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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">JW3ZhRQHRjcTm3xshbzxDKq</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001600006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001600006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>N&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos elevados de lipoprote&#237;na(a) correlacionados com a gravidade da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em pacientes submetidos &#224; angiografia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Maria das Gra&#231;as</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Loures-Vale</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;ia Assis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Lucas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Cirilo Pereira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos Faria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saad</surname>
            <given-names>Jamil Abdala</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Marinez de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital SOCOR de Belo Horizonte</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>260</fpage>
      <lpage>266</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Determinar os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de lipoprote&#237;na(a) e perfil lip&#237;dico de um grupo de indiv&#237;duos submetidos &#224; angiografia coronariana, buscando estabelecer a poss&#237;vel correla&#231;&#227;o entre estes par&#226;metros e a gravidade da doen&#231;a coronariana. M&#201;TODOS: N&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de colesterol total, HDL C, LDL C, triglic&#233;rides, lipoprote&#237;na(a), apolipoprote&#237;nas A-I e B foram medidos em amostras de sangue de 17 indiv&#237;duos com aus&#234;ncia de ateromatose nas coron&#225;rias (controles), 12 indiv&#237;duos apresentando ateromatose leve/moderada e 28 indiv&#237;duos apresentando ateromatose grave. RESULTADOS: N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre as m&#233;dias dos tr&#234;s grupos para os par&#226;metros avaliados, exceto para os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de lipoprote&#237;na(a) que apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas entre as m&#233;dias dos grupos controle, ateromatose leve/moderada e ateromatose grave (p&lt;0,001). CONCLUS&#195;O: As m&#233;dias obtidas nos tr&#234;s grupos para Lp(a) sinalizam um aumento progressivo nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos deste par&#226;metro, de acordo com a gravidade da ateromatose coronariana. Estes achados sugerem a necessidade de estudos adicionais, visando obter suficiente evid&#234;ncia para a introdu&#231;&#227;o rotineira da avalia&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de Lp(a) em laborat&#243;rios cl&#237;nicos, no monitoramento de pacientes apresentando risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC).</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>angiografia coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>lipoprote&#237;na(a)</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGOS ORIGINAIS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos elevados de lipoprote&#237;na(a) correlacionados com a gravidade da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em pacientes submetidos &#224; angiografia </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Luciana Moreira Lima; Maria das Gra&#231;as Carvalho; Andr&#233;ia Assis Loures-Vale; Ana Paula Fernandes; Ana Paula Lucas Mota; Cirilo Pereira da Fonseca Neto; Jos&#233; Carlos Faria Garcia; Jamil Abdala Saad; Marinez de Oliveira Souza</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais e Hospital SOCOR de Belo Horizonte - Belo Horizonte, MG</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Determinar os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de lipoprote&#237;na(a) e perfil lip&#237;dico de um grupo de indiv&#237;duos submetidos &#224; angiografia coronariana, buscando estabelecer a poss&#237;vel correla&#231;&#227;o entre estes par&#226;metros e a gravidade da doen&#231;a coronariana. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>N&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de colesterol total, HDL<sub>C</sub>, LDL<sub>C</sub>, triglic&#233;rides, lipoprote&#237;na(a), apolipoprote&#237;nas A-I e B foram medidos em amostras de sangue de 17 indiv&#237;duos com aus&#234;ncia de ateromatose nas coron&#225;rias (controles), 12 indiv&#237;duos apresentando ateromatose leve/moderada e 28 indiv&#237;duos apresentando ateromatose grave. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre as m&#233;dias dos tr&#234;s grupos para os par&#226;metros avaliados, exceto para os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de lipoprote&#237;na(a) que apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas entre as m&#233;dias dos grupos controle, ateromatose leve/moderada e ateromatose grave (p&lt;0,001). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>As m&#233;dias obtidas nos tr&#234;s grupos para Lp(a) sinalizam um aumento progressivo nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos deste par&#226;metro, de acordo com a gravidade da ateromatose coronariana. Estes achados sugerem a necessidade de estudos adicionais, visando obter suficiente evid&#234;ncia para a introdu&#231;&#227;o rotineira da avalia&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de Lp(a) em laborat&#243;rios cl&#237;nicos, no monitoramento de pacientes apresentando risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC).</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, angiografia coronariana, lipoprote&#237;na(a).</p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) apresenta origem multifatorial, compreendendo fatores de risco heredit&#225;rios e adquiridos, que podem ser respons&#225;veis diretos ou apenas estar associados &#224; doen&#231;a<sup>1,2</sup>. As altera&#231;&#245;es do metabolismo lip&#237;dico t&#234;m um papel relevante na evolu&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose<sup>3</sup> e a avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial das lipoprote&#237;nas &#233; de fundamental import&#226;ncia para o diagn&#243;stico e tratamento da mesma<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>A lipoprote&#237;na(a) foi descrita por Berg em 1963<sup>5 </sup>como sendo uma variante gen&#233;tica da LDL. A Lp(a) apresenta uma composi&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica similar &#224; da LDL, e difere no conte&#250;do prot&#233;ico, uma vez que apresenta a apolipoprote&#237;na(a) ou apo(a) ligada &#224; apolipoprote&#237;na B atrav&#233;s de pontes dissulfeto<sup>6-9</sup>. Os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de Lp(a) e a massa molecular da apo(a) s&#227;o muito vari&#225;veis entre as pessoas, sendo determinados geneticamente<sup>10</sup>. A Lp(a) n&#227;o tem qualquer fun&#231;&#227;o no transporte de l&#237;pides, portanto, sua aus&#234;ncia no plasma n&#227;o acarreta transtornos metab&#243;licos. </p>
