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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">MfJwkLGgbMv6Zs3yk5pQwkb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001600005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001600005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o na fase aguda do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio: an&#225;lise dos fatores pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios preditores de mortalidade</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ladeira</surname>
            <given-names>Renata Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Rosangela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zucato</surname>
            <given-names>Simone Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baracioli</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hueb</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Ciappina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dallan</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Alberto Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Puig</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Boro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nicolau</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>254</fpage>
      <lpage>259</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Analisar os fatores pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios preditores de mortalidade, em pacientes submetidos &#224; RM nos primeiros 30 dias ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM). M&#201;TODOS: Entre 3/1998 e 7/2002, foram inclu&#237;dos, consecutiva e prospectivamente, em um banco de dados, 753 pacientes com IAM, sendo que 135 (17,9%) foram submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (RM) isolada e inclu&#237;dos neste estudo. Estudaram-se os seguintes fatores progn&#243;sticos, atrav&#233;s de an&#225;lise multivariada: idade, sexo, diabete, hist&#243;ria de IAM, RM ou angioplastia (ATC), localiza&#231;&#227;o do IAM, IAM Q, uso de fibrinol&#237;tico, intervalo entre o IAM e a cirurgia, presen&#231;a de complica&#231;&#245;es no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. RESULTADOS: A mortalidade hospitalar global foi de 6,7%, variando de 12,5% nos pacientes portadores de complica&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias a 1,4% naqueles sem complica&#231;&#245;es. Tiveram correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante com a mortalidade p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria apenas hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de angioplastia (p=0,037) e choque cardiog&#234;nico (p=0,002). Em contrapartida, o uso de trombol&#237;tico na abordagem inicial do IAM apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o negativa com a mortalidade (p=0,035). CONCLUS&#195;O: A RM na fase aguda do IAM &#233; um procedimento que apresenta mortalidade cir&#250;rgica distinta, na depend&#234;ncia da condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria do paciente. Dentre os fatores analisados, a presen&#231;a de choque cardiog&#234;nico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e hist&#243;ria de angioplastia pr&#233;via determinaram pior progn&#243;stico neste grupo de pacientes.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGOS ORIGINAIS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o na fase aguda do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. An&#225;lise dos fatores pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios preditores de mortalidade</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Renata Teixeira Ladeira; Fabio Biscegli Jatene; Rosangela Monteiro; Simone Pereira Zucato; Luciano Moreira Baracioli; Alexandre Ciappina Hueb; Luis Alberto Oliveira Dallan; Luiz Boro Puig; S&#233;rgio Almeida Oliveira; Jos&#233; Carlos Nicolau</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Analisar os fatores pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios preditores de mortalidade, em pacientes submetidos &#224; RM nos primeiros 30 dias ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Entre 3/1998 e 7/2002, foram inclu&#237;dos, consecutiva e prospectivamente, em um banco de dados, 753 pacientes com IAM, sendo que 135 (17,9%) foram submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (RM) isolada e inclu&#237;dos neste estudo. Estudaram-se os seguintes fatores progn&#243;sticos, atrav&#233;s de an&#225;lise multivariada: idade, sexo, diabete, hist&#243;ria de IAM, RM ou angioplastia (ATC), localiza&#231;&#227;o do IAM, IAM Q, uso de fibrinol&#237;tico, intervalo entre o IAM e a cirurgia, presen&#231;a de complica&#231;&#245;es no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>A mortalidade hospitalar global foi de 6,7%, variando de 12,5% nos pacientes portadores de complica&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias a 1,4% naqueles sem complica&#231;&#245;es. Tiveram correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante com a mortalidade p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria apenas hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de angioplastia (p=0,037) e choque cardiog&#234;nico (p=0,002). Em contrapartida, o uso de trombol&#237;tico na abordagem inicial do IAM apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o negativa com a mortalidade (p=0,035). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A RM na fase aguda do IAM &#233; um procedimento que apresenta mortalidade cir&#250;rgica distinta, na depend&#234;ncia da condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria do paciente. Dentre os fatores analisados, a presen&#231;a de choque cardiog&#234;nico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e hist&#243;ria de angioplastia pr&#233;via determinaram pior progn&#243;stico neste grupo de pacientes.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Mortalidade, cirurgia, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>Desde a d&#233;cada de 1970, t&#234;m sido realizados trabalhos buscando determinar o intervalo de tempo ideal para realiza&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (RM) ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) com menor risco cir&#250;rgico<sup>1-7</sup>. Entretanto, ainda n&#227;o existe consenso na literatura sobre o momento mais apropriado para realiza&#231;&#227;o da RM ap&#243;s IAM<sup>6</sup>. Alguns grupos aguardam um per&#237;odo de at&#233; 30 dias ap&#243;s o IAM, para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da opera&#231;&#227;o, buscando, desta forma, evitar as poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es que poderiam advir no per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o do infarto<sup>6</sup>. </p>
