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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">D7WrXDRr5MzGhV3sGGDdJ6x</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001600007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001600007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Complica&#231;&#227;o infecciosa indica mau progn&#243;stico no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grandini J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caramelli</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>267</fpage>
      <lpage>274</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Determinar a incid&#234;ncia e o impacto das complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) no tempo de perman&#234;ncia e na letalidade. M&#201;TODOS: Trata-se de um estudo cl&#237;nico e retrospectivo, tipo caso-controle, realizado por meio de an&#225;lise de prontu&#225;rios. A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi constitu&#237;da por pacientes internados na Unidade Coronariana do InCor do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP com diagn&#243;stico de IAM, entre janeiro de 1996 e dezembro de 1999. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 1.227 pacientes, e sessenta (5%) preenchiam os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos de complica&#231;&#227;o infecciosa do IAM (grupo infectados). Os demais 1.167 pacientes constitu&#237;ram o grupo controle. A m&#233;dia das idades (67,5 versus 62,6 anos), o tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar (26,6 versus 12,0 dias) e a mortalidade hospitalar (45% versus 12%) foram maiores no grupo infectados. Pacientes submetidos a mais de tr&#234;s procedimentos invasivos apresentaram &#237;ndice de mortalidade mais elevado (68% e 32%, p = 0,006). As infec&#231;&#245;es mais freq&#252;entes foram as pulmonares (63%), do trato urin&#225;rio (37%) e hemoculturas positivas sem s&#237;tio identificado (8%). CONCLUS&#195;O: Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, a incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#227;o infecciosa foi de 5%. O tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o prolongado e a taxa de mortalidade elevada sugerem que a complica&#231;&#227;o infecciosa tem um grande impacto sobre os pacientes internados com o diagn&#243;stico de IAM em unidade coronariana.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>infec&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>complica&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGOS ORIGINAIS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Complica&#231;&#227;o infecciosa indica mau progn&#243;stico no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Leandro Carlos Grandini J&#250;nior; Bruno Caramelli</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Determinar a incid&#234;ncia e o impacto das complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) no tempo de perman&#234;ncia e na letalidade. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Trata-se de um estudo cl&#237;nico e retrospectivo, tipo caso-controle, realizado por meio de an&#225;lise de prontu&#225;rios. A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi constitu&#237;da por pacientes internados na Unidade Coronariana do InCor do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP com diagn&#243;stico de IAM, entre janeiro de 1996 e dezembro de 1999. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Foram analisados 1.227 pacientes, e sessenta (5%) preenchiam os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos de complica&#231;&#227;o infecciosa do IAM (grupo infectados). Os demais 1.167 pacientes constitu&#237;ram o grupo controle. A m&#233;dia das idades (67,5 versus 62,6 anos), o tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar (26,6 versus 12,0 dias) e a mortalidade hospitalar (45% versus 12%) foram maiores no grupo infectados. Pacientes submetidos a mais de tr&#234;s procedimentos invasivos apresentaram &#237;ndice de mortalidade mais elevado (68% e 32%, p = 0,006). As infec&#231;&#245;es mais freq&#252;entes foram as pulmonares (63%), do trato urin&#225;rio (37%) e hemoculturas positivas sem s&#237;tio identificado (8%). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, a incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#227;o infecciosa foi de 5%. O tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o prolongado e a taxa de mortalidade elevada sugerem que a complica&#231;&#227;o infecciosa tem um grande impacto sobre os pacientes internados com o diagn&#243;stico de IAM em unidade coronariana. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, infec&#231;&#227;o, complica&#231;&#227;o, mortalidade.</p>
    <p>Segundo os dados do SUS, no ano de 2000 ocorreram 40.143 interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), com uma m&#233;dia da perman&#234;ncia hospitalar de 7,7 dias e a uma taxa de letalidade de 16%<sup>1</sup>. A maior parte das mortes relacionadas ao IAM, entretanto, ocorre antes da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, geralmente secund&#225;rias a arritmias card&#237;acas graves<sup>2</sup>. Ap&#243;s a interna&#231;&#227;o, as complica&#231;&#245;es do IAM s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por uma porcentagem significativa das mortes. Entre elas est&#227;o as complica&#231;&#245;es el&#233;tricas, hemodin&#226;micas ou mec&#226;nicas, as inflamat&#243;rias e as infecciosas. A taxa de mortalidade a elas associada, a sua incid&#234;ncia e a sua gravidade s&#227;o motivo de preocupa&#231;&#227;o por parte dos profissionais envolvidos no tratamento do paciente com IAM. O pronto-diagn&#243;stico e o estabelecimento do tratamento adequado dessas complica&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o fundamentais na tentativa de melhorar a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>Estudos recentes sugerem, contudo, estar ocorrendo uma modifica&#231;&#227;o no perfil demogr&#225;fico da popula&#231;&#227;o internada com o diagn&#243;stico de IAM. O aumento da faixa et&#225;ria desses pacientes &#233; um dos dados mais relevantes<sup>1,3</sup>. Esse fen&#244;meno pode representar um aumento na preval&#234;ncia de outras doen&#231;as, como comorbidade, entre os indiv&#237;duos internados com IAM. De fato, j&#225; foi identificado, em alguns estudos, um aumento na preval&#234;ncia de diabete melito como doen&#231;a associada ao IAM<sup>3</sup>. Esses fatores poderiam, por sua vez, aumentar a incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas no IAM, a exemplo do que foi observado em outras doen&#231;as que incidem em pacientes idosos e/ou diab&#233;ticos<sup>4-7</sup>. </p>
    <p>Tanto a mudan&#231;a no perfil demogr&#225;fico (pacientes mais idosos) quanto a maior incid&#234;ncia de diabete melito como comorbidade no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio podem ter contribu&#237;do para que esses resultados fossem observados. Entre as outras causas poss&#237;veis para desenvolvimento de complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas est&#227;o a imobiliza&#231;&#227;o prolongada, os procedimentos invasivos e a presen&#231;a de outras comorbidades. A aus&#234;ncia de informa&#231;&#245;es conclusivas na literatura sobre a incid&#234;ncia e sobre o impacto das complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas do IAM na morbidade e mortalidade foi a raz&#227;o para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo.</p>
