCR-AS e 0,1 mg/dl para PCR titulada-PCR-t). RESULTADOS: Foi diagnosticado infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) em 125 pacientes, e seus valores para a PCR-p foram 1,31 &#177; 2,90 (mediana = 0,47) versus 0,79 &#177; 1,39 (0,30) nos sem IAM (p = 0,031). A PCR-p &gt; 1,0 apresentou sensibilidade de 30%, especificidade de 80,4%, valores preditivos positivo e negativo de 6,1% e de 96,7%, para o diagn&#243;stico de IAM. Houve quarenta eventos card&#237;acos intra-hospitalares (&#243;bitos = dezesseis, revasculariza&#231;&#245;es de urg&#234;ncia = 22, IAM = dois). No 1&#186; quartil da PCR-p (&lt; 0,10) registraram-se tr&#234;s eventos, enquanto no 4&#186; quartil (&gt; 0,93) ocorreram quinze eventos (p = 0,003). Na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foram preditores independentes para eventos card&#237;acos a insufici&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda, o sexo masculino e a PCR-p &gt; 0,32, com raz&#227;o de chances de 7,6, 2,8 e 2,2, respectivamente. CONCLUS&#195;O: Nos pacientes atendidos com DT na SE, a PCR-p: 1) N&#227;o foi um bom marcador de IAM, apesar de um valor normal praticamente afastar esse diagn&#243;stico; 2) Um valor superior a um ter&#231;o do seu limite superior da normalidade (LSN) (&gt;1 mg/L da PCR-AS ou &gt;0,33 mg/dl da PCR-t) foi preditor de eventos card&#237;acos adversos intra-hospitalares.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Prote&#237;na C-reativa</kwd>
        <kwd>dor tor&#225;cica</kwd>
        <kwd>progn&#243;stico intra-hospitalar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGOS ORIGINAIS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Import&#226;ncia da prote&#237;na C-reativa no diagn&#243;stico e no progn&#243;stico intra-hospitalar em pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica na sala de emerg&#234;ncia</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Alfredo Antonio Potsch; Aristarco Gon&#231;alves Siqueira Filho; Bernardo Rangel Tura; Roberto Gamarski; Roberto Bassan; M&#244;nica Viegas Nogueira; Marco Aur&#233;lio E. Moutinho; Ant&#244;nio Cl&#225;udio Masetto Silva; Humberto Villacorta; Augusta Leite Campos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco &#150; PROCEP e Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia da UFRJ - Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Testar os valores diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico imediatos da prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR) nos pacientes admitidos na sala de emerg&#234;ncia (SE) com dor tor&#225;cica (DT) e sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST no eletrocardiograma (ECG). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>De janeiro de 2002 a dezembro de 2003, 980 pacientes consecutivos foram atendidos com DT suspeita de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda na SE (idade = 64,9 &#177; 14,3 anos, homens = 55%, diab&#233;ticos = 18%, ECG normal = 84%). Dosou-se a PCR na admiss&#227;o, a creatinofosfoquinase MB fra&#231;&#227;o massa (CKMB) e a troponina I seriadas, al&#233;m de se registrar ECG seriados. As medidas da PCR foram padronizadas (PCR-p) pelo valor do limite superior da normalidade (LSN) do teste utilizado (3,0 mg/L para a PCR de alta sensibilidade-PCR-AS e 0,1 mg/dl para PCR titulada-PCR-t). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Foi diagnosticado infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) em 125 pacientes, e seus valores para a PCR-p foram 1,31 &#177; 2,90 (mediana = 0,47) versus 0,79 &#177; 1,39 (0,30) nos sem IAM (p = 0,031). A PCR-p &gt; 1,0 apresentou sensibilidade de 30%, especificidade de 80,4%, valores preditivos positivo e negativo de 6,1% e de 96,7%, para o diagn&#243;stico de IAM. Houve quarenta eventos card&#237;acos intra-hospitalares (&#243;bitos = dezesseis, revasculariza&#231;&#245;es de urg&#234;ncia = 22, IAM = dois). No 1&#186; quartil da PCR-p (&lt; 0,10) registraram-se tr&#234;s eventos, enquanto no 4&#186; quartil (&gt; 0,93) ocorreram quinze eventos (p = 0,003). Na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foram preditores independentes para eventos card&#237;acos a insufici&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda, o sexo masculino e a PCR-p &gt; 0,32, com raz&#227;o de chances de 7,6, 2,8 e 2,2, respectivamente. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Nos pacientes atendidos com DT na SE, a PCR-p: 1) N&#227;o foi um bom marcador de IAM, apesar de um valor normal praticamente afastar esse diagn&#243;stico; 2) Um valor superior a um ter&#231;o do seu limite superior da normalidade (LSN) (&gt;1 mg/L da PCR-AS ou &gt;0,33 mg/dl da PCR-t) foi preditor de eventos card&#237;acos adversos intra-hospitalares.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Prote&#237;na C-reativa, dor tor&#225;cica, progn&#243;stico intra-hospitalar.</p>