    <p>Inicialmente, a cirurgia era usada como forma de recanaliza&#231;&#227;o, sendo realizada o mais precoce ap&#243;s o IAM, com objetivo de redu&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea infartada, por&#233;m com morbi-mortalidade cir&#250;rgica elevada<sup>1-4</sup>. A partir da d&#233;cada de 1980, a RM como forma de recanaliza&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s IAM, tem sido cada vez menos utilizada, j&#225; que dispomos de outras t&#233;cnicas, como: fibrinol&#237;ticos e procedimentos percut&#226;neos<sup>8,9</sup>. Assim, a cirurgia fica reservada, nesta fase, para os pacientes em cuja recanaliza&#231;&#227;o as t&#233;cnicas acima falharam ou evolu&#237;ram com angina persistente ou instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica<sup>10</sup>. Tem-se um outro grupo de pacientes em que a recanaliza&#231;&#227;o &#233; obtida com sucesso; por&#233;m, o doente possui obstru&#231;&#245;es coronarianas residuais importantes, que necessitam de interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica<sup>11</sup>. Em pacientes est&#225;veis clinicamente, a mortalidade cir&#250;rgica &#233; de 2 a 4%, bastante semelhante &#224; de pacientes revascularizados eletivamente<sup>10,11</sup>. Entretanto, nos pacientes com complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas ou mec&#226;nicas, a mortalidade sobe para n&#237;veis de 6 a 26%<sup>12-14</sup>. </p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo &#233; analisar os fatores pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios preditores de mortalidade, em pacientes submetidos &#224; RM, nos primeiros 30 dias ap&#243;s IAM.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de 3/1998 a 7/2002, 753 pacientes foram admitidos na unidade coronariana, com diagn&#243;stico de IAM, sendo inclu&#237;dos consecutiva e prospectivamente em um banco de dados espec&#237;fico. Destes, 145 (19,3%) foram submetidos a RM cir&#250;rgica, na fase aguda e subaguda do IAM. </p>
    <p>A RM foi um procedimento isolado, em 135 (93,1%) pacientes, constituindo os pacientes analisados neste estudo. Exclu&#237;ram-se desta an&#225;lise 10 (6,9%) pacientes que foram submetidos a procedimentos associados &#224; RM (como troca ou pl&#225;stica valvar) ou, ainda, que apresentaram complica&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas secund&#225;rias ao IAM, como ruptura do septo interventricular . </p>
    <p>O grupo foi composto por pacientes que apresentavam les&#245;es uni, bi ou triarteriais maiores que 70% do l&#250;men coronariano, com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada ou n&#227;o. A idade dos pacientes, no momento da opera&#231;&#227;o, variou de 29 a 94 anos, com m&#233;dia de 62,3 &#177; 11,2 anos, sendo 102 (75,6%) do sexo masculino. Quarenta (29,6%) pacientes apresentavam diabete melito tipo II, 32 (23,7%) tinham hist&#243;rico de IAM pr&#233;vio, 11(8,1%) j&#225; haviam sido submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica anteriormente e 9 (6,7%) &#224; angioplastia coronariana. </p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; localiza&#231;&#227;o do IAM, a parede anterior do cora&#231;&#227;o foi acometida em 46% dos pacientes, a inferior em 43% e outras regi&#245;es em 11% dos casos. O IAM ocorreu com onda Q em 86 (63,7%) pacientes. Trinta e nove (28,9%) pacientes fizerem uso de fibrinol&#237;tico, principalmente estreptoquinase, previamente &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Foram avaliadas as seguintes vari&#225;veis pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias, como progn&#243;sticas para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica na fase aguda do IAM: idade, sexo, hist&#243;ria de diabete melito, infarto pr&#233;vio, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ou angioplastia pr&#233;via (ambas anteriores ao IAM em estudo), IAM com ou sem onda Q, infarto de parede anterior, uso de fibrinol&#237;tico, intervalo entre o IAM e a RM, presen&#231;a de complica&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias [isquemia recorrente, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC), choque cardiog&#234;nico (CC), reinfarto, taquicardia ventricular sustentada (TVS), fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (FV)]. A incid&#234;ncia destas complica&#231;&#245;es encontra-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. Apesar de a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda ser um fator progn&#243;stico importante, em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de RM, optou-se, na presente an&#225;lise, por trabalhar especificamente com dados cl&#237;nicos, facilmente obtidos em qualquer paciente, mesmo naqueles que realizam o procedimento de forma urgente ou emergencial. Assim, foram inclu&#237;dos ICC e CC, que sabidamente apresentam excelente correla&#231;&#227;o com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0254-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A mediana do intervalo entre o IAM e a RM foi de 10,6 dias, com m&#233;dia de 11,6 dias (desvio padr&#227;o de 6,4 dias). Em m&#233;dia, foram empregados 3,0 enxertos/paciente, sendo 184 enxertos arteriais (1,4 enxerto arterial/paciente) e 219 enxertos venosos (1,6 enxerto venoso/paciente), evidenciando que a RM foi completa. A art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda foi utilizada como enxerto, em 117 (63,6%) pacientes; a art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna direita, em 32 (17,7%); a art&#233;ria radial esquerda, em 33 (17,9%); e outros enxertos arteriais, em 2 (1,1%) casos.