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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">x7kKgdCbDNNVrKsG4c4vLYp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001600003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001600003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Potenciais tardios ao eletrocardiograma de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o no dom&#237;nio do tempo em portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de diferentes etiologias</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grell</surname>
            <given-names>Ernani de Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paula</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio Silva de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tobias</surname>
            <given-names>Nancy Maria Martins de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moffa</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grupi</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;sar Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mansur</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>241</fpage>
      <lpage>247</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar freq&#252;&#234;ncia, correla&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e influ&#234;ncia progn&#243;stica do potencial tardio no eletrocardiograma de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o, em portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de diferentes etiologias. M&#201;TODOS: Foi estudado o eletrocardiograma de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o, durante 42 meses, em 288 portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de diferentes etiologias, 215 homens (74,65%) e 73 mulheres (25,35), de idades entre 16 e 70 anos (m&#233;dia 51,5, desvio-padr&#227;o 11,24). As etiologias da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram: cardiomiopatia hipertensiva, 78(27,1%); cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica, 73(25,4%); cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica, 65(22,6%); cardiomiopatia da doen&#231;a de Chagas, 42(14,6%); cardiomiopatia alco&#243;lica, 9(3,1%); cardiomiopatia periparto, 6(2,1%); valvopatias em 2(4,2%) e miocardite viral, 3(1,04%). Foram avaliadas a dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS Standard, dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS filtrado, dura&#231;&#227;o do sinal abaixo de 40&#181;V e a raiz quadrada nos &#250;ltimos 40ms quanto a idade, sexo, etiologia, achados do eletrocardiograma de repouso de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, do ecocardiograma, do eletrocardiograma de longa dura&#231;&#227;o e mortalidade. Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, foram utilizados os testes: exato de Fisher, t de Student, de Man-Whitney, an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia, Log-HanK e o m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meyer. RESULTADOS: O potencial tardio foi diagnosticado em 90 (31,3%) pacientes e n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o com as etiologias. Sua presen&#231;a associou-se a: menor consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio a cicloergoespirometria (p=0,001); taquicardia ventricular sustentada e n&#227;o sustentada ao Holter (p=0,001), morte s&#250;bita e mortalidade (p&lt;0,05). Houve uma maior sobrevida nos pacientes sem potencial tardio. CONCLUS&#195;O: A presen&#231;a de potencial tardio n&#227;o se associou &#224;s etiologias e mostrou-se um marcador de pior progn&#243;stico.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>eletrocardiograma de alta-resolu&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>progn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGOS ORIGINAIS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Potenciais tardios ao eletrocardiograma de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o no dom&#237;nio do tempo em portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de diferentes etiologias </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ernani de Sousa Grell; Rog&#233;rio Silva de Paula; Nancy Maria Martins de Oliveira Tobias; Paulo Jorge Moffa; C&#233;sar Jos&#233; Grupi; Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar freq&#252;&#234;ncia, correla&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e influ&#234;ncia progn&#243;stica do potencial tardio no eletrocardiograma de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o, em portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de diferentes etiologias. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foi estudado o eletrocardiograma de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o, durante 42 meses, em 288 portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de diferentes etiologias, 215 homens (74,65%) e 73 mulheres (25,35), de idades entre 16 e 70 anos (m&#233;dia 51,5, desvio-padr&#227;o 11,24). As etiologias da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram: cardiomiopatia hipertensiva, 78(27,1%); cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica, 73(25,4%); cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica, 65(22,6%); cardiomiopatia da doen&#231;a de Chagas, 42(14,6%); cardiomiopatia alco&#243;lica, 9(3,1%); cardiomiopatia periparto, 6(2,1%); valvopatias em 2(4,2%) e miocardite viral, 3(1,04%). Foram avaliadas a dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS Standard, dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS filtrado, dura&#231;&#227;o do sinal abaixo de 40&#181;V e a raiz quadrada nos &#250;ltimos 40ms quanto a idade, sexo, etiologia, achados do eletrocardiograma de repouso de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, do ecocardiograma, do eletrocardiograma de longa dura&#231;&#227;o e mortalidade. Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, foram utilizados os testes: exato de Fisher, t de Student, de Man-Whitney, an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia, Log-HanK e o m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meyer. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O potencial tardio foi diagnosticado em 90 (31,3%) pacientes e n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o com as etiologias. Sua presen&#231;a associou-se a: menor consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio a cicloergoespirometria (p=0,001); taquicardia ventricular sustentada e n&#227;o sustentada ao Holter (p=0,001), morte s&#250;bita e mortalidade (p&lt;0,05). Houve uma maior sobrevida nos pacientes sem potencial tardio. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A presen&#231;a de potencial tardio n&#227;o se associou &#224;s etiologias e mostrou-se um marcador de pior progn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, eletrocardiograma de alta-resolu&#231;&#227;o, progn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>Os potenciais tardios s&#227;o sinais de alta freq&#252;&#234;ncia e baixa amplitude, da ordem de micro Voltz (mV), no final do complexo QRS e in&#237;cio do segmento ST, que est&#227;o relacionados a atividade el&#233;trica fragmentada e retardada nos ventr&#237;culos, o que possibilita a g&#234;nese de taquicardia ventricular sustentada por mecanismo de reentrada -, e que podem ser identificados atrav&#233;s do eletrocardiograma de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o (ECGAR)<sup>1</sup> . A presen&#231;a de potencial tardio foi detectada em portadores de aneurisma ventricular<sup>2,3</sup>, de taquicardia e fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>4</sup>, de displasia arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito<sup>5</sup>, e revelou-se associada &#224; maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca<sup>6</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a presen&#231;a de potenciais tardios foi estudada em casu&#237;sticas pequenas e que n&#227;o inclu&#237;ram portadores de cardiomiopatia da doen&#231;a de Chagas<sup>6- 8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Admite-se que 40% das mortes em portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca s&#227;o s&#250;bitas por arritmias card&#237;acas<sup>9-12</sup>. O ECGAR &#233; um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo e de aplica&#231;&#227;o sem excessiva complexidade, constituindo uma ferramenta interessante para identificar pacientes sob maior risco de arritmias card&#237;acas letais. Formulamos a hip&#243;tese de que, o achado do potencial tardio poderia contribuir para identificar portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sob maior risco de &#243;bito. </p>