    <p>A apo(a) possui um alto grau de homologia com o plasminog&#234;nio, o precursor inativo da plasmina, prote&#237;na respons&#225;vel pela quebra da fibrina produzida no processo de coagula&#231;&#227;o, devido ao variado n&#250;mero de repeti&#231;&#245;es de seq&#252;&#234;ncia de amino&#225;cidos, hom&#243;logos &#224; regi&#227;o do <italic>kringle</italic> 4 do plasminog&#234;nio. Esta estrutura permite a liga&#231;&#227;o da Lp(a) &#224; fibrina e &#224;s prote&#237;nas da superf&#237;cie celular de c&#233;lulas endoteliais e mon&#243;citos, bem como a inibi&#231;&#227;o competitiva do ativador do plasminog&#234;nio tecidual (t-PA), diminuindo a gera&#231;&#227;o de plasmina e a fibrin&#243;lise<sup>11</sup>. Estas caracter&#237;sticas conferem &#224; Lp(a) propriedades pr&#243;-aterog&#234;nicas<sup>12-14</sup>, estando os n&#237;veis elevados desta lipoprote&#237;na associados ao risco de DAC prematura, doen&#231;a cerebrovascular e reestenose de les&#245;es coronarianas. Alguns autores consideram a Lp(a) um fator de risco independente para aterosclerose coronariana e de art&#233;rias cerebrais<sup>10,14-16</sup> em caucasianos, chineses, africanos e indianos<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>O gene da apo(a) apresenta polimorfismo gen&#233;tico de tamanho, com mais de 30 alelos variando de 300 a 800 KDa, tendo sido sugerido que este polimorfismo possa contribuir para a eleva&#231;&#227;o de Lp(a) em pacientes com DAC<sup>9,13</sup>. O real fator de risco parece estar associado &#224; sub-popula&#231;&#227;o de Lp(a), sendo as isoformas de menor tamanho e maior afinidade pela fibrina, aquelas com maior associa&#231;&#227;o com DAC<sup>11,13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Um grande n&#250;mero de pacientes que desenvolvem DAC apresenta n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos normais ou moderadamente elevados<sup>17</sup>, demonstrando que, apesar da enorme contribui&#231;&#227;o das dislipidemias para o desenvolvimento de DAC, outros fatores tamb&#233;m s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pela progress&#227;o da aterosclerose. A Lp(a) est&#225; envolvida na patog&#234;nese e progress&#227;o da aterosclerose, atrav&#233;s de diferentes mecanismos. Estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos prospectivos e de meta-an&#225;lise<sup>10,14,16,18</sup>, demonstraram a correla&#231;&#227;o positiva de Lp(a) e DAC. Frohlich e cols.<sup>14</sup> sugeriram que a determina&#231;&#227;o de Lp(a) &#233; importante ferramenta na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com DAC, sendo particularmente &#250;til na predi&#231;&#227;o de risco em mulheres. Entretanto, o desenvolvimento e a extens&#227;o da les&#227;o da DAC estabelecida por angiografia e as correla&#231;&#245;es com os l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos e Lp(a), s&#227;o controversas.</p>
    <p>Acredita-se que um maior entendimento sobre as altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas nas diversas fases de instala&#231;&#227;o da DAC possa constituir uma ferramenta em potencial para auxiliar a cl&#237;nica no acompanhamento de pacientes com aterosclerose, fornecendo subs&#237;dios para a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce da gravidade da les&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Diante do contexto exposto acima, o presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a exist&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de Lp(a) e par&#226;metros do perfil lip&#237;dico em pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de DAC estabelecido por angiografia e comparando-os com indiv&#237;duos angiograficamente normais, buscando correlacionar as poss&#237;veis altera&#231;&#245;es com a gravidade da les&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados 57 indiv&#237;duos num per&#237;odo de tr&#234;s meses, com faixa et&#225;ria de 46 a 68 anos, de ambos os sexos, selecionados no Departamento de Hemodin&#226;mica do Hospital Socor de Belo Horizonte, ap&#243;s realiza&#231;&#227;o de angiografia coronariana. Os participantes deste estudo foram selecionados buscando uma homogeneidade em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis sexo, idade, n&#237;vel s&#243;cio-econ&#244;mico e &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC). Com base nos resultados da angiografia coronariana, os componentes do presente trabalho foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos: controle (n=17), ateromatose leve/moderada (n=12) e ateromatose grave (n=28). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> apresenta a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos grupos, com rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo, idade e IMC. O protocolo de estudo recebeu parecer favor&#225;vel sob o ponto de vista &#233;tico e formal pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Socor e pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da UFMG. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0260-00006-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Aos indiv&#237;duos selecionados, foi feito o esclarecimento sobre os objetivos da pesquisa e, aqueles que estiveram de acordo, assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido &#150; TCLE. Uma ficha cl&#237;nica de cada indiv&#237;duo, com identifica&#231;&#227;o, dados demogr&#225;ficos, hist&#243;ria familiar e resultado da angiografia coronariana foi preenchida pelos cardiologistas do Departamento de Hemodin&#226;mica.</p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo indiv&#237;duos com hist&#243;ria anterior (at&#233; 3 meses) de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA); em uso de anticoagulantes orais, drogas hipolipemiantes ou estrog&#234;nios; portadores de doen&#231;as intercorrentes como dist&#250;rbios da coagula&#231;&#227;o, doen&#231;as renais, hep&#225;ticas e auto-imunes, diabetes mellitus, c&#226;ncer e; indiv&#237;duos apresentando n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides acima de 400mg/dL.</p>
    <p>A caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos grupos quanto aos fatores de risco associados &#224; DAC e presen&#231;a de SCA anterior a tr&#234;s meses da entrevista &#233; mostrada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>, como n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos e porcentagem da presen&#231;a de determinada vari&#225;vel. A presen&#231;a das vari&#225;veis tabagismo, sedentarismo e hist&#243;ria familiar para DAC foi constatada com base nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es das III Diretrizes Brasileiras sobre Dislipidemias e Preven&#231;&#227;o de Aterosclerose<sup>4</sup>. Foram considerados hipertensos os participantes com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de hipertens&#227;o arterial que faziam uso regular de medicamentos hipotensores. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa para as vari&#225;veis tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o arterial, sedentarismo e hist&#243;ria familiar entre os tr&#234;s grupos. Os participantes n&#227;o apresentaram sobrepeso ou obesidade, sugerindo a aus&#234;ncia do componente metab&#243;lico nestes indiv&#237;duos. Para a vari&#225;vel SCA foram considerados os indiv&#237;duos que apresentaram infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio ou angina inst&#225;vel. Houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos controle e ateromatose grave (p&lt;0,01).</p>
    <p>As amostras de sangue venoso foram obtidas com o paciente em jejum de 12 horas. Os mesmos foram orientados para n&#227;o praticarem atividade f&#237;sica vigorosa e evitar a ingest&#227;o de etanol, nas 24 e 72 horas, respectivamente, que antecederam a coleta de sangue, na tentativa de obter amostras biol&#243;gicas de pacientes em estado metab&#243;lico de equil&#237;brio. A coleta do sangue foi feita utilizando tubos do sistema Vacuette<sup>&#174;</sup> (Geiner Bio-One), e tendo sido as amostras centrifugadas a 2.500 rpm por 15 minutos para separa&#231;&#227;o do soro, cujo material foi dividido em al&#237;quotas e estocado a -70&#186;C por tr&#234;s meses.</p>
