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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">VkBjVLjKyQXj4RWKnHHdfWx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00019</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001500019</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700219</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001500019</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fechamento percut&#226;neo de comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial por pun&#231;&#227;o trans-hep&#225;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Edmundo Clarindo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pauperio</surname>
            <given-names>Helder Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Br&#225;ulio Muzzi Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio Augusto Pinto da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Fabr&#237;cio Maia Torres</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Adjuto</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Lobato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Mario Penna</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>193</fpage>
      <lpage>196</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>O fechamento percut&#226;neo da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial (CIA) ostium secundum (OS) &#233; procedimento bem estabelecido, sendo atualmente considerado o tratamento de escolha por seus bons resultados e sua baixa morbidade e mortalidade. O procedimento &#233; realizado rotineiramente pela veia cava inferior (VCI). Ocasionalmente, entretanto, essa via de acesso n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel por causa da obstru&#231;&#227;o ou da aus&#234;ncia cong&#234;nita da VCI. Apresentaremos um caso de fechamento de CIA por pun&#231;&#227;o trans-hep&#225;tica decorrente de impossibilidade de uso da VCI.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Fechamento de CIA</kwd>
        <kwd>pun&#231;&#227;o trans-hep&#225;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>veia hep&#225;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Fechamento percut&#226;neo de comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial por pun&#231;&#227;o trans-hep&#225;tica </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Edmundo Clarindo Oliveira; Helder Machado Pauperio; Br&#225;ulio Muzzi Ribeiro Oliveira; Rog&#233;rio Augusto Pinto da Silva; Fabr&#237;cio Maia Torres Alves; Gustavo Lobato Adjuto</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital Luxemburgo de Belo Horizonte - Belo Horizonte, MG</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O fechamento percut&#226;neo da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial (CIA) ostium secundum (OS) &#233; procedimento bem estabelecido, sendo atualmente considerado o tratamento de escolha por seus bons resultados e sua baixa morbidade e mortalidade. O procedimento &#233; realizado rotineiramente pela veia cava inferior (VCI). Ocasionalmente, entretanto, essa via de acesso n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel por causa da obstru&#231;&#227;o ou da aus&#234;ncia cong&#234;nita da VCI. Apresentaremos um caso de fechamento de CIA por pun&#231;&#227;o trans-hep&#225;tica decorrente de impossibilidade de uso da VCI. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Fechamento de CIA, pun&#231;&#227;o trans-hep&#225;tica, veia hep&#225;tica.</p>
    <p>O fechamento percut&#226;neo de comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial (CIA) &#233; realizado rotinei&#173;ramente pela veia cava inferior (VCI). Ocasionalmente, entretanto, essa via de acesso n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel devido &#224; obstru&#231;&#227;o ou aus&#234;ncia cong&#234;nita da mesma, e nem sempre se obt&#233;m sucesso com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da VCI. A paciente apresentada era portadora de CIA-<italic>ostium secundum</italic> grande e aus&#234;ncia cong&#234;nita da VCI. Atrav&#233;s de pun&#231;&#227;o da veia hep&#225;tica direita, por pun&#231;&#227;o trans-hep&#225;tica com agulha Chiba (<italic>Cook Inc</italic>.), o procedimento foi realizado com sucesso e em tempo igual ao gasto por via convencional. A pun&#231;&#227;o trans-hep&#225;tica &#233; uma boa alternativa para pacientes sem outras vias de acesso venoso central e, por ser executada em veias calibrosas, permite a coloca&#231;&#227;o de bainhas com grandes di&#226;metros, mesmo em neonatos de baixo peso. Essa t&#233;cnica deveria ser lembrada na impossibilidade em usar as vias de acesso habituais.