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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">RG3gWXg7PjJmjrj7HkHzR7m</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00026</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001600026</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700326</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001600026</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Import&#226;ncia da toxicidade pulmonar pela amiodarona no diagn&#243;stico diferencial de paciente com dispn&#233;ia em fila para transplante card&#237;aco</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Christiano Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>Philippe Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Drager</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Germano Em&#237;lio Concei&#231;&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fajardo</surname>
            <given-names>Ginny Michele G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Demarchi</surname>
            <given-names>L&#233;a Maria Macruz F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bocchi</surname>
            <given-names>Edimar Alcides</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>e4</fpage>
      <lpage>e7</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>A amiodarona &#233; um antiarr&#237;tmico da classe III, amplamente utilizado em arritmias ventriculares&#185;. Farmacologicamente &#233; classificado como uma drogra ampif&#237;lica cati&#244;nica, pelos seus constituintes polares e apolares. Nos &#250;ltimos anos, a amiodarona obteve destaque pelo seu uso em portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular por qualquer etiologia, em especial a chag&#225;sica, quando ocorrem arritmias ventriculares&#178;. Entretanto, a despeito de seus benef&#237;cios hemodin&#226;micos e eletrofisiol&#243;gicos, a amiodarona produz efeitos colaterais relevantes, como colora&#231;&#227;o azulada da pele, fotossensibilidade, disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana, dep&#243;sito corneal, neuropatia perif&#233;rica, supress&#227;o da medula &#243;ssea, hepatite, bloqueios card&#237;acos, pneumonites e outros&#179;. Este relato de caso se prop&#245;e a abordar uma de suas mais s&#233;rias complica&#231;&#245;es, a toxicidade pulmonar, aqui especialmente descrita como diagn&#243;stico diferencial em um paciente chag&#225;sico que aguardava em fila de transplante card&#237;aco. Pneumonite por amiodarona constitui-se em um importante diagn&#243;stico diferencial entre os pacientes que se apresentam na sala de emerg&#234;ncia com dispn&#233;ia, quando estes s&#227;o portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) e est&#227;o em uso dessa droga.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Amiodarona</kwd>
        <kwd>toxicidade pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Import&#226;ncia da toxicidade pulmonar pela amiodarona no diagn&#243;stico diferencial de paciente com dispn&#233;ia em fila para transplante card&#237;aco</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Christiano Pereira Silva; Fernando Bacal; Philippe Vieira Pires; Luciano F. Drager; Germano Em&#237;lio Concei&#231;&#227;o Souza; Ginny Michele G. Fajardo; L&#233;a Maria Macruz F. Demarchi; Edimar Alcides Bocchi</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A amiodarona &#233; um antiarr&#237;tmico da classe III, amplamente utilizado em arritmias ventriculares<sup>1</sup>. Farmacologicamente &#233; classificado como uma drogra ampif&#237;lica cati&#244;nica, pelos seus constituintes polares e apolares. Nos &#250;ltimos anos, a amiodarona obteve destaque pelo seu uso em portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular por qualquer etiologia, em especial a chag&#225;sica, quando ocorrem arritmias ventriculares<sup>2</sup>. Entretanto, a despeito de seus benef&#237;cios hemodin&#226;micos e eletrofisiol&#243;gicos, a amiodarona produz efeitos colaterais relevantes, como colora&#231;&#227;o azulada da pele, fotossensibilidade, disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana, dep&#243;sito corneal, neuropatia perif&#233;rica, supress&#227;o da medula &#243;ssea, hepatite, bloqueios card&#237;acos, pneumonites e outros<sup>3</sup>. Este relato de caso se prop&#245;e a abordar uma de suas mais s&#233;rias complica&#231;&#245;es, a toxicidade pulmonar, aqui especialmente descrita como diagn&#243;stico diferencial em um paciente chag&#225;sico que aguardava em fila de transplante card&#237;aco. Pneumonite por amiodarona constitui-se em um importante diagn&#243;stico diferencial entre os pacientes que se apresentam na sala de emerg&#234;ncia com dispn&#233;ia, quando estes s&#227;o portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) e est&#227;o em uso dessa droga.