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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">wCzLnFgcbQFQGwtDw69W4BK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00018</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001500018</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700218</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001500018</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preditores de letalidade hospitalar em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Latado</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Passos</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos Santana</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Julio C. V.</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guedes</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Simone S.</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Portugu&#234;s </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>185</fpage>
      <lpage>192</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Descrever as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e identificar potenciais fatores de risco para letalidade hospitalar em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, admitidos em unidade de terapia intensiva. M&#201;TODOS: Pacientes consecutivamente admitidos por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada numa unidade de terapia intensiva, de junho/2001 a dezembro/2003, foram selecionados e seguidos durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas na admiss&#227;o foram coletadas e avaliadas por meio de modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla como preditores de risco para letalidade hospitalar. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 299 pacientes, 54% do sexo masculino, com m&#233;dia de idade de 69&#177;13 anos. Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foi a causa principal da fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em 49% dos casos. Diabetes mellitus e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica ocorreram em 37,5% e 78% dos pacientes, respectivamente. Na admiss&#227;o, 22% dos pacientes apresentavam fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; 21,5%, disfun&#231;&#227;o renal e 48% dos casos, anemia (16,5% com anemia importante). Encontrou-se disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica grave (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &lt;30%) em 44% dos pacientes. A letalidade hospitalar foi 17,4%. Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada, hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE), fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, insufici&#234;ncia renal, idade &gt;70 anos e hiponatremia foram independentemente associados com letalidade hospitalar. CONCLUS&#195;O: Pacientes internados por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada em unidade intensiva apresentam letalidade hospitalar elevada. Neste estudo, vari&#225;veis da admiss&#227;o puderam predizer letalidade hospitalar, como AVE pr&#233;vio, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, hiponatremia, insufici&#234;ncia renal e idade &gt;70 anos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>letalidade hospitalar</kwd>
        <kwd>preditores</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Preditores de letalidade hospitalar em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Adriana Lopes Latado; Luiz Carlos Santana Passos; Julio C. V. Braga; Alessandra Santos; Rodrigo Guedes; Simone S. Moura; Daniela Almeida</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Hospital Portugu&#234;s e Universidade Federal da Bahia - Salvador, BA</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Descrever as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e identificar potenciais fatores de risco para letalidade hospitalar em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, admitidos em unidade de terapia intensiva. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Pacientes consecutivamente admitidos por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada numa unidade de terapia intensiva, de junho/2001 a dezembro/2003, foram selecionados e seguidos durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas na admiss&#227;o foram coletadas e avaliadas por meio de modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla como preditores de risco para letalidade hospitalar. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Foram avaliados 299 pacientes, 54% do sexo masculino, com m&#233;dia de idade de 69&#177;13 anos. Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foi a causa principal da fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em 49% dos casos. <italic>Diabetes mellitus</italic> e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica ocorreram em 37,5% e 78% dos pacientes, respectivamente. Na admiss&#227;o, 22% dos pacientes apresentavam fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; 21,5%, disfun&#231;&#227;o renal e 48% dos casos, anemia (16,5% com anemia importante). Encontrou-se disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica grave (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &lt;30%) em 44% dos pacientes. A letalidade hospitalar foi 17,4%. Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada, hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE), fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, insufici&#234;ncia renal, idade &gt;70 anos e hiponatremia foram independentemente associados com letalidade hospitalar. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Pacientes internados por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada em unidade intensiva apresentam letalidade hospitalar elevada. Neste estudo, vari&#225;veis da admiss&#227;o puderam predizer letalidade hospitalar, como AVE pr&#233;vio, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, hiponatremia, insufici&#234;ncia renal e idade &gt;70 anos.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, epidemiologia, letalidade hospitalar, preditores.</p>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; uma doen&#231;a de elevada preval&#234;ncia e grande impacto na morbidade e mortalidade em todo o mundo, especialmente nos idosos<sup>1</sup>. O progn&#243;stico em longo prazo ainda &#233; ruim, com sobrevida em 5 anos menor do que 50%<sup>1,2</sup>. De acordo com o DATASUS, ocorreram 340.000 admiss&#245;es por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no Brasil em 2004, respons&#225;veis por 28% de todas as hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e 3% das causas totais<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p> Estudos observacionais em que se avaliam pacientes admitidos devido &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca s&#227;o, em geral, restritos a centros &#250;nicos ou baseados em pequenos registros. Manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas distintas e diferentes marcadores progn&#243;sticos t&#234;m sido descritos entre os pacientes com formas graves de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca comparados com aqueles portadores de formas mais leves da doen&#231;a. Por exemplo, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo parece n&#227;o afetar o progn&#243;stico de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada, oposto ao que ocorre com indiv&#237;duos com grau leve a moderado da doen&#231;a<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
    <p> &#201; poss&#237;vel que os progressos na terapia m&#233;dica e cir&#250;rgica da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>6</sup>, bem como o envelhecimento populacional, contribuam para aumentar a taxa de interna&#231;&#227;o de casos mais avan&#231;ados da doen&#231;a, os quais podem ainda ser agravados pela coexist&#234;ncia de outras doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas. O estudo de pacientes portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave, como &#233; o caso daqueles que s&#227;o internados em unidades para tratamento intensivo, &#233; necess&#225;rio e consistente com a demanda atual.</p>