    <p>Delineamos o presente estudo para avaliar a presen&#231;a de potencial tardio em uma coorte de portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de diferentes etiologias, suas correla&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e rela&#231;&#227;o com a mortalidade.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Pacientes</italic> - Foi estudada uma coorte de 288 pacientes ambulatoriais, de idades entre 16 e 70 anos (51,5 &#177; 11,2), 215 homens (74,7%) e 73 mulheres (25,4%).</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica compreendeu a hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, o exame f&#237;sico, a radiografia de t&#243;rax, o eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, o eletrocardiograma de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, o eletrocardiograma de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o, o ecocardiograma e a ergoespirometria. A data de in&#237;cio do seguimento foi a realiza&#231;&#227;o do ECGAR e a data final, a &#250;ltima observa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica ou &#243;bito, per&#237;odo este compreendido entre julho de 1998 a dezembro de 2001, com tempo de seguimento de 8 a 42 (36,0 &#177; 4,5) meses.</p>
    <p>Foram avaliados 288 indiv&#237;duos: 78 (27,1%) portadores de cardiomiopatia hipertensiva; 73 (25,4%) portadores de cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica; 65 (22,6%) portadores de cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica; 42 (14,6%) portadores de cardiomiopatia da doen&#231;a de Chagas; 12 (4,2%) portadores de cardiopatia valvar; 9 (3,1%) portadores de cardiomiopatia alco&#243;lica; 6 (2,1%) portadores de cardiomiopatia periparto e 3 (1,0%) portadores de miocardite viral. Com o objetivo de facilitar a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, as quatro &#250;ltimas etiologias supracitadas foram dispostas em um &#250;nico grupo denominado outras, totalizando um n&#250;mero de 30 indiv&#237;duos (10,3%). </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: Grupo 1, com potencial tardio ausente e Grupo 2, com potencial tardio presente. Foi considerado desfecho o &#243;bito do paciente.</p>
    <p><italic>Crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos</italic> - O diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi feito com base nos crit&#233;rios de Framingham<sup>13</sup> e foi estabelecido pela presen&#231;a simult&#226;nea de, no m&#237;nimo, dois crit&#233;rios maiores ou um crit&#233;rio maior e dois menores.</p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico da etiologia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi feito de acordo com os crit&#233;rios previamente publicados na literatura (<italic>Word Healthy Organization / Intenational Society and Federation of Cardiology, 1980, Report of 1995 Word Healthy Organization / International Society and Federation of Cardiology Task Force on the Definition and Classification of Cardiomyopathies</italic>, 1996 e Classifica&#231;&#227;o Estat&#237;stica Internacional de Doen&#231;as e Problemas Relacionados &#224; Sa&#250;de, d&#233;cima revis&#227;o &#150; CID 10, 1993) em portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sintom&#225;tica e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda. O Diagn&#243;stico da cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica foi realizado com base nos pacientes portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sintom&#225;tica e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, na presen&#231;a de hist&#243;ria de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, angioplastia transluminal percut&#226;nea, revasculariza&#231;ao do mioc&#225;rdio, angina do peito est&#225;vel, com altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica demonstrada por teste ergom&#233;trico alterado, por cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ou cineangiocoronariografia mostrando obstru&#231;&#227;o maior que 75%.</p>
    <p><italic>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</italic> - Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com idade entre 16 a 70 anos, com diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva sintom&#225;tica por disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica.</p>
    <p><italic>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</italic> - Foram exclu&#237;dos os portadores de aneurisma de aorta, de marcapasso artificial, de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou fl&#252;tter atrial, de gesta&#231;&#227;o, de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou de cirurgia card&#237;aca recentes (menos de 3 meses), de angina de peito inst&#225;vel, de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica no teste ergom&#233;trico, de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, de infec&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica recente, de doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica e neoplasias. N&#227;o foram exclu&#237;dos indiv&#237;duos em uso de amiodarona.</p>
    <p><italic>Eletrocardiograma de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o</italic> (ECGAR) - O registro do eletrocardiograma de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o foi realizado pelo Sistema ART (Arritmia Research Tecnology Inc.) com uma unidade 1200 EPX. Foram empregadas as deriva&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas ortogonais X,Y e Z de Frank e utilizado filtro bidirecional de faixa ampla (0,05 a 250HZ) com o corte de freq&#252;&#234;ncia (valor inferior) de 40Hz e foi aceito o valor do ru&#237;do final quando &lt; 0,3mV com ganho de 2000/4000.</p>
    <p><italic>Diagn&#243;stico da presen&#231;a de potencial tardio</italic> - A presen&#231;a de potencial tardio foi detectada com base nos crit&#233;rios do American College of Cardiology: 1) dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS final <underline>&gt;</underline> 114ms; 2) dura&#231;&#227;o do sinal abaixo de 40mV <underline>&gt;</underline> 38ms; 3) voltagem da raiz quadrada dos &#250;ltimos 40ms <underline>&lt;</underline> 20mV. Para os portadores de bloqueio de ramo, foi adotado, segundo Moraes<sup>14</sup>, somente o crit&#233;rio de voltagem da raiz quadrada dos &#250;ltimos 40ms <underline>&lt;</underline> 14&#181;V.</p>