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Amiodarona, toxicidade pulmonar, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico correto da etiologia da dispn&#233;ia, em pacientes portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, &#233; decisivo para o sucesso do tratamento. Diversas patologias devem ser diferenciadas da congest&#227;o pulmonar, sob risco de condutas inadequadas. Neste relato de caso, os autores abordam a toxicidade pulmonar pela amiodarona como mais um diagn&#243;stico a ser investigado, principalmente em pacientes portadores de cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica em fila de espera para transplante card&#237;aco. O quadro cl&#237;nico-radiol&#243;gico semelhante a uma descompensa&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e o uso espec&#237;fico da medica&#231;&#227;o, para tratamento de arritmias complexas, contribuem para dificultar o correto diagn&#243;stico e, consequentemente, a abordagem terap&#234;utica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DO CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Homem de 44 anos, portador de IC h&#225; dez anos, etiologia chag&#225;sica, estava h&#225; um ano em espera de transplante card&#237;aco. Fazia uso de furosemida (40 mg por dia), espironolactona (25 mg por dia) e losartam (50 mg por dia), al&#233;m de amiodarona (400 mg por dia), em raz&#227;o de epis&#243;dio de taquicardia ventricular sustentada, havia tr&#234;s anos. O paciente estava sendo acompanhado quinzenalmente e apresentava-se em classe funcional III da classifica&#231;&#227;o da New York Heart Association (NYHA). A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) por ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica era de 14%, e a &#250;ltima interna&#231;&#227;o havia sido h&#225; tr&#234;s meses. </p>
    <p>Foi recebido na sala de emerg&#234;ncia do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) com aspecto geral regular, com tosse n&#227;o-produtiva, dispn&#233;ia e febre (37,6 &#186;C). N&#227;o havia hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de infec&#231;&#227;o, doen&#231;a pulmonar, isquemia, abuso ou uso incorreto de medica&#231;&#227;o. A press&#227;o arterial estava 110 x 60 mmHg, com ausculta respirat&#243;ria normal, sendo a frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria igual a dezoito ciclos por minuto. N&#227;o havia sinais de insufici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria. O eletrocardiograma mostrava padr&#227;o cl&#225;ssico de doen&#231;a de Chagas: bloqueio de ramo direito do feixe de His, com hemibloqueio anterior esquerdo. A radiografia de t&#243;rax exibia padr&#227;o de infiltrado alveolar bilateral, de distribui&#231;&#227;o desigual (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig.1</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-00e4-00026-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Foi iniciado tratamento para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, sem melhora do quadro. Foi introduzida ceftriaxone (2 gramas por dia) para infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar. N&#227;o houve melhora com essas condutas. Realizou-se um estudo tomogr&#225;fico de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o, que mostrou &#225;reas irregulares com opacidade difusa em <italic>dull glass</italic>, com alargamento dos septos interlobulares. N&#227;o foram visualizadas altera&#231;&#245;es em pleura (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-00e4-00026-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A satura&#231;&#227;o arterial dos gases era normal e dist&#250;rbio moderado restritivo foi demonstrado em teste de fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar. Aumento n&#227;o-espec&#237;fico de leuc&#243;citos (12.300/mm<sup>3</sup>), desidrogenase l&#225;tica (DHL) normal e velocidade de hemossedimenta&#231;&#227;o dos eritr&#243;citos de 32 mm (valor normal at&#233; 6 mm) tamb&#233;m foram encontrados nos exames laboratoriais. Cintilografia com G&#225;lio-67 negativa descartou processo inflamat&#243;rio pulmonar em atividade; por&#233;m, apesar desse achado, o paciente foi submetido a bi&#243;psia transbr&#244;nquica, que mostrou pneumonia intersticial cr&#244;nica n&#227;o-espec&#237;fica, com moderado infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio mononuclear no septo alveolar e abundante n&#250;mero de macr&#243;fagos nos espa&#231;os alveolares (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-00e4-00026-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Esses achados histopatol&#243;gicos s&#227;o descritos como padr&#227;o comumente encontrado em doen&#231;a pulmonar induzida pela amiodarona<sup>4</sup>. Os macr&#243;fagos espumosos s&#227;o considerados marcadores de exposi&#231;&#227;o a amiodarona<sup>4</sup>. Em &#225;reas focais tamb&#233;m foram observadas membranas hialinas delineando alv&#233;olos e espa&#231;os alveolares, preenchidos por pequena quantidade de eritr&#243;citos e fibrina, les&#245;es encontradas em uma minoria de pacientes que desenvolvem toxicidade pulmonar por amiodarona. C&#233;lulas espumosas com n&#250;cleos relativamente pequenos e citoplasma claro foram observadas no lavado broncoalveolar (LBA), e elas s&#227;o bastante similares &#224;quelas encontradas em fluidos de LBA de pacientes com doen&#231;a pulmonar pela amiodarona. Essas c&#233;lulas n&#227;o s&#227;o usualmente encontradas em LBA de pacientes normais<sup>5</sup>. Bact&#233;rias, fungos e bacilos n&#227;o foram demonstrados em colora&#231;&#245;es apropriadas tanto na bi&#243;psia pulmonar quanto no LBA. </p>