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 18 anos, encaminhada para fechamento percut&#226;neo de comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial (CIA), apresentando, ao exame f&#237;sico, sinais de aumento de ventr&#237;culo direito, desdobramento fixo da segunda bulha, sopro sist&#243;lico ejetivo em borda esternal esquerda (BEE) alta e sopro mesodiast&#243;lico suave em BEE baixa.</p>
    <p>Os exames complementares mostravam ritmo sinusal e bloqueio de ramo direito de segundo grau ao eletrocardiograma, leve aumento da &#225;rea card&#237;aca pela radiografia de t&#243;rax e CIA-OS de 18 mm de di&#226;metro pelo ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (ECO-TE). (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0193-00019-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O procedimento foi planejado pela t&#233;cnica convencional. Feita a pun&#231;&#227;o da veia femoral, identificou-se aus&#234;ncia do segmento supra-hep&#225;tico da VCI, que continuava como &#225;zigo para a veia cava superior (VCS). Fez-se ent&#227;o pun&#231;&#227;o da veia jugular interna direita, posicionando-se o fio-guia em veia pulmonar inferior esquerda. Em seguida, cumpriram-se as etapas cl&#225;ssicas para fechamento de CIA, sem obten&#231;&#227;o de um bom posicionamento para liberar a pr&#243;tese. Diante disso, o procedimento foi suspenso e replanejado. Ap&#243;s obten&#231;&#227;o de autoriza&#231;&#227;o da paciente e de seus pais, o procedimento foi realizado, duas semanas mais tarde, por pun&#231;&#227;o trans-hep&#225;tica de veia hep&#225;tica obedecendo &#224;s seguintes etapas: 1) anestesia geral com tubo endotraqueal; 2) ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico; 3) ultra-sonografia abdominal; 4) cefalotina 2,0 gramas EV; 5) preparo da regi&#227;o do hipoc&#244;ndrio direito e pun&#231;&#227;o trans-hep&#225;tica na parte alta do ter&#231;o inferior do f&#237;gado no n&#237;vel da linha axilar anterior, utilizando-se agulha Chiba 0,018 (<italic>Cook Inc</italic>.) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>), a agulha foi posicionada paralelamente ao piso da sala de hemodin&#226;mica e direcionada para a coluna vertebral, a at&#233; 2 cm de alcan&#231;&#225;-la. Retirado o estilete, conectou-se uma seringa de 5 ml com contraste n&#227;o-i&#244;nico. A agulha foi recuada lentamente, fazendo-se aspira&#231;&#227;o at&#233; o retorno de sangue. Nesse ponto, fez-se pequena inje&#231;&#227;o manual de contraste, confirmando-se a posi&#231;&#227;o em veia hep&#225;tica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>). Em seguida, um fio-guia 0,035 foi introduzido e posicionado em &#225;trio direito. Ap&#243;s, procedeu-se a: dilata&#231;&#227;o com introdutor 7F, introdu&#231;&#227;o de hemaquet 7F, 5.000 U/kg de heparina EV, medida de press&#245;es com cateter multipurpose, posicionamento do cateter em veia pulmonar superior esquerda (VPSE), e introdu&#231;&#227;o de um fio-guia r&#237;gido e mantido nessa posi&#231;&#227;o. Mediu-se o tamanho distendido do CIA com bal&#227;o n&#250;mero 34 (AGA Medical) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>) introduzido diretamente na pele sobre o fio-guia. Posteriormente, o bal&#227;o foi substitu&#237;do por bainha longa n&#250;mero12 com o introdutor avan&#231;ado at&#233; VPSE, o introdutor foi recuado mantendo-se a bainha na entrada da veia hep&#225;tica com o &#225;trio direito (AD). Ap&#243;s verificar-se o retorno de sangue, a bainha foi introduzida at&#233; o &#225;trio esquerdo (AE). Deu-se continuidade ao procedimento, seguindo-se as etapas rotineiras, libera&#231;&#227;o do primeiro disco em AE, do segundo em AD, confer&#234;ncia da posi&#231;&#227;o com ECO-TE em v&#225;rias posi&#231;&#245;es e liberada a pr&#243;tese (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">fig. 5</xref>). O di&#226;metro distendido da CIA foi de 27,5 mm, implantando-se pr&#243;tese Amplatzer n&#250;mero 30. O procedimento transcorreu sem intercorr&#234;ncias, com tempo de 10 minutos para a pun&#231;&#227;o da veia hep&#225;tica e de 55 minutos para o procedimento total. A bainha foi retirada e 50% da dose de heparina foram neutralizados com protamina. Feita compress&#227;o manual do hipoc&#244;ndrio direito por 10 minutos. 