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; regi&#227;o revascularizada, a parede anterior foi revascularizada com 204 (50,6%) enxertos, a lateral com 114 (28,3%) enxertos e a inferior com 85 (21,1%). </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando-se o programa <italic>Systat</italic>. Os dados foram submetidos inicialmente &#224;s an&#225;lises univariadas com teste de Fisher e qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e teste de Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. An&#225;lise multivariada dos fatores progn&#243;sticos foi feita atrav&#233;s de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica <italic>stepwise</italic>. Foram considerados significativos os valores de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram observados 9 (6,7%) &#243;bitos, no per&#237;odo hospitalar. Entretanto, quando as complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias foram agrupadas como uma vari&#225;vel &#250;nica, observamos 8 (12,5%) &#243;bitos, no grupo de pacientes em que elas estavam presentes. Em contrapartida, houve apenas 1 (1,4%) &#243;bito dentre os pacientes que n&#227;o apresentavam complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (odds ratio 10, p=0,013, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0254-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise univariada, apenas as vari&#225;veis choque cardiog&#234;nico, fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular e hist&#243;ria de angioplastia apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o com mortalidade. As demais vari&#225;veis analisadas n&#227;o apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante com a mortalidade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>).  </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0254-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Dos 12 pacientes com choque cardiog&#234;nico, 5 (41,7%) foram a &#243;bito ap&#243;s a cirurgia (OR= 21,2; p&lt; 0,001). Foram observados 2 (40%) &#243;bitos dentre os 5 pacientes que apresentavam fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria (OR= 11,7; p= 0,002) e 2 (22,2%) &#243;bitos dentre os 9 pacientes com hist&#243;ria de angioplastia pr&#233;via (OR=4,8; p=0,053). </p>
    <p>No modelo final da an&#225;lise multivariada, apenas hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de angioplastia (p=0,037) e choque cardiog&#234;nico (p=0,002) mantiveram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica com a vari&#225;vel &#243;bito. Em contrapartida, o uso de fibrinol&#237;tico na abordagem inicial do IAM apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o negativa com a mortalidade (p=0,035), ratificando a import&#226;ncia da recanaliza&#231;&#227;o na fase aguda do IAM.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A indica&#231;&#227;o de RM na fase aguda do IAM continua sendo tema controverso, sem que haja consenso na literatura sobre o momento ideal de sua indica&#231;&#227;o<sup>15-17</sup>. Teoricamente, haveria vantagens em esperar a cicatriza&#231;&#227;o do IAM (4-6 semanas), quando haveria completa recupera&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio atordoado, sem risco de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica ap&#243;s reperfus&#227;o, que pode, inclusive, gerar infarto hemorr&#225;gico<sup>15,18</sup>. Entretanto, devem-se pesar os riscos desta espera, como o de isquemia recorrente, com chance de reinfarto, devido &#224;s les&#245;es presentes; expans&#227;o da &#225;rea do IAM, com remodelamento ventricular, podendo gerar aneurisma e aumento importante dos custos com interna&#231;&#245;es prolongadas<sup>15,17,19</sup>.</p>
    <p>H&#225; um grupo de pacientes no qual a RM &#233; uma urg&#234;ncia, sendo necess&#225;ria a indica&#231;&#227;o, como nos casos de complica&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas associadas ao IAM<sup>20</sup>, ou pacientes com choque cardiog&#234;nico e com les&#227;o de tronco de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda ou triarteriais<sup>21,22</sup>. Entretanto, h&#225; d&#250;vidas de quando operar os pacientes que, a despeito de boa evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica p&#243;s-IAM, apresentam les&#245;es multiarteriais ou mesmo les&#245;es isoladas, de caracter&#237;sticas particulares, que necessitam de RM<sup>23-25</sup>.</p>
    <p>Referente aos aspectos cir&#250;rgicos, h&#225; particularidades na RM ap&#243;s IAM. Braxton e cols. mostraram o uso de 2,4 enxertos/pacientes no grupo com IAM e 2,6 no grupo controle (sem IAM); por&#233;m, art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda (ATIE) foi usada em 43% dos pacientes operados com &lt;48hs, 72% nos operados entre 3-5 dias, 92% entre 6-42 dias e 82% nos controles<sup>5</sup>. Johanes e cols., apesar de descreverem como objetivo a RM completa e uso da ATIE em todos os pacientes, aplicaram ATIE em 87% dos pacientes com IAM, versus 97% dos eletivos (p=0,008)<sup>10</sup>. De forma semelhante, em nossos pacientes, a m&#233;dia de enxertos usados foi de 3,0, refletindo a import&#226;ncia da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa, no sentido de prevenir complica&#231;&#245;es como isquemia recorrente ou reinfarto no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, que podem prejudicar a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes. Al&#233;m disso, buscamos sempre que poss&#237;vel empregar a ATIE (63,6%)<sup>26,27</sup>, considerando suas vantagens j&#225; bem estabelecidas na literatura </p>