    <p><italic>Popula&#231;&#227;o</italic> - Foi realizada uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva dos prontu&#225;rios de todos os pacientes com o diagn&#243;stico de IAM internados na Unidade Coronariana do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 1996 a dezembro de 1999. Os crit&#233;rios utilizados para o diagn&#243;stico de IAM foram os mesmos utilizados em estudos anteriores<sup>2</sup>. Dentre os 1.227 pacientes internados nesse per&#237;odo com o diagn&#243;stico de IAM, 120 apresentavam infec&#231;&#227;o nosocomial como comorbidade. Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes que apresentavam pelo menos uma das seguintes caracter&#237;sticas: doen&#231;a auto-imune ou infec&#231;&#227;o pelo v&#237;rus da Aids, neoplasias, hepatopatias, hist&#243;rico de infec&#231;&#227;o ou febre nas &#250;ltimas duas semanas antes da interna&#231;&#227;o ou insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica (valor de creatinina plasm&#225;tica superior a 2,0 mg/dl) no momento da interna&#231;&#227;o. Restaram sessenta pacientes que constitu&#237;ram o grupo infectados. Os 1.167 pacientes restantes constitu&#237;ram o grupo controle, que representava o conjunto dos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de IAM que n&#227;o apresentaram complica&#231;&#227;o infecciosa.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram analisadas as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, a anamnese e evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, o exame f&#237;sico, os exames laboratoriais e a causa do &#243;bito. As vari&#225;veis de interesse foram tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o e letalidade hospitalar. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas dicot&#244;micas estudadas foram g&#234;nero, diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial ou diabete melito na anamnese, desvio &#224; esquerda no leucograma (bastonetes &gt; 10% segmentados), leucocitose (&gt; 10.000/mm<sup>3</sup>) e o tratamento intervencionista (angioplastia ou cirurgia). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas policot&#244;micas foram a localiza&#231;&#227;o do infarto, o n&#250;mero de procedimentos invasivos realizados, o local de infec&#231;&#227;o, causas de &#243;bito e outras complica&#231;&#245;es. Os procedimentos invasivos analisados foram: cateterismo card&#237;aco, sondagem vesical, intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal, acesso venoso central, marcapasso, traqueostomia, al&#233;m do uso de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, di&#225;lise peritoneal, cateter de art&#233;ria pulmonar, dreno de t&#243;rax e hemodi&#225;lise. </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram idade, tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o, &#237;ndice de massa corporal e tempo de aparecimento da infec&#231;&#227;o. Foi pesquisada a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de tratamento intervencionista (cateterismo card&#237;aco, angioplastia ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio) durante a interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o como complica&#231;&#227;o do IAM, foram pesquisados: o s&#237;tio de infec&#231;&#227;o, o tempo de aparecimento desta, o tipo de tratamento administrado e sua evolu&#231;&#227;o (desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia renal, novos focos de infec&#231;&#227;o, &#243;bito etc.). </p>
    <p>Conceituamos infec&#231;&#227;o nosocomial como qualquer processo infeccioso adquirido no ambiente hospitalar, ap&#243;s 48 horas de interna&#231;&#227;o, que n&#227;o estivesse em per&#237;odo de incuba&#231;&#227;o ou que fosse diagnosticada ap&#243;s realiza&#231;&#227;o de procedimento invasivo. As condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas infecciosas analisadas foram: infec&#231;&#227;o do trato urin&#225;rio sintom&#225;tica, bacteri&#250;ria assintom&#225;tica, infec&#231;&#227;o do s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico (incis&#227;o superficial), pneumonia, sepsi cl&#237;nica, miocardite ou pericardite, infec&#231;&#245;es do trato respirat&#243;rio superior e hepatite segundo crit&#233;rios descritos na literatura <sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> - A compara&#231;&#227;o entre a m&#233;dia das idades dos dois grupos foi realizada por meio do teste t-Student. Para verificar a exist&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis g&#234;nero e grupo foi feito um teste qui-quadrado. O comportamento da vari&#225;vel tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar n&#227;o apresentou distribui&#231;&#227;o Normal. Assim, foi necess&#225;rio realizar uma transforma&#231;&#227;o nessa vari&#225;vel, visando resolver o problema de assimetria. A transforma&#231;&#227;o que se mostrou adequada foi a logar&#237;tmica. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre as m&#233;dias dos logaritmos dos tempos de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar dos dois grupos foi feita por meio do teste t-Student. Para verificar a exist&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis mortalidade e grupo foi feito um teste qui-quadrado.</p>
    <p>No grupo infectados foi pesquisada a exist&#234;ncia de rela&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#250;mero de procedimentos invasivos realizados para cada paciente e a taxa de mortalidade hospitalar. Para essa an&#225;lise foi utilizado um teste qui-quadrado. </p>
    <p> O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado para todos os testes foi o de 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O n&#250;mero de pacientes que apresentaram complica&#231;&#227;o infecciosa do IAM foi igual a sessenta, correspondendo a uma incid&#234;ncia de 5%. Os dados referentes &#224;s vari&#225;veis idade, tempo de perman&#234;ncia, g&#234;nero e mortalidade est&#227;o representados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0267-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio complicado por infec&#231;&#227;o (grupo infectados) est&#227;o representadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0267-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de procedimentos invasivos realizado nos pacientes do grupo infectados foi de 3,38. Foi pesquisada a exist&#234;ncia de rela&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#250;mero de procedimentos invasivos realizados para cada paciente e a taxa de mortalidade hospitalar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0267-00007-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref> parece sugerir um aumento na taxa de mortalidade com o aumento no n&#250;mero de procedimentos realizados. Entretanto, h&#225; um n&#250;mero progressivamente menor de pacientes que foi submetido a um grande n&#250;mero de procedimentos. Ou seja, para esses grupos, altas taxas de mortalidade podem estar relacionadas a apenas um ou dois &#243;bitos. Por esse motivo, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel o estudo da rela&#231;&#227;o entre a taxa de mortalidade e o n&#250;mero de procedimentos dessa maneira, em virtude do n&#250;mero pequeno de pacientes para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica com uma divis&#227;o em um n&#250;mero t&#227;o grande de classes (oito). Redu&#231;&#245;es no n&#250;mero de classes com o agrupamento de classes adjacentes foram tentadas, mas a &#250;nica redu&#231;&#227;o que tornou vi&#225;vel uma an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi a redu&#231;&#227;o para apenas duas com o ponto de corte que as separasse em dois conjuntos com um n&#250;mero consider&#225;vel de indiv&#237;duos em cada um. O ponto de "corte" escolhido para separa&#231;&#227;o em duas classes conforme o n&#250;mero de procedimentos invasivos realizado considerou um a tr&#234;s procedimentos versus quatro ou mais. O n&#250;mero de tr&#234;s procedimentos foi escolhido por se tratar da "moda" ou o n&#250;mero de procedimentos mais freq&#252;entemente encontrado e o mais pr&#243;ximo do valor m&#233;dio (3,38).</p>