    <p>O tratamento com amiodarona foi interrompido imediatamente, tendo sido iniciado o tratamento com prednisona (40 mg por dia). O paciente, ap&#243;s quatorze dias de corticoterapia, apresentou melhora cl&#237;nica e radiol&#243;gica. Ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses de tratamento, houve completa resolu&#231;&#227;o do quadro (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>), e o paciente p&#244;de ser novamente colocado na fila de transplante card&#237;aco. Introduziu-se sotalol como antiarr&#237;tmico e um cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel foi indicado. Ap&#243;s oito meses do retorno &#224; fila, o paciente foi transplantado sem intercorr&#234;ncias. Atualmente, o paciente permanece assintom&#225;tico, j&#225; com mais de um ano de p&#243;s-transplante, e est&#225; sendo acompanhado mensalmente no ambulat&#243;rio de transplante card&#237;aco do InCor.</p>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-00e4-00026-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A primeira descri&#231;&#227;o da toxicidade por amiodarona foi feita por Rotmensch e cols.<sup>6</sup>. Toxicidade pulmonar por amiodarona (TPA) ocorre em 5% a 7% dos pacientes, com maior correla&#231;&#227;o com a dose cumulativa total do que com o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico da droga<sup>7</sup>. Os sintomas cl&#237;nicos podem oscilar desde tosse seca e discreta dispn&#233;ia at&#233; cl&#225;ssica insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, sendo o cansa&#231;o aos esfor&#231;os o quadro cl&#237;nico predominante. Sintomas acompanhantes, como febre, tamb&#233;m s&#227;o comuns<sup>8</sup>. O surgimento de massas e n&#243;dulos pulmonares &#233; igualmente descrito<sup>9</sup>. Vasculites cut&#226;neas s&#227;o raras<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os fatores de risco para TPA incluem dosagem di&#225;ria maior que 400 mg (as rea&#231;&#245;es t&#243;xicas da droga s&#227;o mais comuns em pacientes com n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de amiodarona maior que 2,5 mg/l), doen&#231;a pulmonar preexistente, dura&#231;&#227;o da terapia maior que dois meses, idades avan&#231;adas e cirurgia pulmonar pr&#233;via<sup>10</sup>. A ocorr&#234;ncia da toxicidade pulmonar tamb&#233;m foi evidenciada em pacientes em uso de doses menores da droga<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os mecanismos envolvidos na TPA n&#227;o est&#227;o completamente estabelecidos. Duas hip&#243;teses t&#234;m sido sugeridas: toxicidade direta &#224;s c&#233;lulas pulmonares e uma rea&#231;&#227;o imunol&#243;gica indireta<sup>12</sup>. Diferentes formas de doen&#231;a pulmonar ocorrem em pacientes tratados com amiodarona, incluindo pneumonite intersticial cr&#244;nica (forma mais comum), pneumonia organizada (com ou sem bronquiolite obliterante), s&#237;ndrome do desconforto respirat&#243;rio agudo<sup>13</sup>, e n&#243;dulo pulmonar solit&#225;rio (raro)<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Neste caso, TPA ocorreu em um paciente chag&#225;sico que aguardava transplante card&#237;aco. Essa situa&#231;&#227;o especial tem importantes implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas: pacientes em fila de transplante podem ser chamados a qualquer momento para o procedimento cir&#250;rgico, dependendo da disponibilidade de &#243;rg&#227;os; a oportunidade do transplante pode ser perdida com o surgimento de um processo inflamat&#243;rio pulmonar; a realiza&#231;&#227;o desse procedimento, nessas condi&#231;&#245;es, traz importantes d&#250;vidas, como a possibilidade de pior progn&#243;stico no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, a apari&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria ou S&#237;ndrome do Desconforto Respirat&#243;rio Agudo<sup>15</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o h&#225; informa&#231;&#245;es suficientes sobre imunossupress&#227;o e incid&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#245;es nesses casos. </p>