    <p>A prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR), um marcador de resposta de fase inflamat&#243;ria aguda sintetizada no f&#237;gado e descoberta na d&#233;cada de 1930<sup>1</sup>, &#233; uma ferramenta &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o de algumas doen&#231;as agudas, tais como artrite reumat&#243;ide, pancreatite aguda e pneumonias<sup>2</sup>. Ganhou destaque na &#225;rea cardiovascular com a hip&#243;tese inflamat&#243;ria para a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica<sup>3</sup>. Sua avalia&#231;&#227;o agrega valor preditivo &#224;s dosagens do colesterol na determina&#231;&#227;o do risco de um primeiro evento cardiovascular em homens e mulheres saud&#225;veis<sup>4-6</sup>. Outros estudos de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria ratificam essa caracter&#237;stica<sup>6-11</sup>. Recentemente, a medida da PCR vem sendo sugerida na avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular global nos pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio e como um dos crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica<sup>12-14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a coronariana estabelecida, a dosagem da PCR mostrou-se &#250;til na identifica&#231;&#227;o daqueles com maior risco de novos eventos<sup>15</sup>. Pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) e com n&#237;vel de PCR elevado na admiss&#227;o t&#234;m risco aumentado de complica&#231;&#245;es durante a interna&#231;&#227;o e ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar<sup>16,17</sup>. Contudo, a literatura m&#233;dica, principalmente em nosso pa&#237;s, carece de estudos que avaliem o papel da PCR especificamente nos pacientes atendidos com dor tor&#225;cica (DT) na sala de emerg&#234;ncia (SE).</p>
    <p>O presente estudo prospectivo teve como objetivo avaliar o papel no diagn&#243;stico e no progn&#243;stico intra-hospitalar da PCR colhida na admiss&#227;o, nos pacientes atendidos na SE com quadro de DT sugestiva de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST no primeiro eletrocardiograma (ECG).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</italic> - De 1&#186; de janeiro de 2002 a 31 de dezembro de 2003, 980 pacientes consecutivos foram atendidos na SE de um hospital privado terci&#225;rio, com quadro de DT nas &#250;ltimas doze horas, suspeita de SCA e ECG da admiss&#227;o sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST. Esses pacientes foram submetidos a um protocolo sistematizado de avalia&#231;&#227;o na Unidade de Dor Tor&#225;cica, sendo dosadas na admiss&#227;o a creatinofosfoquinase MB fra&#231;&#227;o massa (CKMB-massa) e a troponina I<sup>18</sup>. As dosagens seriadas subseq&#252;entes desses marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica foram realizadas de acordo com o grau de probabilidade de SCA. Nos grupos de maior e menor probabilidades foram dosadas a CKMB na terceira e na nona horas e na terceira hora, respectivamente, e a troponina I foi dosada na nona hora apenas no grupo de maior probabilidade. Os registros de ECG obedeciam &#224; mesma sistem&#225;tica das dosagens da CKMB-massa. Foi realizado ecocardiograma nos pacientes com maior probabilidade de SCA. O protocolo recomendou teste provocativo (teste ergom&#233;trico, ecocardiograma com dobutamina ou cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica SPECT) quando n&#227;o houvesse necrose mioc&#225;rdica ou isquemia em repouso. As caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada est&#227;o detalhadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. A m&#233;dia da idade foi de 64,9 &#177; 14,3 anos, sendo 54,6% do g&#234;nero masculino, 18,3% diab&#233;ticos, 67% hipertensos, 23,2% com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio e o ECG de interna&#231;&#227;o encontravam-se normal em 84% dos casos. A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca mediana foram de 140 mmHg e 75 bpm, respectivamente.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0275-00008-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Avalia&#231;&#227;o bioqu&#237;mica e desfechos estudados</italic> - A PCR foi avaliada na interna&#231;&#227;o, no mesmo momento em que o sangue do paciente foi colhido para dosar os marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica (CKMB-massa e a troponina I). Sua medida foi determinada por duas t&#233;cnicas diferentes. A t&#233;cnica imunoqu&#237;mica (Vitros Chemistry Products, Johnson &amp; Johnson Clinical Diagnostics, Rochester, EUA), a PCR titulada (PCR-t), em 80% dos casos, cuja sensibilidade anal&#237;tica (SA) era de 0,1 mg/dl e o limite superior da normalidade (LSN) era de 1,0 mg/dl. E pela t&#233;cnica imunonefelom&#233;trica (Dade Behring Inc., Marburg, Alemanha), a PCR de alta sensibilidade (PCR-AS), nos demais 20% dos casos, cuja SA era de 0,175 mg/l e o LSN de 3,0 mg/l. A escolha da t&#233;cnica da medida da PCR cabia ao m&#233;dico da SE, salientando que a PCR-AS era feita no laborat&#243;rio central, fator que retardava o seu resultado, dispon&#237;vel geralmente entre doze e 24 horas depois da coleta. Para efetuar an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica em conjunto (PCR-t + PCR-AS), optou-se por padronizar os resultados das PCR (PCR-p) atrav&#233;s da raz&#227;o dos valores das medidas observadas nos pacientes pelo valor do LSN do teste utilizado. Dessa forma, um valor de PCR-p de 0,8 (aqui, portanto, n&#227;o cabe unidade), representa um n&#237;vel de PCR 20% abaixo do LSN, ou seja, 0,8 mg/dl no caso de PCR-t ou 2,4 mg/l no caso de PCR-AS. Da mesma forma, uma PCR-p de 1,3 (30% acima do LSN) representa uma PCR-t de 1,3 mg/dl ou PCR-AS de 3,9 mg/l, e assim por diante.</p>