    <p>Para verificar a exist&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#250;mero de procedimentos e a mortalidade foi feito um teste qui-quadrado. A estat&#237;stica do teste foi c<sup>2</sup> = 7,54 com um n&#237;vel descritivo p = 0,006, ou seja, h&#225; associa&#231;&#227;o entre as duas vari&#225;veis. Observando a <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabela 4</xref>, verificamos que a taxa de mortalidade entre os pacientes infectados &#233; de 45%. Logo, a propor&#231;&#227;o esperada de &#243;bitos, se n&#227;o houvesse associa&#231;&#227;o entre as duas vari&#225;veis, seria essa, independentemente do n&#250;mero de procedimentos realizados. O que observamos, no entanto, &#233; que essa propor&#231;&#227;o &#233; menor (29%) no grupo de pacientes que sofreu de um a tr&#234;s procedimentos, e &#233; maior (64%) no grupo de pacientes que sofreu pelo menos quatro procedimentos. Ou seja, a taxa de mortalidade est&#225; associada ao n&#250;mero de procedimentos, sendo mais elevada se o n&#250;mero de procedimentos &#233; de pelo menos quatro, e menor se esse n&#250;mero &#233; de at&#233; tr&#234;s procedimentos.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0267-00007-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Observamos, entretanto, que o n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de procedimentos foi igual a 2,19 entre os pacientes classificados com Killip I, II, e 4,29 entre aqueles com Killip III, IV. Essa mortalidade elevada reflete a maior gravidade dos pacientes com maior n&#250;mero de procedimentos. Os pacientes mais graves (Killip III, IV) exigem estrat&#233;gias mais agressivas como cateterismo de veia central, cateter de art&#233;ria pulmonar, intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal, bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, sendo o n&#250;mero de procedimentos um marcador de pior progn&#243;stico e n&#227;o um fator de risco. </p>
    <p>Dessa forma, demonstrou-se que a mortalidade esteve associada ao n&#250;mero de procedimentos, sendo mais elevada se o n&#250;mero de procedimentos &#233; de pelo menos quatro, e menor se esse n&#250;mero &#233; de at&#233; tr&#234;s procedimentos como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref>. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0267-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A letalidade hospitalar foi maior entre os pacientes do sexo feminino (20% versus 12%) e a idade dos que morreram foi significativamente maior (71,24 +/- 10,92 versus 61,59 +/- 12,24 anos). A partir dessas observa&#231;&#245;es, investigamos se as rela&#231;&#245;es entre a idade e o sexo com a mortalidade realmente existem ou se era apenas a vari&#225;vel grupo que estava por tr&#225;s dessas rela&#231;&#245;es, ou seja, se o fato de estar com uma complica&#231;&#227;o infecciosa n&#227;o representava um fator de confundimento. Para tanto, foi ajustado um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica no qual inicialmente colocamos as tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis que t&#237;nhamos interesse em estudar (idade, g&#234;nero e grupo), bem como as poss&#237;veis intera&#231;&#245;es entre elas. No modelo final ficaram as vari&#225;veis idade, grupo e a intera&#231;&#227;o entre elas; ou seja, tanto a idade quanto o grupo parecem ser importantes na explica&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade. Al&#233;m disso, a presen&#231;a da intera&#231;&#227;o no modelo significa que o efeito da idade na mortalidade n&#227;o &#233; a mesma nos dois grupos, ou que o fato de o paciente ser infectado ou n&#227;o exerce influ&#234;ncia na mortalidade de maneira diferente, dependendo da idade. O modelo final ajustado foi:</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Probabilidade(&#243;bito) =</bold>
      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/D7WrXDRr5MzGhV3sGGDdJ6x/fea31fe8bfd47c38b8c25d7d634ae93cbc4aeedf.gif"/>
    </p>
    <p>onde Z = &#150; 4,5400 &#150;2,5331 x grupo + 0,0516 x Idade + 0,0249 x grupo x Idade </p>
    <p>(Na equa&#231;&#227;o, a vari&#225;vel grupo assume os valores &#150;1 se o paciente for do grupo infectados, e 1 se o paciente for do grupo controle).</p>
    <p>A partir desse modelo, calculamos a probabilidade estimada de &#243;bito para pacientes de diversas idades, de acordo com o grupo a que ele pertence (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0267-00007-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Assim, quanto mais idoso o paciente, maior a probabilidade de &#243;bito, e essa probabilidade &#233; sempre maior no grupo infectados. Tamb&#233;m foi calculada a raz&#227;o de chances (odds ratio) de &#243;bitos: - Para cada um dos grupos, de acordo com determinado aumento na idade do paciente.</p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tabela 5</xref> observa-se que, apesar de os pacientes do grupo infectados terem uma maior probabilidade de &#243;bito, o incremento na idade aumenta mais a raz&#227;o de chances de &#243;bito no grupo controle. Em outras palavras, a vari&#225;vel idade afeta mais (no sentido de aumentar a raz&#227;o de chances) o grupo controle. Entre os grupos (infectados e controle), para as diferentes idades.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0267-00007-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0267-00007-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>Pode ser observado que a raz&#227;o de chances de &#243;bito entre o grupo infectados e o grupo controle &#233; bem maior entre os pacientes mais novos, e vai diminuindo com o aumento da idade. Em outras palavras, a vari&#225;vel grupo afeta mais (no sentido de aumentar a raz&#227;o de chances) os pacientes mais novos.</p>
    <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o do tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar por faixa et&#225;ria (&gt; 65 anos e &lt; 65 anos) dos pacientes com IAM complicado por infec&#231;&#227;o foi semelhante nos dois grupos (28,4+33,5 e 24,5+17,0 dias, respectivamente, p = 0,59). O s&#237;tio de infec&#231;&#227;o mais freq&#252;ente nessa popula&#231;&#227;o foi o pulmonar (63%), seguido por trato urin&#225;rio (37%), hematol&#243;gico (8%), cut&#226;neo (7%) e hep&#225;tico (2%). N&#227;o foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de leucocitose, desvio &#224; esquerda no hemograma ou infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e mortalidade entre os pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o como complica&#231;&#227;o do IAM. </p>
    <p>As causas de &#243;bito na popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o como complica&#231;&#227;o do IAM foram: choque cardiog&#234;nico (41%), choque s&#233;ptico (30%), fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (22%) e insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (7%).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A mortalidade hospitalar no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio tem diminu&#237;do progressivamente nos &#250;ltimos 30 anos, a partir do advento das unidades coronarianas <sup>9</sup>. Desde ent&#227;o, medidas terap&#234;uticas como a cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica, a administra&#231;&#227;o de agentes antiarr&#237;tmicos, vasodilatadores, betabloqueadores, trombol&#237;ticos, antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios e inibidores de enzima de convers&#227;o t&#234;m produzido efeitos expressivos na redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade e t&#234;m lugar obrigat&#243;rio no arsenal terap&#234;utico do IAM<sup>9</sup>. </p>
