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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8TcWYwHJ4McKpLk7MzQbYxQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001600002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001600002</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Alta dose de amiodarona em curto per&#237;odo reduz incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e flutter atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alcalde</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guaragna</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bodanese</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Iran</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sussenbach</surname>
            <given-names>Eliana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Noer</surname>
            <given-names>Roberta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goldani</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feier</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Petracco</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Batista</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>236</fpage>
      <lpage>240</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVOS: Avaliar se a administra&#231;&#227;o de amiodarona, em doses altas e curso r&#225;pido, reduz a incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial, ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e se reduz, tamb&#233;m, o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. M&#201;TODOS: A amostra se constituiu de 93 pacientes randomizados, em estudo duplo-cego, para receberem amiodarona (46 pacientes) ou placebo (47 pacientes). A terapia consistia na aplica&#231;&#227;o de 600mg de amiodarona, tr&#234;s vezes ao dia, iniciada no m&#237;nimo 30 horas e no m&#225;ximo 56 horas antes da cirurgia. RESULTADOS: Fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio ocorreu em 8 dos 46 pacientes no grupo amiodarona (17,4%) e em 19 dos 47 pacientes no grupo placebo (40,4%) (p=0,027). A dose m&#233;dia de amiodarona foi de 2,8g. Os pacientes do grupo amiodarona ficaram hospitalizados por 8,9&#177;3,1 dias, enquanto a interna&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes do grupo placebo foi de 11,4&#177; 8,7 dias (p=0,07). O tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o foi significativamente prolongado nos pacientes que desenvolveram fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial ap&#243;s a cirurgia, independente do grupo randomizado. CONCLUS&#195;O: Esta nova alternativa de administra&#231;&#227;o de amiodarona em alta dose e por um curto per&#237;odo, antes da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, reduz a incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio desta cirurgia.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Amiodarona</kwd>
        <kwd>fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>flutter atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGOS ORIGINAIS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Alta dose de amiodarona em curto per&#237;odo reduz incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e flutter atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rafael Vieira Alcalde; Jo&#227;o Carlos Guaragna; Luiz Carlos Bodanese; Iran Castro; Eliana Sussenbach; Roberta Noer; Marco Ant&#244;nio Goldani; Fl&#225;via Feier; Jo&#227;o Batista Petracco</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da PUCRS e Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o da Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - Porto Alegre, RS</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS:</bold> Avaliar se a administra&#231;&#227;o de amiodarona, em doses altas e curso r&#225;pido, reduz a incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial, ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e se reduz, tamb&#233;m, o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> A amostra se constituiu de 93 pacientes randomizados, em estudo duplo-cego, para receberem amiodarona (46 pacientes) ou placebo (47 pacientes). A terapia consistia na aplica&#231;&#227;o de 600mg de amiodarona, tr&#234;s vezes ao dia, iniciada no m&#237;nimo 30 horas e no m&#225;ximo 56 horas antes da cirurgia. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio ocorreu em 8 dos 46 pacientes no grupo amiodarona (17,4%) e em 19 dos 47 pacientes no grupo placebo (40,4%) (p=0,027). A dose m&#233;dia de amiodarona foi de 2,8g. Os pacientes do grupo amiodarona ficaram hospitalizados por 8,9&#177;3,1 dias, enquanto a interna&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes do grupo placebo foi de 11,4&#177; 8,7 dias (p=0,07). O tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o foi significativamente prolongado nos pacientes que desenvolveram fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial ap&#243;s a cirurgia, independente do grupo randomizado. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Esta nova alternativa de administra&#231;&#227;o de amiodarona em alta dose e por um curto per&#237;odo, antes da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, reduz a incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio desta cirurgia.