    <p>O colesterol total e triglic&#233;rides foram determinados pelos m&#233;todos enzim&#225;ticos colorim&#233;tricos, <italic>Randox Cholesterol CHOD-PAP</italic> e <italic>Randox Triglycerides GPO-PAP</italic>, respectivamente. As determina&#231;&#245;es de HDL<sub>c</sub> e LDL<sub>c</sub> foram realizadas pelo m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico de elimina&#231;&#227;o da <italic>Randox HDL Cholesterol Direct</italic> e <italic>Randox LDL Cholesterol Direct</italic>, respectivamente. As dosagens de apo B e apo A-I foram realizadas pelos m&#233;todos turbidim&#233;tricos da Biot&#233;cnica, Apolipoprote&#237;na B e Apolipoprote&#237;na A-I, respectivamente. Os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de Lp(a) foram obtidos pelo m&#233;todo de turbidimetria, utilizando-se o conjunto diagn&#243;stico <italic>In Vitro</italic> Lipoprote&#237;na(a). Todas as dosagens acima citadas foram realizadas no aparelho <italic>Cobas Mira Plus</italic>, utilizando-se soros-controle para verificar o desempenho dos ensaios. Foi utilizada a equa&#231;&#227;o de Friedewald<sup>19 </sup>com o intuito de se investigar o desempenho de dois processos diferentes para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o de LDL<sub>C</sub>. </p>
    <p>A angiografia coronariana foi realizada pela t&#233;cnica de Judkins, os filmes foram examinados por tr&#234;s cardiologistas experientes e os laudos apresentados conforme crit&#233;rios definidos pelo estreitamento da luz das art&#233;rias: at&#233; 30% de estreitamento foi classificada como ateromatose leve; de 30 a 70% de estreitamento foi classificada como ateromatose moderada e acima de 70% de estreitamento foi classificada como ateromatose grave, em uma ou mais art&#233;rias afetadas.</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, o teste de an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) foi utilizado para os par&#226;metros colesterol total, apo B, HDL<sub>C, </sub>LDL<sub>C</sub>-direto e LDL<sub>C</sub>-Friedewald, que apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e homocedasticidade. O teste de an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia Kruskal-Wallis foi utilizado para os par&#226;metros apo A-I e triglic&#233;rides, que n&#227;o apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e/ou homocedasticidade. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 0,05. Especialmente para o par&#226;metro Lp(a), a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia foi realizada pelo m&#233;todo Student-Newman-Keuls, ap&#243;s transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica dos dados. Os programas <italic>Sigma Stat</italic> vers&#227;o 1.0 e <italic>Prism</italic> vers&#227;o 3.0 foram utilizados para realizar as an&#225;lises e plotar o gr&#225;fico, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados dos par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>, como m&#233;dias e respectivos desvios-padr&#227;o. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas para os par&#226;metros colesterol total, HDL<sub>C</sub>, LDL<sub>C</sub>, triglic&#233;rides, apo A-I e apo B. Para os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de Lp(a) foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa entre o soro-controle e ateromatose leve/moderada (p&lt;0,0001), entre os grupos controle e ateromatose grave (p&lt;0,0001) e entre os grupos ateromatose leve/moderada e ateromatose grave (p&lt;0,001). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref> apresenta a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos valores de Lp(a) nos grupos estudados. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0260-00006-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0260-00006-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de n&#237;veis de Lp(a), maiores que 30mg/dL foi de 0%, 50% e 67,9%, respectivamente, para os grupos controle, ateromatose leve/moderada e ateromatose grave. Houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos controle e ateromatose leve/moderada (p&lt;0,001) e entre os grupos-controle e ateromatose grave (p&lt;0,0001). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O desenvolvimento de testes laboratoriais capazes de identificar pacientes com maior risco de desenvolver DAC &#233; preocupa&#231;&#227;o de muitos pesquisadores e alvo de in&#250;meros estudos. A partir desse tipo de estudo, pode-se julgar a utilidade da determina&#231;&#227;o laboratorial de um dado par&#226;metro, no sentido de prever a doen&#231;a, estabelecer sua extens&#227;o ou monitorar a efic&#225;cia do tratamento institu&#237;do.</p>
    <p>Este estudo de coorte transversal avaliou uma popula&#231;&#227;o de risco intermedi&#225;rio a elevado, j&#225; que todos os indiv&#237;duos selecionados foram encaminhados a cateterismo para avalia&#231;&#227;o de dor tor&#225;cica e apresentaram perfil epidemiol&#243;gico e fatores de risco para DAC conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. Os tr&#234;s grupos avaliados apresentaram homogeneidade em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, sexo e IMC. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o arterial, hist&#243;ria familiar e sedentarismo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>). Entretanto, observa-se que no grupo ateromatose grave houve uma maior incid&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos tabagistas e hipertensos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais grupos. Entre os 22 indiv&#237;duos com hist&#243;ria de SCA anterior a tr&#234;s meses, 16 (57,1%) s&#227;o portadores de ateromatose grave, apresentando diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>). </p>
    <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o do perfil lip&#237;dico, as m&#233;dias dos tr&#234;s grupos n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas (p&lt;0,05) para os par&#226;metros colesterol total, HDL<sub>C</sub>, LDL<sub>C</sub> (direto e estimado pela f&#243;rmula de Friedewald), triglic&#233;rides, bem como para as dosagens de apo A-I e apo B. Os valores das m&#233;dias obtidas para colesterol total, HDL<sub>C</sub>, triglic&#233;rides, apo A-I e apo B situam-se praticamente na faixa de valores desej&#225;veis e lim&#237;trofes<sup>4</sup>, demonstrando que os indiv&#237;duos selecionados n&#227;o apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es significativas destes par&#226;metros (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>). Resultado semelhante foi obtido em estudo com popula&#231;&#227;o indiana, em indiv&#237;duos com DAC estabelecida por angiografia<sup>20</sup>. </p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao LDL<sub>C,</sub> as m&#233;dias obtidas neste estudo, para os grupos ateromatose leve/moderada e ateromatose grave, encontram-se acima dos n&#237;veis preconizados para indiv&#237;duos portadores de DAC<sup>4 </sup>, demonstrando a presen&#231;a de um importante fator causal e independente para aterosclerose e DAC nestes pacientes.</p>