    <p>Com a introdu&#231;&#227;o das unidades coronarianas, alguns autores procuraram estratificar o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es para os pacientes com IAM, identificando vari&#225;veis ou desenvolvendo escores relacionados com a morbidade e mortalidade como a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip-Kimbal<sup>10</sup>. Esse &#237;ndice ou escore fundamenta-se em vari&#225;veis obtidas durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Estudos mais recentes determinaram que a mortalidade no IAM est&#225; diretamente relacionada com o sexo feminino, com a idade mais elevada, com a hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de infarto, com o IAM de parede anterior, com a extens&#227;o da &#225;rea isqu&#234;mica, com sinais de significativa disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e com a hipotens&#227;o arterial<sup>11-15</sup>. </p>
    <p>Ao contr&#225;rio do que foi observado em outras situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, n&#227;o h&#225; informa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis na literatura sobre a incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio nem sobre sua influ&#234;ncia na morbidade e mortalidade hospitalares<sup>4,7</sup>. </p>
    <p>N&#227;o encontramos estudos que tivessem analisado a incid&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#245;es em unidades coronarianas, unidades que t&#234;m caracter&#237;sticas pr&#243;prias desde a estrutura f&#237;sica (quartos individuais), o tipo de paciente internado e suas doen&#231;as e os profissionais especializados que ali trabalham. Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI), entretanto, as informa&#231;&#245;es relativas &#224;s infec&#231;&#245;es nosocomiais e seu impacto na morbi-mortalidade s&#227;o abundantes. O estudo EPIC mostrou que, de um total de 10.038 pacientes internados em diversas UTI, em dezessete pa&#237;ses da Europa ocidental, 4.501 (45%) tinham adquirido infec&#231;&#245;es hospitalares. Pneumonia (47%), infec&#231;&#245;es do trato respirat&#243;rio baixo (18%), do trato urin&#225;rio (18%) e septicemia (12%) foram os tipos mais freq&#252;entemente encontrados. </p>
    <p>Nesse mesmo estudo foram identificados alguns fatores de risco para aquisi&#231;&#227;o de infec&#231;&#227;o: aumento da perman&#234;ncia na UTI, sonda vesical de demora, cateteriza&#231;&#227;o venosa central e de art&#233;ria pulmonar e ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica<sup>16</sup>. A menor incid&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o (5% contra 21% no estudo EPIC), observada em nosso trabalho, poderia refletir a maior gravidade dos pacientes internados nas UTI, onde os elevados &#237;ndices de mortalidade est&#227;o de acordo com essa hip&#243;tese<sup>17</sup>. Embora analisando uma popula&#231;&#227;o com caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas diferentes e muito heterog&#234;nea, o estudo EPIC compartilha as mesmas bases de associa&#231;&#227;o com o presente estudo. Nos dois estudos trata-se da an&#225;lise do impacto da mesma complica&#231;&#227;o (infec&#231;&#227;o nosocomial) sobre pacientes graves. Nesse sentido, independentemente do diagn&#243;stico de base, a preven&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas nosocomiais deve ser uma meta importante para pacientes cr&#237;ticos nas diversas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.</p>
    <p>Leu e cols.<sup>18</sup>, analisando casos de pneumonia nosocomial entre 1979 e 1983, observaram que, entre outras vari&#225;veis, a idade elevada, o uso de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica pr&#233;via e a doen&#231;a neopl&#225;sica mostraram uma rela&#231;&#227;o direta com a mortalidade. Os autores sugeriram que a pneumonia nosocomial seria respons&#225;vel por 33% da mortalidade, contribuindo significativamente para um custo econ&#244;mico maior relacionado a um tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o prolongado. Em nosso trabalho, observamos que a infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar foi o tipo de complica&#231;&#227;o infecciosa mais freq&#252;ente (63%). Al&#233;m disso, a taxa de mortalidade e o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, foram bem maiores do que no grupo controle (45% versus 14%, e 26 versus 12 dias). Esses achados indicam uma pior evolu&#231;&#227;o nesse grupo de pacientes, a exemplo do que encontraram Leu e cols. </p>
    <p>A idade &#233; uma vari&#225;vel de risco no IAM j&#225; descrita h&#225; muitos anos. O mecanismo respons&#225;vel por essa interrela&#231;&#227;o ainda n&#227;o &#233; muito claro, mas, provavelmente, esteja relacionado &#224; reduzida reserva coron&#225;ria e mioc&#225;rdica encontrada nos indiv&#237;duos mais idosos, uma vez que esses pacientes t&#234;m maior incid&#234;ncia de diabetes, hipertens&#227;o arterial ou de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva13,19. No presente estudo tamb&#233;m observamos o aumento da mortalidade em faixas et&#225;rias mais elevadas. No subgrupo de pacientes que apresentaram infec&#231;&#227;o como complica&#231;&#227;o do IAM, entretanto, ocorreu uma atenua&#231;&#227;o do efeito da idade sobre a mortalidade, ou seja, a idade influenciou mais a mortalidade no grupo controle. Em outras palavras, para um paciente com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, quanto maior a sua idade, maior a probabilidade de &#243;bito, principalmente se ocorrer uma complica&#231;&#227;o infecciosa.</p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre sexo feminino e maior mortalidade hospitalar no IAM tamb&#233;m &#233; conhecida, e alguns autores sugerem que esta &#233; uma vari&#225;vel independente relacionada &#224; mortalidade<sup>13,19-23</sup>. Em nosso estudo, verificamos que a propor&#231;&#227;o de mulheres no grupo infectados &#233; maior, indicando uma maior chance de complica&#231;&#227;o infecciosa no sexo feminino. Esse fato, entretanto, n&#227;o pode explicar a maior mortalidade entre os pacientes com a complica&#231;&#227;o infecciosa. O modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica identificou a idade, o fato de estar infectado e a intera&#231;&#227;o entre eles como os fatores mais importantes na explica&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade. &#192; semelhan&#231;a do que dissemos para a vari&#225;vel idade, o fato de ter uma complica&#231;&#227;o infecciosa atenuou, chegando inclusive a eliminar a influ&#234;ncia da vari&#225;vel sexo na mortalidade dentro do modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>Observamos uma preval&#234;ncia elevada de diabete melito no grupo infectados (42%). Provavelmente, a faixa et&#225;ria mais elevada dos pacientes nesse grupo poderia explicar esse fen&#244;meno, j&#225; que o diabetes &#233; doen&#231;a de maior preval&#234;ncia nos segmentos et&#225;rios mais elevados<sup>3,24</sup>. Al&#233;m de um maior risco para desenvolvimento de IAM, os pacientes diab&#233;ticos apresentam elevada taxa de mortalidade nessa situa&#231;&#227;o, o que pode ter contribu&#237;do, ao menos em parte, para a taxa encontrada em nosso estudo<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre procedimentos invasivos (cateteres, tubos orotraqueais, sondas etc.) e o desenvolvimento de infec&#231;&#245;es hospitalares j&#225; foi descrita por diversos autores, em diferentes grupos populacionais<sup>17,26-28</sup>. No Brasil, Velasco e cols.