    <p>A CKMB-massa e a troponina I foram avaliadas pelo m&#233;todo de imunofluoresc&#234;ncia (Dade Behring Inc., Marburg, Alemanha), com SA de 0,6 ng/ml e 0,1 ng/ml e LSN de 5,0 ng/ml e 1,0 ng/ml, respectivamente. </p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico final de IAM sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST foi dado quando havia uma eleva&#231;&#227;o t&#237;pica de CKMB-massa e/ou troponina I, acompanhada ou n&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es no segmento ST do ECG e na aus&#234;ncia de qualquer outra causa demonstr&#225;vel de DT<sup>19</sup>. O diagn&#243;stico final de angina inst&#225;vel foi firmado quando, na aus&#234;ncia de eleva&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores de necrose, a DT era acompanhada por altera&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular no ECG (depress&#227;o do segmento ST maior do que 0,5 mm ou invers&#227;o de onda T) ou com a demonstra&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica no teste provocativo pr&#233;-alta, ou ainda com a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana significativa &#224; cinecoronariografia. Foi considerado como diagn&#243;stico excludente de SCA (n&#227;o-ICA) o paciente que completasse toda a investiga&#231;&#227;o preconizada da DT, com teste provocativo considerado negativo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Foi considerado como diagn&#243;stico de exclus&#227;o de IAM o paciente que, embora n&#227;o tendo realizado teste provocativo, tivesse marcadores de necrose seriados normais. </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram acompanhados durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, sendo considerados como evento card&#237;aco adverso (desfechos) &#243;bito hospitalar (cardiovascular), IAM e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de urg&#234;ncia (angioplastia percut&#226;nea ou cirurgia card&#237;aca).</p>
    <p>Esse estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa da Institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> - Utilizou-se o pacote SPSS for Windows vers&#227;o 11. Os dados apresentados indicam a m&#233;dia ou a mediana com seus desvios-padr&#227;o. O teste de Mann-Whitney foi empregado para comparar propor&#231;&#245;es. Na busca de vari&#225;veis independentemente relacionadas com o desfecho evento card&#237;aco adverso, foi utilizada a an&#225;lise multivariada com regress&#227;o log&#237;stica do tipo stepwise forward. Valores de p menores do que 0,05 (duas caudas) foram considerados indicativos de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 980 pacientes atendidos com DT, 401 tiveram o diagn&#243;stico final de SCA, sendo 276 (28,2%) com angina inst&#225;vel e 125 (12,8%) com IAM sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST. Dos demais 579 pacientes, 452 tiveram diagn&#243;stico de exclus&#227;o de SCA (n&#227;o-ICA) e 127 diagn&#243;sticos de exclus&#227;o de IAM (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>). A perman&#234;ncia hospitalar foi de 21 horas (mediana).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0275-00008-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A m&#233;dia da PCR-p dos pacientes em investiga&#231;&#227;o de DT foi de 0,86 &#177; 1,68, e em 20,1% dos casos esse foi valor superior a 1,0. Os valores da PCR-p foram de 1,31 &#177; 2,90 (mediana = 0,47) nos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico final de IAM e de 0,79 &#177; 1,39 (0,30) nos pacientes sem IAM (p = 0,031, Mann-Whitney), conforme &#233; mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref>. Na angina inst&#225;vel esse n&#237;vel foi de 0,75 &#177; 1,29 (0,28). A PCR-p maior do que 1,0 apresentou as seguintes caracter&#237;sticas preditoras para o diagn&#243;stico de IAM: sensibilidade de 30%, especificidade de 80,4%, valor preditivo positivo de 61% e valor preditivo negativo de 96,7%, sendo a &#225;rea sob a curva ROC de 0,56.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0275-00008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Houve 40 eventos card&#237;acos adversos intra-hospitalares, sendo 16 &#243;bitos, 22 revasculariza&#231;&#245;es de urg&#234;ncia e dois IAM. No 1&#186; quartil da PCR-p, valores menores do que 0,10, registraram-se tr&#234;s eventos, enquanto no 4&#186; quartil, valores maiores do que 0,93, ocorreram quinze eventos (p = 0,003, para tend&#234;ncia linear), conforme a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figura 2</xref>. A m&#233;dia da PCR-p nos pacientes sobreviventes comparada aos casos de &#243;bitos foi de 0,8 &#177; 0,3 versus 2,3 &#177; 0,6, p = 0,082.</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0275-00008-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica selecionou as seguintes vari&#225;veis como preditoras independentes para eventos isqu&#234;micos intra-hospitalares (&#243;bito, IAM e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de urg&#234;ncia): 1) a insufici&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda, com valores de raz&#227;o de chances (OR) e intervalos de confian&#231;a a 95% (IC-95%) de 6,5 (3,0-14,1, p &lt; 0,001); 2) o sexo masculino com OR de 3,0 (1,4-6,3, p = 0,004), e, 3) a PCR-p maior do que 0,32 (mediana), que corresponde aos valores maiores do que 1 mg/l para PCR-AS ou 0,33 mg/dl para PCR-t, com OR de 2,2 (1,1-4,5, p = 0,029) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0275-00008-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo mostra a utilidade da dosagem da PCR no momento da interna&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes que procuram o setor de emerg&#234;ncia com DT suspeita de SCA e com ECG inicial que n&#227;o apresente eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST. </p>