    <p>Outro importante ponto a se considerar &#233; o diagn&#243;stico diferencial desse quadro cl&#237;nico com congest&#227;o pulmonar secund&#225;rio &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Est&#227;o presentes v&#225;rios sintomas cl&#237;nicos similares, al&#233;m da radiografia de t&#243;rax. Nesse caso, a administra&#231;&#227;o de furosemida foi tentada, pois havia d&#250;vida diagn&#243;stica em princ&#237;pio. Com a conduta, n&#227;o houve melhora cl&#237;nica ou radiol&#243;gica. A diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre as duas entidades &#233; dif&#237;cil, e requer exames adicionais para completar o diagn&#243;stico. O aumento da capta&#231;&#227;o de g&#225;lio pelos pulm&#245;es &#233; um exame importante para detectar processo inflamat&#243;rio, como pneumonite por amiodarona, apresentando alta sensibilidade<sup>16</sup>. Entretanto, nesse caso, a cintilografia foi negativa. Outro exame radiol&#243;gico com boa acur&#225;cia &#233; a tomografia computadorizada de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o, principalmente para melhorar a especificidade da medicina nuclear<sup>17</sup>. Esse exame mostrou altera&#231;&#245;es inespec&#237;ficas, que poderiam se relacionar com a TPA. Como a suspeita cl&#237;nica era forte, e n&#227;o havia sugest&#245;es de outras doen&#231;as, como embolia pulmonar ou pneumonias bacterianas, decidiu-se por investiga&#231;&#227;o complementar com bi&#243;psia transbronquial pulmonar, que resultou compat&#237;vel com inj&#250;ria pulmonar por amiodarona. O estudo anatomopatol&#243;gico auxilia no diagn&#243;stico e tamb&#233;m na defini&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o de pneumopatia causado pela amiodarona<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Recentemente, um novo m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico foi proposto. A pesquisa da glicoprote&#237;na denominada KL-6, uma mucina de alto peso molecular secretada por pneum&#243;citos, pode predizer presen&#231;a de pneumonite intersticial, fortalecendo o diagn&#243;stico de TPA<sup>19</sup>.</p>
    <p>O tratamento da TPA consiste na cessa&#231;&#227;o da amiodarona para a maior parte dos pacientes. A terapia com corticoester&#243;ides (prednisona 40 a 60 mg por dia, com redu&#231;&#227;o gradual em dois a seis meses) &#233; seguro e eficaz em casos severos, e acelera o processo resolutivo quando a simples retirada da amiodarona n&#227;o &#233; o suficiente<sup>9</sup>. Nos pacientes que evoluem com insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, a inala&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico, em associa&#231;&#227;o com o suporte ventilat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico, melhora a hipoxemia caracter&#237;stica e oferece melhor progn&#243;stico. Entretanto, em aproximadamente 30% dos casos, a doen&#231;a progride para fibrose pulmonar irrevers&#237;vel<sup>20</sup>. Relatos experimentais demonstram a efetividade da vitamina E na redu&#231;&#227;o da fibrose pulmonar induzida por amiodarona<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>A amiodarona &#233; a droga de escolha para o tratamento das arritmias ventriculares em pacientes chag&#225;sicos com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Apesar do efeito colateral ora demonstrado, seu uso est&#225; totalmente justificado nesse caso. Novos estudos t&#234;m definido, principalmente em isqu&#234;micos<sup>22</sup>, o uso dos cardiodesfibriladores implant&#225;veis (CDI)<sup>23</sup>, indicando-os para pacientes que arritmia ventricular grave<sup>24</sup>, s&#237;ncope ou elevado risco de morte s&#250;bita<sup>25</sup>, suportado por estudos cl&#237;nicos de grande impacto<sup>26</sup>. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>CONCLUS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A toxicidade pulmonar pela amiodarona deve ser lembrada como diagn&#243;stico diferencial em pacientes que se apresentam com dispn&#233;ia, em servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia. Geralmente prescrita em doses elevadas, a droga continua sendo largamente utilizada, e sua eventual toxicidade pulmonar tem quadro cl&#237;nico bastante semelhante &#224; congest&#227;o pulmonar. M&#233;todos complementares mais diferenciados s&#227;o &#250;teis no aux&#237;lio diagn&#243;stico dessa complica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Christiano pereira Silva </p>
        <p> Rua Charles Spencer Chaplin, 85/21 </p>