6) Encaminhamento da paciente para a Unidade de Tratamento Intermedi&#225;rio (UTI), mantendo-a em dec&#250;bito lateral direito por 2 horas.</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0193-00019-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0193-00019-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0193-00019-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0193-00019-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Paciente queixou-se de dor no ombro e no hipoc&#244;ndrio direito, sendo tratada com morfina endovenosa na dose de 2 mg de 6/6 horas nas primeiras 24 horas, e com diclofenaco de s&#243;dio 50 mg tr&#234;s vezes ao dia por 48 horas. Uma ultra-sonografia abdominal foi realizada 6 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento e n&#227;o mostrou altera&#231;&#245;es. A paciente evoluiu bem, recebendo alta da UTI no dia seguinte, e do hospital ap&#243;s 48 horas. Atualmente, completando-se cinco semanas de seguimento, ela se mant&#233;m assintom&#225;tica, em uso de 200 mg de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico. A paciente foi orientada a realizar profilaxia para endocardite, manuten&#231;&#227;o do &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico por 6 meses e controle cl&#237;nico com um, 6 e 12 meses.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O fechamento percut&#226;neo da CIA-OS &#233; um procedimento seguro, eficaz e de baixa morbidade e mortalidade, constituindo-se, por isso, em tratamento de escolha para essa doen&#231;a. V&#225;rias pr&#243;teses t&#234;m sido utilizadas, sendo a Amplatzer a mais empregada atualmente em todo o mundo, pela facilidade de manuseio, pelo alto &#237;ndice de sucesso e pela possibilidade de sua retirada ap&#243;s ser liberada. O procedimento tem sido realizado rotineiramente por pun&#231;&#227;o da veia femoral, utilizando-se a conex&#227;o normal da VCI com &#225;trio direito. Ocasionalmente, essa via cl&#225;ssica n&#227;o pode ser utilizada por causa da obstru&#231;&#227;o da VCI ou da aus&#234;ncia cong&#234;nita de sua conex&#227;o com o AD, o que demanda outras alternativas. Pode-se, por exemplo, utilizar a veia cava superior, atrav&#233;s de suas tribut&#225;rias<sup>1</sup>, mas nem sempre se consegue sucesso, principalmente em CIA grandes.</p>
    <p>As veias hep&#225;ticas s&#227;o calibrosas, representando uma boa alternativa nesses casos e tamb&#233;m para interven&#231;&#245;es em prematuros de baixo peso, que n&#227;o seriam poss&#237;veis pelas vias habitualmente utilizadas, dado o pequeno calibre dos vasos. Bainhas entre 7 e 10F poder&#227;o ser usadas em crian&#231;as<sup>2</sup>, inclusive em prematuros.</p>
    <p>A pun&#231;&#227;o pode ser feita orientada por ultra-sonografia abdominal ou pela inser&#231;&#227;o de cateter em uma veia hep&#225;tica atrav&#233;s da veia cava superior; essas medidas, entretanto, n&#227;o s&#227;o indispens&#225;veis. No caso apresentado a pun&#231;&#227;o foi feita baseada na primeira t&#233;cnica descrita a seguir, sem utiliza&#231;&#227;o do ultra-som, apesar de estar dispon&#237;vel.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rias t&#233;cnicas t&#234;m sido descritas para a pun&#231;&#227;o: 1) Inserir a agulha na parte alta do ter&#231;o inferior do f&#237;gado ou no meio da dist&#226;ncia entre o diafragma e a borda inferior do f&#237;gado, guiando-a por fluoroscopia ou ultra-som, ao n&#237;vel da linha axilar anterior. Progredir a inser&#231;&#227;o da agulha, paralelamente ao piso da sala, at&#233; aproximadamente 2 cm da coluna vertebral. Retirar o estilete da agulha, puxando-o lentamente, enquanto se injeta pequena quantidade de contraste. Ap&#243;s certifica&#231;&#227;o de que se est&#225; dentro da veia hep&#225;tica, introduzir fio-guia, dilatador e bainha e seguir as etapas habituais para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do cateterismo e da interven&#231;&#227;o<sup>2,3</sup>. 2) Pun&#231;&#227;o ao n&#237;vel da linha axilar m&#233;dia abaixo das costelas, direcionando-se levemente a agulha, nos sentidos posterior e superior, em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; coluna<sup>4,5</sup>. Deve-se ter o cuidado de evitar pun&#231;&#227;o da ves&#237;cula biliar. Em seguida, proceder &#224;s etapas descritas anteriormente. 