    <p>O n&#237;vel de PCR-p encontrava-se significativamente mais elevado nos pacientes que tiveram o diagn&#243;stico final de IAM, comparado aos que n&#227;o tiveram IAM (1,31 versus 0,79, p = 0,031). Assim, a ocorr&#234;ncia de uma PCR-p elevada por ocasi&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o foi um instrumento &#250;til na identifica&#231;&#227;o de um paciente com DT de maior gravidade, dado que coincide com a literatura. Mach e cols.<sup>20</sup>, avaliando 110 pacientes com crit&#233;rio cl&#237;nico e eletrocardiogr&#225;fico sugestivo de IAM, de uma popula&#231;&#227;o de 201 pacientes admitidos na sala de emerg&#234;ncia por DT, encontraram diferen&#231;a significativa entre a PCR admissional nos pacientes com e sem diagn&#243;stico final de IAM (1,70 versus 0,50 mg/dl, respectivamente; p &lt; 0,001). Esse dado sugere que o n&#237;vel de PCR na admiss&#227;o possa ser um marcador de SCA, identificando pacientes com maior risco de IAM<sup>20</sup>. Uma PCR mais elevada no grupo com SCA em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais pacientes com DT foi tamb&#233;m encontrada em outro estudo<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora a PCR-p n&#227;o sirva para diagnosticar IAM, pela sua baixa sensibilidade e seu baixo poder preditivo positivo (30% e 61%, respectivamente), seu valor normal praticamente exclui esse diagn&#243;stico, pois apresenta uma boa sensibilidade e um excelente valor preditivo negativo (80,4% e 96,7%, respectivamente). Nos pacientes internados por DT e sem outros motivos para interna&#231;&#227;o, uma PCR normal &#233; um dado que proporciona seguran&#231;a para alta hospitalar<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>A dosagem da PCR-p na interna&#231;&#227;o mostrou-se um importante instrumento na predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos card&#237;acos adversos durante o per&#237;odo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Dessa forma, pacientes que apresentavam PCR-p &gt; 0,93 (&#250;ltimo quartil) tiveram cinco vezes mais eventos card&#237;acos intra-hospitalares (morte, IAM, angina inst&#225;vel e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de urg&#234;ncia) do que aqueles com PCR-p &lt; 0,10 (primeiro quartil), quinze versus tr&#234;s eventos, p = 0,003. Ou seja, o fato da PCR-p estar elevada na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial da DT aponta para uma evolu&#231;&#227;o menos favor&#225;vel durante o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o. Os trabalhos dispon&#237;veis que estudaram o papel da PCR no curto-prazo, especificamente no per&#237;odo intra-hospitalar, enfocaram pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de SCA (IAM e angina inst&#225;vel) e encontraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre PCR e evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar<sup>22,23</sup>. Contudo, Ferreiros e cols., em seu trabalho com pacientes internados por angina inst&#225;vel, n&#227;o conseguiram demonstrar essa associa&#231;&#227;o<sup>24</sup>. </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise multivariada identificou a PCR-p como independentemente relacionada com eventos card&#237;acos adversos intra-hospitalares, em conjunto com a insufici&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda e o sexo masculino. Assim, os pacientes com DT e com PCR-p maior do que 0,32 (mediana) tiveram 2,2 vezes mais eventos card&#237;acos adversos durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Esse resultado &#233; familiar nos pacientes internados com IAM, situa&#231;&#227;o em que a PCR foi significativamente mais elevada naqueles que evolu&#237;ram para &#243;bito card&#237;aco, ruptura card&#237;aca ou forma&#231;&#227;o de aneurisma ventricular esquerdo<sup>25</sup>, mas n&#227;o nos pacientes com DT. O valor preditivo da PCR no curto prazo (trinta dias) em pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel e IAM tem incentivado m&#233;dicos emergencistas a solicitarem a dosagem da PCR no momento da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar<sup>26,27</sup>. Atualmente, recomenda-se a dosagem da PCR, especificamente a de alta sensibilidade (PCR-AS), apenas em pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana est&#225;vel ou com SCA (classe IIa, n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia B)<sup>28</sup>.