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Amiodarona, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, flutter atrial e cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>A incid&#234;ncia de arritmias supraventriculares (fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial) no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio &#233; alta, alcan&#231;ando at&#233; 53% dos casos<sup>1 </sup>ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM). Pacientes que desenvolvem fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) ou flutter atrial (FLU), al&#233;m dos sintomas, geralmente desenvolvem comorbidades, prolongando o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e os custos<sup>2</sup>. Muitos m&#233;todos profil&#225;ticos para a redu&#231;&#227;o das arritmias supra-ventriculares, especialmente FA, v&#234;m sendo investigados com resultados animadores<sup>3</sup>. Uso profil&#225;tico de amiodarona vem mostrando ser efetivo em minimizar a incid&#234;ncia de FA<sup>1,4-10</sup>. Entretanto, a n&#227;o exist&#234;ncia de uma dose homog&#234;nea, per&#237;odo de tratamento e via de administra&#231;&#227;o observada nos diferentes estudos cl&#237;nicos, fazem com que se torne dif&#237;cil a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de amiodarona como m&#233;todo profil&#225;tico. Estudos utilizando amiodarona, por via oral, t&#234;m um longo per&#237;odo de administra&#231;&#227;o antes da cirurgia, o que dificulta a aplica&#231;&#227;o no nosso meio. Portanto, os objetivos deste estudo s&#227;o avaliar se a aplica&#231;&#227;o de 1.800mg/dia de amiodarona, iniciada no m&#237;nimo 30 horas e no m&#225;ximo 56 horas antes da cirurgia &#233; capaz de reduzir a incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial e verificar o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar entre os grupos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes - </italic>Noventa e tr&#234;s pacientes em ritmo sinusal, com cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica agendada eletivamente, foram randomizados para receberem 1.800mg/dia de amiodarona ou placebo. Todos os pacientes submeteram-se a CRM convencional.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes eram exclu&#237;dos do estudo, se apresentassem um ou mais dos seguintes crit&#233;rios: hist&#243;ria de uso de agentes antiarr&#237;tmicos classe I ou III nos &#250;ltimos 6 meses; hist&#243;ria de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial; hist&#243;ria de toxicidade com amiodarona; participa&#231;&#227;o em outro protocolo de estudo cl&#237;nico; tireoideopatia n&#227;o tratada; eleva&#231;&#227;o quatro vezes acima do valor de refer&#234;ncia de transaminases hep&#225;ticas; apresenta&#231;&#227;o com bloqueio &#225;trio-ventricular de segundo ou terceiro grau; freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca abaixo de 50 batimentos por minuto ou press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica abaixo de 100mmHg; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada; uso de marcapasso; realiza&#231;&#227;o de troca valvar concomitante com a CRM e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o inferior a 40%.</p>
    <p><italic>Desenho do estudo</italic> - Estudo randomizado, duplo-cego, controlado por placebo. Todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento informado. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica e pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o local. Os pacientes que consentiram foram randomizados para receberem a medica&#231;&#227;o do estudo no mesmo dia. Amiodarona foi prescrita na dose de 600mg tr&#234;s vezes ao dia, iniciando no m&#237;nimo 30 horas e no m&#225;ximo 56 horas antes da cirurgia.</p>
    <p>A medica&#231;&#227;o placebo era id&#234;ntica, em apar&#234;ncia, &#224; amiodarona. Outras medica&#231;&#245;es de terapia convencional n&#227;o foram modificadas pelo protocolo.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a CRM com circula&#231;&#227;o extra-corp&#243;rea e o procedimento anest&#233;sico foi similar para todos. A op&#231;&#227;o do uso da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna foi deixada a crit&#233;rio da equipe cl&#237;nica e cir&#250;rgica. Ap&#243;s a cirurgia, os pacientes foram admitidos na unidade de cuidados intensivos (UCI) e todos os procedimentos seguiram a rotina do servi&#231;o. Os pacientes mantiveram-se sob monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica cont&#237;nua at&#233; a alta da UCI para a enfermaria, sendo ent&#227;o monitorados atrav&#233;s de exames cl&#237;nicos di&#225;rios e eletrocardiogramas. </p>
    <p>Eletrocardiogramas adicionais eram realizados quando o paciente apresentasse sintomas, como palpita&#231;&#245;es e/ou suspei&#231;&#227;o de arritmias. N&#227;o se realizou telemetria nos pacientes at&#233; a alta hospitalar.</p>
    <p>Foram analisados no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio os desfechos de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, sangramento, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e flutter atrial. </p>
    <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio do estudo foi o desenvolvimento de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial, registrado atrav&#233;s do eletrocardiograma e analisado por dois cardiologistas, no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, at&#233; a alta hospitalar. O desfecho secund&#225;rio foi o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. </p>