    <p><italic>Vari&#225;veis estudadas</italic> - Foram estudados: a) idade; b) sexo; c) etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; d) &#225;rea inativa ao eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es; e) presen&#231;a de bloqueios de ramo ao eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es; f) di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ao ecocardiograma; g) fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no ecocardiograma; h) consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio no exame ciclo ergoespirom&#233;trico; i) taquicardia ventricular sustentada no eletrocardiograma de longa dura&#231;&#227;o e; j) dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS standard; k) dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS filtrado; l) dura&#231;&#227;o do sinal abaixo de 40mV; e m) a voltagem da raiz quadrada dos &#250;ltimos 40ms, no eletrocardiograma de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> &#150; Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s compara&#231;&#245;es feitas entre os dois grupos (com potencial tardio ausente e presente) e dados de um mesmo grupo, foram utilizados os seguintes testes estat&#237;sticos: 1) teste do qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fischer, para compara&#231;&#245;es entre duas vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas com duas categorias cada uma; 2) teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic>, para compara&#231;&#245;es entre as m&#233;dias de dois grupos para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas; 3) teste de Mann &#150; Whitney (n&#227;o param&#233;trico), para compara&#231;&#245;es entre os dois grupos (potencial tardio presente e ausente), quando as vari&#225;veis eram provenientes de contagens (n&#250;mero de ocorr&#234;ncias); 4) ANOVA (an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia), para compara&#231;&#245;es entre mais de dois grupos, no caso de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas; 5) teste de log-rank para compara&#231;&#227;o de curva de sobreviv&#234;ncia; 6) m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier para vari&#225;veis associadas ao &#243;bito. As vari&#225;veis operacionais utilizadas foram: sensibilidade, especificidade, acur&#225;cia, valor preditivo positivo e valor prediditivo negativo.</p>
    <p>O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi p&lt;0,05. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada pelo pacote estat&#237;stico SPSS para Windows.</p>
    <p><italic>Aspectos &#233;ticos</italic> - O protocolo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o Cient&#237;fica e de &#201;tica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. Os pacientes foram esclarecidos quanto &#224; natureza do estudo e inclu&#237;dos no protocolo, ap&#243;s assinarem o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Potencial tardio no eletrocardiograma de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o</italic> - Foi diagnosticado em 90 (31,3%) pacientes de 288 indiv&#237;duos estudados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0241-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS standard variou de 80 a 242ms (124,9 &#177; 31,3); a dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS filtrado variou de 76 a 254ms (131,7 &#177; 33,90); a dura&#231;&#227;o do sinal abaixo de 40mV variou de 6 a 183ms (33,0 &#177; 20,57); a voltagem da raiz quadrada, nos 40ms finais, variou de 4,20 a 267,30mV (44,0 &#177; 42,42). </p>
    <p><italic>Potencial tardio em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas</italic> - Pacientes com potencial tardio presente tiveram m&#233;dia de idade maior (54,5 &#177; 10) anos vs (50,1&#177; 11,5) anos; (p=0,004).</p>
    <p>Pacientes com potencial tardio presente apresentaram maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de taquicardia ventricular sustentada (32/37 - 86,5% vs. 5/37 - 13,5%;) ao eletrocardiograma de longa dura&#231;&#227;o (p=0,001). A sensibilidade do potencial tardio quanto &#224; identifica&#231;&#227;o desta arritmia foi de 86,5%; especificidade de 76,9%; acur&#225;cia de 78,1%; valor preditivo positivo de 35,6% e valor preditivo negativo de 97,5%.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o foi encontrada associa&#231;&#227;o entre a etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a presen&#231;a de potencial tardio. Entretanto, quanto &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS standard e &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS filtrado, foram observados ind&#237;cios de diferen&#231;as entre os valores m&#233;dios na cardiomiopatia da doen&#231;a de Chagas e na cardiomiopatia dilatada em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s demais etiologias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0241-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de potencial tardio n&#227;o apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o quanto ao sexo, &#224; etiologia da insuficici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, &#224; presen&#231;a de &#225;rea eletricamente inativa ao eletrocardiograma de repouso, &#224; presen&#231;a de bloqueio de ramo direito ou esquerdo e quanto &#224;s dimens&#245;es das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas ao ecocardiograma. </p>
    <p>Foram observados 142 &#243;bitos (49,3%) dentre os 288 pacientes estudados; 49 (17,0%) possu&#237;am potencial tardio presente e 93 (32,3%) possu&#237;am potencial tardio ausente.</p>
    <p>A causa mortis foi dividida em: evolu&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, morte s&#250;bita e outras causas n&#227;o correlacionadas &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (pneumonia, hemorragia digestiva, acidente vascular cerebral etc.). Oitenta pacientes (56,3% do total das mortes) morreram em decorr&#234;ncia da evolu&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Destes 80, 21 (26,3%) apresentavam potencial tardio presente e 59(73,7%) ausente. A morte s&#250;bita ocorreu em 29 pacientes (10,1%); 26 destes apresentavam potencial tardio presente (89,5% dos casos de morte s&#250;bita vs 3(10,3%) com potencial tardio ausente, p&lt;0,05). Dos 29 pacientes que sofreram morte s&#250;bita, 17 (58,6%), apresentaram um epis&#243;dio pregresso de taquicardia ventricular sustentada e todos os 17 possu&#237;am potencial tardio presente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0241-00003-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Quanto &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, observaram-se: a) evolu&#231;&#227;o adversa (taquicardia ventricular sustentada, morte s&#250;bita ou &#243;bito decorrente da evolu&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca) e b) boa evolu&#231;&#227;o (nenhuma das complica&#231;&#245;es descritas). Cento e setenta e sete pacientes (61,5%) tiveram boa evolu&#231;&#227;o, sendo que 42(46,7%) apresentaram potencial tardio presente e 135(68,2%) ausente. J&#225; a evolu&#231;&#227;o adversa ocorreu em 111(38,5%), sendo que 48(53,3%) apresentaram potencial tardio presente e 63(31,8%), potencial tardio ausente. (p=0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. 4</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0241-00003-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A sobrevida foi menor no grupo com potencial tardio presente.</p>
    <p><italic>Potencial tardio em rela&#231;&#227;o aos achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</italic> &#150; Foram analisados o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, o di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, o di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. O di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo variou de 27 a 80mm (m&#233;dia 47,36; desvio-padr&#227;o 7,47). O di&#226;metro do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na di&#225;stole variou de 40 a 105mm (m&#233;dia 73,98; desvio-padr&#227;o 9,57). O di&#226;metro do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na s&#237;stole variou de 30 a 95mm (m&#233;dia 63,71; desvio-padr&#227;o 8,64). N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas com rela&#231;&#227;o ao potencial tardio para as vari&#225;veis analisadas ao ecocardiograma.</p>