    <p>Com o intuito de se avaliar o desempenho de dois m&#233;todos diferentes para a determina&#231;&#227;o dos valores de LDL<sub>C</sub>, foi utilizada a equa&#231;&#227;o de Friedewald, largamente utilizada na pr&#225;tica laboratorial para a estimativa dos valores de LDL<sub>C</sub>, tendo sido observada uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva da ordem de 96% com o LDL<sub>C</sub> direto (r=0,96; p&lt;0,0001).</p>
    <p>Para o par&#226;metro Lp(a), a diferen&#231;a entre as m&#233;dias foi estatisticamente significativa (p&lt;0,0001) entre os grupos-controle e ateromatose grave, entre os grupos-controle e ateromatose leve/moderada (p&lt;0,0001) e entre os grupos ateromatose leve/moderada e ateromatose grave (p&lt;0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>), confirmando a preocupa&#231;&#227;o dos consensos americano, europeu e brasileiro em classific&#225;-la como marcador de risco emergente e independente para DAC<sup>1,2,4</sup>. Observa-se nos dados apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>, que a m&#233;dia obtida para o grupo ateromatose leve/moderada apresenta-se quase tr&#234;s vezes maior que a m&#233;dia obtida para o grupo controle, e a m&#233;dia obtida para o grupo ateromatose grave apresenta-se cerca de cinco vezes maior que aquela apresentada pelo grupo controle e cerca de uma vez e meia maior que a m&#233;dia observada para o grupo ateromatose leve/moderada, sinalizando um aumento progressivo nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de Lp(a) de acordo com a gravidade da aterosclerose coronariana. A an&#225;lise dos resultados de Lp(a) mostrou, tamb&#233;m, que no grupo-controle todos os 17 indiv&#237;duos apresentaram n&#237;veis de Lp(a) na faixa de refer&#234;ncia do m&#233;todo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). Nesta figura, observa-se que no grupo ateromatose leve/moderada (n=12), apenas um indiv&#237;duo apresentou eleva&#231;&#227;o significativa, com n&#237;vel muito superior &#224; m&#233;dia do grupo ateromatose grave, enquanto cinco outros indiv&#237;duos apresentaram eleva&#231;&#245;es moderadas, por&#233;m abaixo desta m&#233;dia. Observa-se tamb&#233;m que a m&#233;dia do grupo ateromatose leve/moderada situa-se no valor lim&#237;trofe da faixa de refer&#234;ncia, j&#225; indicando uma tend&#234;ncia de eleva&#231;&#227;o de Lp(a) neste grupo. </p>
    <p>Correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre Lp(a) e DAC estabelecida por angiografia foi demonstrada por Gupta e cols.<sup>20</sup> na popula&#231;&#227;o indiana e tamb&#233;m por Labeur e cols.<sup>8</sup> na popula&#231;&#227;o belga, os quais observaram eleva&#231;&#245;es dos valores de Lp(a) com o aumento da gravidade da DAC, nos casos mais graves com estenose significativa em mais de duas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. Na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, Maranh&#227;o e cols.<sup>21 </sup>demonstraram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos elevados de Lp(a) e a extens&#227;o da DAC em caucasianos brasileiros, submetidos &#224; cinecoronariografia.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o foram observadas correla&#231;&#245;es de Lp(a) com outras vari&#225;veis do perfil lip&#237;dico nos indiv&#237;duos estudados, tendo sido descrito resultado semelhante por Genest e cols.<sup>10</sup>. Entretanto, Labeur e cols.<sup>8</sup> descreveram correla&#231;&#245;es significativas entre Lp(a) e LDL<sub>c</sub>, estimadas pela f&#243;rmula de Friedewald, bem como a correla&#231;&#227;o inversa de Lp(a) e triglic&#233;rides.</p>
    <p>Houve diferen&#231;as significativas quanto &#224; preval&#234;ncia de n&#237;veis elevados de Lp(a) entre os grupos controle e ateromatose leve/moderada (p&lt;0,001) e entre os grupos-controle e ateromatose grave (p&lt;0,0001). A eleva&#231;&#227;o de Lp(a) no grupo ateromatose grave foi altamente prevalente (67,9%). A avalia&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia de n&#237;veis elevados de Lp(a) independente do grau de estenose (ateromatose leve/moderada e grave, n=40), demonstra um elevado percentual (62,5%). Foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa entre este grupo com rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo-controle (p&lt;0,01).</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise da <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref> permite inferir sobre a exist&#234;ncia de uma rela&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o linear entre Lp(a) e risco de desenvolvimento de DAC na popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada, considerando a falta de signific&#226;ncia com rela&#231;&#227;o aos fatores de risco nos tr&#234;s grupos estudados. Portanto, a Lp(a) n&#227;o se comportou no estudo como um fator de risco mas sim como marcador ou determinante de risco cardiovascular, uma vez que n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel estabelecer uma rela&#231;&#227;o de causa e efeito. </p>
    <p>Alguns estudos demonstram que o valor preditivo da Lp(a) para a gravidade e extens&#227;o da DAC seria maior em mulheres<sup>14,21</sup>; entretanto, o presente estudo n&#227;o evidenciou diferen&#231;a significativa entre a preval&#234;ncia de n&#237;veis elevados de Lp(a) entre homens e mulheres na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. Por outro lado, alguns estudos n&#227;o demonstraram correla&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de Lp(a) e DAC<sup>22</sup> e outros atribuem o real valor preditivo &#224; sub-popula&#231;&#227;o de Lp(a) com alta afinidade por fibrina<sup>11</sup>. De acordo com este conceito, alguns fen&#243;tipos de Lp(a) n&#227;o estariam associados &#224; aterotrombose e nem todos os indiv&#237;duos com eleva&#231;&#227;o de Lp(a) apresentariam risco aumentado de DAC. Na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, que apresenta uma heterogeneidade de etnias, s&#227;o raros os estudos deste tipo. O grupo estudado neste trabalho (n=57) constou de 28,1% de caucasianos, 22,8% de negros e 49,1% de mesti&#231;os (mulato, pardo ou outros mesti&#231;os), n&#227;o apresentando diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre os tr&#234;s grupos para as diferentes etnias. Maranh&#227;o e cols.<sup>21 </sup>demonstraram valores significativamente mais elevados em indiv&#237;duos brasileiros da ra&#231;a negra, quando comparados com os caucasianos. Entretanto, os valores mais altos na popula&#231;&#227;o de ra&#231;a negra n&#227;o foram associados com a presen&#231;a ou extens&#227;o da DAC na popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada. A an&#225;lise multivariada deste estudo demonstrou que a presen&#231;a de n&#237;veis elevados de Lp(a) contribu&#237;ram para o desenvolvimento de DAC em caucasianos brasileiros.