    <p>Para ser considerado desfecho prim&#225;rio, o epis&#243;dio deveria ter dura&#231;&#227;o de, no m&#237;nimo, 10 minutos ou, se inferior a este tempo, ter causado instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica. Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foi caracterizada no eletrocardiograma, por aus&#234;ncia de ondas P, antes de cada complexo QRS e uma freq&#252;&#234;ncia ventricular irregular. Flutter atrial foi caracterizado, no eletrocardiograma, por aus&#234;ncia de ondas P, presen&#231;a de ondas f bif&#225;sicas, podendo ser com bloqueio atrioventricular fixo ou vari&#225;vel. Tratamento para a taquiarritmia supraventricular n&#227;o foi controlado pelo estudo. Todos os pacientes foram seguidos no per&#237;odo hospitalar.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> - Os dados foram analisados com base na inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o e comparadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic>, e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em propor&#231;&#227;o e comparadas pelos testes de qui-quadrado e Fischer. Um valor de p inferior a 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante. Os testes foram realizados utilizando software SPSS, vers&#227;o 11.0.1 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, Illinois).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Um total de 93 pacientes foram randomizados neste estudo. Vinte e oito caracter&#237;sticas basais foram coletadas. As caracter&#237;sticas basais mais representativas est&#227;o representadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>, refletindo similaridade entre os dois grupos. Idade, fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e comorbidades foram id&#234;nticas nos dois grupos. Aproximadamente 75% da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo estava em uso de beta-bloqueadores antes da cirurgia. Caracter&#237;sticas cir&#250;rgicas s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a entre os grupos. Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa foi realizada em 90 pacientes (96,7%), n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;as entre o grupo amiodarona e grupo placebo.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0236-00002-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0236-00002-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A dose m&#233;dia de amiodarona foi de 2,8&#177;0,7g. A droga do estudo foi interrompida precocemente em dois pacientes, sendo um do grupo amiodarona e outro do grupo placebo, devido a efeitos adversos gastrointestinais, que foram epigastralgia e diarr&#233;ia. Nenhum outro efeito adverso foi relacionado com a medica&#231;&#227;o do estudo. A dose m&#233;dia de amiodarona nos pacientes que desenvolveram fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi de 2,6&#177;0,7g versus 2,9&#177;0,7g, naqueles pacientes que se mantiveram em ritmo sinusal (p=0,37). </p>
    <p>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou flutter atrial ocorreram em 8 pacientes (17,4%) randomizados para o grupo amiodarona e em 19 pacientes (40,4%) randomizados para o grupo placebo, (p=0,027), representando uma redu&#231;&#227;o relativa de risco de 56%. Todos os 27 pacientes que desenvolveram fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio receberam alta hospitalar em ritmo sinusal.</p>
    <p>O tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar mostrou uma tend&#234;ncia a ser menor no grupo amiodarona: 8,9&#177;3,1 dias versus 11,5&#177;8,7 dias no grupo placebo (p=0,07). A ocorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial esteve associada a um aumento no per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o, independente da randomiza&#231;&#227;o, sendo de 14,5&#177;10,4 dias para os pacientes que desenvolveram arritmias e de 8,3&#177;2,3 dias para os pacientes que se mantiveram em ritmo sinusal (p&lt;0.001).</p>
    <p>Complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o fatais no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foram similares nos grupos amiodarona e placebo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>). Houve um significativo maior n&#250;mero de complica&#231;&#245;es no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio naqueles pacientes que desenvolveram fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial, independente da randomiza&#231;&#227;o, principalmente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio peri-operat&#243;rio apresentou tend&#234;ncia de ser mais freq&#252;ente no grupo que desenvolveu fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. 4</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0236-00002-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0236-00002-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, prop&#244;s-se a dose de amiodarona 600mg, administrada com intervalo de 8 horas por via oral, podendo variar a dose total de 1.800mg/dia at&#233; 4.200mg/dia. N&#227;o foi administrado f&#225;rmaco do estudo, amiodarona, no transoperat&#243;rio, nem depois da cirurgia. O uso profil&#225;tico de amiodarona via oral, na dose de 1.800mg/dia, com uma dose m&#233;dia total de 2.800mg, administrada no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, em um tempo curto &#150; m&#225;ximo 56 horas antes da cirurgia &#150; mostrou ser efetivo e seguro na redu&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou flutter atrial, apresentando uma redu&#231;&#227;o de risco de aproximadamente 56%. </p>
    <p>O fato que difere este trabalho dos demais descritos na literatura &#233; o curto espa&#231;o de tempo do tratamento, associado &#224; aus&#234;ncia de uso de droga do estudo durante e ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Outra diferen&#231;a &#233; a dose elevada, a mais alta da literatura, sem efeitos adversos significativos.</p>