<sup>28</sup> analisaram 370 epis&#243;dios de infec&#231;&#227;o hospitalar em 623 pacientes internados em UTI por doen&#231;as oncol&#243;gicas. Os autores encontraram uma incid&#234;ncia global de infec&#231;&#227;o de 50%, e a pulmonar (29%) e a urin&#225;ria (26%) foram os tipos mais freq&#252;entes, e a taxa de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos invasivos foi de 2%. Nessa amostra, foi constatada uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre a incid&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos invasivos <sup>28</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, observamos uma taxa m&#233;dia de 3,38 procedimentos invasivos realizados por paciente no grupo infectados. Esse n&#250;mero, muito mais elevado que no estudo de Velasco e cols., pode ser explicado pelo fato de que um grande n&#250;mero dos pacientes (41%) foi submetido a angioplastia coronariana, procedimento no qual h&#225; necessidade de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de cateteres venosos e arteriais. Observamos ainda que existe uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a taxa de mortalidade e o n&#250;mero de procedimentos. Nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, entretanto, o n&#250;mero elevado de procedimentos invasivos n&#227;o p&#244;de ser classificado como fator de risco, uma vez que o n&#250;mero de procedimentos foi maior entre os pacientes Killip III e IV (4,29 contra 2,19 nos Killip I e II), em que os &#237;ndices de mortalidade s&#227;o mais elevados.</p>
    <p>Wilcox &amp; Dave<sup>29</sup> descreveram que, em m&#233;dia, o paciente com infec&#231;&#227;o hospitalar tem o seu tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o elevado em 2,5 vezes, e um custo de 3.000 libras esterlinas maior para o tratamento em compara&#231;&#227;o com um paciente similar n&#227;o-infectado. Embora os dados referentes ao custo n&#227;o tenham sido analisados em nossa amostra, observamos que ocorreu um aumento no tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar em torno de 2,1 vezes. Essa informa&#231;&#227;o &#233; de grande interesse, pois est&#225; associada a um aumento de custo no tratamento do IAM. </p>
    <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, a incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#227;o infecciosa foi de 5%. O tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o prolongado e a taxa de mortalidade elevada sugerem que a complica&#231;&#227;o infecciosa tem um grande impacto sobre os pacientes internados com o diagn&#243;stico de IAM em unidade coron&#225;ria. No presente estudo, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do modelo matem&#225;tico de probabilidades, relacionado &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas no IAM, abre um novo campo de investiga&#231;&#227;o e discuss&#227;o sobre o tratamento dessa popula&#231;&#227;o. A exemplo do que acontece com pacientes em situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas semelhantes, a preven&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas nosocomiais &#233; importante para pacientes cr&#237;ticos. Dessa forma, parece claro que as complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas devam ser analisadas em futuros estudos, dentro de uma estrat&#233;gia de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco ap&#243;s o IAM.</p>
    <p>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo - As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas do grupo controle, &#224; exce&#231;&#227;o dos dados demogr&#225;ficos e de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar, n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis para an&#225;lise neste estudo retrospectivo, constituindo uma limita&#231;&#227;o do mesmo. Por esse motivo n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel realizar an&#225;lise que permitisse determinar uma poss&#237;vel rela&#231;&#227;o entre as diversas vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas inerentes ao IAM (classe Killip, tratamento trombol&#237;tico etc.) e a mortalidade e perman&#234;ncia hospitalar. Entretanto, as rela&#231;&#245;es entre estas vari&#225;veis e a morbidade e mortalidade no IAM j&#225; s&#227;o conhecidas da literatura. No presente estudo, embora essa rela&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o tenha sido determinada pela aus&#234;ncia das informa&#231;&#245;es relativas ao grupo controle, &#233; plaus&#237;vel supor que essas vari&#225;veis tamb&#233;m tenham import&#226;ncia nesse grupo espec&#237;fico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Bruno Caramelli </p>
        <p> Rua Cravinhos, 92/101 </p>
        <p> 01408-020 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="bcaramel@usp.br">bcaramel@usp.br</email>/ </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="brunoc@cardiol.br">brunoc@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 21/11/04 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 29/08/05</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Infection complication portends poor prognosis in acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To determine both the incidence and impact of infectious complications of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) on length of hospital stay and mortality. METHODS: This is a retrospective, case-control clinical trial involving medical records review. The study population consisted of patients admitted to the Coronary Care Unit (CCU) of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Heart Institute of the University of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School - FMUSP - with AMI between January 1996 and December 1999. RESULTS: One thousand two hundred and twenty-seven patients were analyzed, and 60 (5%) met diagnostic criteria for infectious complication of AMI (infected group). The other 1167 patients served as control group. Mean age (67.5 versus 62.6), hospital length of stay (26.6 versus 12.0 days), and in-hospital mortality (45% versus 12%) were higher in the infected group. Mortality rate was higher among patients who underwent more than three invasive procedures (68% and 32%, p = 0.006). The most frequent infections were pulmonary (63%), urinary tract (37%) and positive blood cultures with no identifiable site of infection (8%). CONCLUSION: In the population studied, infectious complication rate was 5%. Prolonged hospital stay and high mortality rate suggest that infection complication has a great impact on AMI patients admitted to the coronary care unit.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>infection</kwd>
        <kwd>complication</kwd>