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, os dados deste estudo confirmam a utilidade da Lp(a) para predizer a gravidade da aterosclerose coronariana, sugerindo que os n&#237;veis de Lp(a) devem ser determinados em pacientes com DAC, especialmente em normolip&#234;micos, uma vez que a Lp(a) comportou-se como um marcador de predi&#231;&#227;o de gravidade da aterosclerose coronariana, independente de tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o arterial, sedentarismo, hist&#243;ria familiar e perfil lip&#237;dico. &#192; luz do presente conhecimento sobre o assunto, diante das not&#225;veis controv&#233;rsias, e com base nos dados ora apresentados, espera-se que este trabalho possa suscitar &#226;nimos para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de outros estudos envolvendo a medida da Lp(a) em indiv&#237;duos normais e com graus crescentes de obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana, confirmada angiograficamente, em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. Apesar do conhecimento da exist&#234;ncia de diversas isoformas de Lp(a)<sup>12</sup> que podem dificultar o desempenho do sistema fibrinol&#237;tico, provocando maior ou menor inibi&#231;&#227;o deste, considera-se altamente relevante o fato de que todos os componentes do grupo com ateromatose grave apresentaram n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de Lp(a) muito elevados, quando comparados aos n&#237;veis apresentados pelos indiv&#237;duos normais, todos comprovados angiograficamente. Mesmo que as diversas variantes de Lp(a) possam afetar com intensidades diferentes a efici&#234;ncia do sistema fibrinol&#237;tico, deve ser motivo de preocupa&#231;&#227;o e de constante investiga&#231;&#227;o a rela&#231;&#227;o entre Lp(a) e doen&#231;a coronariana, notadamente em indiv&#237;duos normocolesterol&#234;micos. Uma an&#225;lise dos dados encontrados permite inferir sobre a utilidade de se introduzir a determina&#231;&#227;o de Lp(a) na avalia&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos que apresentam risco aumentado para DAC, mas n&#227;o na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco da popula&#231;&#227;o em geral. A assertiva acima &#233; tamb&#233;m sustentada pela cont&#237;nua e crescente associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis elevados de Lp(a) e risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular<sup>6,14-16,23-25</sup>, bem como pela possibilidade de ado&#231;&#227;o de medidas terap&#234;uticas e de controle<sup>26,27</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora os valores da Lp(a) ainda n&#227;o sejam utilizados para determinar a gravidade da DAC, estes podem ter um papel relevante e adicional na avalia&#231;&#227;o do desenvolvimento e especialmente, na evolu&#231;&#227;o da DAC. Esta linha de pesquisa representa um desafio para v&#225;rias &#225;reas de estudo do envolvimento da Lp(a) e outros fatores na patog&#234;nese e na progress&#227;o da aterosclerose.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ao Prof. Dr. Ivan Barbosa Machado Sampaio, pelo aux&#237;lio na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. &#192; Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG), &#224; Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES), ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), ao LABORATEL Laborat&#243;rio de An&#225;lises Cl&#237;nicas, &#224; IN VITRO Diagn&#243;sticos e &#224; BIOT&#201;CNICA Biotecnologia Avan&#231;ada, pelo apoio recebido. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Marinez de Oliveira Souza </p>
        <p> Av. Ant&#244;nio Carlos, 6627 </p>
        <p> 31270-901 &#150; Belo Horizonte, MG </p>
        <p> E-mail:</p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="marinez@farmacia.ufmg.br">marinez@farmacia.ufmg.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 10/02/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 11/11/05</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Increased serum levels of lipoprotein(a) correlated with the severity of coronary artery disease in patients submitted to angiography</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To determine serum levels of lipoprotein(a) and lipid profile of a group of individuals submitted to coronary angiography, with the aim of establishing the possible correlation between these parameters and the severity of coronary artery disease. METHODS: Serum levels of total cholesterol, HDL C, LDL C, triglycerides, lipoprotein(a), apolipoproteins A-I and B were measured in blood samples of 17 subjects with absence of atheromatosis in the coronary arteries (control), 12 subjects presenting mild/moderate atheromatosis and 28 subjects presenting severe atheromatosis. RESULTS: No significant statistical differences were found between the means of the three groups for the parameters assessed, except for lipoprotein(a) serum levels which presented significant differences between the means of the control, mild/moderate atheromatosis and severe atheromatosis groups (p&lt;0.001). CONCLUSION: The means obtained in the three groups for Lp(a) indicate a progressive increase in the serum levels of this parameter according to the severity of coronary atheromatosis. These findings suggest the need of additional studies in order to obtain enough evidence to support the introduction of routine assessment of Lp(a) levels in clinical laboratories in the monitoring of patients at risk for coronary artery disease (CAD).</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary artery disease</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary angiography</kwd>
        <kwd>lipoprotein(a)</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Increased serum levels of lipoprotein(a) correlated with the severity of coronary artery disease in patients submitted to angiography</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Luciana Moreira Lima; Maria das Gra&#231;as Carvalho; Andr&#233;ia Assis Loures-Vale; Ana Paula Fernandes; Ana Paula Lucas Mota; Cirilo Pereira da Fonseca Neto; Jos&#233; Carlos Faria Garcia; Jamil Abdala Saad; Marinez de Oliveira Souza</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais and Hospital SOCOR of Belo Horizonte - Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To determine serum levels of lipoprotein(a) and lipid profile of a group of individuals submitted to coronary angiography, with the aim of establishing the possible correlation between these parameters and the severity of coronary artery disease.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Serum levels of total cholesterol, HDLC, LDLC, triglycerides, lipoprotein(a), apolipoproteins A-I and B were measured in blood samples of 17 subjects with absence of atheromatosis in the coronary arteries (control), 12 subjects presenting mild/moderate atheromatosis and 28 subjects presenting severe atheromatosis.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> No significant statistical differences were found between the means of the three groups for the parameters assessed, except for lipoprotein(a) serum levels which presented significant differences between the means of the control, mild/moderate atheromatosis and severe atheromatosis groups (p&lt;0.001).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The means obtained in the three groups for Lp(a) indicate a progressive increase in the serum levels of this parameter according to the severity of coronary atheromatosis. These findings suggest the need of additional studies in order to obtain enough evidence to support the introduction of routine assessment of Lp(a) levels in clinical laboratories in the monitoring of patients at risk for coronary artery disease (CAD).</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Coronary artery disease, coronary angiography, lipoprotein(a).</p>
      <p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) has a multifactorial origin, including hereditary and acquired risk factors which may be the direct cause of the disease or merely associated with it<sup>1,2</sup>. Changes in lipid metabolism play a relevant role in the progression of atherosclerosis<sup>3</sup> and the laboratory assessment of lipoproteins is of fundamental importance to diagnose and treat this condition<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Lipoprotein(a) was described by Berg in 1963<sup>5</sup> as a genetic variation of LDL. Lp(a) presents a lipid composition which is similar to the composition of LDL, but with a different protein content, since it presents the apolipoprotein(a) or apo(a) linked to apolipoprotein B by disulfide bridges<sup>6-9</sup>. The serum levels of Lp(a) and the molecular mass of apo(a) vary greatly between people and are genetically determined<sup>10</sup>. Lp(a) has no function in the transport of lipids and therefore its absence in the serum does not cause metabolic disruptions. </p>