    <p> No presente estudo objetiva-se descrever as caracte&#173;r&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e identificar preditores de letalidade hospitalar em pacientes internados por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada numa unidade de terapia intensiva da cidade de Salvador, Bahia. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Desenho do estudo e amostra</italic> - Trata-se de uma coorte prospectiva de pacientes admitidos consecutivamente na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) de um hospital terci&#225;rio de Salvador, Bahia, com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, entre junho de 2001 e dezembro de 2003. O diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca baseou-se numa hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica sugestiva (piora de dispn&#233;ia ou dispn&#233;ia de repouso) e presen&#231;a de sinais de congest&#227;o pulmonar ou edema perif&#233;rico, conforme crit&#233;rios estabelecidos<sup>7</sup>. Sempre que necess&#225;rio, os resultados de exames complementares (raio X do t&#243;rax, ecocardiograma) tamb&#233;m foram utilizados para estabelecer o diagn&#243;stico da s&#237;ndrome. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes deveriam apresentar pelo menos uma interna&#231;&#227;o por descompensa&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no &#250;ltimo ano, para serem considerados como portadores de doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica. O tempo de acompanhamento correspondeu ao per&#237;odo total de interna&#231;&#227;o, j&#225; que os pacientes foram acompanhados ap&#243;s a sa&#237;da da UTI, at&#233; a alta hospitalar. Foram exclusos os pacientes com diagn&#243;stico definitivo de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. </p>
    <p><italic>Fonte de dados </italic>- As informa&#231;&#245;es foram obtidas em consulta aos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos. Os dados tamb&#233;m foram obtidos por entrevistas diretas com o paciente, sempre que poss&#237;vel, ou com algum acompanhante. Em caso de d&#250;vidas, era realizada uma consulta adicional ao cardiologista da UTI ou ao m&#233;dico assistente do paciente. O instrumento de coleta de dados foi um question&#225;rio especificamente criado para esta pesquisa, incluindo vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, relacionadas a exames complementares e terapia utilizada, al&#233;m de informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica hospitalar at&#233; a alta ou &#243;bito. Este projeto de pesquisa est&#225; de acordo com os princ&#237;pios delineados na Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki<sup>8</sup> e foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do pr&#243;prio hospital. Foi solicitado um aceite do termo de consentimento livre antes da inclus&#227;o dos pacientes no estudo.</p>
    <p><italic>Exames complementares</italic> - O eletrocardiograma (ECG) de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es e os resultados de testes laboratoriais usados para an&#225;lise foram aqueles obtidos na admiss&#227;o do paciente. O exame laboratorial incluiu dosagens s&#233;ricas de eletr&#243;litos, ur&#233;ia, creatinina e glicose, al&#233;m de hemograma completo. 296 (99%) pacientes submeteram-se a ecocardiograma durante a interna&#231;&#227;o para avalia&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas e fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Cineangiocoronariografia foi realizada de acordo com a indica&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica do servi&#231;o, assim como ocorreu com outros exames complementares.</p>
    <p><italic>Defini&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis</italic> - As etiologias da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram definidas como<sup>9,10</sup>: a) cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica pela presen&#231;a de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, angina de peito, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana pr&#233;via por angioplastia percut&#226;nea ou cirurgia, ou coronariografia que demonstraram obstru&#231;&#245;es arteriais cr&#237;ticas em ramos epic&#225;rdicos; b) cardiopatia hipertensiva, definida como hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica de longa data sem adequado controle press&#243;rico ou uso prolongado de anti-hipertensivos, associada &#224; presen&#231;a de hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica ao eletrocardiograma ou ecocardiograma; c) cardiopatia valvular, definida como uma hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a valvular pr&#233;via ou com base em resultados de ecocardiograma; d) doen&#231;a de Chagas, definida por testes sorol&#243;gicos positivos; e) miocardiopatia idiop&#225;tica, quando dilata&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventriculares estivessem presentes, na aus&#234;ncia de outra causa evidente; f) miocardite viral pela presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com g&#225;lio-67 ou bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica, sugestivas de anormalidades inflamat&#243;rias transit&#243;rias. Comorbidades foram definidas por hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, uso de medica&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas ou resultados de exames complementares. </p>
    <p>Insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda durante a interna&#231;&#227;o foi definida como n&#237;vel de creatinina s&#233;rica <underline>&gt;</underline> 1,4mg/dl naqueles com n&#237;veis basais normais ou um aumento de pelo menos 0,5mg/dl naqueles cuja creatinina s&#233;rica da admiss&#227;o fosse maior do que 1,4mg/dl.  </p>
    <p>A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi medida pelo ecocardiograma, por meio da f&#243;rmula de Teichholz para registros no modo M ou da f&#243;rmula modificada de Simpson para as medidas dos di&#226;metros sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico finais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, no corte apical das duas c&#226;maras. Os valores da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram registrados nos seguintes intervalos: &gt;55% ou fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica normal, 45-55% ou disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica leve, 30-44% ou disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica moderada e &lt;30% ou disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica grave. Os di&#226;metros do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram medidos nos cortes paraesternais e dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi considerada presente quando di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final fosse &gt; 56mm. Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda preservada foi definida por fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo <underline>&gt;</underline> 45%. A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi avaliada pelas medidas da velocidade transmitral inicial (onda E) e tardia (onda A), raz&#227;o E/A e pelo tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E, e classificada nos padr&#245;es: normal, altera&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento ventricular, pseudonormaliza&#231;&#227;o e padr&#227;o restritivo<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p> Converteram-se vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas em vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas para fins de an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e estratificadas deste modo: idade (&gt;70 e <underline>&lt;</underline>70 anos), creatinina s&#233;rica (&lt;1,8 e <underline>&gt;</underline>1,8mg/dl) e s&#243;dio (Na) s&#233;rico (&lt;136 e <underline>&gt;</underline>136mEq/l). A presen&#231;a de anemia foi definida conforme o crit&#233;rio da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) <sup>12</sup>: hemoglobina (Hb) &lt;13,0g/dl para sexo masculino e Hb &lt;12,0g/dl para sexo feminino. Para fins das an&#225;lises bivariada e multivariada, consideramos como subgrupo de risco os pacientes com n&#237;veis mais baixos de Hb, correspondentes ao percentil 20 da amostra (Hb &lt;11,0g/dl para o sexo masculino e Hb &lt;10,0g/dl para o sexo feminino), denominados como portadores de &#145;anemia importante&#146;. Isto decorreu do fato de que, sendo a presente amostra composta por pacientes criticamente doentes, esperava-se que a preval&#234;ncia de anemia, pelo crit&#233;rio da OMS, fosse muito alta, o que dificultaria o surgimento de poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as entre os grupos de an&#234;micos e n&#227;o an&#234;micos, caso de fato elas existissem.