    <p>Em 1994, Sintek e cols. publicaram os resultados referentes a 530 pacientes com IAM que, ap&#243;s receberem tratamento com fibrinol&#237;tico e serem estratificados, tiveram indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de RM. Destes, 23 pacientes foram operados dentro das primeiras 24 h, com mortalidade hospitalar de 4,4%; 30 entre 24 e 72 h, sem &#243;bitos; 193 entre 3 e 7 dias apresentaram mortalidade de 2,1% e 284 entre 7 dias e 1 m&#234;s, com mortalidade de 1,4%. Comparativamente, 1.645 pacientes operados sem IAM pr&#233;vio tiveram mortalidade cir&#250;rgica de 1,9%. Foram empregados 2,9 enxertos por paciente. Houve necessidade de uso de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, em 6,7% dos pacientes com IAM e apenas 2,6% no grupo-controle<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Lee e cols. avaliaram retrospectivamente 32.099 pacientes submetidos &#224; RM ap&#243;s IAM transmural em 33 hospitais no estado de New York, EUA. Conclu&#237;ram que a RM realizada no per&#237;odo de 3 dias ap&#243;s o IAM pode trazer risco adicional &#224; mortalidade hospitalar, independente de outros fatores de risco cir&#250;rgicos que foram inclu&#237;dos em an&#225;lise multivariada. A mortalidade cir&#250;rgica foi vari&#225;vel em diferentes intervalos de tempo entre o IAM e a opera&#231;&#227;o, sendo de 14,2%; 13,8%; 7,9%; 3,8%; 2,9% e 2,7% para cirurgias realizadas com menos de 6h, 6h a 1 dia, 1 a 3 dias, 4 a 7 dias, 7 a 14 dias e 15 dias ou mais, respectivamente. E, assim, recomendam que, se n&#227;o houver indica&#231;&#227;o para cirurgia de emerg&#234;ncia, deve-se aguardar um per&#237;odo de 3 dias para se realizar a RM pois, ap&#243;s este per&#237;odo, os &#237;ndices de mortalidade s&#227;o similares<sup>6</sup>. Os dados no nosso estudo corroboram esta recomenda&#231;&#227;o, j&#225; que a mediana do intervalo entre o IAM e a RM foi de 10,6 dias. Podemos dividir nossa experi&#234;ncia em 3 fases, que nos permitiram observar uma tend&#234;ncia de realiza&#231;&#227;o mais precoce da cirurgia. Nos primeiros pacientes, o intervalo m&#233;dio foi de 13,6 dias; no grupo intermedi&#225;rio, de 12,3 dias; e mais recentemente, os pacientes t&#234;m sido encaminhados para cirurgia, em 8,2 dias. </p>
    <p>In&#250;meros estudos tentam identificar qual grupo de pacientes teria maior risco cir&#250;rgico no p&#243;s-IAM<sup>9,10,11,16,22,26</sup>. Dados do <italic>National Registry of Myocardial Infarction</italic> 2, que avaliou 71.774 pacientes com IAM submetidos &#224; RM, apontam como fatores de risco para mortalidade cir&#250;rgica as seguintes vari&#225;veis: sexo feminino, IAM com onda Q, idade &gt;65 anos, hist&#243;ria de ICC e diabete melito, cirurgia de RM pr&#233;via e classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip do IAM<sup>11</sup>. </p>
    <p>Applebaum e cols.<italic><sup>28</sup></italic>, analisando 1.726 pacientes submetidos a RM, num per&#237;odo de 6 anos, sendo que 406 foram operados dentro dos primeiros 30 dias p&#243;s-IAM, observaram mortalidade hospitalar de 2,4%. No subgrupo de pacientes com hist&#243;ria de IAM recente, esta mortalidade foi de 6,7%, enquanto que dentre aqueles sem hist&#243;ria de IAM pr&#233;vio esta foi de 1,1%. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, 3 fatores mostraram-se significantemente associados a aumento da mortalidade hospitalar, sendo eles fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o inferior a 30% (p&lt;0,0001), choque cardiog&#234;nico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (p=0,0005) e idade maior que 70 anos (p=0,004). No seguimento realizado em 90% dos pacientes, num tempo m&#233;dio de 35 &#177;21 meses, 88% estavam vivos ao final de 3 anos e 84% em 5 anos ap&#243;s cirurgia. Assim, concluiu-se neste trabalho que pacientes com menos de 70 anos, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o superior a 30% e que n&#227;o est&#227;o em choque cardiog&#234;nico podem ser operados em qualquer momento ap&#243;s IAM, sem risco aumentado<sup>28</sup>. Quanto &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o inclu&#237;mos esta vari&#225;vel em nosso estudo; entretanto, h&#225; correla&#231;&#227;o n&#237;tida entre baixa fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes para choque cardiog&#234;nico. A idade n&#227;o foi inclu&#237;da em nosso modelo como uma vari&#225;vel categ&#243;rica e sim como vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua, n&#227;o apresentando associa&#231;&#227;o com mortalidade. Em nossa an&#225;lise, o choque cardiog&#234;nico tamb&#233;m foi um importante fator preditor de mortalidade. </p>
    <p>No estudo SHOCK, estudou-se a RM precoce em 302 pacientes com IAM complicado por choque cardiog&#234;nico; destes, 152 foram randomizados para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de emerg&#234;ncia e 150 para estabiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o foi feita, dentro das primeiras 6h da randomiza&#231;&#227;o, tanto por cirurgia card&#237;aca (57 pacientes) como por procedimento hemodin&#226;mico (75 pacientes). A mortalidade global em 30 dias n&#227;o diferiu significantemente (p=0,11) entre os grupos de tratamento cl&#237;nico e de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (56% e 46,7%, respectivamente). Entretanto, a mortalidade em 6 meses foi menor no grupo revascularizado que no cl&#237;nico (50,3% <italic>versus </italic>63,1%, p=0,027). Concluiu-se que a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o precoce deve ser fortemente considerada, para pacientes com IAM complicado por choque cardiog&#234;nico<sup>21</sup>. </p>