3) Semelhante &#224; anterior, fazendo-se a pun&#231;&#227;o ao n&#237;vel da linha axilar anterior<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>A maioria dos autores recomenda a retirada lenta do cateter com pequenas inje&#231;&#245;es, e quando fora da veia hep&#225;tica, a coloca&#231;&#227;o de molas ou Gelfoam para evitar sangramento<sup>2,6</sup>. Outros apenas mant&#234;m o paciente em dec&#250;bito lateral direito por 2 a 4 horas, como realizamos<sup>7</sup>. Ocasionalmente, a pun&#231;&#227;o trans-hep&#225;tica deve ser feita ao n&#237;vel do hipoc&#244;ndrio esquerdo em raz&#227;o da posi&#231;&#227;o do f&#237;gado<sup>7 </sup>nessa regi&#227;o ou predominante nela.</p>
    <p>&#201; comum os pacientes queixarem-se de dor abdominal e no ombro nas primeiras 24 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento, sendo necess&#225;rio medic&#225;-los.</p>
    <p>Na impossibilidade de uso das vias de acesso venoso habituais, a pun&#231;&#227;o trans-hep&#225;tica pode ser utilizada para acesso venoso prolongado, como em caso de alimenta&#231;&#227;o parenteral ou quimioterapia<sup>8</sup>, e de bi&#243;psias mioc&#225;rdicas repetidas<sup>9 </sup>e implante de marcapasso<sup>10 </sup>. A pun&#231;&#227;o trans-hep&#225;tica pode tamb&#233;m ser usada como primeira op&#231;&#227;o para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cateterismo card&#237;aco diagn&#243;stico ou terap&#234;utico em prematuros, por permitir a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de bainhas mais calibrosas. Complica&#231;&#245;es como hemobilia, sangramento retroperitoneal, abscesso hep&#225;tico, colangite, pneumot&#243;rax, trombose da veia hep&#225;tica e embolia pulmonar<sup>4,7</sup> ocorrem raramente.</p>
    <p>Na literatura internacional h&#225; poucos relatos do uso da pun&#231;&#227;o trans-hep&#225;tica para acesso venoso central. Apesar de termos conhecimento, por meio de congressos internacionais, de sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o ocasional para fechamento percut&#226;neo de CIA, em pesquisa feita pela Medline foi encontrado apenas um artigo com relato de dois casos de fechamento de CIA por essa via de acesso<sup>11</sup>. Na literatura nacional n&#227;o foram encontrados relatos de sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o para nenhum tipo de cateterismo ou como via de acesso venoso central. No caso apresentado, o procedimento realizou-se sem dificuldades, e sem complica&#231;&#245;es. O tempo do procedimento foi semelhante ao tempo gasto quando se utiliza a via convencional. Pacientes com press&#227;o venosa central alta apresentam maior risco de sangramento, e nesses casos &#233; aconselh&#225;vel o uso de molas ou Gelfoam para evit&#225;-lo. Em casos de pacientes com press&#227;o venosa normal essas medidas poder&#227;o ser dispensadas, como ocorreu no caso apresentado. A pun&#231;&#227;o trans-hep&#225;tica constitui uma boa alternativa para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cateterismo card&#237;aco diagn&#243;stico e terap&#234;utico e para acesso venoso prolongado em pacientes sem outras vias dispon&#237;veis ou com necessidade de veias mais calibrosas que as habitualmente utilizadas. Hemodinamicistas, principalmente pedi&#225;tricos, deveriam estar preparados para execut&#225;-la em situa&#231;&#245;es especiais.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Edmundo Clarindo Oliveira </p>
        <p> Rua Teodomiro Cruz, 65/102 </p>
        <p> 30240-530 &#150; Belo Horizonte, MG </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="clarindo@pib.com.br">clarindo@pib.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 04/10/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 08/12/05</p>