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> - Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas como m&#233;dias &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e comparadas pelo teste t de Student para amostras independentes. Descreveram-se vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas como propor&#231;&#245;es e comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher. Fizeram-se an&#225;lises bivariadas entre vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nico-laboratoriais e morte hospitalar para estimativas brutas de associa&#231;&#227;o (risco relativo) e seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%. Realizou-se an&#225;lise multivariada explorat&#243;ria por modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para a determina&#231;&#227;o de potenciais fatores de risco independentes de letalidade hospitalar. Vari&#225;veis de admiss&#227;o foram selecionadas para o modelo log&#237;stico explorat&#243;rio se houvessem associado com morte hospitalar a um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia &lt;10% na an&#225;lise bivariada. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia (valor p) para todas as demais associa&#231;&#245;es foi definido como 5%, para hip&#243;teses bicaudais. O <italic>software</italic> SPSS vers&#227;o 10 foi usado para as an&#225;lises.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas</italic> - Foram avaliados 299 pacientes. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas principais est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref>. Os pacientes eram idosos (idade m&#233;dia de 69&#177;13 anos) e a cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica foi a causa prim&#225;ria da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em quase metade dos casos. Observou-se hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica em 78% deles, um passado de AVE em 15%, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em 22% e diabete em 37% dos pacientes. A maioria desses apresentava dispn&#233;ia de repouso na admiss&#227;o, dos quais 9% tinham s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0185-00018-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Diabetes mellitus</italic> foi mais freq&#252;ente nos pacientes com etiologia isqu&#234;mica. Em pacientes com menos de 60 anos, essa associa&#231;&#227;o foi mais forte, com raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia para diabete igual a 3,6 (IC 95% 1,9-6,9) ao se compararem pacientes isqu&#234;micos e n&#227;o isqu&#234;micos. Indiv&#237;duos com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &lt;30% tiveram complexos QRS mais largos (60% versus 37%; p &lt;0,001) e freq&#252;&#234;ncia maior de bloqueio completo do ramo esquerdo (32% versus 19%), quando comparados com pacientes que apresentavam fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o <underline>&gt;</underline> 30%.</p>
    <p><italic>Resultados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</italic> - Foi realizado ecocardiograma em 296 pacientes. Os principais resultados est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref>. Encontrou-se disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica grave do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em 44% dos casos. Ocorreu insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada em 34% dos pacientes. Dos indiv&#237;duos com disfun&#231;&#227;o valvular, 80% exibiram regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral moderada a grave.</p>
    <p><italic>Achados laboratoriais</italic> - Resultados laboratoriais anormais &#224; admiss&#227;o foram freq&#252;entes. Anemia foi encontrada em 48% da amostra total: 43% no sexo masculino e 53% no sexo feminino (p=0,09). Anemia importante ocorreu em 16,5% dos casos. N&#237;veis anormais de pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico ocorreram em 13% dos pacientes. Encontrou-se hiponatremia em 21% dos casos, dos quais 34% apresentavam n&#237;veis menores do que 130mEq/l. N&#237;veis elevados de creatinina ocorreram em 21,5% (65 casos).</p>
    <p><italic>Eventos hospitalares</italic> - Detectou-se embolia pulmonar em 15%, sepsis em 5,7% e AVE agudo em 4% dos casos durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. Desenvolveu-se insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda em 42% dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>A letalidade hospitalar foi 17,4%. Os pacientes que faleceram eram, em m&#233;dia, mais velhos do que os que sobreviveram &#224; hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (73&#177;12 anos <italic>versus</italic> 69&#177;13 anos; p=0,03). Na an&#225;lise bivariada, algumas vari&#225;veis foram associadas (p&lt;0,05) com maior risco de morte: AVE pr&#233;vio; fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, creatinina elevada (<underline>&gt;</underline>1,8mg/dl) e anemia importante &#224; admiss&#227;o; dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; disfun&#231;&#227;o valvular moderada a grave (80% correspondiam &#224; insufici&#234;ncia mitral); insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda e AVE durante a interna&#231;&#227;o atual. Quando a idade foi analisada como vari&#225;vel categ&#243;rica (&gt;70 e <underline>&lt;</underline> 70 anos), observou-se uma associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante entre idade avan&#231;ada e &#243;bito (RR=2,0; IC 95% 1,2-3,5). Hiponatremia grave &#224; admiss&#227;o aumentou o risco de morte hospitalar, por&#233;m com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia marginal (RR=2,0; IC 95% 1,1-3,9; p=0,07). O uso de aminas vasoativas durante a interna&#231;&#227;o teve forte associa&#231;&#227;o com letalidade (RR=20,3; IC 95% 9,0-45,7). Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, g&#234;nero e etiologia isqu&#234;mica n&#227;o tiveram associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante com letalidade hospitalar nesta coorte de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise multivariada</italic> - Os resultados da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">Tabela 2</xref> . Os potenciais preditores independentes de letalidade hospitalar, entre as vari&#225;veis colhidas na admiss&#227;o, foram: hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de AVE (RR=2,55; IC 95% 1,17-5,55), creatinina s&#233;rica <underline>&gt;</underline> 1,8mg/dl (RR=2,27; IC 95% 1,13-4,54), fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (RR=2,18; IC 95%1,09-4,36), idade &gt;70 anos (RR=1,92; IC 95%1,00-3,70) e hiponatremia (RR=3,06; IC 95%1,08-8,67). A presen&#231;a de anemia importante, apesar de associada a maior risco de morte hospitalar (RR=2,02) ap&#243;s o ajuste, n&#227;o se confirmou com preditor independente de letalidade ao n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 5%.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0185-00018-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Este estudo, com pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave admitidos em unidade intensiva, demonstrou que a hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de AVE, disfun&#231;&#227;o renal e hiponatremia na admiss&#227;o, idade &gt;70 anos e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em ECG inicial s&#227;o potenciais preditores, independentemente de letalidade hospitalar. Observou-se uma alta preval&#234;ncia do sexo feminino, de pacientes idosos e de comorbidades, como <italic>diabetes mellitus</italic>, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e insufici&#234;ncia renal. Vale ressaltar que o est&#225;gio avan&#231;ado da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi definido primariamente por crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos, associados &#224; necessidade de interna&#231;&#227;o em unidade intensiva. </p>