    <p><italic>Potencial tardio em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; esgoespirometria</italic> &#150; A an&#225;lise do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio variou de 4,6 a 33,7 ml/Kg/min (m&#233;dia 19,59; desvio-padr&#227;o 8,53). Nos pacientes que apresentavam potencial tardio presente, encontrou-se um valor de 16,99 ml/kg/min com desvio-padr&#227;o 8,16, ao passo que para os indiv&#237;duos com potencial tardio ausente, este valor foi significativamente maior, ou seja, 20,78 ml/kg/min com desvio-padr&#227;o; 8,45 (p=0,001). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Atrav&#233;s deste estudo, algumas observa&#231;&#245;es importantes foram realizadas. O achado mais importante foi a constata&#231;&#227;o de que a presen&#231;a de potencial tardio na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva est&#225; relacionada a um progn&#243;stico adverso, com maior incid&#234;ncia de taquicardia ventricular sustentada e morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca. Mais da metade dos pacientes (53,3%) com potencial tardio presente apresentaram evolu&#231;&#227;o ruim, sendo que 26, dentre os 29 pacientes que apresentaram morte s&#250;bita, apresentavam potencial tardio presente. Os achados deste estudo v&#227;o ao encontro dos de Ohnishi e cols.<sup>6</sup>. Estes autores descreveram alta incid&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares e morte s&#250;bita em 54 pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada e eletrocardiograma de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o alterado, utilizando-se dos seguintes crit&#233;rios para potencial tardio presente: dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS filtrado &gt;120ms ou voltagem da raiz quadrada nos 40ms finais &lt; 20mV. Entretanto, h&#225; controv&#233;rsias. Estudos de Meinhertz e cols.<sup>7</sup> e Middlekauff e cols.<sup>8</sup> n&#227;o encontraram o eletrocardiograma de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o como preditivo para morte s&#250;bita ou arritmia ventricular. Em ambos estudos, o n&#250;mero de pacientes foi baixo (30 e 22 pacientes, respectivamente) e os crit&#233;rios para a presen&#231;a de potencial tardio, diferentes. Dos 30 pacientes do grupo de Meinhertz e cols.<sup>7</sup> com cardiomiopatia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica, apenas um apresentou eletrocardiograma de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o alterado. Onze mortes ocorreram durante o segmento e 5 delas decorreram da evolu&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. O autor concluiu que o eletrocardiograma de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi preditivo para morte s&#250;bita, embora com casu&#237;stica muito baixa para qualquer afirma&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>O achado de uma maior incid&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino 215 (74,7%) com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca vai ao encontro de estudos consistentes, como o pr&#243;prio estudo de Framingham. Entretanto, a maior incid&#234;ncia de potencial tardio com o avan&#231;ar da idade, no presente trabalho, foi um fato novo, apesar de a idade avan&#231;ada j&#225; ser um fator de pior progn&#243;stico, como mostrou o estudo de Framingham, em que, para cada d&#233;cada de vida no sexo masculino, a mortalidade aumentou 27% e no feminino, 61%.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o foi encontrada associa&#231;&#227;o entre etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e potencial tardio. Provavelmente, um mecanismo comum na gera&#231;&#227;o de potencial tardio e arritmia card&#237;aca esteja envolvido nas diversas etiologias que levam &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Fibrose intersticial e hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica freq&#252;entemente s&#227;o encontrados em bi&#243;psias de pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada, na cardiomiopatia da doen&#231;a de Chagas, cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica etc. Isto pode resultar em uma condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica anormal. O eletrocardiograma de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o mostrou-se &#250;til para identificar pacientes com ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular retardada e, conseq&#252;entemente, com um substrato para desencadear arritmias. Este trabalho mostrou uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre QRS standard e QRS filtrado em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; cardiomiopatia dilatada e cardiomiopatia da doen&#231;a de Chagas. &#201; sabido que estas patologias levam a um processo fibr&#243;tico difuso no miocardio. Um estudo espec&#237;fico, para possibilitar a investiga&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva da extens&#227;o da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica e vari&#225;veis do eletrocardiograma de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o, foi proposto por Yamada e cols.<sup>15</sup>. O grupo estudou 32 pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada atrav&#233;s de bi&#243;psia mioc&#225;rdica e eletrocardiograma de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o e encontrou estreita correla&#231;&#227;o entre extens&#227;o da &#225;rea de fibrose com dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS filtrado (p&lt;0,001), dura&#231;&#227;o do sinal abaixo de 40mV (p&lt;0,001) e voltagem da raiz quadrada dos 40ms finais (p&lt;0,005). </p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de potencial tardio ao eletrocardiograma de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o j&#225; mostrou seu valor preditivo para morte s&#250;bita na insufici&#234;ncia coronariana<sup>16-19</sup>. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo levantar correla&#231;&#245;es semelhantes para a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, causada n&#227;o s&#243; pela insufici&#234;ncia coronariana bem como por outras etiologias.</p>
    <p>Quanto aos achados ao ecocardiograma, surpreendentemente, nem a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ou di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, vari&#225;veis tidas como quantificadoras da capacidade central na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, mostraram correla&#231;&#227;o com altera&#231;&#245;es ao eletrocardiograma de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o. Entretanto, o consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio &#224; cicloergoespirometria mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o, sendo esta uma boa vari&#225;vel para a an&#225;lise do componente perif&#233;rico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p>Indiv&#237;duos com bloqueio de ramo do feixe de His, em geral, s&#227;o exclu&#237;dos de estudos sobre o ECGAR no dom&#237;nio do tempo, pois a altera&#231;&#227;o da ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular pode tanto mascarar como simular potenciais tardios. Em portadores de bloqueio de ramo, zonas mioc&#225;rdicas anormais gerando sinais de baixa amplitude podem ser completamente obscurecidas pela ativa&#231;&#227;o retardada das regi&#245;es do mioc&#225;rdio normal. Por&#233;m, resultados falso-positivos podem ser obtidos quando na aplica&#231;&#227;o de filtros de alta freq&#252;&#234;ncia sobre a por&#231;&#227;o final do QRS de amplitude menor do que a normal. </p>