    <p>Dauod e cols.<sup>1</sup> demonstraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o na incid&#234;ncia da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial de 54% com uso de amiodarona oral com dose m&#233;dia de 4,8g. Maras e cols.<sup>7</sup> utilizaram dose &#250;nica, via oral, de 1.200mg um dia antes da cirurgia e manuten&#231;&#227;o com 200mg/dia at&#233; o s&#233;timo dia do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, mostrando uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial apenas no grupo de pacientes idosos (26,7% vs 43,1%). A dose de amiodarona, utilizada por Katariya e cols.<sup>8</sup>, foi de 600mg/dia, iniciada no primeiro dia do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e mantida at&#233; a alta hospitalar, mostrando uma redu&#231;&#227;o na incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial de 19,7% no grupo controle para 4,7% no grupo que utilizou amiodarona. </p>
    <p>No estudo AFIST<sup>11</sup>, havia dois diferentes tratamentos com amiodarona. Um grupo recebia uma carga r&#225;pida &#150; 1.600mg um dia antes da cirurgia, 1.200mg no dia da cirurgia e 800mg a partir do primeiro dia do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio at&#233; o quarto dia. O outro grupo come&#231;ava a receber amiodarona cinco dias antes da cirurgia, na dose de 600mg/dia; no dia da cirurgia, recebia 800mg; e, ap&#243;s, mantinha a dose de 800mg/dia at&#233; o quarto dia do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Na an&#225;lise, os dois tipos de tratamento foram agrupados, mostrando uma redu&#231;&#227;o na incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial a favor do grupo amiodarona, conferindo uma redu&#231;&#227;o de risco de 61%.</p>
    <p>White e cols.<sup>10</sup> compararam duas estrat&#233;gias de uso profil&#225;tico de amiodarona via oral. O primeiro grupo recebeu amiodarona via oral, iniciando cinco dias antes da cirurgia, sendo mantida at&#233; totalizar 7g; o outro grupo recebeu ataque r&#225;pido de amiodarona, a partir do dia anterior da cirurgia, na dose de 1.600mg, e mantido com 800mg/dia at&#233; totalizar 6g e o terceiro grupo recebeu placebo. Pacientes que receberam 7g apresentaram uma significativa redu&#231;&#227;o de risco de 48,4% para ocorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, quando comparado com placebo, enquanto que os pacientes que receberam 6g de amiodarona apresentaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o de risco de 34% (p=0,054).</p>
    <p>Certamente, o fato de se necessitar de apenas dois dias de pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio para ser iniciada a profilaxia da fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial, ajuda a tornar este m&#233;todo com maior aplicabilidade, j&#225; que um dos principais empecilhos para o n&#227;o uso de amiodarona como profilaxia &#233; o grande tempo necess&#225;rio de uso do f&#225;rmaco no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, ou o uso iniciado no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato que, muitas vezes, vem associado &#224; grande instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, limitando, assim, o seu uso nestas situa&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a significativa no tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Os estudos sobre amiodarona s&#227;o consistentes na redu&#231;&#227;o da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; por&#233;m, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar, os resultados s&#227;o bastante diversos. O tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar, no estudo de White e cols.<sup>10</sup>, foi similar nos tr&#234;s grupos de pacientes, com m&#233;dia de 9,4; 9,3 e 9 dias para o grupo placebo, amiodarona carga lenta e carga r&#225;pida, respectivamente. Daoud e cols.<sup>1</sup>, entretanto, mostraram redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de 7,9 dias no grupo placebo, para 6,5 dias no grupo amiodarona. Outros autores como Dorge e cols.<sup>5</sup>, Guarnieriecols.<sup>6</sup>, Maras e cols.<sup>7 </sup>e Solomon e cols.<sup>9</sup> n&#227;o encontraram diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa no tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, enquanto autores como Katariya e cols.<sup>8</sup> e Lee e cols.<sup>4</sup> mostraram um efeito favor&#225;vel da amiodarona para diminuir o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Quando se realiza uma an&#225;lise conjunta destes estudos, verifica-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, com uma diferen&#231;a de -0,91 dias com IC 95% (-1,59 a -0,23)<sup>3</sup>, a favor da amiodarona.</p>