      <p>Apo(a) is highly homologous to plasminogen, the inactive precursor of plasmin - the protein that breaks up the fibrin produced during the coagulation process - due to the varied number of repetitions of aminoacid sequences which are homologous to the kringle 4 region of plasminogen. This structure allows the binding of Lp(a) to fibrin and to the proteins of the cell surface of endotelial cells and monocytes, as well as the competitive inhibition of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), reducing the generation of plasmin and fibrinolysis<sup>11</sup>. These characteristics provide Lp(a) with pro-atherogenic<sup>12-14</sup> properties, in that high levels of this lipoprotein are associated with early CAD risk, cerebrovascular disease and restenosis of coronary lesions. Some authors consider Lp(a) an independent risk factor for coronary and brain<sup>10,14-16</sup> artery atherosclerosis in Caucasian, Chinese, African and Indian individuals<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The apo(a) gene presents polymorphism as regards size, with more than 30 alleles varying from 300 to 800 KDa, and it has been suggested that such polymorphism may contribute to the increase of Lp(a) in patients with CAD<sup>9,13</sup>. The actual risk factor seems to be associated with the sub-population of Lp(a), in that isoforms which are smaller and have higher fibrin affinity are the ones more highly associated with CAD<sup>11,13</sup>.</p>
      <p>A large number of patients who develop CAD have normal or moderately increased<sup>17</sup> lipid levels which demonstrates that, despite the great contribution of dyslipidemias to the development of CAD, other factors also play a role in the progression of atherosclerosis. Lp(a) is involved in the pathogenesis and progression of atherosclerosis through different mechanisms. Prospective epidemiological and meta-analysis studies<sup>10,14,16,18</sup> have shown the positive correlation between Lp(a) and CAD. Frohlich et al<sup>14</sup> suggested that the determination of Lp(a) is an important tool to assess patients with CAD, and is especially useful in the prediction of risk in women. However, the development and size of lesions from CAD established on angiography and the correlations with serum lipids and Lp(a) are controversial.</p>
      <p>It is believed that further understanding about lipid changes in the different stages of CAD may be a potential tool to help clinical practitioners follow up patients with atherosclerosis, providing information on the early detection of the severity of the lesion. </p>
      <p>In view of the above, this study aimed at investigating the existence of changes in serum levels of Lp(a) and parameters of the lipid profile in patients diagnosed with CAD established on angiography, comparing them to individuals with normal angiographies to try to correlate possible changes with the severity of the lesion.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Fifty-seven subjects were assessed throughout a three-month period, ranging from 46 to 68 years of age, of both genders, selected in the Department of Hemodynamics of the Socor Hospital of Belo Horizonte, after undergoing coronary angiography. The participants of this study were selected according to a criterium of homogeneity as regards the following variables: gender, age, social and economic level, and Body Mass Index (BMI). Based on the results of the coronary angiography, the components of this study were distributed in three groups: control (n=17), mild/moderate atheromatosis (n=12) and severe atheromatosis (n=28). <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> presents the characterization of the groups as regards gender, age and BMI. The study protocol was approved from the ethical and formal standpoints by the Research Ethics Committee of the Socor Hospital and by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Minas Gerais.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0260-00006-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The individuals selected were informed on the objectives of the study and those who agreed to participate signed the Term of Free and Informed Consent (TCLE). A clinical record of each individual including personal data, demographic data, family history and result of the coronary angiography was filled out by the cardiologists of the Department of Hemodynamics.</p>
      <p>Individuals with a prior history (up to three months) of acute coronary syndrome (ACS); those using oral anticoagulants, hypolipidemic agents or estrogens; individuals suffering from intercurrent diseases such as coagulation disorders, renal, hepatic and auto-immune diseases, diabetes mellitus and cancer; individuals presenting triglyceride levels above 400mg/dL were excluded from the study.</p>
      <p>The characterization of the groups as regards risk factors associated with CAD and the presence of ACS more than three months prior to the interview is presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table 1</xref>, as the number of individuals and the percentage of presence of a certain variable. The presence of the following variables: smoking, sedentary lifestyle and family history for CAD was verified with base on the recommendations of the 3rd Brazilian Guidelines on Dyslipidemias and Atherosclerosis Prevention<sup>4</sup>. Those participants who had a prior diagnosis of arterial hypertension and made regular use of hypotensive medication were considered hypertensive. There was no statistically significant difference for the following variables: smoking, arterial hypertension, sedentary lifestyle and family history between the three groups. The participants did not present overweight or obesity, which suggests the absence of the metabolic component in these individuals. For the ACS variable, it was considered the individuals who presented acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina. There was a statistically significant difference between the control group and the severe atheromatosis group (p&lt;0.01).</p>
      <p>The samples of venous blood were obtained from the patients after a 12-hour fast. They were told not to engage in vigorous physical activity and to avoid drinking ethanol within 24 and 72 hours respectively prior to the collection of the sample, in an attempt to obtain biological samples from patients in a balanced metabolic state. The collection of blood was effected using Vacuette<sup>&#174;</sup> system (Geiner Bio-One) tubes, and the samples were centrifuged at 2,500 rpm for 15 minutes to separate the serum, which was in turn divided into aliquots and stored at -70&#186;C for three months.</p>