        <kwd>mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Infection complication portends poor prognosis in acute myocardial infarction</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Leandro Carlos Grandini J&#250;nior; Bruno Caramelli</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#150; do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To determine both the incidence and impact of infectious complications of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) on length of hospital stay and mortality.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>This is a retrospective, case-control clinical trial involving medical records review. The study population consisted of patients admitted to the Coronary Care Unit (CCU) of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Heart Institute of the University of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School &#150; FMUSP - with AMI between January 1996 and December 1999.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>One thousand two hundred and twenty-seven patients were analyzed, and 60 (5%) met diagnostic criteria for infectious complication of AMI (infected group). The other 1167 patients served as control group. Mean age (67.5 versus 62.6), hospital length of stay (26.6 versus 12.0 days), and in-hospital mortality (45% versus 12%) were higher in the infected group. Mortality rate was higher among patients who underwent more than three invasive procedures (68% and 32%, p = 0.006). The most frequent infections were pulmonary (63%), urinary tract (37%) and positive blood cultures with no identifiable site of infection (8%).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>In the population studied, infectious complication rate was 5%. Prolonged hospital stay and high mortality rate suggest that infection complication has a great impact on AMI patients admitted to the coronary care unit.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Myocardial infarction, infection, complication, mortality.</p>
      <p>According to data from the Brazilian&#146;s public health care system (SUS), in 2000 more than 40,143 patients were admitted with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Mean hospitalization was 7.7 days, and mortality rate was 16%<sup>1</sup>. Most deaths related to AMI, however, occur before hospital admission, usually secondary to severe cardiac arrhythmias<sup>2</sup>. After admission, AMI complications account for a significant proportion of deaths. Foremost among them are electrical, hemodynamic or mechanical, inflammatory, and infectious complications. Their associated mortality rate, as well as incidence and severity, are of great concern for all health care professionals involved in the management of AMI patients. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment of these complications are crucial in the attempt to improve clinical outcomes.</p>
      <p>Recent studies, however, suggest that the demographic profile of the population admitted with AMI is changing. The increase in these patients&#146; age group is a most relevant data<sup>1,3</sup>. This phenomenon may reflect a higher prevalence of other diseases, such as comorbidities, among patients admitted with AMI. In fact, some studies have already identified a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus associated with AMI<sup>3</sup>, which in turn may increase the incidence of infectious complications in AMI, as with other diseases that affect elderly and/or diabetic patients<sup>4,5,6,7 </sup>.</p>
      <p>Both the change in demographic profile (older patients) and higher incidence of diabetes mellitus as a comorbidity in acute myocardial infarction may have contributed to these outcomes. Among other possible causes for the development of infectious complications are prolonged immobilization, invasive procedures, and other comorbidities. The lack of conclusive information in the literature about the incidence and impact of infectious complications of AMI on morbidity and mortality prompted this study.</p>
      <p><italic>Population</italic> - A retrospective review of medical records of all patients with AMI admitted to the Coronary Care Unit of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Heart Institute of the University of S&#227;o Paulo from January 1996 to December 1999 was done.</p>
      <p>Criteria for establishing the AMI diagnosis were the same as those used in earlier studies<sup>2</sup>. Of the 1227 AMI patients admitted during this period, 120 had nosocomial infection as comorbidity. Patients with at least one of the following were excluded: autoimmune disease or HIV infection, neoplasias, liver diseases, history of infection or fever during the two weeks prior to admission or chronic renal failure (plasma creatinine levels above 2.0 mg/dL) at admission. The 60 remaining patients comprised the infected group. The other 1167 patients formed the control group, representing the AMI patients with no infectious complication.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Demographics, patient history, clinical course during hospitalization, physical examination, laboratory tests, and cause of death were analyzed. Variables of interest were length of hospitalization and in-hospital mortality. Dichotomous categorical variables studied included gender, diagnosis of arterial hypertension or diabetes mellitus determined during history taking, white blood count with a left shift (band neutrophils &gt; 10% of segmented neutrophils count), and interventional treatment (angioplasty or surgery). Polychotomous categorical variables were location of infarction, number of invasive procedures, site of infection, causes of death, and other complications. Invasive procedures analyzed were cardiac catheterization, urinary catheterization, orotracheal intubation, central venous access, pacemaker implantation, and tracheostomy, in addition to the use of intra-aortic balloon, peritoneal dialysis, pulmonary artery catheter, chest tube, and hemodialysis. </p>
      <p>Continuous variables included age, length of hospital stay, body mass index, and time to infection onset. The use of interventional treatment during hospitalization (cardiac catheterization, angioplasty or coronary artery bypass grafting) was evaluated.</p>
      <p>In regard to infection as an AMI complication, the following were surveyed: site of infection, time for onset, treatment provided, and its progression (development of renal failure, new foci of infection, death, etc.) </p>
      <p>Nosocomial infection was defined as any infection acquired in the hospital setting within 48 hours of admission that was not in the incubation period or that was diagnosed following an invasive procedure. Infectious conditions analyzed were symptomatic urinary tract infection, asymptomatic bacteriuria, surgical site infection (superficial incisional), pneumonia, clinical sepsis, myocarditis or pericarditis, upper respiratory tract infection and hepatitis, according to criteria described in the literature<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - Mean age of the two groups was compared by Student&#146;s t test. A chi-square test was calculated to check for any association between the gender and group variables. The variable hospital length of stay showed abnormal distribution Thus, logarithmic transformation was applied to this variable in order to achieve symmetry. Mean logarithm of hospital length of stay between the two groups was compared by Student&#146;s t test. The chi-square test was applied to check for any association between the mortality and group variables.</p>
      <p>In the infected group, a relationship between number of procedures per patient and in-hospital mortality rate was investigated. This analysis was performed using the chi-square test.</p>