        <p> 05642-010 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="chrispsilva@cardiol.br">chrispsilva@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 27/04/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 01/07/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">The importance of amiodarone pulmonary toxicity in the differential diagnosis of a patient with dyspnea awaiting a heart transplant</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Amiodarone is a class III antiarrhythmic medication used extensively to treat ventricular arrhythmias&#185;. It is pharmacologically classified as a cationic amphiphilic drug due to its polar and apolar components. During the past few years, amiodarone has proved to be an effective treatment therapy for patients with ventricular dysfunctions, regardless of the etiology, and in particular ventricular arrhythmia associated with Chagas disease&#178;. Nevertheless, despite its hemodynamic and electrophysiological benefits, amiodarone produces serious collateral effects such as a bluish skin discoloration, photosensitivity, thyroid dysfunction, corneal deposit, peripheral neuropathy, bone marrow suppression, hepatitis, heart blocks, pneumonitis, among others&#179;. The objective of this case report is to discuss one of the most serious complications related to amiodarone, pulmonary toxicity, which is described as a differential diagnosis for a chagasic patient that was on the waiting list for a heart transplant. Amiodarone pneumonitis is a relevant differential diagnosis for heart failure (HF) patients using amiodarone that are admitted to the emergency ward with dyspnea.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Amiodarone</kwd>
        <kwd>pulmonary toxicity</kwd>
        <kwd>heart failure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The importance of amiodarone pulmonary toxicity in the differential diagnosis of a patient with dyspnea awaiting a heart transplant </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Christiano Pereira Silva; Fernando Bacal; Philippe Vieira Pires; Luciano F. Drager; Germano Em&#237;lio Concei&#231;&#227;o Souza; Ginny Michele G. Fajardo; L&#233;a Maria Macruz F. Demarchi; Edimar Alcides Bocchi</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Amiodarone is a class III antiarrhythmic medication used extensively to treat ventricular arrhythmias<sup>1</sup>. It is pharmacologically classified as a cationic amphiphilic drug due to its polar and apolar components. During the past few years, amiodarone has proved to be an effective treatment therapy for patients with ventricular dysfunctions, regardless of the etiology, and in particular ventricular arrhythmia associated with Chagas disease<sup>2</sup>. Nevertheless, despite its hemodynamic and electrophysiological benefits, amiodarone produces serious collateral effects such as a bluish skin discoloration, photosensitivity, thyroid dysfunction, corneal deposit, peripheral neuropathy, bone marrow suppression, hepatitis, heart blocks, pneumonitis, among others<sup>3</sup>. The objective of this case report is to discuss one of the most serious complications related to amiodarone, pulmonary toxicity, which is described as a differential diagnosis for a chagasic patient that was on the waiting list for a heart transplant. Amiodarone pneumonitis is a relevant differential diagnosis for heart failure (HF) patients using amiodarone that are admitted to the emergency ward with dyspnea. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Amiodarone, pulmonary toxicity, heart failure.</p>
      <p>The correct diagnosis of the etiology of dyspnea in patients with left ventricular dysfunction is decisive for the success of treatment. Several pathologies have to be differentiated from pulmonary congestion under the risk of adopting inadequate procedures. In this case report, the authors approach amiodarone pulmonary toxicity as yet another diagnosis to be investigated especially in patients with Chagasic cardiomiopathy awaiting a heart transplant. The clinical-radiological picture is similar to a picture of decompensated heart failure and the specific use of medication to treat complex arrhythmias contribute to make the correct diagnosis more difficult and therefore make the therapeutic approach more difficult as well. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A 44-year-old male suffering from heart failure for ten years due to a chagasic etiology, had been on the waiting list for a heart transplant for one year. Drug therapy included furosemide (40 mg per day), spironolactone (25 mg per day) and losartan (50 mg per day), as well as amiodarone (400 mg per day), due to a three year episode of sustained ventricular tachycardia. Patient follow-up was conducted on a bi-weekly basis and his condition was classified as functional class III in accordance with the guidelines of the New York Heart Association (NYHA). A radioistopic ventriculography revealed a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 14%, and the patient&#146;s last hospitalization had been three months earlier. </p>