    <p> Estudos que envolvem pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave s&#227;o escassos, geralmente retrospectivos e baseados em amostras de indiv&#237;duos inclusos em programas para transplante card&#237;aco <sup>5,13</sup>. Pacientes selecionados para transplante, embora quase sempre com fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca terminal, s&#227;o mais jovens e atendem a crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o muito r&#237;gidos. Conseq&#252;entemente, &#233; poss&#237;vel que os resultados aqui apresentados representem mais adequadamente os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada, atendidos na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p><italic>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes</italic> - Como citado, a m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes foi alta e houve um grande percentual do sexo feminino neste estudo. Trabalhos pr&#233;vios mostraram que mulheres com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca s&#227;o mais velhas do que os homens e apresentam-se mais freq&#252;entemente com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada<sup>14-18</sup>. No presente estudo tamb&#233;m encontrou-se uma elevada propor&#231;&#227;o (1/3 dos casos) de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada, o que provavelmente decorreu do perfil de nossa amostra. Neste aspecto, alguns estudos t&#234;m demonstrado resultados discordantes, geralmente devido ao emprego de diferentes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o para selecionar os pacientes com fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Por exemplo, no estudo EPICAL <sup>9</sup> avaliou-se uma amostra com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada que foi primariamente definida pela presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica grave do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt;30%), o que resultou na sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes mais jovens e, na grande maioria (75%), do sexo masculino. Ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, por sua vez, tamb&#233;m tendem a selecionar amostras com baixa freq&#252;&#234;ncia do sexo feminino (em geral, inferior a 20%)<sup>18</sup> o que n&#227;o &#233; consistente com a realidade da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica; a generaliza&#231;&#227;o de seus resultados fica, portanto, limitada para o subgrupo de mulheres. Os achados deste estudo observacional parecem representar melhor a popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca atendidos e internados nos hospitais por causa de sua cardiopatia.</p>
    <p>Semelhante a estudos pr&#233;vios<sup>14,16</sup>, a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foi a causa principal de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na presente amostra, seguida pela cardiopatia hipertensiva. A doen&#231;a de Chagas, embora relatada como a etiologia prim&#225;ria da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em 1/3 dos casos no Brasil<sup>19</sup>, foi respons&#225;vel por apenas 10% dos casos neste estudo. Isto, por sua vez, &#233; concordante com os achados de Barreto et al<sup>20</sup>, que estudaram transversalmente pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca admitidos no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (INCOR), em S&#227;o Paulo. A preval&#234;ncia da miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica foi de apenas 6%. &#201; interessante notar que, na atualidade, em duas das maiores cidades do Brasil (S&#227;o Paulo e Salvador), a doen&#231;a de Chagas n&#227;o parece exercer um papel principal na etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, provavelmente retratando as mudan&#231;as epidemiol&#243;gicas que ocorreram em nosso pa&#237;s nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, em especial o controle da transmiss&#227;o vetorial da infec&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Comorbidades foram freq&#252;entes nesta amostra. Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica esteve presente em quase 80% dos casos. <italic>Diabetes mellitus</italic> foi observada em 38% e 15% dos pacientes tinham hist&#243;ria anterior de AVE. Doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas s&#227;o mais freq&#252;entes em pacientes mais idosos<sup>21,22</sup>, tal como &#233; o caso desta amostra. Da mesma forma, hipertens&#227;o e diabete fazem parte das etiologias de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada, especialmente em mulheres idosas<sup>17,23,24</sup>, caracter&#237;sticas que tamb&#233;m preenchem o perfil da popula&#231;&#227;o aqui avaliada. </p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de diabete &#233; maior em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica do que naqueles de etiologia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica<sup>9</sup>. No presente estudo, houve uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre <italic>diabetes mellitus</italic> e etiologia isqu&#234;mica. Esta associa&#231;&#227;o foi mais forte nos pacientes &lt;60 anos, o que talvez parcialmente explique a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca t&#227;o grave num grupo de pacientes mais jovens. A preval&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, maior no sexo masculino, foi compat&#237;vel com achados de outros trabalhos<sup>14,20</sup> e provavelmente reflita a presen&#231;a de a idade avan&#231;ada e a maior gravidade da cardiopatia nesta amostra. Alargamento do QRS (&gt;120mseg) foi muito freq&#252;ente e ocorreu em quase metade dos pacientes. Resultados similares j&#225; foram descritos<sup>25</sup>, provavelmente relacionados com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda reduzida. No presente estudo, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt;30% foi registrada em 44% dos pacientes, fato que justifica dura&#231;&#227;o prolongada do complexo QRS, pois quanto mais grave a disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, mais lenta a ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
    <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foram encontradas em 90% dos 248 pacientes que realizaram avalia&#231;&#227;o para esse fim. Destes, 21% apresentavam fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica normal. Este achado &#233; interessante e diferente dos resultados de estudos pr&#233;vios que quase sempre associam insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica grave<sup>26,27</sup>. A defini&#231;&#227;o primariamente cl&#237;nica para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada adotada neste trabalho, bem como a elevada freq&#252;&#234;ncia de mulheres nesta amostra, podem justificar esse achado. De fato, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que a gravidade da manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o est&#225; necessariamente relacionada ao grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica<sup>28</sup>.</p>
    <p>Anemia, hiponatremia, eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de ur&#233;ia e creatinina foram achados freq&#252;entes na admiss&#227;o hospitalar. Esses fatores s&#227;o reconhecidos atualmente como preditores de mau progn&#243;stico em longo prazo em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave<sup>29-31</sup>. No entanto, o papel progn&#243;stico em curto prazo dessas vari&#225;veis n&#227;o foi ainda estabelecido.</p>
    <p><italic>Incid&#234;ncia de desfechos hospitalares</italic> - A letalidade hospitalar foi 17,4%. Este valor est&#225; de acordo com os resultados de outros estudos envolvendo pacientes admitidos por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>20,32-35</sup>, nos quais a letalidade varia de 6,4%<sup>32</sup> a 23,4%<sup>33</sup>. No Brasil, a letalidade hospitalar para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em institui&#231;&#245;es da rede p&#250;blica de sa&#250;de &#233; 7,5%<sup>3</sup>. Embora a presente amostra derive de um hospital de refer&#234;ncia da rede privada, onde todos os pacientes t&#234;m assist&#234;ncia cardiol&#243;gica espec&#237;fica e, provavelmente, uma estrat&#233;gia atual e adequada de tratamento para a doen&#231;a, estes pacientes eram portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave e, por causa disso, necessitaram de interna&#231;&#227;o inicial em unidade intensiva. </p>
    <p>Esse pode ser um motivo para explicar a letalidade hospitalar mais elevada neste estudo. Entretanto, sendo a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca uma doen&#231;a de diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico, erros de classifica&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, em ambos os sentidos (dar o diagn&#243;stico em quem n&#227;o tem a doen&#231;a ou dar outro diagn&#243;stico em que tem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca) s&#227;o prov&#225;veis de ocorrer mais freq&#252;entemente em hospitais gerais e da rede p&#250;blica, o que n&#227;o &#233; o caso da institui&#231;&#227;o em quest&#227;o. &#201; poss&#237;vel que, no presente estudo, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de erro diagn&#243;stico seja menor, o que fortalece, ent&#227;o, a confiabilidade dos valores encontrados. </p>
    <p>Entre os demais desfechos hospitalares observados, chama aten&#231;&#227;o a elevada incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda (42%) e de embolia pulmonar (15%). A gravidade da cardiopatia e a grande propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes idosos neste estudo podem justificar esses achados.</p>