      <p>Total cholesterol and triglycerides were determined using colorimetric enzymatic methods - <italic>Randox Cholesterol CHOD-PAP</italic> and <italic>Randox Triglycerides GPO-PAP</italic>, respectively. HDL<sub>c</sub> and LDL<sub>c</sub> were determined using the enzymatic method of elimination of <italic>Randox HDL Cholesterol Direct</italic> and <italic>Randox LDL Cholesterol Direct</italic>, respectively. The concentrations of apo B and apo A-I were established using the turbidimetry methods of Biot&#233;cnica, Apolipoprote&#237;na B and Apolipoprote&#237;na A-I, respectively. Lp(a) serum levels were measured using the turbidimetry method, with the diagnostic set lipoprotein(a) <italic>In Vitro</italic>. All the concentrations above were determined in a <italic>Cobas Mira Plus</italic> device, using control-serums to verify assay performance. The equation of Friedewald<sup>19 </sup>was employed with the aim of investigating the performance of two different LDL<sub>C</sub> quantification processes. </p>
      <p>Coronary angiography was performed using the Judkins technique. The films were examined by three experienced cardiologists and the reports were produced according to criteria defined for the stenosis of artery lumen: stenosis of up to 30% was classified as mild atheromatosis; stenosis from 30 to 70% was classified as moderate atheromatosis and stenosis above 70% was classified as severe atheromatosis, in one or more arteries affected.</p>
      <p>In the statistical analysis, the test of analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for the following parameters: total cholesterol, apo B, HDL<sub>C, </sub>LDL<sub>C</sub>-direct and LDL<sub>C</sub>-Friedewald, all of which presented normal distribution and homocedasticity. The Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance test was used for the apo A-I and triglycerides parameters which did not present normal distribution and/or homocedasticity. The level of significance adopted was 0.05. Especially for the parameter Lp(a), the analysis of variance was carried out using the Student-Newman-Keuls method, after the logarithmic transformation of the data. The Sigma Stat version 1.0 and the Prism version 3.0 programs were employed to perform the analyses and plot the graph respectively.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results of the biochemical parameters are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">table 2</xref> as means and the respective standard deviations. There were no statistically significant differences for the following parameters: total cholesterol, HDL<sub>C</sub>, LDL<sub>C</sub>, triglycerides, apo A-I and apo B. For Lp(a) serum levels, a significant difference was observed between the control group and the mild/moderate atheromatosis group (p&lt;0.0001), between the control group and the severe atheromatosis group (p&lt;0.0001) and between the mild/moderate and severe atheromatosis groups (p&lt;0.001). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref> presents the distribution of lipoprotein(a) values in the groups studied.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0260-00006-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0260-00006-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The prevalence of Lp(a) levels greater than 30mg/dL was 0%, 50% and 67.9%, respectively for the control, mild/moderate atheromatosis and severe atheromatosis groups. There was a significant difference between the control group and the mild/moderate atheromatosis group (p&lt;0.001) and between the control group and the severe atheromatosis group (p&lt;0.0001).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The development of laboratory tests able to identify patients at higher risk of developing CAD is of concern to many researchers and the object of many studies. With base on this type of study it is possible to judge the usefulness of determining a certain parameter in the laboratory to prevent the disease, establish its extent or monitor the efficacy of the treatment adopted.</p>
      <p>This cohort cross-sectional study assessed a population of intermediate to high risk, since all individuals had been referred for coronary angiography to assess thoracic pain and epidemiologic profile and risk factors for CAD are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table 1</xref>. The three groups assessed were homogenous as regards age, gender and BMI. No significant differences were observed between the clinical variables &#150; smoking, arterial hypertension, family history and sedentary lifestyle (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">tab. 1</xref>). However, it was observed that in the severe atheromatosis group there was a higher incidence of smoking and hypertensive subjects as compared to the other groups. Among the 22 subjects with a history of ACS prior to three months, 16 (57.1%) had severe atheromatosis, presenting a significant difference as regards the control group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">tab. 1</xref>). </p>
      <p>Upon assessing the lipid profile, the means of the three groups did not present statistically significant differences (p&lt;0.05) for the following parameters: total cholesterol, HDL<sub>C</sub>, LDL<sub>C</sub> (direct and estimated through the Friedewald formula), triglycerides, as well as for the concentrations of apo A-I and apo B. The values of the means obtained for total cholesterol, HDL<sub>C</sub>, triglycerides, apo A-I and apo B are practically within the range of adequate and borderline values<sup>4</sup>, demonstrating that the individuals selected did not present significant changes in these parameters (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab. 2</xref>). A similar result was obtained in a study with the Indian population, in subjects with CAD established by angiography<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>As regards LDL<sub>C,</sub> the means obtained in this study for the mild/moderate atheromatosis and severe atheromatosis groups are above the levels recommended for individuals with CAD<sup>4</sup>, demonstrating the presence of a major and independent causal factor for atherosclerosis and CAD in these patients.</p>
      <p>With the objective of assessing the performance of two different methods in the determination of LDL<sub>C </sub>values, we used the Friedewald equation, widely used in laboratories to estimate LDL<sub>C </sub>values, in that it was observed a positive correlation of 96% with the direct LDL<sub>C</sub> (r=0.96; p&lt;0.0001).</p>
      <p>For the Lp(a) parameter, the difference between the means was statistically significant (p&lt;0.0001) between the control group and the severe atheromatosis group, and between the control group and the mild/moderate atheromatosis group (p&lt;0.0001) and between the mild/moderate atheromatosis and the severe atheromatosis group (p&lt;0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab. 2</xref>), confirming the idea of the American, European and Brazilian consensus about classifying it as a marker of emerging and independent risk for CAD<sup>1,2,4</sup>. Based on the data presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">table 2</xref> it was verified that the mean obtained for the mild/moderate atheromatosis group was almost three times higher than the mean obtained for the control group, and that the mean obtained for the severe atheromatosis group was approximately five times higher than the mean of the control group and approximately one and a half times higher than the mean observed for the mild/moderate atheromatosis group, indicating a progressive increase in Lp(a) serum levels according to the severity of coronary atherosclerosis. The analysis of Lp(a) results showed also that in the control group all of the 17 subjects presented Lp(a) levels within the reference range of the method (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig.1</xref>). In this figure, we observed that in the mild/moderate atheromatosis group (n=12) only one subject presented a significant increase, with a far higher level than the mean of the severe atheromatosis group, whereas five other subjects presented moderate increases, however lower than this mean. It was observed that the mean of the mild/moderate atheromatosis group was in the high borderline of the reference range, thus indicating a rising trend for Lp(a) in this group. </p>