    <p>H&#225; tamb&#233;m um outro aspecto a ser ressaltado: nossa mortalidade global foi de 6,7%, id&#234;ntica &#224; observada pelo grupo de Applebaum<sup>28</sup>. Entretanto, num subgrupo de pacientes de nossa casu&#237;stica, sem complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias, a mortalidade foi de apenas 1,4%, compar&#225;vel e at&#233; mesmo inferior &#224; mortalidade em cirurgias eletivas. </p>
    <p>Assim, apesar de d&#233;cadas de experi&#234;ncia, encontramos trabalhos que mostram aumento da mortalidade dos pacientes operados precocemente ap&#243;s IAM<sup>5,6,15,16</sup> e outros que relatam ser segura a RM em qualquer per&#237;odo ap&#243;s o IAM<sup>17,25,29,30</sup>. Em nosso estudo, n&#227;o houve rela&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade e o intervalo entre IAM e RM. Na an&#225;lise multivariada o que determinou maior mortalidade cir&#250;rgica foi a presen&#231;a de choque cardiog&#234;nico e hist&#243;ria previa de angioplastia. Realmente, h&#225; maior mortalidade nos pacientes em que a angioplastia &#233; realizada na mesma interna&#231;&#227;o em que ocorre a RM; entretanto, ainda n&#227;o est&#225; bem definida a rela&#231;&#227;o entre hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de angioplastia e mortalidade cir&#250;rgica, necessitando assim outros estudos para melhor esclarecimento desta quest&#227;o<sup>31</sup>. Pode haver vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de angioplastia, como coronariopatia mais difusa, pior fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, dentre outras, que n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;das na nossa an&#225;lise e que podem confundir esta conclus&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Apesar do receio de aumento de sangramento durante o procedimento cir&#250;rgico e no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de pacientes que foram submetidos &#224; fibrin&#243;lise farmacol&#243;gica, alguns grupos t&#234;m mostrado que a RM pode ser realizada precocemente nestes pacientes, com baixa morbi-mortalidade<sup>32</sup>. Como visto em nossa casu&#237;stica, o uso de fibrinol&#237;tico foi ben&#233;fico, sendo um fator protetor durante a cirurgia, j&#225; que a recanaliza&#231;&#227;o na fase aguda propicia maior estabilidade cl&#237;nica a longo prazo.</p>
    <p>Assim, conclu&#237;mos que a RM na fase aguda do IAM &#233; um procedimento que apresenta mortalidade cir&#250;rgica aceit&#225;vel. Dentre os fatores analisados, a presen&#231;a de choque cardiog&#234;nico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e hist&#243;ria de angioplastia pr&#233;via determinaram pior progn&#243;stico neste grupo de pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Renata Teixeira Ladeira </p>
        <p> Rua dos Caet&#233;s, 737/205 </p>
        <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; 05016-081 </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="rtlad@cardiol.br">rtlad@cardiol.br</email> ou </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="rtlad@terra.com.br">rtlad@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Recebido em 17/11/04 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 12/08/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Coronary artery bypass grafting in acute myocardial infarction: analysis of preoperative predictors of mortality</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess preoperative predictors of mortality in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) within the first 30 days of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS: Between March 1998 and July 2002, 753 AMI patients were consecutively and prospectively entered into a database, 135 (17.9%) of whom underwent isolated CABG and were enrolled in this study. The following prognostic factors were assessed by multivariate analysis: age, gender, diabetes, history of previous AMI, CABG or coronary angioplasty (PTCA), anterior infarct location, Q-wave AMI, the use of fibrinolytics, elapsed time from AMI to the procedure, and presence of complications in the preoperative period. RESULTS: Overall in-hospital mortality was 6.7%, ranging from 12.5% in patients with preoperative complications to 1.4% in those with no complications. Only history of previous angioplasty (p = 0.037) and cardiogenic shock (p = 0.002) showed a statistically significant correlation with postoperative mortality. The use of thrombolytics, on the other hand, in the initial management of AMI showed a negative correlation with mortality (p = 0.035). CONCLUSION: CABG in the acute phase of MI is associated with distinct operative mortality, depending on the patient&#8217;s preoperative clinical condition. Among those factors analyzed, preoperative cardiogenic shock and history of previous angioplasty were predictive of worse prognosis in this group of patients.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>acute myocardial infarction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Coronary artery bypass grafting in acute myocardial infarction. Analysis of preoperative predictors of mortality </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Renata Teixeira Ladeira; Fabio Biscegli Jatene; Rosangela Monteiro; Simone Pereira Zucato; Luciano Moreira Baracioli; Alexandre Ciappina Hueb; Luis Alberto Oliveira Dallan; Luiz Boro Puig; S&#233;rgio Almeida Oliveira; Jos&#233; Carlos Nicolau</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess preoperative predictors of mortality in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) within the first 30 days of acute myocardial infarction (AMI).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Between March 1998 and July 2002, 753 AMI patients were consecutively and prospectively entered into a database, 135 (17.9%) of whom underwent isolated CABG and were enrolled in this study. The following prognostic factors were assessed by multivariate analysis: age, gender, diabetes, history of previous AMI, CABG or coronary angioplasty (PTCA), anterior infarct location, Q-wave AMI, the use of fibrinolytics, elapsed time from AMI to the procedure, and presence of complications in the preoperative period.