    <p>H&#225; discord&#226;ncia quanto &#224; exclus&#227;o de pacientes com bloqueio de ramo dos trabalhos envolvendo o eletrocardiograma de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o no dom&#237;nio do tempo. Segundo Moffa<sup>20</sup>, a incid&#234;ncia de arritmia ventricular maligna neste grupo &#233; alta em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles indiv&#237;duos sem anomalia de condu&#231;&#227;o (14% <italic>versus</italic> 4%). Al&#233;m do mais, a incid&#234;ncia de bloqueio de ramo &#233; relativamente alta em indiv&#237;duos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. (Neste trabalho foi de 121 pacientes - 42,0%). Alguns autores estabeleceram crit&#233;rios diferentes para identificar a presen&#231;a de potencial tardio em pacientes com bloqueios de ramo. Para Nalos e cols.<sup>21</sup>, o potencial tardio &#233; considerado positivo na presen&#231;a de bloqueio de ramo, quando todas as tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis analisadas no dom&#237;nio do tempo forem anormais, utilizando-se os seguintes valores de refer&#234;ncia: QRS filtrado <underline>&gt;</underline> 120 ms, dura&#231;&#227;o do sinal abaixo de 40mV <underline>&gt;</underline> 40ms e voltagem da raiz quadrada nos &#250;ltimos 40ms <underline>&lt;</underline> 15 mV. Para Fontaine e cols.<sup>22</sup>, os crit&#233;rios que consideram de maior utilidade s&#227;o a voltagem da raiz quadrada nos &#250;ltimos 40ms <underline>&lt;</underline>17mV, isoladamente ou n&#227;o, com dura&#231;&#227;o do sinal abaixo de 40 mV <underline>&gt;</underline> 55ms. Para estes autores, a adi&#231;&#227;o da exig&#234;ncia de um QRS filtrado &gt; 180ms a estes crit&#233;rios n&#227;o altera a acur&#225;cia preditiva total.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, o potencial tardio nos pacientes com bloqueio de ramo foi identificado atrav&#233;s dos crit&#233;rios de Moraes<sup>14</sup> m&#233;todo utilizado posteriormente em outros trabalhos <sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS standard maior ou igual a 120ms apresentou uma correla&#231;&#227;o importante com o progn&#243;stico (j&#225; comprovado em portadores de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo) segundo o qual 63 (70%) pacientes apresentaram m&#225; evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A poss&#237;vel influ&#234;ncia de medicamentos &#233; um ponto a ser questionado. Pacientes em uso de drogas antiarritmicas do grupo I e de amiodarona t&#234;m a interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados do eletrocardiograma de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o prejudicada, segundo a experi&#234;ncia de alguns autores<sup>24,25</sup>. No entanto, um estudo prospectivo<sup>26</sup> com 27 casos de cardiomiopatia dilatada, com o objetivo de estudar o uso de amiodarona e sua correla&#231;&#227;o com o eletrocardiograma de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o, utilizou grava&#231;&#245;es seriadas do eletrocardiograma de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o e eletrocardiograma convencional antes da administra&#231;&#227;o de amiodarona e ap&#243;s 2 meses e subseq&#252;entemente com intervalos de 3 meses. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com os achados iniciais, houve um aumento da dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS filtrado e n&#227;o ocorreu altera&#231;&#227;o na voltagem do QRS nos 40ms finais. A incid&#234;ncia de potencial tardio manteve-se constante. Neste estudo, 21 (7,3%) dos indiv&#237;duos faziam uso de amiodarona e a droga n&#227;o foi suspensa por tratar-se de um grupo com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca importante e com alto risco de arritmia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>CONCLUS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A etiologia que levou &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o guarda correla&#231;&#227;o com a incid&#234;ncia de potencial tardio ao eletrocardiograma de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o no dom&#237;nio do tempo. A presen&#231;a do potencial tardio est&#225; relacionada &#224; maior incid&#234;ncia de taquicardia ventricular sustentada e &#224; morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca. A sobrevida foi menor nos indiv&#237;duos que apresentaram potencial tardio presente. Portanto, a presen&#231;a de potencial tardio ao eletrocardiograma de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o mostrou-se um marcador de mau progn&#243;stico em portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Ernani de Sousa Grell </p>
        <p> Rua Corinto, 739/62-A </p>
        <p> 05586-060 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="egrell@cardiol.br">egrell@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 28/11/04 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 17/10/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Time domain analysis of the signal averaged electrocardiogram to detect late potentials in heart failure patients with different etiologies</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency, clinical correlations and prognosis influence of late potentials on the of heart failure patients with different etiologies using the signal averaged electrocardiogram. METHODS: A 42 month study of the signal averaged electrocardiograms of 288 heart failure patients with different etiologies was conducted. The group of patients included 215 males (74.65%) and 73 females (25.35%) between the ages of 16 and 70 (mean 51.5, standard deviation 11.24). The heart failure etiologies were: hypertensive heart disease (78 patients, 27.1%); idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (73 patients, 25.4%); ischemic cardiomyopathy (65 patients, 22.6%); Chagas disease (42 patients, 14.6%); alcoholic cardiomyopathy (9 patients, 3.1%); peripartum cardiomyopathy (6 patients, 2.1%); valvular heart disease (2 patients, 4.2%) and viral myocarditis (3 patients, 1.04%). The variables included the duration of the standard QRS complex, duration of the filtered QRS complex, duration of the signal below 40&#181;V and the root mean square of the last 40ms which were analyzed in regard to age, gender, etiology and mortality as well as the findings of the 12-lead electrocardiogram at rest, echocardiogram and ambulatory electrocardiogram. The statistical analysis tests used were: the Fisher exact probability test, Student&#8217;s t-test, Mann Whitney test, variance analysis, Log-Hank and the Kaplan-Meyer method. RESULTS: Late potentials were diagnosed in 90 patients (31.3%) and there was no association with the etiologies. The presence of this condition is associated with: a lower maximum oxygen uptake during the ergospirometry (p=0.001); sustained and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia during Holter monitoring (p=0.001), sudden death and mortality (p&lt;0.05). Patients that did not present late potentials had a higher overlife rate. CONCLUSION: The presence of late potentials was not associated with the etiologies and proved to be an indication of a worse prognosis.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>signal averaged electrocardiogram</kwd>
        <kwd>prognosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Time domain analysis of the signal averaged electrocardiogram to detect late potentials in heart failure patients with different etiologies  </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ernani de Sousa Grell; Rog&#233;rio Silva de Paula; Nancy Maria Martins de Oliveira Tobias; Paulo Jorge Moffa; C&#233;sar Jos&#233; Grupi; Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To evaluate the frequency, clinical correlations and prognosis influence of late potentials on the of heart failure patients with different etiologies using the signal averaged electrocardiogram.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>A 42 month study of the signal averaged electrocardiograms of 288 heart failure patients with different etiologies was conducted. The group of patients included 215 males (74.65%) and 73 females (25.35%) between the ages of 16 and 70 (mean 51.5, standard deviation 11.24). The heart failure etiologies were: hypertensive heart disease (78 patients, 27.1%); idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (73 patients, 25.4%); ischemic cardiomyopathy (65 patients, 22.6%); Chagas disease (42 patients, 14.6%); alcoholic cardiomyopathy (9 patients, 3.1%); peripartum cardiomyopathy (6 patients, 2.1%); valvular heart disease (2 patients, 4.2%) and viral myocarditis (3 patients, 1.04%). The variables included the duration of the standard QRS complex, duration of the filtered QRS complex, duration of the signal below 40&#181;V and the root mean square of the last 40ms which were analyzed in regard to age, gender, etiology and mortality as well as the findings of the 12-lead electrocardiogram at rest, echocardiogram and ambulatory electrocardiogram. The statistical analysis tests used were: the Fisher exact probability test, Student&#146;s t-test, Mann Whitney test, variance analysis, Log-Hank and the Kaplan-Meyer method.