    <p>Quando foram analisados os pacientes que desenvolveram fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial, independente do grupo alocado para o tratamento, verificou-se que os pacientes que desenvolveram, em algum momento, epis&#243;dio de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial, apresentaram um maior tempo de perman&#234;ncia no UCI, bem como maior tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar. Esses achados s&#227;o concordantes com v&#225;rios estudos na literatura que revelaram um prolongamento de tr&#234;s a quatro dias na interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, naqueles pacientes que desenvolveram FA no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p><italic>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</italic> - Primeiro, o tamanho da amostra foi pequeno para demonstrar diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica no tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Segundo, n&#227;o foi realizada a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o com Holter para detectar arritmia supraventricular assintom&#225;tica, subestimando, portanto, a incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial. Entretanto, sabemos que a ocorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial assintom&#225;tico e fugaz no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio n&#227;o apresenta grandes implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, n&#227;o influenciando nos cuidados habituais dos pacientes. Terceiro, o protocolo do estudo n&#227;o inclu&#237;a o tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial; portanto,o aumento no tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar pode ter sido mais um reflexo da estrat&#233;gia do tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, do que o efeito do f&#225;rmaco do estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>CONCLUS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados deste estudo para preven&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou flutter atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, com a administra&#231;&#227;o de amiodarona oral na dose de 600mg administrada tr&#234;s vezes ao dia, iniciada no m&#237;nimo 30 horas e no m&#225;ximo 56 horas antes da cirurgia, mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o na incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial, embora o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar n&#227;o tenha sido significativamente reduzido. Portanto, acreditamos que o uso desta nova estrat&#233;gia, com amiodarona 1.800mg/dia no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, &#233; bem tolerado e apresenta-se como uma alternativa atraente para a preven&#231;&#227;o de taquiarritmias supraventriculares em pacientes candidatos a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Rafael Vieira Alcalde </p>
        <p> Rua Tim&#243;teo, 450 </p>
        <p> 90870-040 &#150; Porto Alegre, RS </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="alcalde@cardiol.br">alcalde@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 22/01/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 30/09/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">High dose of amiodarone in a short-term period reduces the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To investigate wheter oral amiodarone administered before surgery for a short period in high dose would reduce the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter and reduces the lenght of hospital stay. METHODS: In the double-blind, randomized study, 93 patients were given either oral amiodarone (46 patients) or placebo (47 patients). Therapy consisted of 600mg of amiodarone three times a day, started at mininum 30 hours and at maximum 56 hours before surgery. RESULTS: Postoperative atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter occurred in 8 of 46 patients in the amiodarone group (17.4%) and 19 of the 47 patients in the placebo group (40.4%) (p=0.027). The mean dose of amiodarone was 2.8g. Patients in the amiodarone group were hospitalized for 8.9&#177;3.1 days and patients in the placebo group were hospitalized for 11.4&#177; 8.7 days (p=0.07). The hospital lenght were significantly prolonged in patients who developed atrial arrhythmias after surgery, despite the treatment received.(p&lt;0.001). CONCLUSION: This new alternative way of using amiodarone in high dose and in a short-term period before surgery reduce the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter in coronary artery bypass graft surgery.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Amiodarone</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial flutter</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>High dose of amiodarone in a short-term period reduces the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Rafael Vieira Alcalde; Jo&#227;o Carlos Guaragna; Luiz Carlos Bodanese; Iran Castro; Eliana Sussenbach; Roberta Noer; Marco Ant&#244;nio Goldani; Fl&#225;via Feier; Jo&#227;o Batista Petracco</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da PUCRS e Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o da Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To investigate wheter oral amiodarone administered before surgery for a short period in high dose would reduce the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter and reduces the lenght of hospital stay.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> In the double-blind, randomized study, 93 patients were given either oral amiodarone (46 patients) or placebo (47 patients). Therapy consisted of 600mg of amiodarone three times a day, started at mininum 30 hours and at maximum 56 hours before surgery.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Postoperative atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter occurred in 8 of 46 patients in the amiodarone group (17.4%) and 19 of the 47 patients in the placebo group (40.4%) (p=0.027). The mean dose of amiodarone was 2.8g. Patients in the amiodarone group were hospitalized for 8.9&#177;3.1 days and patients in the placebo group were hospitalized for 11.4&#177; 8.7 days (p=0.07). The hospital lenght were significantly prolonged in patients who developed atrial arrhythmias after surgery, despite the treatment received.(p&lt;0.001).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> This new alternative way of using amiodarone in high dose and in a short-term period before surgery reduce the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter in coronary artery bypass graft surgery.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Amiodarone, Atrial fibrillation, Atrial flutter and Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery.</p>