    <p>O arquivo dispon&#237;vel sofreu corre&#231;&#245;es conforme ERRATA publicada no Volume 87 N&#250;mero 3 da revista.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Percutaneous closure of atrial septal defect using transhepatic puncture</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>The percutaneous closure of ostium secundum (OS) atrial septal defect (ASD) is a well-established procedure and is today considered the treatment of choice due to its good results and low morbidity and mortality. The procedure is routinely performed through the inferior vena cava (IVC). However, this route of access is not always available due to the obstruction or congenital absence of the IVC. We will present a case of ASD closure by means of transhepatic puncture due to the impossibility of using the IVC.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Percutaneous closure of atrial septal defect using transhepatic puncture </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Edmundo Clarindo Oliveira; Helder Machado Pauperio; Br&#225;ulio Muzzi Ribeiro Oliveira; Rog&#233;rio Augusto Pinto da Silva; Fabr&#237;cio Maia Torres Alves; Gustavo Lobato Adjuto</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Luxemburgo de Belo Horizonte - Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="nt-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The percutaneous closure of <italic>ostium secundum</italic> (OS) atrial septal defect (ASD) is a well-established procedure and is today considered the treatment of choice due to its good results and low morbidity and mortality. The procedure is routinely performed through the inferior vena cava (IVC). However, this route of access is not always available due to the obstruction or congenital absence of the IVC. We will present a case of ASD closure by means of transhepatic puncture due to the impossibility of using the IVC.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> ASD occlusion, hepatic vein, transhepatic punction.</p>
      <p>Percutaneous atrial septal defect (ASD) closure is done by inferior vena cava (IVC) routinely. Occasionally this access is not possible due to obstruction or congenital absence of IVC. This case report shows the percutaneous implantation of an Amplatzer device to close large ASD in a patient with congenital absence of IVC. The procedure was done by a transhepatic punction of the hepatic vein with a Chiba needle (Cook Inc.) with no complications, taking the same amount of time, as the usual access. The transhepatic punction is a good option to central venous access in patients without other alternatives. The hepatic veins are large which make it possible to use large sheaths safely, even in neonates with low weight. This technique should be remembered, when it is impossible to use the usual venous access. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>An eighteen-year-old female patient was referred for percutaneous closure of atrial septal defect (ASD). On physical examination she had signs of right ventricle enlargement, fixed splitting of the second heart sound, ejection systolic murmur in the upper left sternal edge (LSE) and mesodiastolic murmur in the lower LSE.</p>
      <p>Supplementary tests evidenced sinus rhythm and second degree right branch block on electrocardiogram, slight increase of heart area on thorax x-ray, and OS-ASD with 18 mm of diameter on transesophageal echocardiogram (TE-ECHO) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0193-00019-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>We planned to perform the procedure according to the traditional method. After puncture of the femoral vein, we identified that the suprahepatic segment of VCI was absent, and that it continued as an azygos towards the superior vena cava (SVC). We then punctured the right internal jugular vein and positioned the guide wire into the left inferior pulmonary vein. We then performed all the classic steps to close the ASD, without succeeding in obtaining a good position to release the prosthesis. In view of this, the procedure was interrupted, and re-planned. After obtaining the authorization of the patient and her parents, the procedure was carried out two weeks later by transhepatic puncture of the hepatic vein following the steps below: 1) General anesthesia with endotracheal tube. 2) Transesophageal echocardiogram. 3) Abdominal ultrasound. 4) IV cephalothin 2.0 grams. 5) Preparation of the region of the right hypochondrium and transhepatic puncture in the upper part of the inferior third of the liver at the level of the anterior axillary line using a Chiba 0.018 needle (Cook Inc.) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">figure 2</xref>). The needle was positioned in parallel to the floor of the hemodynamics room and directed towards the spine. It was kept 2 cm away from it. The stylet was removed and a 5 ml-syringe with nonionic contrast medium was connected. The needle was slowly withdrawn and we aspirated until blood began to flow. At this point, we manually injected a small amount of contrast medium, and confirmed the position in the hepatic vein (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">figure 3</xref>). A 0.035 guide wire was then introduced and positioned in the right atrium. We then performed the dilation with a 7F introducer, then introduced the 7F hemaquet, administered 5,000 U/kg of IV heparin, measured the pressures with a multipurpose catheter, positioned the catheter in the left superior pulmonary vein (SLPV), and introduced a rigid guide wire which was maintained in this position. We measured the distended size of the ASD using a number 34 balloon (AGA Medical) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">figure 4</xref>), introduced directly in the skin over the guide wire. Later the balloon was replaced by a number-12 long sheath with the introducer advanced until the SLPV, the introducer was withdrawn, and the sheath was maintained at the entrance of the hepatic vein into the right atrium (RA). After verifying the return of blood, the sheath was introduced up to the left atrium (LA). We then continued the procedure following routine steps: release of the first disc in the LA, release of the second disc in the RA, verification of the position with TE-ECHO in several positions, and release of the prosthesis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">figure 5</xref>). The distended diameter of ASD was 27.5 mm, and we implanted a number 30 Amplatzer prosthesis. The procedure was uneventful, with 10 minutes spent in the puncture of the hepatic vein and 55 minutes for the whole procedure. The sheath was removed and 50% of the heparin dose was neutralized with protamine. The right hypochondrium was manually compressed for 10 minutes. 6) The patient was sent to the Intermediate Care Unit (ICU) and kept in right lateral decubitus for two hours.</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0193-00019-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0193-00019-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0193-00019-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0193-00019-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The patient complained of pain in the shoulder and in the right hypochondrium and was administered IV morphine at 2 mg every 6 hours in the first 24 hours and 50 mg of diclofenac sodium three times a day for 48 hours. An abdominal ultrasound was performed six hours after the procedure and showed no alterations. The patient progressed well and was discharged from the ICU in the following day, and from hospital after 48 hours. At present, in the fifth week of follow-up, she continues asymptomatic, and takes 200 mg de ASA. The patient was advised to carry out prophylaxis for endocarditis, to take ASA for six months and to have clinical check-ups one, six and twelve months after the procedure. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The percutaneous closure of the OS-ASD is a safe and efficacious procedure, with low morbidity and mortality rates, and is therefore the treatment of choice for this condition. Many prostheses have been used, and the Amplatzer prosthesis is the most widely used worldwide due to its ease of handling, the high rate of success and the possibility of removal after it has been released. The procedure has been performed routinely through femoral vein puncture, using the normal ICV connection with the left atrium. Occasionally this classic route cannot be used due to ICV obstruction or congenital absence of its connection with the RA, which requires other alternatives. The superior vena cava can be used, through its tributaries<sup>1</sup>, but this alternative is not always successful, especially when the ASDs are large.</p>
      <p>Hepatic veins are large, and are a good alternative in these cases, as well as for interventions in low-weight prematures, where the procedure would not be possible through the routes commonly used, given the small caliber of vessels. Sheaths between 7 and 10F may be used for children<sup>2</sup>, including prematures.</p>
      <p>The puncture can be guided by abdominal ultrasound or by the insertion of a catheter into a hepatic vein through the superior cava vein. However, these measures are not indispensable. In the case presented, the puncture was performed using the first technique as described below, without using the ultrasound, although it was available.</p>