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Late potentials were diagnosed in 90 patients (31.3%) and there was no association with the etiologies. The presence of this condition is associated with: a lower maximum oxygen uptake during the ergospirometry (p=0.001); sustained and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia during Holter monitoring (p=0.001), sudden death and mortality (p&lt;0.05). Patients that did not present late potentials had a higher overlife rate.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The presence of late potentials was not associated with the etiologies and proved to be an indication of a worse prognosis.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Heart failure, signal averaged electrocardiogram, prognosis.</p>
      <p>Late potentials are high frequency, low amplitude, microvolt-size (&#181;V) signals at the end of the QRS complex and the beginning of the ST segment that are related to fragmented and delayed electrical activity in the ventricles, enabling the genesis of sustained ventricular tachycardia through reentry mechanism. Late potentials can be identified using a signal averaged electrocardiogram (SAECG)<sup>1</sup>. The presence of late potentials was detected in patients with ventricular aneurysms<sup>2,3</sup>, tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation<sup>4</sup>, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia<sup>5</sup>, and is associated with a higher frequency of sudden cardiac death<sup>6</sup>. </p>
      <p>In heart failure patients, the presence of late potentials has been investigated in small case studies that do not include patients with Chagas disease<sup>6-8</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is admitted that 40% of the deaths in heart failure patients are sudden and caused by cardiac arrhythmias<sup>9-12</sup>. The SAECG is a noninvasive and relatively simple method which is a useful tool to identify patients with a higher risk of developing lethal cardiac arrhythmias. We formulated the hypothesis that the discovery of late potentials could contribute to identify heart failure patients with a higher risk of death.</p>
      <p>We outlined the present study to evaluate the presence of late potentials in a cohort of heart failure patients with different etiologies, their clinical associations and their relation with mortality.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Patients </italic>- The study included a cohort of 288 outpatients, 215 males (74.7%) and 73 females (25.4%), between the ages of 16 and 70 (51.5 &#177; 11.2).</p>
      <p>The clinical evaluation included the patient&#146;s medical history, a physical examination, chest x-ray, 12-lead electrocardiogram, ambulatory electrocardiogram, signal averaged electrocardiogram, echocardiogram and ergospirometry. The follow-up timeframe was between July 1998 and December 2001 and varied from 8 to 42 months (36.0 &#177; 4.5). Follow-up for each patient started on the day of the SAECG and ended on the date of the last clinical observation or death.</p>
      <p>Two hundred and eighty-eight individuals were evaluated: 78 (27.1%) hypertensive heart disease patients; 73 (25.4%) idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy patients; 65 (22.6%) ischemic cardiomyopathy patients; 42 (14.6%) Chagas disease patients; 12 (4.2%) valvular heart disease patients; 9 (3.1%) alcoholic cardiomyopathy patients; 6 (2.1%) peripartum cardiomyopathy patients and 3 (1.0%) viral myocarditis patients. In order to facilitate the statistical analysis the last four etiologies mentioned above were combined in a single group named <italic>others</italic> which included 30 individuals (10.3%).</p>
      <p>The patients were divided in two groups: Group 1 without late potentials and Group 2 with late potentials. Patient death ended the follow-up.</p>
      <p><italic>Diagnostic criteria</italic> &#150; The Framingham criteria<sup>13</sup> was used to diagnose heart failure and was established if the patient had at least two major criteria or one major and two minor criteria.</p>
      <p>The diagnosis of the heart failure etiology was based on criteria previously published in medical literature for patients with symptomatic heart failure or left ventricular systolic dysfunction. (World Health Organization / International Society and Federation of Cardiology, 1980, Report of 1995 World Health Organization / International Society and Federation of Cardiology Task Force on the Definition and Classification of Cardiomyopathies, 1996 and International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, tenth revision &#150; CID 10, 1993) An ischemic cardiomyopathy diagnosis was made based on patients with symptomatic heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction that had a history of myocardial infarction, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, myocardial revascularization, stable angina pectoris, an altered electrocardiogram, myocardial ischemia demonstrated by an altered exercise stress test, myocardial perfusion scintigraphy or a cineangiocardiography showing an obstruction greater than 75%.</p>
      <p><italic>Inclusion criteria</italic> &#150; Patients between the ages of 16 and 70 with a diagnosis of symptomatic congestive heart failure caused by ventricular systolic dysfunction were included in the study.</p>
      <p><italic>Exclusion criteria</italic> &#150; Patients with the following conditions were excluded from the study: aortic aneurysm, artificial pacemaker, atrial fibrillation or flutter, pregnant women, recent (less than 3 months) myocardial infarction or heart surgery, unstable angina pectoris, presence of myocardial ischemia during the exercise stress test, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, recent systemic infection, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or neoplasias. Patients using amiodarone were not excluded.</p>
      <p><italic>Signal averaged electrocardiogram (SAECG) </italic>&#150; The signal averaged electrocardiogram was recorded using the Arrhythmia Research Technology Inc. 1200 EPX machine. The Frank orthogonal X, Y and Z electrographic lead arrangement and a broad bandwidth bidirectional filter (0.05 to 250Hz) with a frequency cut-off (lower value) of 40Hz were used. An acceptable noise level was considered as &lt; 0.3&#181;V with a gain of 2000/4000.</p>
      <p><italic>Late potential diagnosis </italic>&#150; The presence of late potentials was detected based on the criteria of the American College of Cardiology: 1) duration of the end of the QRS complex <underline>&gt;</underline> 114ms; 2) duration of the signal below 40&#181;V <underline>&gt;</underline> 38ms; 3) root mean square voltage of the last 40ms <underline>&lt;</underline> 20&#181;V. In accordance with the findings of Moraes<sup>14</sup>, only the root mean square voltage in the last 40ms <underline>&lt;</underline> 14&#181;V was used for the patients with a bundle branch block.</p>