    <p>An&#225;lise multivariada para fatores de risco de letalidade hospitalar - No presente estudo, os preditores independentes, registrados na admiss&#227;o, para letalidade hospitalar foram: hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de AVE, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, idade &gt;70 anos, hiponatremia e n&#237;veis elevados de creatinina. Embora o papel progn&#243;stico de todas essas caracter&#237;sticas j&#225; tenha sido reconhecido para desfechos em longo prazo em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>9,29-31,36,37</sup>, a descri&#231;&#227;o do risco potencial para aumentar a letalidade precoce, ainda na fase hospitalar, &#233; um resultado original.</p>
    <p>Hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de AVE e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial na admiss&#227;o foram associados com redu&#231;&#227;o de sobrevida tardia em pacientes que tinham recebido alta ap&#243;s a primeira interna&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>37</sup>. Outros estudos t&#234;m mostrado resultados controversos quanto ao papel da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial nos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Em alguns deles, a presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial na admiss&#227;o n&#227;o foi associada independentemente com maior risco de mortalidade <sup>38-40</sup> ou morbidade<sup>38-41</sup> ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada. Em an&#225;lise retrospectiva do estudo SOLVD<sup>42</sup>, envolvendo pacientes sintom&#225;ticos e assintom&#225;ticos com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica grave do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, os autores descreveram um significante e independente aumento no risco de morte por progress&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e da morte total no subgrupo com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial na admiss&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Hiponatremia grave e disfun&#231;&#227;o renal t&#234;m sido reconhecidas como alguns dos principais marcadores progn&#243;sticos de sobrevida em longo prazo nos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>43</sup>. Essas duas altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas podem resultar da gravidade da cardiopatia, como tamb&#233;m, uma vez presentes em pacientes criticamente doentes, agravar as manifesta&#231;&#245;es da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. De qualquer sorte, o presente estudo levanta a possibilidade de que essas caracter&#237;sticas laboratoriais possam ajudar a identificar, j&#225; na admiss&#227;o hospitalar, um subgrupo de pacientes com risco ainda maior de letalidade precoce.</p>
    <p>O papel da idade no progn&#243;stico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi avaliado em v&#225;rios trabalhos. No estudo EPICAL<sup>9</sup>, indiv&#237;duos entre 70-80 anos apresentaram um risco independente de morte 50% maior do que aqueles com idade &lt;70 anos. No presente trabalho, os pacientes mais idosos tamb&#233;m mantiveram um risco maior de letalidade hospitalar ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica lim&#237;trofe, pois o intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% desta associa&#231;&#227;o incluiu a unidade. Isso pode ser um problema relacionado com tamanho da amostra, por&#233;m existem outros estudos em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave que n&#227;o demonstraram que a idade avan&#231;ada fosse um fator de risco independente para mortalidade<sup>4,5,44-46</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em estudos pr&#233;vios, anemia tem sido associada &#224; menor sobrevida tardia em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica grave do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt;35%) e classe funcional da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> I a IV<sup>29-31</sup>. Da mesma forma, a presen&#231;a de anemia, mesmo em graus relativamente leves, foi associada com piora de sintomas e taxas de readmiss&#227;o mais elevadas em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca moderada a grave<sup>29</sup>. No presente estudo n&#227;o se foi capaz de demonstrar, do ponto de vista estat&#237;stico, um risco independente da anemia, mesmo em n&#237;vel mais importante, na redu&#231;&#227;o da sobrevida hospitalar de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada. &#201; poss&#237;vel que neste estudo n&#227;o se tenha tido poder suficiente para detectar essa associa&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>O fato de se terem assumido pacientes com n&#237;veis mais leves de anemia no grupo de pacientes n&#227;o an&#234;micos (se se considerasse o crit&#233;rio da OMS) pode ter contribu&#237;do para isso. Fatores cl&#237;nicos importantes geralmente associados com pior progn&#243;stico em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, como fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo reduzida e etiologia isqu&#234;mica, n&#227;o foram significantemente associados com morte neste estudo, mesmo na an&#225;lise bivariada. O fato de se estar medindo um desfecho muito precoce em uma amostra de pacientes com doen&#231;a grave pode justificar a aus&#234;ncia dessas associa&#231;&#245;es. Diferen&#231;as no papel progn&#243;stico de vari&#225;veis em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca j&#225; s&#227;o reconhecidas. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, por exemplo, est&#225; associada com menor sobrevida tardia em pacientes portadores de formas leves a moderadas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, mas n&#227;o no subgrupo com doen&#231;a grave<sup>4,5</sup>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; etiologia isqu&#234;mica, as informa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis ainda s&#227;o conflitantes. Pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica t&#234;m sido associados a um progn&#243;stico pior <sup>9,47-50</sup>, compar&#225;vel<sup>51</sup> ou mesmo melhor<sup>14</sup> do que os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de etiologia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>CONCLUS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Nesta amostra de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, internados em unidade de terapia intensiva, caracter&#237;sticas da admiss&#227;o foram capazes de predizer de modo independente maior letalidade hospitalar: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, hiponatremia grave, passado de AVE, idade avan&#231;ada e disfun&#231;&#227;o renal. Pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada (est&#225;gios C e D<sup>52,53</sup>), n&#227;o inclusos em programas para transplante card&#237;aco, merecem uma aten&#231;&#227;o especial em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles que s&#227;o atendidos ambulatorialmente com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, pois seu perfil cl&#237;nico e fatores progn&#243;sticos podem apresentar peculiaridades que n&#227;o foram observadas em estudos pr&#233;vios.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Adriana Lopes Latado </p>
        <p> Rua Rosa dos Ventos, 39/1002 </p>
        <p> 40223-010 &#150; Salvador, BA </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="adrianalatado@cardiol.br">adrianalatado@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Recebido em 08/12/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 07/03/06</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Predictors of in-hospital lethality in patients with advanced heart failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: Describe the clinical characteristics and identify potential risk factors for in-hospital lethality in patients with decompensated heart failure admitted to an intensive care unit. METHODS: Decompensated heart failure patients consecutively admitted to an intensive care unit between June 2001 and December 2003 were selected and followed during hospitalization until discharge or death. Clinical characteristics at admission were recorded and evaluated as independent risk predictors for in-hospital mortality by multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 299 patients (69&#177;13 years of age and 54% men) were enrolled. Coronary artery disease was the main cause of heart failure in 49% of the cases. Diabetes mellitus and systemic arterial hypertension occurred in 37.5% and 78% of the patients, respectively. At admission, 22% of them had atrial fibrillation, 21.5% had renal dysfunction, and 48% anemia (16.5% with severe anemia). Severe systolic dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction &lt;30%) affected 44% of the patients. In-hospital mortality was 17.4%. After the multivariate analysis had been performed, previous history of stroke, atrial fibrillation, renal failure, age &gt; 70 years, and hyponatremia were independently associated with in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSION: Patients admitted to an intensive care unit due to decompensated heart failure have high in-hospital lethality. In this study, variables recorded at admission, such as previous stroke, atrial fibrillation, hyponatremia, renal failure, and age &gt; 70 years were predictors of in-hospital lethality.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>in-hospital lethality</kwd>