      <p>Upon admission at the emergency ward of the Heart Institute (InCor) the patient&#146;s general appearance was normal, he had a non-productive cough, dyspnea and fever (37.6&#186;C). There was no previous history of infection, pulmonary disease, ischemia, abuse or incorrect use of medication. Blood pressure was 110 x 60 mmHg, breath sounds were normal with a respiratory rate of eighteen cycles per minute. There were no signs of respiratory failure. The electrocardiogram showed a classic Chagas disease pattern: right bundle block of the His bundle with a left anterior hemiblock. The chest x-ray showed an asymmetrical distribution pattern of bilateral alveolar infiltrates (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig.1</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-00e4-00026-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Treatment for decompensated heart failure was initiated, without improvement in the clinical picture. Ceftriaxone (2 grams per day) was administered for pulmonary infection. There was no improvement with this treatment. A high resolution CT was conducted that showed irregular areas with diffused "dull glass" opacities and interlobular septal thickening. Alterations in the pleura were not identified (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig.2</xref>). Arterial blood gas saturation was normal and a pulmonary function test revealed a moderate restrictive disorder. The laboratory tests also revealed a nonspecific increase of leukocytes (12,300/mm<sup>3</sup>), normal lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) and a erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 32 mm (normal up to 6 mm). A negative Gallium-67 scintillography discarded the presence of an active pulmonary inflammatory process, however, despite this finding, the patient was submitted to a transbronchial biopsy that showed non-specific chronic interstitial pneumonia, with moderate inflammatory mononuclear cell infiltrates in the alveolar septum and a large number of macrophages in the alveolar spaces (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">fig. 3</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-00e4-00026-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-00e4-00026-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>These histopathological findings are described as a common pattern for amiodarone induced pulmonary disease<sup>4</sup>. Foamy macrophages are considered a classic sign of amiodarone exposure<sup>4</sup>. Hyaline membranes outlining the alveoli and alveolar spaces, filled with small quantities of erythrocytes and fibrin, were also observed in focal areas. These lesions are found in a small number of patients that develop amiodarone pulmonary toxicity. Foamy cells with relatively small nuclei and clear cytoplasm were observed in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) which are very similar to those found in the BAL fluid of patients with amiodarone pulmonary disease. These cells are not usually found in the BAL of healthy patients<sup>5</sup>. Bacteria, fungi and bacilli were not shown in appropriate colorations in either the pulmonary biopsy or the BAL. </p>
      <p>The amiodarone treatment was immediately interrupted and replaced with prednisone (40 mg per day). After fourteen days of cortisone therapy the patient&#146;s clinical and radiological condition improved. After three months of treatment there was a complete resolution of the disease (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">fig.4</xref>), and the patient could once again be placed on the heart transplant waiting list. Sotalol was prescribed as an antiarrhythmic medication and an implantable defibrillator was indicated. Eight months after returning to the waiting list, the patient was transplanted without intercurrences. The transplant surgery was performed more than one year ago, the patient remains asymptomatic and has regular medical follow-up at the InCor heart transplant clinic on a monthly basis.</p>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-03-00e4-00026-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Amiodarone toxicity was first described by Rotmensch et al<sup>6</sup> Amiodarone pulmonary toxicity (APT) affects 5% to 7% of patients and has a higher correlation with the total cumulative dose than with the serum level of the drug<sup>7</sup>. The clinical symptoms can vary from a dry cough and discrete dyspnea to classic respiratory failure however the most common clinical picture is fatigue upon exertion. Associated symptoms such as fever are also common<sup>8</sup>. The appearance of pulmonary masses and nodes is also reported<sup>9</sup>. Cutaneous vasculitis is rarely present<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>APT risk factors include a daily dosage higher than 400 mg (toxic reactions from the drug are more common in patients with amiodarone serum levels higher than 2.5 mg/l), preexisting pulmonary disorder, therapy duration of more than two months, advanced age and previous pulmonary surgery<sup>10</sup>. The occurrence of pulmonary toxicity has also been confirmed in patients using lower dosages of the drug<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>The mechanisms involved in APT have not been entirely established. Two hypotheses have been proposed: toxicity directly to the pulmonary cells and an indirect immunological reaction<sup>12</sup>. Patients treated with amiodarone