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. A primeira &#233; que a PCR foi dosada apenas no momento da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, quando se sabe que o seu pico ocorre posteriormente<sup>1</sup>. Contudo, dificilmente seria justific&#225;vel a dosagem seriada da PCR para avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com DT, cujo foco s&#227;o os marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o foi a utiliza&#231;&#227;o, para dosar a PCR, de duas t&#233;cnicas com limiares de sensibilidade diferentes, o que obrigou o emprego de um recurso estat&#237;stico para melhor interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados (padroniza&#231;&#227;o da PCR). Salientamos que ambas as t&#233;cnicas medem a mesma prote&#237;na e o fen&#244;meno inflamat&#243;rio. Finalmente, pode ser considerado um estudo pequeno pela baixa taxa de eventos card&#237;acos adversos intra-hospitalares registrados (4,1%), como era esperado no tipo de popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, o que pode justificar a n&#227;o-signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica encontrada na compara&#231;&#227;o da PCR-p entre sobreviventes e n&#227;o-sobreviventes. </p>
    <p>Concluindo, os dados do presente estudo indicam que a dosagem da PCR na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes atendidos com dor tor&#225;cica na sala de emerg&#234;ncia pode ser &#250;til na exclus&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico de IAM, al&#233;m de predizer eventos card&#237;acos adversos intra-hospitalares, quando seu valor for maior do que um ter&#231;o do limite superior da normalidade (PCR-AS &gt; 1mg/l ou PCR-t &gt; 0,33 mg/dl).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Alfredo Antonio Potsch </p>
        <p> Rua Conde de Iraj&#225;, 122/302 </p>
        <p> 22271-020 &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="aapotsch@cardiol.br">aapotsch@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 26/12/04 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 29/08/05</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">C-reactive protein diagnostic and prognostic value in patients presenting at the emergency room with chest pain</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To test immediate diagnostic and prognostic values of C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients admitted to the emergency room (ER) with chest pain (CP) without ST-segment elevation on the electrocardiogram (ECG). METHODS: From January 2002 to December 2003, 980 patients were consecutively seen in the ER with CP suggestive of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) (age = 64.9 &#177; 14.3, men = 55%, diabetic = 18%, normal ECG = 84%). Serial CRP, creatine kinase MB mass (CKMB-mass) and troponin I determinations were performed on admission, in addition to serial ECG. CRP measurements were standardized (s-CRP) by the upper limit of normal (ULN) of the test used (3.0 mg/L for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP] and 0.1 mg/dL for titrated CRP [t-CRP]). RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-five patients were diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and their s-CRP values were 1.31 &#177; 2.90 (median = 0.47) compared to 0.79 &#177; 1.39 (0.30) in no-AMI patients (p = 0.031). The s-CRP &gt; 1.0 showed 30% sensitivity and 80% specificity, plus negative and positive predictive values of 6.1% and 96.7%, respectively, for AMI diagnosis. There were forty in-hospital cardiac events (16 deaths, 22 urgent revascularizations, and 2 acute myocardial infarction). In the first quartile of the s-CRP (&lt; 0.10), three events were recorded, while in the fourth quartile (&gt; 0.93) 15 events (p = 0.003) occurred. In the logistic regression model, masculine gender and s-CRP &gt; 0.32 (odds ratio 7.6, 2.8 and 2.2, respectively) were independent predictors of cardiac events and left ventricular failure. CONCLUSION: In patients with chest pain presenting at the emergency room, s-CRP was not a good marker of AMI, although this diagnosis is virtually excluded by a normal value; in addition, values one-third above the upper limit of normal (&gt;1 mg/L for hs-CRP or &gt;0.33 mg/dL for t-CRP) were predictive of in-hospital adverse cardiac events.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>C-reactive protein</kwd>
        <kwd>chest pain</kwd>
        <kwd>in-hospital prognosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>C-Reactive protein diagnostic and prognostic value in patients presenting at the emergency room with chest pain </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Alfredo Antonio Potsch; Aristarco Gon&#231;alves Siqueira Filho; Bernardo Rangel Tura; Roberto Gamarski; Roberto Bassan; M&#244;nica Viegas Nogueira; Marco Aur&#233;lio E. Moutinho; Ant&#244;nio Cl&#225;udio Masetto Silva; Humberto Villacorta; Augusta Leite Campos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco &#150; PROCEP e Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia da UFRJ - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To test immediate diagnostic and prognostic values of C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients admitted to the emergency room (ER) with chest pain (CP) without ST-segment elevation on the electrocardiogram (ECG).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> From January 2002 to December 2003, 980 patients were consecutively seen in the ER with CP suggestive of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) (age = 64.9 &#177; 14.3, men = 55%, diabetic = 18%, normal ECG = 84%). Serial CRP, creatine kinase MB mass (CKMB-mass) and troponin I determinations were performed on admission, in addition to serial ECG. CRP measurements were standardized (s-CRP) by the upper limit of normal (ULN) of the test used (3.0 mg/L for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP] and 0.1 mg/dL for titrated CRP [t-CRP]).