        <kwd>predictors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Predictors of in-hospital lethality in patients with advanced heart failure </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Adriana Lopes Latado; Luiz Carlos Santana Passos; Julio C. V. Braga; Alessandra Santos; Rodrigo Guedes; Simone S. Moura; Daniela Almeida</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Portugu&#234;s e Universidade Federal da Bahia - Salvador, BA - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> Describe the clinical characteristics and identify potential risk factors for in-hospital lethality in patients with decompensated heart failure admitted to an intensive care unit.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Decompensated heart failure patients consecutively admitted to an intensive care unit between June 2001 and December 2003 were selected and followed during hospitalization until discharge or death. Clinical characteristics at admission were recorded and evaluated as independent risk predictors for in-hospital mortality by multiple logistic regression analysis.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> A total of 299 patients (69&#177;13 years of age and 54% men) were enrolled. Coronary artery disease was the main cause of heart failure in 49% of the cases. Diabetes mellitus and systemic arterial hypertension occurred in 37.5% and 78% of the patients, respectively. At admission, 22% of them had atrial fibrillation, 21.5% had renal dysfunction, and 48% anemia (16.5% with severe anemia). Severe systolic dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction &lt;30%) affected 44% of the patients. In-hospital mortality was 17.4%. After the multivariate analysis had been performed, previous history of stroke, atrial fibrillation, renal failure, age &gt; 70 years, and hyponatremia were independently associated with in-hospital mortality.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Patients admitted to an intensive care unit due to decompensated heart failure have high in-hospital lethality. In this study, variables recorded at admission, such as previous stroke, atrial fibrillation, hyponatremia, renal failure, and age &gt; 70 years were predictors of in-hospital lethality.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Heart failure, epidemiology, in-hospital lethality, predictors.</p>
      <p>Heart failure is a disease of high prevalence that has a great impact on morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly among elderly people<sup>1</sup>. Long-term prognosis is still poor, with a five-year survival rate below 50%<sup>1,2</sup>. According to DATASUS, 340,000 people were hospitalized due to heart failure in Brazil during 2004, accounting for 28% of all hospital admissions due to cardiovascular diseases and 3% of all-cause hospitalizations<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Most observational studies that evaluate patients admitted for heart failure are restricted to single centers or based on small samples. Distinct clinical manifestations and different prognostic markers have been described for those patients with severe heart failure compared to those who have milder forms of the disease. For instance, the left ventricular ejection fraction does not seem to affect the prognosis of patients with advanced heart failure, contrary to what happens with individuals with mild-to-moderate forms of the disease<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is possible that advances in clinical and surgical therapy for heart failure<sup>6</sup>, as well as aging of the population, may contribute to increase the rate of hospital admissions of more advanced cases of the disease, which can be further aggravated by other concurrent chronic diseases. The evaluation of patients with severe heart failure, such as those who are admitted to intensive care units, is necessary and consistent with today&#146;s needs.</p>
      <p>The objectives of this study are to describe clinical characteristics and identify predictors of in-hospital lethality among patients with decompensated heart failure admitted to an intensive care unit in the city of Salvador, state of Bahia. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Study design and sample</italic> - Ours is a prospective cohort study consisting of decompensated heart failure patients consecutively admitted to the intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital in Salvador, Bahia, between June 2001 and December 2003. The diagnosis of heart failure was made based on a suggestive clinical history (worsening dyspnea or resting dyspnea) and signs of pulmonary congestion or peripheral edema, as per established criteria<sup>7</sup>. When deemed necessary, results of ancillary tests (chest X-ray, echocardiogram) were also used to establish the diagnosis of the syndrome. Patients needed to have been hospitalized at least once during the previous year due to decompensated heart failure to be considered as chronic patients. Follow-up corresponded to the total number of days of hospital stay, since patients were followed from ICU discharge through hospital discharge. Patients with a definitive diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation were excluded from the study. </p>
      <p><italic>Data source</italic> - Information was obtained through consultation of medical records. Data were also obtained by directly interviewing the patient or a family member. When necessary, the ICU cardiologist or the patient&#146;s physician were also consulted. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire specifically developed for this study, including variables on demographics, clinical aspects, ancillary tests, and therapy employed, besides information about the patient&#146;s clinical progression in the hospital up until discharge or death. This research project is in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki guidelines<sup>8</sup> and was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the institution. Before patients were enrolled in the study, they were asked to sign the informed consent form.</p>
      <p><italic>Ancillary tests</italic> - The twelve-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) and laboratory test results used for analysis were those obtained at admission. Laboratory tests included serum electrolytes, urea, creatinine, and glucose, as well as a complete blood count. Two hundred and ninety-six patients (99%) underwent echocardiograms during hospitalization in order to evaluate heart chambers and left ventricular systolic and diastolic functions. Coronary angiography was performed according to the hospital&#146;s standard procedures, as were the other ancillary tests.</p>
      <p><italic>Definition of variables</italic> - Heart failure etiologies were defined as follows<sup>9,10</sup>: a) ischemic cardiopathy due to previous myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, previous coronary revascularization by percutaneous angioplasty or surgery, or critical artery block in epicardial branches detected by coronoriography; b) hypertensive cardiopathy, defined as a long-term history of systemic arterial hypertension with poor blood pressure control or long-term use of antihypertensive drugs, associated with myocardial hypertrophy identified by electrocardiogram or echocardiogram; c) valvular cardiopathy defined as a history of previous valvular disease or based on echocardiogram results; d) Chagas&#146; disease, defined by positive serum tests; e) idiopathic myocarditis, with ventricular dilation and dysfunction in the absence of any other evident cause; f) viral myocarditis detected by the presence of left ventricular dysfunction and transient inflammatory abnormalities detected by myocardial scintigraphy with gallium-67 or endomyocardial biopsies. Comorbidities were defined as per clinical history, use of specific medications, or results of ancillary tests. </p>
      <p>Acute renal failure during hospitalization was defined as a serum level of creatinine <underline>&gt;</underline>1.4 mg/dL in patients with normal baseline values, or an increase of at least 0.5 mg/dL in patients with serum creatinine greater than 1.4 mg/dL at admission. </p>