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Overall in-hospital mortality was 6.7%, ranging from 12.5% in patients with preoperative complications to 1.4% in those with no complications. Only history of previous angioplasty (p = 0.037) and cardiogenic shock (p = 0.002) showed a statistically significant correlation with postoperative mortality. The use of thrombolytics, on the other hand, in the initial management of AMI showed a negative correlation with mortality (p = 0.035).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> CABG in the acute phase of MI is associated with distinct operative mortality, depending on the patient&#146;s preoperative clinical condition. Among those factors analyzed, preoperative cardiogenic shock and history of previous angioplasty were predictive of worse prognosis in this group of patients.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>mortality, surgery, acute myocardial infarction.</p>
      <p>Since the 1970s, studies have been made to determine the optimal timing of coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with less operative risk<sup>1-7</sup>. However, there is no consensus in the literature regarding this point<sup>6</sup>. Some groups wait for up to 30 days after AMI before revascularization in an attempt to prevent potential complications that may arise during the recovery period following myocardial infarction<sup>6</sup>. </p>
      <p>A first, coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) was used as recanalization and performed as early as possible after AMI in order to reduce infarction size, however with high surgical morbidity and mortality rates<sup>1-4</sup>. From the 1980s on, CABG has been less and less used as recanalization after AMI, because other techniques became available, such as fibrinolytic therapy and percutaneous procedures<sup>8,9</sup>. Thus, surgery in this phase is reserved for patients who failed to improve with the above recanalization techniques or evolved to persistent angina or hemodynamic instability<sup>10</sup>. In another group of patients, recanalization is successful; nevertheless, the patient has major residual coronary obstructions requiring surgical intervention<sup>11</sup>. In clinically stable patients, operative mortality rates range from 2% to 4%, very similar to those of patients who undergo elective revascularization<sup>10,11</sup>. However, in patients with clinical or mechanical complications, mortality rates rise to 6%-26%<sup>12-14</sup>.</p>
      <p>This study aims at analyzing preoperative risk factors predictive of mortality in patients who undergo CABG in the first 30 days following AMI.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Between March 1998 and July 2002, 753 patients diagnosed with AMI were admitted to the coronary care unit and entered, consecutively and prospectively, in a specific database. Of these, 145 (19.3%) underwent CABG during the acute and subacute phase of myocardial infarction. </p>
      <p>Myocardial revascularization was an isolated procedure in 135 (93.1%) patients who made up the group analyzed in this study. Ten (6.9%) patients who underwent CABG with associated procedures (e. g., valve replacement or repair) or had mechanical complications secondary to AMI (e. g., interventricular septal rupture) were excluded. </p>
      <p>The study group consisted of patients with one-, two-, or three-vessel disease greater than 70% luminal diameter, with preserved or impaired ventricular function. Patients&#146; age at the time of surgery ranged from 29 to 94 (mean 62.3 &#177; 11.2), and 102 (75,6%) were males. Forty (29.6%) patients had type II diabetes mellitus, 32 (23.7%) had history of prior AMI, 11(8.1%) had already undergone myocardial revascularization previously and 9 (6.7%), coronary angioplasty. </p>
      <p>With respect to AMI location, the anterior wall was involved in 46% of the patients, the inferior wall in 43%, and other areas, in 11%. Q-wave AMI was diagnosed in 86 (63.7%) of the patients. Thirty-nine (28.9%) were on fibrinolytic therapy prior to surgery, mostly streptokinase.</p>
      <p>The following preoperative variables were evaluated as prognostics for myocardial revascularization during the acute phase of myocardial infarction: age, gender, history of diabetes mellitus, previous infarction, previous CABG or angioplasty (both prior to the AMI under study), Q-wave and non-Q-wave AMI, anterior wall infarction, use of fibrinolytics, time from AMI to CABG, presence of preoperative complications [recurrent ischemia, congestive heart failure (CHF), cardiogenic shock (CS), reinfarction, sustained ventricular tachycardia (SVT), and ventricular fibrillation (VF)]. Incidence of these complications is shown on <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. Although left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was a major prognostic factor in patients undergoing CABG, this analysis chose to work specifically with clinical data, easily collected from any patient, even from those who undergo urgent or emergency CABG. Therefore, CHF and CS, widely known to show excellent correlation with ejection fraction, were included.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0254-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Median time interval between AMI and CABG was 10.6 days, mean of 11.6 days (standard deviation of 6.4 days). An average of 3.0 grafts per patient were performed, 184 arterial (1.4 arterial graft/patient) and 219 venous grafts (1.6 venous graft/patient), denoting complete CABG. The left internal thoracic artery (LITA) was used in 117 (63.6%) patients; the right internal thoracic artery (RITA), in 32 (17.7%); the left radial artery, in 33 (17.9%); and other arterial grafts, in 2 (1.1%).</p>