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold> One hundred and twenty-five patients were diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and their s-CRP values were 1.31 &#177; 2.90 (median = 0.47) compared to 0.79 &#177; 1.39 (0.30) in no-AMI patients (p = 0.031). The s-CRP &gt; 1.0 showed 30% sensitivity and 80% specificity, plus negative and positive predictive values of 6.1% and 96.7%, respectively, for AMI diagnosis. There were forty in-hospital cardiac events (16 deaths, 22 urgent revascularizations, and 2 acute myocardial infarction). In the first quartile of the s-CRP (&lt; 0.10), three events were recorded, while in the fourth quartile (&gt; 0.93) 15 events (p = 0.003) occurred. In the logistic regression model, masculine gender and s-CRP &gt; 0.32 (odds ratio 7.6, 2.8 and 2.2, respectively) were independent predictors of cardiac events and left ventricular failure.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold> In patients with chest pain presenting at the emergency room, s-CRP was not a good marker of AMI, although this diagnosis is virtually excluded by a normal value; in addition, values one-third above the upper limit of normal (&gt;1 mg/L for hs-CRP or &gt;0.33 mg/dL for t-CRP) were predictive of in-hospital adverse cardiac events.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>C-reactive protein, chest pain, in-hospital prognosis.</p>
      <p>The C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute-phase inflammatory response marker produced in the liver and discovered in the 1930s<sup>1</sup>, is a valuable tool in evaluating some acute diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, acute pancreatitis, and pneumonias<sup>2</sup>. It has come to prominence in the cardiovascular field with the inflammatory hypothesis of atherosclerosis<sup>3</sup>. Its assessment adds predictive value to cholesterol measurements in determining risks of a first cardiac event in healthy men and women<sup>4-6</sup>. This feature is corroborated by other primary prevention studies<sup>6-11</sup>. Recently, CRP measurement has been recommended to evaluate global cardiovascular risk in intermediate-risk patients and as one of the clinical criteria for diagnosing metabolic syndrome<sup>12-14</sup>. </p>
      <p>In patients with established coronary artery disease, CRP measurement has proved valuable in identifying those at higher risk of new events<sup>15</sup>. Patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and elevated CRP level on admission have increased risk of complications both during hospitalization and after discharge<sup>16,17</sup>. However, in the medical literature, particularly in Brazil, studies evaluating the role of CRP specifically in patients admitted with chest pain (CP) in the emergency room (ER) are needed.</p>
      <p>This prospective study was aimed at evaluating the in-hospital diagnostic and prognostic role of CRP in the admission of patients presenting at the emergency room with chest pain suggestive of myocardial ischemia without ST-segment elevation on the first electrocardiogram (ECG).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Study population</italic> - From January 1, 2002 to December 31, 2003, a total of 980 patients were consecutively seen in the ER of a private tertiary hospital with CP during the previous twelve hours, suspected ACS and no ST-segment elevation on admission ECG. These patients underwent a systematized evaluation protocol at the Chest Pain Unit and had creatine kinase MB mass (CKMB-mass) and troponin I determined on admission<sup>18</sup>. Subsequent serial measurements of these myocardial necrosis markers were performed according to the degree of probability of developing ACS. In the highest and lowest probability groups, CKMB was measured at hours 3 and 9 and at hour 3, respectively, and only in the highest probability group troponin I was measured at hour 9. ECG recordings followed the same systematic approach used for CKMB-mass measurement. Patients with the highest probability of developing ACS underwent echocardiogram. In the absence of myocardial necrosis or ischemia at rest, the protocol recommended that a provocative test (exercise stress test, dobutamine echocardiography or myocardial perfusion SPECT) be performed. Characteristics of the population studied are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. Mean age was 64.9 &#177; 14.3, and 54.6% of the patients were male, 18.3% were diabetic, 67% were hypertensive, 23.2% had history of myocardial infarction, and 84% had normal admission ECG. Median systolic blood pressure and heart rate were 140 mmHg and 75 bpm, respectively.