      <p>Left ventricular ejection fraction was measured by M-mode echocardiography using Teichholz&#146;s formula or Simpson&#146;s modified formula for end left ventricular systolic and diastolic diameters, at the apical two-chamber view. Values of the left ventricular ejection fraction were recorded at the following intervals: &gt;55% or normal systolic function, 45-55% or mild systolic dysfunction, 30-44% or moderate systolic dysfunction, and &lt;30% or severe systolic dysfunction. Left ventricular diameters were measured in the parasternal views, and left ventricular dilation was considered present when the final diastolic diameter was &gt;56mm. Heart failure with preserved left ventricular systolic function was defined as left ventricular ejection fraction <underline>&gt;</underline>45%. The diastolic function was evaluated by measurements of the early transmitral velocity (E wave) and late (A wave), the E/A ratio, and by the E wave desacceleration time, and classified according to the following standards: normal, altered ventricular relaxation, pseudonormalization, and restrictive filling pattern<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Continuous variables were converted into categorical variables for statistical analysis and stratified as follows: age (&gt;70 and <underline>&lt;</underline>70 years), serum creatinine (&lt;1.8 and <underline>&gt;</underline>1.8 mg/dL), and serum sodium (Na) (&lt;136 and <underline>&gt;</underline>136 mEq/L). The presence of anemia was defined by criterion established by the World Health Organization (WHO)<sup>12</sup>: hemoglobin (Hb) &lt;13.0 g/dL for men and Hb &lt;12.0 g/dL for women. For bivariate and multivariate analysis purposes, patients were a part of the "at risk" subgroup when they had lower levels of Hb, corresponding to the 20<sup>th</sup> percentile of the sample (Hb &lt;11.0 g/dL for men and Hb &lt;10.0 g/dL for women), and were called "severe anemia" patients. This resulted from the fact that, as the sample consisted of critically ill patients, prevalence of anemia was expected to be very high (according to the WHO criterion), making it difficult to detect possible differences between the groups of anemic and nonanemic patients, if any. </p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - Continuous variables were described as means &#177; standard deviations and compared by the Student&#146;s t-test for independent samples. Categorical variables were described as ratios and compared by the chi-square or Fisher&#146;s exact tests. Bivariate analyses between clinical/laboratorial variables and in-hospital deaths were made for gross estimates (relative risk) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (CI). Exploratory multivariate analysis by the logistic regression models was used to determine potential independent risk factors for in-hospital lethality. Hospital admission variables were selected for the exploratory logistic model provided they were associated with in-hospital death, at a &lt;10% significance level in the bivariate analysis. The significance level (p value) for all other associations was defined as 5% for two-tailed hypotheses. SPSS software, version 10, was used for the analyses.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Clinical and electrocardiographic characteristics</italic> - Two hundred and ninety-nine patients were evaluated. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the main clinical and demographic characteristics. Patients were elderly (mean age 69&#177;13 years), and ischemic cardiopathy was the leading cause of heart failure in nearly half of the cases. Systemic arterial hypertension was observed in 78% of the patients, previous stroke in 15%, atrial fibrillation in 22% and diabetes in 37% of the patients. Most patients had resting dyspnea at admission, and 9% of them had low cardiac output syndrome.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0185-00018-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>Diabetes mellitus</italic> was most common among patients with ischemic etiology. In patients under 60 years of age, this association was stronger, with a prevalence ratio for diabetes equal to 3.6 (CI 95% 1.9-6.9) when comparing ischemic and nonischemic patients. Individuals with left ventricular ejection fraction &lt;30% had broader QRS complexes (60% versus 37%; p &lt;0.001), and higher frequency of total left bundle branch block (32% versus 19%), when compared to patients with ejection fraction <underline>&gt;</underline>30%.</p>
      <p><italic>Echocardiographic results</italic> - Two hundred and ninety-six patients underwent echocardiogram. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> displays main results. Severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction affected 44% of the patients, whereas 34% of them had heart failure with preserved systolic function. Of the individuals with valvular dysfunction, 80% had moderate-to-severe mitral regurgitation. </p>
      <p><italic>Laboratory findings</italic> - Abnormal laboratory results at admission were frequent. Forty-eight percent of the patients in the total sample had anemia, 43% males and 53% females (p=0.09). Severe anemia affected 16.5% of the cases. Abnormal serum potassium levels were found in 13%, and hyponatremia was present in 21% of the cases, with 34% of them showing levels below 130mEq/L. Increased levels of creatinine were found in 21.5% (65 cases).</p>
      <p><italic>In-hospital events</italic> - Pulmonary embolism was detected in 15% of the patients, sepsis in 5.7%, and acute stroke in 4% of the cases during hospitalization. Acute renal failure developed in 42% of the patients.</p>
      <p>In-hospital lethality was 17.4%. Patients who died were, on average, older than those who survived their hospital stay (73&#177;12 years versus 69&#177;13 years; p=0.03). In the bivariate analysis, some variables (p&lt;0.05) were associated with higher risks of death and included a prior stroke; atrial fibrillation, increased levels of creatinine (<underline>&gt;</underline>1.8mg/dL), and severe anemia at admission; left ventricular dilation; moderate-to-severe valvular dysfunction (80% corresponded to mitral insufficiency); acute renal failure and stroke during current hospitalization. The analysis of age as a categorical variable (&gt;70 and <underline>&lt;</underline> 70 years) identified a statistically significant correlation between advanced age and death (RR=2.0; CI 95% 1.2-3.5). Severe hyponatremia at admission increased the risk of in-hospital death, although at a marginal significance level (RR=2.0; CI 95% 1.1-3.9; p=0.07). The use of vasoactive amines during hospitalization showed a strong association with lethality (RR=20.3; CI 95% 9.0-45.7). Left ventricular ejection fraction, gender, and ischemic etiology did not have a statistically significant association with in-hospital lethality in this cohort of advanced heart failure patients.</p>
      <p><italic>Multivariate analysis</italic> - <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> displays the results of the multiple logistic regression analysis. Among variables recorded at admission, the potential independent predictors of in-hospital lethality were: previous history of stroke (RR=2.55; CI 95% 1.17-5.55), serum creatinine <underline>&gt;</underline>1.8mg/dL (RR=2.27; CI 95% 1.13-4.54), atrial fibrillation (RR=2.18; CI 95%1.09-4.36), age &gt;70 years (RR=1.92; CI 95%1.00-3.70), and hyponatremia (RR=3.06; CI 95%1.08-8.67). The presence of severe anemia, although associated with a higher risk for in-hospital death (RR=2.02) after the adjustment, was not confirmed as an independent predictor of lethality at a statistical significance level of 5%. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0185-00018-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study involving severe heart failure patients admitted to an intensive care unit showed that previous history of stroke, renal failure and hyponatremia at admission, age &gt;70 years, and atrial fibrillation on the initial ECG are potential independent predictors of in-hospital lethality. A high prevalence of women, elderly patients, and comorbidities such as <italic>diabetes mellitus</italic>, systemic arterial hypertension, and renal failure was observed. It is worth mentioning that advanced heart failure was defined primarily according to clinical criteria, associated with the need for admittance to the intensive care unit. </p>