      <p>The positive correlation between Lp(a) and CAD established on angiography was demonstrated by Gupta et al<sup>20</sup> in the Indian population and also by Labeur et al<sup>8</sup> in the Belgian population. They observed an increase in Lp(a) levels with the increase in the severity of CAD, in the most severe cases with major stenosis in more than two coronary arteries. In the Brazilian population, Maranh&#227;o et al<sup>21 </sup>demonstrated the association between elevated serum levels of Lp(a) and the extent of CAD in Brazilian Caucasians submitted to cinecoronariography.</p>
      <p>No correlations were observed between Lp(a) and other variables of the lipid profile in the subjects studied, in that a similar result was described by Genest et al<sup>10</sup>. However, Labeur et al<sup>8</sup> described significant correlations between Lp(a) and LDL<sub>c</sub>, calculated by Friedewald formula, in addition to an inverse correlation between Lp(a) and triglycerides.</p>
      <p>There were significant differences regarding the prevalence of increased levels of Lp(a) between the control group and the mild/moderate atheromatosis group (p&lt;0.001) and between the control and severe atheromatosis groups (p&lt;0.0001). The increase in Lp(a) in the severe atheromatosis group was highly prevalent (67.9%). The assessment of the prevalence of increased Lp(a) levels irrespective of the degree of stenosis (mild/moderate and severe atheromatosis, n=40), showed a high percentage (62.5%). A significant difference was observed between this group as compared with the control group (p&lt;0.01).</p>
      <p>The analysis of <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">figure 1</xref> allows us to infer the existence of a nonlinear relation between Lp(a) and the risk of developing CAD in the population assessed, supported by the absence of significance regarding the risk factors for the three groups studied. Therefore Lp(a) did not behave in the study as a risk factor but rather as a marker or determinant of cardiovascular risk, since it was not possible to establish a relationship of cause and effect. </p>
      <p>Some studies demonstrate that the predictive value of Lp(a) for the severity and extent of CAD would be higher in women<sup>14,21</sup>; however, this study did not evidence a significant difference between the prevalence of high levels of Lp(a) between men and women in the population studied. On the other hand, some studies did not demonstrate a correlation between Lp(a) serum levels and CAD<sup>22</sup> and others assign a real predictive value to the sub-population of Lp(a) with high fibrin affinity<sup>11</sup>. According to this concept, some phenotypes of Lp(a) would not be associated with atherothrombosis and not all individuals with increased Lp(a) would present increased risk of CAD. In the Brazilian population, which is ethnically diverse, this type of study is scarce. The group studied in this paper (n=57) consisted of 28.1% caucasians, 22.8% nigros and 49.1% subjects of mixed race (mulatto or other), with no statistically significant differences between the three groups for different ethnic groups. Maranh&#227;o et al<sup>21 </sup>demonstrated significantly higher values in Afro-Brazilian subjects as compared to caucasians. However, higher values in Afro-Brazilian subjects were not associated with the presence or extent of CAD in the population assessed. The multivariate analysis of this study demonstrated that the presence of increased levels of Lp(a) contributed to the development of CAD in Brazilian caucasians.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, the data of this study confirm the usefulness of Lp(a) to predict the severity of coronary atherosclerosis, suggesting that Lp(a) levels should be determined in patients with CAD, especially in normolipidemic individuals, since Lp(a) behaved as a predictive severity marker for coronary atherosclerosis, independent from smoking, arterial hypertension, sedentary lifestyle, family history and lipid profile. In the light of what is presently known about this matter and in view of remarkable controversies, and with base on the data presented here, we hope that this study may encourage the development of other studies involving the Lp(a) measure in normal individuals and with increased degrees of coronary obstruction, angiographically confirmed, in our population. Although it is known that there are several Lp(a)<sup>12</sup> isoforms which may hamper the performance of the fibrinolytic system, inhibiting it to a greater or lesser degree, it is a very relevant fact that all the subjects of the severe atheromatosis group presented very high serum levels of Lp(a) when compared with the levels presented by normal subjects, all angiographically proved. Even though the several Lp(a) variants may affect with different intensities the efficiency of the fibrinolytic system, the relation between Lp(a) and coronary disease should be a constant concern and object of investigation especially in normocholesterolemic individuals. An analysis of the data found allows us to infer the usefulness of introducing the determination of Lp(a) in the assessment of individuals with increased risk for CAD, but not in the stratification of risk for the population in general. The statement above is also supported by the continuous and growing association between increased levels of Lp(a) and risk for cardiovascular<sup>6,14-16,23-25</sup> disease, and also by the possibility of adopting therapeutic and control measures<sup>26,27</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although Lp(a) values are not yet used to determine the severity of CAD, they may play a relevant and additional role in the assessment of the development and especially in the progression of CAD. This line of research is a challenge for many areas of study on the involvement of Lp(a) and other factors in the pathogenesis and progression of atherosclerosis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements </bold>
      </p>
      <p>We are grateful to Prof. Ivan Barbosa Machado Sampaio, Ph.D, for his assistance in the statistical analysis; to the Research Support Foundation of Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG); to the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES); to the National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); to LABORATEL Laboratory of Clinical Analysis; to IN VITRO Diagn&#243;sticos and to BIOT&#201;CNICA Biotecnologia Avan&#231;ada for their support.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Marinez de Oliveira Souza</p>
          <p> Av. Ant&#244;nio Carlos, 6627</p>
          <p> 31270-901 &#150; Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="marinez@farmacia.ufmg.br">marinez@farmacia.ufmg.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Received on 02/10/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 11/11/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