      <p>The incidence of supraventricular arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter) in the postoperative period is high, reaching 53% of the cases<sup>1</sup> after myocardial revascularization surgery (MRS). Patients who develop atrial fibrillation (AF) or atrial flutter (AFLU) generally develop comorbidities in addition to symptoms, which increase the duration of hospital stay and costs<sup>2</sup>. Many prophylactic methods for the reduction of supraventricular arrhythmias, especially AF, have been investigated with promising results<sup>3</sup>. The prophylactic use of amiodarone has shown to be effective in minimizing the incidence of AF<sup>1, 4-10</sup>. However, the lack of a consensus regarding the homogenous dose, period of treatment and administration route observed among the clinical studies makes it difficult to utilize amiodarone as a prophylactic method. Studies utilizing oral amiodarone show a long period of preoperative administration, which hinders its use in our country. Therefore, the aims of this study are to analyze whether the oral use of 1,800 mg of amiodarone/day, started at least 30 hrs and at most 56 hrs before surgery can reduce the incidence of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter, and to compare the duration of hospital stay between the groups.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Patient population</italic> - Ninety-three patients in sinusal rhythm, who had been electively assigned to myocardial revascularization surgery (MRS), were randomly selected to receive 1,800 mg/day of oral amiodarone or placebo. All patients underwent conventional MRS.</p>
      <p>Exclusion criteria included a history of antiarrhythmic drug use class I or III in the previous 6 months; history of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter, history of toxicity with amiodarone use; participation in another clinical study protocol; untreated thyroidopathy; four-fold increase in the hepatic transaminases reference values; presence of second or third-degree atrioventricular block; cardiac frequency below 50 bpm or systolic blood pressure below 100 mmHg; decompensated heart failure; use of pacemaker; valve substitution concomitant with MRS and ejection fraction &lt; 40%.</p>
      <p><italic>Study Design</italic> - We carried out a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. All patients signed the informed consent form. The study protocol was approved by the Review Board of the local Institution. The patients who consented to study were randomized to receive the study medication on the same day. Amiodarone was prescribed at a dose of 600 mg three times a day, starting at least 30 hrs and at most 56 hrs before surgery.</p>
      <p>The placebo was identical, in appearance, to amiodarone. Other conventional drug therapies were not modified by the study protocol.</p>
      <p>All patients underwent MRS with extracorporeal circulation and the anesthetic procedure was similar for all of them. The choice of using the internal thoracic artery was left to the clinical and surgical team&#146;s discretion. After surgery, all patients were admitted the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and all procedures followed the Service routine. Patients were kept under continuous electrocardiographic monitoring until they were released from the ICU and transferred to the Infirmary, where they were monitored through daily clinical exams and electrocardiograms.</p>
      <p>Additional electrocardiograms were performed when the patient presented symptoms, such as palpitations and/or suspected arrhythmia. Patients did not undergo telemetry until hospital release.</p>
      <p>Myocardial infarction, heart failure, bleeding, brain ischemia, atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter were the outcomes analyzed in the postoperative period.</p>
      <p>The study primary outcome was the development of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter, registered through electrocardiogram and analyzed by two cardiologists, in the postoperative period until hospital release. The secondary outcome was the duration of hospital stay.</p>
      <p>In order to be considered a primary outcome, the episode should have lasted at least 10 minutes, or if it lasted less than that, it should have caused hemodynamic instability. Atrial fibrillation was characterized at the electrocardiogram by the absence of P waves before each QRS complex and an irregular ventricular frequency. Atrial flutter was characterized at the electrocardiogram by the absence of P waves, presence of biphasic F waves, with either fixed or variable atrioventricular block. Treatment for supraventricular tachyarrhythmia was not controlled by the study. All patients were followed during hospital stay.