      <p><italic>Variables studied</italic> &#150; The variables studied included: a) age; b) gender; c) heart failure etiology; d) inactive area found with the 12-lead electrocardiogram; e) bundle branch blocks detected with the 12-lead electrocardiogram; f) diameters of the left ventricle during the diastole and systole from the echocardiogram; g) left ventricle ejection fraction from the echocardiogram; h) maximum oxygen uptake during the ergospirometry; i) sustained ventricular tachycardia detected on the ambulatory electrocardiogram; j) duration of the standard QRS complex; k) duration of the filtered QRS complex; l) duration of the signal below 40&#181;V; and m) the root mean square voltage of the last 40ms, on the signal averaged electrocardiogram.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> &#150; Comparisons of the data between the two groups (with and without late potentials) and within the groups were conducted with the following statistical tests: 1) chi-square test or Fisher exact probability test for comparisons between two categorical variables with two categories each; 2) Student&#146;s t-test for comparisons between the averages of the two groups for continuous variables; 3) Mann &#150; Whitney test (non-parametric), for comparisons between the two groups (with and without late potentials) for numerical variables (number of occurrences); 4) ANOVA (variance analysis), for comparisons between more than two groups in the case of continuous variables; 5) log-rank test to compare the survival curve; 6) Kaplan-Meier method for death related variables. The operational variables used were: sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predicative value and negative predictive value.</p>
      <p>The significance level was p&lt;0.05. The statistical analysis was conducted using the statistical program SPSS for Windows.</p>
      <p>Ethical aspects - The protocol was approved by the Scientific and Ethics Commission of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the University of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School. The patients were briefed on the details of the study and were included in the protocol after signing the free and informed consent form.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESUTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Late potentials detected by the signal averaged electrocardiogram</italic> - Out of the total number of 288 individuals included in the study, 90 (31.3%) were diagnosed with late potentials (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0241-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The duration of the standard QRS complex varied from 80 to 242ms (124.9 &#177; 31.3); the duration of the filtered QRS complex varied from 76 to 254ms (131.7 &#177; 33.90); the duration of the signal below 40&#181;V varied from 6 to 183ms (33.0 &#177; 20.57); and the root mean square voltage during the last 40ms varied from 4.20 to 267.30&#181;V (44.0 &#177; 42.42). </p>
      <p><italic>Late potentials in relation to clinical variables &#150;</italic> Patients with late potentials had an older mean age (54.5 &#177; 10 versus 50.1&#177; 11.5); (p=0.004).</p>
      <p>Patients with late potentials presented a higher incidence of sustained ventricular tachycardia (32/37 &#150; 86.5% vs. 5/37 &#150; 13.5%) during the ambulatory electrocardiogram (p=0.001). Late potential sensitivity to identify this arrhythmia was 86.5%; specificity 76.9%; accuracy 78.1%; positive predictive value 35.6% and negative predictive value 97.5%.</p>
      <p>No association was found between the heart failure etiology and the presence of late potentials. However, the durations of the standard QRS complex and the filtered QRS complex revealed different mean value indexes for Chagas disease and dilated cardiomyopathy in relation to the other etiologies (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0241-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>No correlation was found between the presence of late potentials in relation to gender, heart failure etiology, the presence of electrically inactive areas during the electrocardiogram at rest, the presence of right or left bundle branch blocks or the size of the heart chambers on the echocardiogram. </p>
      <p>From the 288 patients in the study, 142 (49.3%) died; 49 (17.0%) had late potentials and 93 (32.3%) did not have late potentials.</p>
      <p>Cause of death was classified as: heart disease evolution, sudden death and other causes not related to heart failure (pneumonia, digestive hemorrhage, stroke, etc.) Eighty patients (56.3% of the total number of deaths) died as a result of heart failure evolution. From these 80 patients, 21 (26.3%) had late potentials and 59 (73.7%) did not. Twenty-nine patients suffered sudden death (10.1%) of which 26 had late potentials (89.5%) and 3 (10.3%) did not (p&lt;0.05). Of the 29 patients that suffered sudden death, 17 (58.6%), had late potentials and had presented a previous episode of sustained ventricular tachycardia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0241-00003-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The following observations were noted in relation to the evolution of the patients: a) adverse evolution (sustained ventricular tachycardia, sudden death or death as a result of heart failure evolution); and b) favorable evolution (none of the complications described). One hundred and seventy-seven patients (61.5%) had a favorable evolution of which 42 (46.7%) had late potentials and 135 (68.2%) did not. One hundred and eleven (38.5%) had an adverse evolution of which 48 (53.3%) had late potentials and 63 (31.8%) did not. (p=0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0241-00003-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The overlife rate was lower in the group with late potentials.</p>
      <p><italic>Late potentials in relation to echocardiograph findings </italic>&#150; The diameter of the left ventricle during the diastole and systole, the diameter of the left atrium and the left ventricle ejection fraction were analyzed. The diameter of the left atrium varied from 27 to 80mm (mean 47.36; standard deviation 7.47). The diameter of the left ventricle during the diastole varied from 40 to 105mm (mean 73.98; standard deviation 9.57). The diameter of the left ventricle during the systole varied from 30 to 95mm (mean 63.71; standard deviation 8.64). No significant differences were found in relation to late potentials for the echocardiogram variables studied.</p>
      <p><italic>Late potentials in relation to the ergospirometry </italic> &#150; The analysis of maximum oxygen uptake varied from 4.6 to 33.7 ml/Kg/min (mean 19.59; standard deviation 8.53). In the patients that presented late potentials a value of 16.99 ml/Kg/min with a standard deviation of 8.16 was found. For the patients that did not have late potentials this value was significantly higher, that is, 20.78 ml/kg/min with a standard deviation of 8.45 (p=0.001).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study presented some significant observations. The most important finding was the confirmation that the presence of late potentials with congestive heart failure is related to an adverse prognosis with a higher incidence of sustained ventricular tachycardia and cardiac sudden death. More than one half of the patients (53.3%) with late potentials presented an unfavorable evolution and 26 of the 29 patients that suffered a sudden death had late potentials. The findings of this study are in agreement with those of Ohnishi et al<sup>6</sup>. These authors described a high incidence of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death in 54 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and an altered signal-averaged electrocardiogram using the following criteria for detecting late potentials: duration of the filtered QRS complex &gt;120ms or the root mean square voltage in the last 40ms &lt; 20&#181;V. Nevertheless there is controversy. The studies of Meinertz et al<sup>7</sup> and Middlekauff et al<sup>8</sup> did not find the signal averaged electrocardiogram to be predictive of sudden death or ventricular arrhythmia. The number of patients in both of these studies was low (30 and 22 patients, respectively) and they used different criteria to detect late potentials. Only one of the 30 patients in the non-ischemic cardiomyopathy group of Meinhertz et al<sup>7</sup> had an altered signal averaged electrocardiogram. Eleven patients died during the course of the study of which 5 were a result of heart failure evolution. The author concluded that the signal averaged electrocardiogram was not predictive of sudden death even though the sample was too small to make any definite conclusions.</p>