      <p>The significance level for all tests was set at 0.05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Sixty patients (5%) experienced AMI infectious complication. Data relative to the age, length of stay, gender, and mortality variables are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0267-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Clinical features of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by infection (infected group) are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0267-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Mean number of invasive procedures performed in patients of the infected group was 3.38. A relationship between number of invasive procedures per patient and in-hospital mortality was investigated (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0267-00007-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The chi-square test was used to check for any association between number of procedures and mortality. The chi-square statistic was 7.54 with p = 0.006, meaning that an association existed between both variables. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref> shows that mortality rate among infected patients is 45%. Hence, that would be the expected death rate, if no association existed between both variable, regardless of the number of procedures performed. This proportion, however, was found to be lower (29%) in the group of patients who underwent one to three procedures and higher (64%) in the group of patients who underwent at least four procedures. In other words, mortality rate is associated with the number of procedures, and is higher with a minimum of four procedures and lower with up to three procedures.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0267-00007-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>It was noted, however, that the mean number of procedures was 2.19 among patients in Killip class I or II and 4.29 among patients in Killip class III or IV. This high mortality rate reflects the greater gravidity of the condition of patients who underwent a greater number of procedures. The most severely ill patients (Killip III, IV) require more aggressive strategies, such as central venous catheterization, pulmonary artery catheterization, orotracheal intubation, and intra-aortic balloon, and the number of procedures is a marker of poor prognosis, rather than a risk factor. </p>
      <p>Mortality, thus, was associated with the number of procedures, and was higher with a minimum of four procedures and lower with up to three procedures, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0267-00007-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In-hospital mortality was higher among female patients (20% vs. 125), and patients who died were significantly older (71.24 +/- 10.92 vs. 61.59 +/- 12.24). Based on these observations, we investigated whether the relationships between age and gender with mortality were real or only influenced by the group variable, or else, if having an infectious complication were not a confounding factor. We did so by adjusting a logistic regression model in which the three variables of interest were included primarily (age, gender, and group), as well as any possible interactions between them. The final model retained the age and group variables, as well as their interplay; that is, both age and group seem to play important roles in mortality. In addition, the presence of interaction in the model means that the effect of age on mortality is not the same in either group, or that the fact whether the patient is infected or not does not affect mortality differently, depending on the age. The final adjusted model was the following:</p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p>Probability (death) = <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0267-00007-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>where Z = &#150; 4.5400 &#150;2.5331 x group + 0.0516 x AGE + 0.0249 x group x AGE </p>
      <p>(In the above equation, the group variable is &#150;1 when the patient belongs to the infected group and 1 when the patient belongs to the control group.</p>
      <p>Based on this model, the probability of death was calculated for patients of several ages, according to the group to which he/she belongs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0267-00007-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Obs.: na figura 1 no eixo Y o sinal de % e no eixo X a identifica&#231;&#227;o Years</p>
      <p>Therefore, the older the patient, the higher the probability of death, and this probability is always higher in the infected group. Odds ratio for death was also calculated:</p>
      <p>- For every group, according to a given increase in patient age: </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">Table 5</xref> shows that, despite higher death probability in the infected group, age increment is associated with greater increase in the odds ratio for death in the control group. In other words, the control group is more affected by age (in that it increases the odds ratio).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0267-00007-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>- Between the groups (infected and control), for different ages:</p>
      <p>The odds ratio for death between the infected and control groups is, thus, higher among younger patients and declines as age increases. To put it differently, younger patients are more affected by the group variable (in that it increases the odds ratio).</p>
      <p>Distribution of length of stay in hospital per age group (&gt; 65 and <underline>&lt;</underline> 65) for patients with AMI complicated by infection was similar in both groups (28.4 &#177; 33.5 and 24.5 &#177; 17.0 days, respectively, p = 0.59). The most frequent site of infection in this population was the lung (63%), followed by urinary tract (37%), blood stream (8%), skin (7%), and liver (2%). No association was found between leukocytosis, left shift in the blood count or pulmonary infection and mortality among patients with infection as a complication of AMI. </p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0267-00007-e02-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>Causes of death in the population of patients with AMI complicated by infection were cardiogenic shock (41%), septic shock (30%), ventricular fibrillation (22%), and respiratory failure (7%).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Since the advent of the Coronary Care Unit, in-hospital mortality in acute myocardial infarction has been declining progressively<sup>9</sup>. Since then, treatment measures such as electric cardioversion and the use of anti-arrhythmic, vasodilator, beta-blocker, thrombolytic, antiplatelet, and ACE inhibitor agents, have significantly reduced mortality rates and are mandatory in the AMI therapeutic armamentarium<sup>9</sup>. </p>
      <p>With the introduction of coronary care units, some authors attempted to stratify the risk of complications for AMI patients, identifying variables or developing scores related to morbidity and mortality, such as the Killip-Kimball classification <sup>10</sup>. This index or score is based on variables obtained during hospitalization. According to more recent studies, in-hospital mortality in acute myocardial infarction is directly related to feminine gender, older age, previous history of infarction, anterior wall AMI, extension of the ischemic area, signs of significant left ventricular dysfunction, and arterial hypotension<sup>11-15</sup>. </p>
      <p>Unlike other clinical conditions, no information is available in the literature about infectious complications incidence in acute myocardial infarction or how it affects in-hospital morbidity and mortality<sup>4,7</sup>.</p>
      <p>No studies were found that analyzed infection incidence in coronary care units, which have distinctive characteristics, from its physical structure (individual rooms) and patient condition and their diseases to the trained professionals working there. When it comes to intensive care units (ICUs), however, a wealth of data is available regarding nosocomial infections and their impact on morbidity and mortality. The EPIC trial showed that, of 10,038 patients admitted to several ICUs in seventeen western Europe countries, 4501 (45%) had developed hospital infections. Pneumonia (47%), lower respiratory tract infection (18%), urinary tract infection (18%), and septicemia (12%) were the most frequently found. </p>