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0275-00008-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>Blood chemistry and endpoints studied</italic> - C-reactive protein was evaluated on admission, at the same time as a blood sample was collected for measuring myocardial necrosis markers (CKMB-mass and troponin I). Two different techniques were used for these measurements: Immunochemical (Vitros Chemistry Products, Johnson &amp; Johnson Clinical Diagnostics, Rochester, USA), titrated CRP (t-CRP), in 80% of the cases, with analytical sensitivity (AS) of 0.1 mg/dL and upper limit of normal (ULN) of 1.0 mg/dL. And immunonephelometric (Dade Behring Inc., Marburg, Germany), high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP), in the remaining 20%, with 0.175 mg/L AS and 3.0 mg/L ULN. Choice of the CRP technique was up to the ER doctor. It should be emphasized that the hs-CRP assay was performed at the central laboratory, thus delaying the result, which was usually available between 12 and 24 hours after blood collection. In order to perform a joint statistical analysis (t-CRP + hs-CRP), CRP results were standardized (s-CRP) through the ratio of patients&#146; level to the ULN of the test used. This way, an s-CRP of 0.8 (therefore here no unit is possible) represents a CRP level 20% lower than the ULN, that is, 0.8 mg/dL for t-CRP or 2.4 mg/L for hs-CRP. Likewise, an s-CRP of 1.3 (30% above the ULN) represents a t-CRP of 1.3 mg/dL or hs-CRP of 3.9 mg/L, and so on.</p>
      <p>Both CKMB-mass and troponin I were assessed using the immunofluorescence method (Dade Behring Inc., Marburg, Germany), with 0.6 ng/mL and 0.1 ng/mL AS and 5.0 ng/mL and 1.0 ng/mL ULN, respectively. </p>
      <p>The final non-ST-segment elevation AMI diagnosis was based on a typical rise in CKMB-mass and/or troponin I, accompanied or not by ST-segment changes on ECG, when no other cause of chest pain was found<sup>19</sup>. The final diagnosis of unstable angina was established when, in the absence of necrosis marker increase, chest pain was accompanied by dynamic changes of ventricular repolarization on ECG (ST-segment depression greater than 0.5 mm or T-wave inversion), myocardial ischemia on the pre-discharge provocative test, or significant coronary heart disease on coronary angiography. The presence of ACS (non-ACF) was ruled out if the provocative test was negative for myocardial ischemia after all investigation recommended for chest pain had been completed. The diagnosis of AMI was ruled out if serial measurement of myocardial necrosis markers was normal even though the patient had not undergone a provocative test.</p>
      <p>All patients were followed up on during hospitalization, and in-hospital death (cardiovascular), AMI, and urgent myocardial revascularization (percutaneous angioplasty or heart surgery) were considered adverse cardiac events (endpoints).</p>
      <p>This study was approved by the institution&#146;s Research Ethics Committee.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis </italic>- Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS package for Windows, Version 11. Data indicate mean or median with their standard deviation. The Mann-Whitney test was applied to compare proportions. A multivariate analysis using forward stepwise logistic regression was performed to check for independent variables related to the endpoint adverse cardiac events. P values &lt; 0.05 (two-tailed) were considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 980 patients presenting with CP, 401 were diagnosed with ACS, 276 (28.2%) of whom with unstable angina and 125 (12.8%) with non-ST-segment elevation AMI. Of the remaining 579 patients, the diagnosis of ACS (non-ACF) was eliminated in 452 and that of AMI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>) was eliminated in 127. Length of stay in hospital was 21 hours (median).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0275-00008-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Mean s-CRP of patients investigated for CP was 0.86 &#177; 1.68, and in 20.1% of the cases this value was above 1.0. Serum s-PCR values were 1.31 &#177; 2.90 (median = 0.47) in patients diagnosed with AMI and 0.79 &#177; 1.39 (0.30) in patients without AMI (p = 0.031, Mann-Whitney), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>. In unstable angina this level was 0.75 &#177; 1.29 (0.28). S-CRP higher than 1.0 showed the following characteristics predictive of AMI diagnosis: 30% sensitivity, 80.4% specificity, 61% positive predictive value, and 96.7% negative predictive value; the area under the ROC curve was 0.56.</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0275-00008-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>There were forty in-hospital adverse cardiac events: 16 deaths, 22 urgent revascularizations, and 2 AMI. In the first quartile of s-CRP, values lower than 0.10, there were 3 events, while in the fourth quartile of s-CRP, values higher than 0.93, there were 15 events ( p = 0.003, for linear trend), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>. Mean s-CRP in patients who survived compared with those who died was 0.8 &#177; 0.3 vs. 2.3 &#177; 0.6, p = 0.082.</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0275-00008-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Logistic regression analysis identified the following variables as independent predictors of in-hospital ischemic events (death, AMI, and urgent myocardial revascularization): 1) left ventricular failure, with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) and a 6.5 (3.0-14.1, p &lt; 0.001) odds ratio, 2) masculine gender, with 3.0 (1.4-6.3, p = 0.004) OR, and 3) s-CRP above 0.32 (median), corresponding to values higher than 1 mg/L for hs-CRP or 0.33 mg/dL for t-CRP, with 2.2 OR (1.1-4.5, p = 0.029) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0275-00008-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study shows the usefulness of CRP measurement on admission in patients seen at the emergency department with CP suggestive of ACS and non-ST-segment elevation on baseline ECG. </p>