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical Analysis</italic> - The data were analyzed based on the intention to treat. Continuous variables were expressed as means and standard deviations and compared by student&#146;s t test, whereas categorical variables were expressed as proportions and compared by chi-square test and Fisher&#146;s exact test. A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Tests were performed with the SPSS software, version 11.0.1 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, Illinois).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 93 patients were randomized in this study. Twenty-eight basal characteristics were collected. The most representative basal characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>, reflecting similarity between the two groups. Age, ventricular function and comorbidities were identical in both groups. Approximately 75% of the study population was being treated with beta-blockers before surgery. Surgical characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>, with no difference between the groups. Complete revascularization was carried out in 90 patients (96.7%), with no difference between the amiodarone and placebo groups.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0236-00002-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0236-00002-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Amiodarone mean dose was 2.8&#177;0.7g. The study group was withdrawn shortly in two patients, one from the amiodarone group and the other from the placebo group, due to adverse gastrointestinal effects, i.e., epigastralgia and diarrhea. There were no further adverse effects related to the study medication. Mean amiodarone dose in patients who developed atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter in the postoperative period was de 2.6&#177;0.7g vs. 2.9&#177;0.7g, compared to those patients who maintained the sinusal rhythm (p=0.37).</p>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter occurred in 8 patients (17.4%) who had been randomized for the amiodarone group and in 19 patients (40.4%) of those randomly assigned to the placebo group (p=0.027), which represents a relative risk reduction of 56%. All 27 patients who developed atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter in the postoperative period presented sinusal rhythm at hospital release.</p>
      <p>Duration of hospital stay tended to be shorter for the amiodarone group, 8.9&#177;3.1 vs. 11.5&#177;8.7 days for the placebo group (p=0,07). The occurrence of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter was associated to an increase in the duration of hospital stay, regardless of the randomization, being 14.5&#177;10.4 days for patients who developed arrhythmias and 8.3&#177;2.3 days for those who kept the sinusal rhythm (p&lt;0.001).</p>
      <p>Non-fatal complications in the postoperative period were similar in the amiodarone and placebo groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). There was a significantly higher number of postoperative complications in those patients who developed atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter, regardless of the randomization, especially regarding the development of heart failure. Perioperative myocardial infarction showed a tendency to be more frequent in the group that developed atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0236-00002-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-0236-00002-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this study, a dose of 600 mg of oral amiodarone, administered every eight hours, with the total dose varying from 1,800 mg/day to 4,200 mg/day was proposed. The study drug, i.e., amiodarone, was administered neither during the transoperative nor in the postoperative periods. The prophylactic use of oral amiodarone, at a dose of 1,800 mg/day, with a mean total dose of 2,800 mg administered within a short-term period preoperatively - a maximum of 56 hrs before the surgery &#150; showed this drug to be effective and safe in reducing the incidence of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter, with a risk reduction decrease of approximately 56%.</p>
      <p>The distinguishing feature of this study when compared to the others described in literature is the short-term period of treatment, associated to the absence of drug use during and after surgery. Another difference is the elevated dose, the highest found in literature, with no significant adverse effects.</p>
      <p>Dauod et al<sup>1</sup> showed a reduction in the incidence of atrial fibrillation of 54% with the use of oral amiodarone with a mean dose of 4.8 g. Maras et al<sup>7</sup> utilized a single oral dose of 1,200 mg one day before surgery and maintenance dose of 200 mg/day until the seventh postoperative day, showing a significant reduction in the incidence of atrial fibrillation only among elderly patients (26.7% vs. 43.1%). The amiodarone dose utilized by Katariya et al<sup>8</sup> was 600 mg/day, started on the first postoperative day and kept until hospital release, showing a reduction in the incidence of atrial fibrillation of 19.7% in the control group to 4.7% in the amiodarone group. </p>
      <p>The AFIST Study<sup>11</sup> shows two different treatment regimens with amiodarone. One group received a rapid loading &#150; 1,600 mg one day before surgery, 1,200 mg on the day of the surgery and 800 mg on the first postoperative day for four days. The other group started receiving amiodarone five days before surgery, at a dose of 600 mg/day that was increased to 800 mg on the day of the surgery, and kept at 800 mg/day until the fourth postoperative day. At the analysis, the two types of treatment were grouped, showing a decrease in the incidence of atrial fibrillation in the amiodarone group, resulting in a risk reduction of 61%.</p>