      <p>The finding that there is a higher incidence of male individuals 215 (74.7%) with heart failure is in agreement with reliable studies such as the Framingham study. Nevertheless, the direct relationship between aging and a higher incidence of late potentials found in this study was a new fact even though aging has already been identified as a contributing factor for a worse prognosis. This was demonstrated in the Framingham study and revealed that for each decade of life mortality rates increase by 27% for males and by 61% for females. </p>
      <p>No association was found between heart failure etiologies and late potentials. It is possible that late potentials and arrhythmia are generated by a common mechanism that is involved in the various etiologies that lead to heart failure. Interstitial fibrosis and myocardial hypertrophy are frequently found in biopsies of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, Chagas disease, ischemic cardiomyopathy, etc. which can cause abnormal electrical conduction. It has been demonstrated that the signal averaged electrocardiogram is a useful tool to identify patients with delayed ventricular activation and consequently a substrate to trigger arrhythmia. This study demonstrated a correlation between the standard QRS complex and the filtered QRS complex in relation to dilated cardiomyopathy and Chagas disease. It is known that these pathologies lead to a sporadic fibrotic process in the heart. A specific study to enable the noninvasive investigation of the extent of myocardial fibrosis and signal averaged electrocardiogram variables was proposed by Yamada et al<sup>15</sup>. The group studied 32 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy using a myocardial biopsy and a signal averaged electrocardiogram. They found a direct relationship between the extent of the fibrotic area and the duration of the filtered QRS complex (p&lt;0.001), duration of the signal below 40&#181;V (p&lt;0.001) and the root mean square voltage in the last 40ms (p&lt;0.005). </p>
      <p>The presence of late potentials on the signal averaged electrocardiogram has demonstrated its predictive value for sudden death in heart failure patients<sup>16-19</sup>. The objective of the present study was investigate similar correlations for congestive heart failure caused not only by heart failure but also by other etiologies.</p>
      <p>In relation to the findings on the echocardiogram, surprisingly, not even the ejection fraction or the left ventricle diameter during the diastole - variables identified as main heart failure capacity quantifiers - demonstrated a correlation with alterations on the signal averaged electrocardiogram. However, the maximum oxygen uptake during the ergospirometry was correlated and therefore is a good variable to analyze the peripheral component of heart failure. </p>
      <p>Individuals with His bundle blocks are usually excluded from time domain SAECG studies, since the ventricular activation alterations can either mask or simulate late potentials. In patients with bundle branch blocks, abnormal myocardial zones generating low amplitude signals could be completely masked by the delayed activation of the normal myocardial regions. However, false positive results can be obtained when the high frequency filters are placed over the end portion of a QRS complex that has a lower than normal amplitude. </p>
      <p>There is disagreement regarding the exclusion of patients with bundle branch blocks from studies involving time domain signal averaged electrocardiograms. According to Moffa <sup>20</sup>, the incidence of malignant ventricular arrhythmia in this group is higher than in individuals without conduction abnormalities (14% versus 4%). Additionally, the incidence of bundle branch blocks is relatively high in individuals with heart failure. (In this study there were 121 patients &#150; 42.0%). Some authors have established different criteria to identify late potentials in patients with bundle branch blocks. For Nalos et al<sup>21</sup>, late potentials are considered positive in the presence of a bundle branch block when all three variables analyzed in the time domain are abnormal, using the following reference values: filtered QRS complex <underline>&gt;</underline> 120 ms, duration of signal below 40&#181;V <underline>&gt;</underline> 40ms and root mean square voltage in the last 40ms <underline>&lt;</underline> 15 &#181;V. For Fontaine et al<sup>22</sup>, the criteria that they considered as the best indicator was a root mean square voltage in the last 40ms of <underline>&lt;</underline>17&#181;V, with or without a signal below 40 &#181;V for a duration <underline>&gt;</underline> 55ms. For these authors the additional requirement of a filtered QRS complex &gt; 180ms does not alter the total predictive accuracy.</p>
      <p>In this study, late potentials in the patients with bundle branch blocks were identified using the criteria of Moraes<sup>14</sup>, a method used subsequently in other studies<sup>23</sup>. </p>
      <p>A standard QRS complex duration greater than or equal to 120ms presented a significant correlation with the prognosis (already proven in individuals with left bundle branch blocks) and 63 patients (70%) with this condition presented an adverse evolution. </p>
      <p>The possible influence of medications is a point to be questioned. According to the experience of some authors<sup>24,25</sup>, the interpretation of the signal averaged electrocardiogram results is jeopardized for the patients in group 1 using antiarrhythmic drugs and amiodarone. However, a prospective study<sup>26</sup> with 27 cases of dilated cardiomyopathy was conducted to analyze the use of amiodarone and its correlation with the signal averaged electrocardiogram. This study used a series of recordings from the signal averaged and conventional electrocardiograms that were taken before the administration of amiodarone, 2 months after the administration of amiodarone and subsequently with 3 month intervals. In comparison with the initial findings there was an increase in the duration of the filtered QRS complex however there was no alteration in the QRS voltage during the last 40ms. The incidence of late potentials remained constant. In this study, 21 (7.3%) of the individuals used amiodarone and the drug was not suspended as these patients had serious heart failure and a high risk of developing cardiac arrhythmia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>CONCLUSIONS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The etiology that led to heart failure has no correlation with the incidence of late potentials detected by the time domain signal averaged electrocardiogram. The presence of late potentials is related to a higher incidence of sustained ventricular tachycardia and cardiac sudden death. Expected overlife was lower in the individuals that presented late potentials. Therefore, the presence of late potentials on the signal averaged electrocardiogram proved to be an indication of an unfavorable prognosis in individuals with congestive heart failure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Ernani de Sousa Grell</p>
          <p> Rua Corinto, 739/62-A</p>
          <p> 05586-060 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="egrell@cardiol.br">egrell@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 11/28/04</p>
      <p> Accepted on 10/17/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