      <p>In regard to the revascularized area, the anterior wall was revascularized with 204 (50.6%) grafts, the lateral wall with 114 (28.3%), and the inferior wall, with 85 (21.1%).</p>
      <p>Statistical analysis was performed using Systat software. Data were first assessed by univariate analysis, using Fisher&#146;s test and the chi-square test for categorical variables and the Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables. Prognostic factors were determined by multivariate analysis using a stepwise logistic regression model. P values &lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were 9 in-hospital deaths (6.7%). However, when preoperative clinical complications were grouped into a single variable, the number of deaths rose to 8 (12.5) in the group of patients presenting them. Conversely, only one (1.4%) death occurred among patients without preoperative clinical complications (odds ratio 10, p = 0.013, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0254-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In the univariate analysis, only the cardiogenic shock, ventricular fibrillation, and history of angioplasty variables correlated with mortality. The other variables showed no statistically significant correlation with mortality (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0254-00005-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Of the 12 patients with cardiogenic shock, 5 (41.7%) died after surgery (OR= 21.2; p&lt; 0.001). There were 2 (40%) deaths among the 5 patients with preoperative ventricular fibrillation (OR = 11.7; p = 0.002) and 2 (22.2%) deaths among the 9 patients with history of angioplasty (OR = 4.8; p=0.053). </p>
      <p>In the final model of multivariate analysis, only history of previous angioplasty (p = 0.037) and cardiogenic shock (p = 0.002) remained statistically significant with the death variable. On the other hand, the use of fibrinolytic agents to treat AMI on admission showed negative correlation with mortality (p = 0.035), thus corroborating the major role of recanalization in the acute phase of myocardial infarction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Indication for CABG in acute myocardial infarction is still controversial, and there is no consensus in literature regarding the optimal timing of surgery<sup>15-17</sup>. Theoretically, there would be some advantage in waiting for the AMI to heal (4 to 6 weeks), allowing complete recovery of the stunned myocardium and preventing risk of myocardial damage after reperfusion, which may even lead to hemorrhagic infarction<sup>15,18</sup>. However, the risks associated with this waiting period must be weighed, such as recurrent ischemia, with possible reinfarction due to the lesions; infarct extension with ventricular remodeling, which can generate aneurysm; and significantly higher costs from prolonged hospital stay<sup>15,17,19</sup>.</p>
      <p>Some patients require urgent myocardial revascularization, such as those with mechanical complications associated with acute myocardial infarction<sup>20</sup> or patients with cardiogenic shock and left main coronary artery disease or three-vessel disease<sup>21,22</sup>. Yet, there are doubts regarding when to operate on patients who, despite their good clinical outcome following AMI, have multivessel disease or even isolated lesions of unique characteristics requiring CABG<sup>23-25</sup>. </p>
      <p>With regard to surgical aspects, CABG following AMI shows some particularities. Braxton et al. reported using 2.4 grafts per patient in the AMI group and 2.6 grafts per patient in the control group (without AMI); however, the left internal thoracic artery (LITA) was used in 43% of the patients operated on within 48hs, 72% of those operated on between 3 to 5 days, 92% of those operated on between 6 to 42 days, and 82% of the control patients<sup>5</sup>. Johanes et al., although describing as their purpose complete CABG and the use of LITA in all patients, placed LITA in 87% of the patients with AMI, compared with 97% of the elective patients (p = 0.008)<sup>10</sup>. Likewise, in our patients, the average number of grafts used was 3.0, reflecting the important role of complete revascularization in preventing complication, such as postoperative recurrent ischemia or reinfarction, which may compromise patients&#146; outcome. Moreover, we have used LITA whenever possible (63.6%)<sup>26,27</sup>, because its advantages are well established in the literature.</p>
      <p>In 1994, Sintek et al published the results of 530 patients with AMI who, after fibrinolytic therapy and stratification, were referred for CABG. Of these, 23 patients were operated on within the first 24 hours of myocardial infarction, with 4.4% hospital mortality; 30 patients were operated on between 24 and 72 hours, with no deaths; 193 patients underwent surgery between 3 to 7 days, with 2.1% mortality; and 284 patients underwent surgery between 1 week to 1 month, with 1.4% mortality. Comparatively, 1,645 patients without previous AMI had an operative mortality of 1.9%. The number of grafts per patient was 2.9. The use of intra-aortic balloon was necessary in 6.7% of the patients with AMI and in only 2.6 of the patients in the control group<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>Lee et al retrospectively evaluated 32,099 patients who underwent CABG after transmural AMI at 33 hospitals in New York State, USA. They concluded that CABG performed within 3 days after AMI may increase the risk of hospital mortality, regardless of other operative risk factors included in the multivariate analysis. Operative mortality varied according to different time intervals between AMI and surgery, and was 14.2%, 13.8%, 7.9%, 3.8%, 2.9%, and 2.7% for surgeries performed within less than 6 hours, 6 hours to 1 day, 1 to 3 days, 4 to 7 days, 7 to 14 days and 15 days or more, respectively. Therefore, these authors recommend that, in the absence of indication for emergency surgery, a three-day waiting period be observed before CABG, because after that mortality indices are similar<sup>6</sup>. Data from our study corroborate this recommendation, because median time interval between AMI and CABG was 10.6 days. Our experience can be divided into 3 phases that allowed us to note a trend towards earlier surgery. In the first patients, mean interval was 13.6 days; in the intermediate group, 12.3 days; and more recently, patients are being referred for surgery in 8.2 days. </p>