      <p>The s-CRP level was significantly higher in patients diagnosed with AMI, compared with those without AMI (1.31 vs. 0.79, p = 0.031). Thus, increased s-CRP level on admission was a useful tool in identifying more severely ill patients with CP, data consistent with that found in the literature. Mach et al evaluated 110 patients with clinical and electrocardiographic criteria suggestive of AMI, out of a population of 201 patients admitted to the ER with chest pain, and found a significant difference between admission CRP in patients with or without final diagnosis of AMI (1.70 vs. 0.50 mg/dL, respectively; p &lt; 0.001). Such data suggest that CRP level on admission may be a ACS marker to identify patients at higher risk of developing AMI<sup>20</sup>. Higher CRP level in the group of patients with ACS compared with the other patients experiencing chest pain was also found in another study<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although s-CRP does not serve to diagnose AMI, due to its low sensitivity and low positive predictive power (30% and 61%, respectively), its normal value virtually excludes this diagnosis, because it shows good sensitivity and excellent negative predictive value (80.4% and 96.7%, respectively). In patients admitted for CP alone, normal CRP levels build confidence for hospital discharge<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>S-CRP measurement on admission proved to be an important tool in predicting adverse cardiac events during hospitalization. Therefore, patients with s-CRP &gt; 0.93 (last quartile) had five times more in-hospital cardiac events (death, AMI, unstable angina, and urgent myocardial revascularization) than those with s-CRP &lt; 0.10 (first quartile), fifteen vs. 3 events, p = 0.003. In other words, higher s-CRP at the initial evaluation in patients experiencing CP points to poorer outcome during hospitalization. Published studies analyzing the short-term role of CRP, specifically during hospital stay, focused patients diagnosed with ACS (AMI and unstable angina) and found an association between CRP and in-hospital outcome<sup>22,23</sup>. However, Ferreiros et al, in their study with patients admitted for unstable angina, failed to demonstrate this association<sup>24</sup>. </p>
      <p>Multivariate analysis identified s-CRP as independently related to in-hospital adverse cardiac events, along with left ventricular failure and masculine gender. Thus, patients with chest pain and s-CRP &gt; 0.32 (median) had 2.2-fold adverse cardiac events during hospitalization. This result is common in patients admitted with AMI, a condition in which CRP values were significantly higher in those who evolved to cardiac death, cardiac rupture or development of left ventricular aneurysm<sup>25</sup>, but not in patients with chest pain. Short-term CRP predictive value (thirty days) in patients with unstable angina and AMI has encouraged emergency physicians to require CRP measurement at hospital admission<sup>26,27</sup>. Currently, CRP measurement, specifically high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP), is recommended only for patients with stable coronary heart disease or ACS (class IIa, evidence level B)<sup>28</sup>.</p>
      <p>This study has some limitations: Firstly, CRP level was measured only on admission, when it is known that its concentration peaks later later<sup>1</sup>. Nonetheless, CRP serial measurement to evaluate patients with chest pain, the focus of which are myocardial necrosis markers, would hardly be justifiable. Another limitation was the use of two techniques with different sensitivity threshold to determine CRP levels, requiring a statistical device to improve data interpretation (CRP standardization). It must be noted that both techniques measure the same protein and the inflammatory phenomenon. Finally, this can be considered a small study, due to the low rate of in-hospital adverse cardiac events (4.1%), that expected in the kind of population studied, which may justify the non-statistical significance found when s-CRP level was compared among patients who survived and those who died. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, data from this study indicate that CRP determination in evaluating patients admitted to the emergency room with chest pain may be useful to rule out AMI diagnosis, in addition to predict in-hospital adverse cardiac events, when its value is higher than one-third the normal upper limit (hs-CRP &gt; 1mg/L or t-CRP &gt; 0.33 mg/dL).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Alfredo Antonio Potsch</p>
          <p> Rua Conde de Iraj&#225;, 122/302</p>
          <p> 22271-020 &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="aapotsch@cardiol.br">aapotsch@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 12/26/04</p>
      <p> Accepted on 08/29/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