present with different types of pulmonary disease including chronic interstitial pneumonitis (most common), organizing pneumonia (with or without bronchiolitis obliterans), acute respiratory distress syndrome<sup>13</sup>, and solitary pulmonary nodule (rare)<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this case, APT affected a chagasic patient awaiting a heart transplant. This special situation has serious clinical implications: patients on a transplant waiting list can be called at any time for a surgical procedure, depending on organ availability; the appearance of a pulmonary inflammation could jeopardize a transplant opportunity; conducting this procedure under these conditions raises serious doubts such as the possibility of a worse post-operative prognosis, the appearance of respiratory failure or acute respiratory distress syndrome<sup>15</sup>. In addition, there is not enough information about immunosuppression and infection incidence in these cases. </p>
      <p>Another important consideration is the differential diagnosis between this clinical picture and pulmonary congestion secondary to heart failure. Various similar clinical symptoms are present in addition to the chest x-ray. In this case, due to the questionable diagnosis at first, furosemide was administered. The treatment did not improve the clinical or radiological symptoms. It is difficult to differentiate between the two entities and further testing is required to determine the diagnosis. The increase of gallium lung uptake is an important test to detect inflammatory processes such as amiodarone pneumonitis, due to its high sensitivity<sup>16</sup>. Nevertheless, in this case the scintillography was negative. Another accurate radiological exam is the high resolution CT scan, mainly to improve the specificity of nuclear medicine<sup>17</sup>. This test revealed nonspecific alterations that could be related to APT. Since the clinical assumption was almost certain and there were no symptoms that suggested other disorders such as pulmonary embolism or bacterial pneumonia, a complementary investigation was conducted that included a transbronchial pulmonary biopsy that produced results compatible with amiodarone induced pulmonary damage. The anatomicopathologic study helps to determine the diagnosis and also to define the amiodarone induced pneumonopathy pattern<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>Recently, a new diagnostic method has been proposed. Research of KL-6, a high molecular weight mucin glycoprotein that is secreted by pneumocytes, can predict the presence of interstitial pneumonitis, reinforcing the APT diagnosis<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>APT treatment for most patients consists in discontinuing the use of amiodarone. Corticosteroid therapy (40 to 60 mg per day of prednisone with a gradual reduction in two to six months) is safe and effective in severe cases and accelerates the resolution process when the simple withdrawal of amiodarone is not sufficient<sup>9</sup>. In patients who develop respiratory failure, inhalation of nitric oxide in conjunction with mechanical ventilator support improves hypoxemia and offers a better prognosis. Nevertheless, approximately 30% of the patients develop irreversible pulmonary fibrosis<sup>20</sup>. Experimental reports demonstrate the effectiveness of vitamin E in the reduction of amiodarone induced pulmonary fibrosis<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>Amiodarone is the drug of choice for ventricular arrhythmia treatment in chagasic patients with ventricular dysfunction. Despite the collateral effects demonstrated here , its use is totally justified in this case. New studies have recommended, mainly in the case of ischemia<sup>22</sup>, the use of implantable defibrillators<sup>23</sup> for patients with severe ventricular arrhythmia<sup>24</sup>, syncope or an elevated risk of sudden death<sup>25</sup>. This recommendation is supported by influential clinical studies<sup>26</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>CONCLUSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Amiodarone pulmonary toxicity should be considered a differential diagnosis in patients that present with dyspnea in emergency wards. Usually prescribed in high dosages, the drug is widely used and can cause pulmonary toxicity that has a clinical picture very similar to pulmonary congestion. Complementary methods that are more differentiated are useful for the diagnosis of this condition.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Christiano Pereira Silva</p>
          <p> Rua Charles Spencer Chaplin, 85/21</p>
          <p> 05642-010 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="chrispsilva@cardiol.br">chrispsilva@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 04/27/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 07/01/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