      <p>This same study identified some risk factors for the development of infection, such as prolonged ICU stay, indwelling urinary catheter, central venous catheter, pulmonary artery catheter, and mechanical ventilation<sup>16</sup>. The lower incidence of infection found in our study (5% vs. 21% in the EPIC trial) may have reflected the more severe condition of patients admitted to the ICU, where the high mortality rates are in accordance with this hypothesis<sup>17</sup>. Although its study population was rather heterogeneous and had different clinical features, the EPIC trial shares the same base of association with this study. Both studies sought to analyze the impact of the same complication (nosocomial infection) on severely ill patients. Regardless of the underlying diagnosis, preventing nosocomial infections should be an important goal for critically ill patients in several clinical conditions.</p>
      <p>Leu et al<sup>18</sup> analyzed cases of hospital-acquired pneumonia between 1979 and 1983 and found that, among other variables, advanced age, previous use of mechanical ventilatory support, and neoplasic disease were directly related to mortality. These authors suggested that nosocomial pneumonia accounts for 33% of mortality, contributing significantly to increasing costs due to prolonged hospitalization. In our study, pulmonary infection was the most frequent infectious complication (63%). Additionally, mortality rate and length of hospital stay in this population were significantly higher than in the control group (45% vs. 14% and 26 vs. 12 days). These findings indicate poorer outcomes in this group of patients, corroborating Leu et al&#146;s results.</p>
      <p>Age is a risk variable in AMI that was described many years ago. The mechanism associated with this interrelationship is still unclear, but it is likely to be related to the small coronary and myocardial reserve seen in older individuals, since the incidence of diabetes, arterial hypertension or congestive heart failure is higher in these patients<sup>13,19</sup>. In the present study, increased mortality in more advanced age groups was also found. In the subgroup of patients who developed infection as a complication of AMI, however, the effect of age on mortality was attenuated, that is, mortality was more affected by age in the control group. In other words, in acute myocardial infarction, the older the patient the higher the likelihood of death, especially if an infectious complication develops. </p>
      <p>The relationship between feminine gender and higher in-hospital mortality is also known, and some authors suggest that this is an independent variable related do mortality<sup>13,19-23</sup>. In our study, the number of women in the infected group was higher, indicating that they are more prone to develop infectious complication. This fact, however, may not explain the higher mortality rate among patients with infectious complication. The logistic regression model identified age, the presence of infection and their interplay as the most relevant factors explaining mortality. As with the age variable, the fact of having an infectious complication has attenuated, or even eliminated, the influence of the gender variable on mortality in the logistic regression model.</p>
      <p>A high prevalence of diabetes mellitus was found in the infected group (42%). This phenomenon might be explained by the older age group of these patients, since diabetes is the most prevalent disease in the oldest age groups<sup>3,24</sup>. In addition to being at a greater risk of developing AMI, diabetic patients show a high mortality rate in this condition, which may have contributed, at least in part, to the rate found in our study<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>The relationship between invasive procedures (catheters, orotracheal intubation, tubes, etc.) and the development of hospital infections has already been described by several authors in different population groups<sup>17,26-28</sup>. In Brazil, Velasco et al<sup>28</sup> analyzed 370 cases of hospital infection in 623 patients admitted to the ICU for malignancies. These authors found a 50% global incidence of infection, pulmonary (29%) and urinary (26%) being the most frequent, and the rate of invasive procedures was 2%. In their sample, a strong correlation was found between hospital infection incidence and the use of invasive procedures<sup>28</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our study, mean rate of invasive procedure per patient was 3.38 in the infected group. This figure, much higher than that of Velasco et al&#146;s study, may be explained by the great number of patients (41%) who underwent coronary angioplasty, a procedure that requires venous and arterial catheterization. An association between mortality rate and number of procedures was also found. In this population, however, the inflated number of invasive procedures could not be classified as risk factor, because the number or procedures was greater among patients in Killip class III and IV (4.29 vs. 2.19 in patients in Killip class I and II), in which mortality rates are higher.</p>
      <p>Wilcox &amp; Dave<sup>29</sup> stated that, on average, length of stay for patients with hospital infection is 2.5-fold higher and their treatment costs &#163; 3,000 more, compared with their non-infected counterparts. Although data related to expenses have not been considered in our sample, length of hospital stay was around 2.1-fold higher. This information is of great interest, because it is associated with increased costs of AMI management. </p>
      <p>In the population studied, incidence of infectious complication was 5%. Prolonged hospital stay and high mortality rate suggest that infectious complication has a great impact on AMI patients admitted to the coronary care unit. In the present study, the use of a mathematical model to calculate probabilities related to infectious complications in AMI opens a new field of investigation and discussion about the management of this population. As with patients in similar clinical conditions, prevention of nosocomial infectious complications is important for critical patients. It seems clear, therefore, that infectious complications deserve further studies, within a strategy of risk stratification following AMI.</p>
      <p>Study limitations - Except for demographics and hospital stay, clinical features of the control group were not available for analysis in this retrospective study and thus constitute one of its limitations. This precluded an analysis to check for a possible relationship between the many clinical variables inherent to AMI (Killip class, thrombolytics therapy, etc.) and mortality and hospital stay. Nevertheless, the relationship between these variables and morbidity and mortality in AMI is already known in the literature. Although this relationship was not determined in the present study due to the lack of information about the control group, it seems plausible to suppose that these variables are also important in this specific group.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing Address:</p>
          <p> Bruno Caramelli</p>
          <p> Rua Cravinhos, 92/101</p>
          <p> 01408-020 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="bcaramel@usp.br">bcaramel@usp.br</email> / </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="brunoc@cardiol.br">brunoc@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Received on 11/21/04</p>
      <p> Accepted on 08/29/05</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