      <p>Many puncture techniques have been described: 1) Insert the needle in the upper part of the inferior third of the liver or midway between the diaphragm and the lower edge of the liver, guiding it by means of fluoroscopy or ultrasound, at the level of the anterior axillary line. Advance the insertion of the needle parallel to the floor of the room until approximately 2 cm away from the spine. Remove the needle&#146;s stylet, pulling it slowly, while a small amount of contrast medium is injected. After you are certain that the hepatic vein has been reached, introduce the guide wire, dilator and sheath and follow the usual steps to perform the catheterization and the intervention<sup>2,3</sup>. 2) Puncture at the level of the median axillary line below the ribs, slightly directing the needle upwards and backwards towards the spine<sup>4,5</sup>. Employ extra care to avoid puncturing the gallbladder. Then proceed with the steps previously described. 3) Similar to the above, but with the puncture made at the level of the anterior axillary line<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Most authors recommend that the catheter be slowly removed with small injections, and once it is out of the hepatic vein, coils or Gelfoam should be introduced to prevent bleeding<sup>2,6</sup>. Others simply maintain the patient in right lateral decubitus for two to four hours as we did<sup>7</sup>. Occasionally the transhepatic puncture has to be performed at the level of the left hypochondrium due to the position of the liver<sup>7 </sup>in this region or predominantly in this region.</p>
      <p>Patients usually complain of abdominal and shoulder pain in the first 24 hours following the procedure, and it is necessary to medicate them.</p>
      <p>If the usual venous access routes are not available, the transhepatic puncture may be performed for prolonged venous access, as is the case for parenteral nutrition or chemotherapy<sup>8</sup>, repeated myocardial biopsies<sup>9 </sup>and pacemaker implantation<sup>10</sup>. Transhepatic puncture may also be used as the first option to perform diagnostic or therapeutic heart catheterization in prematures, as it allows the use of larger sheaths. Complications such as hemobilia, retroperitoneal bleeding, hepatic abscess, cholangitis, pneumothorax, hepatic vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism<sup>4,7</sup> rarely occur.</p>
      <p>There are few reports on the use of transhepatic puncture for central venous access in the international literature. Although we have learned in international congresses that it is occasionally used for the percutaneous closure of ASD, a survey carried out on Medline found only one article reporting on two cases of ASD closure using this access route<sup>11</sup>. In the Brazilian literature we found no reports on its use in catheterization procedures of any kind or as a route for central venous access. In the case here presented, the procedure was performed with no difficulties or complications. The time of procedure was similar to the time spent when the conventional route is used. Patients with high central venous pressure present a higher risk for bleeding and in these cases the use of coils or Gelfoam is advised to prevent it. In the case of patients with normal venous pressure these measures are not necessary as was the case with our patient. Transhepatic puncture is a good alternative for the performance of diagnostic or therapeutic heart catheterization and for prolonged venous access in patients who lack other available routes or require larger veins than the ones usually used. Hemodynamics professionals, especially those working in pediatrics facilities, should be ready to perform it in special situations. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="nt-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing Address:</p>
          <p> Edmundo Clarindo Oliveira</p>
          <p> Rua Teodomiro Cruz, 65/102</p>
          <p> 30240-530 &#150; Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="clarindo@pib.com.br">clarindo@pib.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 10/04/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 12/12/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