      <p>White et al<sup>10</sup> compared two strategies of the prophylactic use of oral amiodarone. The first group received oral amiodarone, which was started five days before the surgery, and kept until it totaled 7g; the other group received a rapid loading of amiodarone from the day before the surgery, at a dose of 1,600 mg, and was kept with 800 mg until it totaled 6 g, and the third group received placebo. Patients who received 7 g presented a significant risk reduction of 48.4% for the occurrence of atrial fibrillation, when compared to the placebo group, whereas the patients who received 6 g of amiodarone presented a risk reduction of 34% (p=0.054).</p>
      <p>Indeed, the fact that only two days are necessary in the pre-operative period to start the prophylaxis of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter helps to make this method more applicable, as one of the main impediments for not using amiodarone as a prophylactic method is the long-term drug use in the preoperative period, or having its use started in the immediate postoperative period, which many times is accompanied by significant hemodynamic instability, limiting its use under these circumstances.</p>
      <p>No significant difference was observed regarding duration of hospital stay. The studies on amiodarone are consistent concerning the reduction of atrial fibrillation; however, regarding duration of hospital stay, the results are quite diverse. Duration of hospital stay in the study by White et al<sup>10</sup> was similar in the three groups of patients, with a mean of 9.4, 9.3 and 9.0 days for the placebo, slow loading amiodarone and rapid loading amiodarone groups, respectively. Daoud et al<sup>1</sup>, however, showed a significant reduction of 7.9 days in the placebo group, to 6.5 days in the amiodarone group. Other authors such as Dorge et al<sup>5</sup>, Guarnieri et al<sup>6</sup>, Maras et al<sup>7 </sup>and Solomon et al<sup>9</sup> did not find a significant decrease in duration of hospital stay, whereas authors such as Katariya et al<sup>8</sup> and Lee et al<sup>4</sup> demonstrated a favorable effect of amiodarone in reducing duration of hospital stay.</p>
      <p>When these studies are analyzed as a whole, a significant reduction in duration of hospital stay is observed, with a difference of &#150;0.91 days with CI of 95% (-1.59 to &#150;0.23)<sup>3</sup> in favor of amiodarone use.</p>
      <p>When the patients who developed atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter were analyzed, regardless of the treatment group they were assigned to, it was observed that the patients who presented, at any time, an episode of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter showed a longer duration of ICU stay, as well as a longer hospital stay. These findings are in accordance with several studies in the literature that showed an increase of 3 to 4 days in the hospital stay in those patients who developed AF in the postoperative period of myocardial revascularization surgery<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p><italic>Study limitations </italic>- Firstly, the sample size was small to demonstrate a statistical difference regarding duration of hospital stay. Secondly, Holter monitoring was not carried out to detect asymptomatic supraventricular arrhythmia, therefore underestimating the incidence of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. However, it is known that the occurrence of asymptomatic and transient atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter in the postoperative period does not represent significant clinical implications, with no influence on the routine care given to the patients. Thirdly, the study protocol did not include the treatment of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter; therefore, the increase of duration of hospital stay might have been due more to a reflex of the strategy of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter treatment in the postoperative period than the effect of the study drug.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>CONCLUSIONS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results of this study on atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter prevention in the postoperative period of myocardial revascularization surgery, with the administration of oral Amiodarone, 600 mg three times a day, initiated at least 30 hrs and at most 56 hrs before surgery, showed a decrease in the incidence of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter, although duration of hospital stay was not significantly reduced. Therefore, we believe the use of this new strategy, with the administration of oral Amiodarone at a dose of 1,800 mg/day in the preoperative period of myocardial revascularization surgery, is well tolerated and presents a desirable alternative for the prevention of supraventricular tachyarrhythmia in patients who are candidates to myocardial revascularization surgery.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Rafael Vieira Alcalde</p>
          <p> Rua Tim&#243;teo, 450</p>
          <p> 90870-040 &#150; Porto Alegre, RS</p>
          <p> Brazil E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="alcalde@cardiol.br">alcalde@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Received on 01/22/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 09/30/05</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