      <p>Countless studies have been trying to identify which group of patients are at higher operative risk after AMI<sup>9,10,11,16,22,26</sup>. Data from the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 2, which assessed 71,774 AMI patients who underwent CABG, point to the following variables as risk factors for operative mortality: female gender, Q-wave AMI, age &gt; 65, history of CHF and diabetes mellitus, previous CABG, and Killip&#146;s classification of AMI<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Applebaum et al<sup>28</sup> analyzed 1,726 patients who underwent CABG, 406 of whom were operated on within 30 days of AMI, and found hospital mortality of 2.4%. In the subgroup of patients with history of recent AMI mortality rate was 6.7%, compared with 1.1% in the subgroup with no history of previous AMI. In the multivariate analysis, 3 factors were significantly associated with increased hospital mortality, namely, ejection fraction less than 30% (p&lt;0.0001), preoperative cardiogenic shock (p = 0.0005), and age older than 70 (p=0,004). In the follow-up performed in 90% of the patients at a mean time of 35 &#177;21 months, 88% were alive at 3 years after surgery and 84% at 5 years. Thus, it has been concluded in this study that patients younger than 70 with ejection fraction greater than 30% and not in cardiogenic shock can be operated on at any time after AMI, without further risk<sup>28</sup>. As for ejection fraction, this variable was not included in our study; however, there is a clear correlation between low ejection fraction and patients&#146; progression to cardiogenic shock. Age was not included as a categorical variable in our model, but rather as a continuous variable, and was not associated with mortality. In our analysis, cardiogenic shock was also a major predictor of mortality.</p>
      <p>In the SHOCK trial, early CABG was studied in 302 patients with AMI complicated by cardiogenic shock; 152 were randomly assigned to emergency revascularization and 150, to medical stabilization. Revascularization was performed within 6 hours after randomization, either by cardiac surgery (57 patients) or hemodynamic procedure (75 patients). Overall mortality at 30 days did not differ significantly (p = 0.11) between the revascularization and medical therapy groups (56% and 46.7%, respectively). However, the six-month mortality rate was lower in the group that underwent revascularization than in the group that received medical therapy (50.3% vs. 63.1%, p = 0.027). It was concluded, therefore, that early revascularization should be strongly considered for patients with AMI complicated by cardiogenic shock<sup>21</sup>. </p>
      <p>Another aspect that must be emphasized here is that overall mortality in our study was 6.7%, identical to that observed by the Applebaum group<sup>28</sup>. Nonetheless, in a subgroup of patients with no preoperative medical complications, mortality rate was as low as 1.4%, comparable to or even lower than the mortality rate in elective surgeries. </p>
      <p>Despite decades of experience, we have found studies showing increased mortality among patients operated on early after AMI<sup>,6,15,16</sup> and others reporting the safety of CABG at any time after AMI<sup>17,25,29,30</sup>. In our study, no relation was found between mortality and time from AMI to CABG. In the multivariate analysis, the presence of cardiogenic shock and history of angioplasty determined the highest operative mortality. Actually, mortality is higher among patients who undergo angioplasty and CABG during the same hospitalization; however, a clear relationship between history of previous angioplasty and operative mortality is yet to be established, and other studies are needed to clarify this issue<sup>31</sup>. There may be variables associated with history of previous angioplasty, such as more diffuse coronary disease, worse left ventricular function, among others which were not included in our analysis and may confound this conclusion. </p>
      <p>Despite the fear of increased bleeding during surgery and in the postoperative period of patients who received pharmacological fibrinolysis, some groups have demonstrated that CABG may be performed early on in these patients with low morbidity and mortality rates<sup>32</sup>. As was shown in our series, the use of fibrinolytics was beneficial, as it was a protective factor during surgery, because recanalization in the acute phase provides more long-term clinical stability.</p>
      <p>We concluded, therefore, that CABG in the acute phase of AMI is associated with an acceptable operative mortality rate. Among the factors analyzed, the presence of preoperative cardiogenic shock and history of angiography determined poorer prognosis in this group of patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potentil conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing Address:</p>
          <p> Renata Teixeira Ladeira</p>
          <p> Rua dos Caet&#233;s, 737/205</p>
          <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; 05016-081 - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="rtlad@cardiol.br">rtlad@cardiol.br</email> ou </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="rtlad@terra.com.br">rtlad@terra.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Received on 17/11/04</p>
      <p> Accepted on 12/08/05</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