      <p>Studies involving patients with severe heart failure are scarce, and are generally retrospective and based on samples of individuals included in programs for heart transplantation<sup>5,13</sup>. Patients selected for transplantation, although almost always in terminal stages of heart failure, are younger and meet very strict inclusion criteria. Consequently, it is possible that the results in this study may give a more appropriate representation of the patients with advanced heart failure seen in clinical settings. </p>
      <p><italic>Patient characteristics</italic> - As previously mentioned, the average age of patients in this study was high, with a large percentage of females. Previous trials have shown that women with heart failure are older than men, and have a greater frequency of preserved left ventricular systolic function<sup>14-18</sup>. This study also found a high proportion (1/3 of all cases) of heart failure cases with preserved systolic function, that probably is a result of the profile of our sample. In this aspect, some studies have shown conflicting results, generally due to different inclusion criteria employed in selecting heart failure patients. For instance, the EPICAL study<sup>9</sup> evaluated a sample of patients with advanced heart failure that was primarily defined by the presence of severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction &lt;30%). This resulted in a selection of younger patients, most of whom (75%) were men. Randomized clinical assays about heart failure, on the other hand, also tend to select samples with small numbers of female patients (usually below 20%)<sup>18</sup>, which is not consistent with the reality in clinical practice. Generalization of its results is, therefore, restricted to the subgroup of women. The findings in this observational study seem to portray a better picture of the population of patients with heart failure seen and admitted to hospitals due to their cardiopathies.</p>
      <p>Similar to previous studies<sup>14,16</sup>, coronary artery disease was the leading cause of heart failure in this sample, followed by hypertensive cardiopathy. Chagas&#146; disease, although reported as the primary etiology of heart failure in 1/3 of all cases in Brazil<sup>19</sup>, accounted for just 10% of the cases in this study. On the other hand, this is in agreement with the findings of Barreto et al<sup>20</sup>, who conducted a cross-section study with heart failure patients admitted to the <italic>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (INCOR)</italic>, in S&#227;o Paulo. The prevalence of chagasic miocardiopathy was just 6%. It is interesting to note that currently, in two of the largest cities in Brazil (S&#227;o Paulo and Salvador), Chagas&#146; disease does not seem do play an important role in the etiology of heart failure, probably as a reflection of epidemiological changes that took place in our country during the past decades, particularly the control of the vectorial transmission of the infection.</p>
      <p>Comorbidities were frequently observed in this sample. Systemic arterial hypertension was present in almost 80% of all cases. <italic>Diabetes mellitus </italic>was detected in 38%, and 15% of the patients had a previous history of stroke. Chronic diseases are more frequently seen in older patients<sup>21,22</sup>, as in this sample. Likewise, hypertension and diabetes are part of heart failure etiologies with preservation of systolic function, mainly among older women<sup>17,23,14</sup>, characteristics that also match the profile of the population we analyzed. The prevalence of diabetes is higher among patients with ischemic heart failure than in those with nonischemic etiology<sup>9</sup>. In this study, there was a positive association between <italic>diabetes mellitus</italic> and ischemic etiology. This association was stronger among patients &lt;60 years of age, which may partially explain the presence of such severe heart disease in a group of younger patients. The prevalence of atrial fibrillation, higher in the male group, was compatible with the findings in other studies<sup>14,20</sup> and probably reflects the presence of older patients and the greater severity of the cardiopathy in this sample. QRS widening (&gt;120m/sec) was quite frequent, affecting almost half of all patients. Similar results have already been described<sup>25</sup>, probably associated with a smaller left ventricular ejection fraction. In this study, 44% of the patients had an ejection fraction &lt;30%, which justifies the prolonged duration of the QRS complex, since the more severe the myocardial dysfunction, the slower the ventricular activation.</p>
      <p>Changes in the diastolic function were found in 90% of the 248 patients who were evaluated for this purpose. Of these, 21% had a normal systolic function. This is an interesting finding that differs from the results in previous studies that almost always associate advanced heart failure with severe systolic dysfunction<sup>26,27</sup>. The primarily clinical definition for advanced heart failure adopted in this study, as well as the high frequency among women in this sample, may explain this finding. Indeed, there is evidence that the severity of the clinical manifestation of heart failure is not necessarily related to the degree of systolic dysfunction<sup>28</sup>.</p>
      <p>Anemia, hyponatremia, and increased urea and creatinine serum levels were frequent findings at admission. These factors are currently recognized as predictors of long-term poor prognosis in patients with severe heart failure<sup>29-31</sup>. However, the short-term prognostic role of these variables has not yet been established.</p>
      <p><italic>Incidence of hospital outcomes</italic> - In-hospital lethality was 17.4%. This concurs with the results of other studies involving patients admitted to hospital due to heart failure<sup>20,32-35</sup> in whom lethality rates vary from 6.4%<sup>32</sup> to 23.4%<sup>33</sup>. In Brazilian public institutions, in-hospital lethality due to heart failure is 7.5%<sup>3</sup>. Although the current sample comes from a reference hospital belonging to the network of private institutions in which all cardiac patients receive specific treatment and care, probably according to updated and adequate disease management strategies, these patients had severe heart failure and needed to be initially admitted to an intensive care unit. This may well explain the higher in-hospital lethality in this study. On the other hand, since heart failure is a disease that is clinically diagnosed, classification errors in both directions (diagnosing people who do not have the disease or giving another diagnosis to those who do have heart failure) may happen more frequently in general and public network hospitals, which is not the case of this institution. It is possible that in this study the frequency of diagnostic errors may be lower, thus increasing the reliability of the values found. </p>
      <p>Among the other hospital outcomes observed, the high incidence of acute renal failure (42%) and of pulmonary embolism (15%) stands out. The severity of cardiopathy and the large proportion of elderly patients in this study may explain these findings.</p>
      <p>Multivariate analysis of risk factors for in-hospital lethality - In this study, the independent predictors for in-hospital lethality recorded at admission were: previous history of stroke, atrial fibrillation, age &gt;70 years, hyponatremia, and high levels of serum creatinine. Although the prognostic role of all these characteristics has already been recognized for long-term outcomes in heart failure<sup>9,29-31,36,37</sup>, the description of their potential risk in increasing early lethality during hospitalization is a novel result.</p>
      <p>Previous history of stroke and atrial fibrillation at admission were associated with the reduction of late survival in patients who were discharged after their first hospitalization due to heart failure<sup>37</sup>. Other studies have shown controversial results as to the role of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure. In some of them, the presence of atrial fibrillation at admission was not independently associated with higher risk of mortality<sup>38-40</sup> or morbidity<sup>38-41</sup> after hospital discharge in patients with advanced heart failure. On the other hand, in the retrospective analysis of the SOLVD study<sup>42</sup> involving symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction, the authors described a significant and independent increase in the risk of death by progression of heart failure and of total death in the subgroup with atrial fibrillation at admission.</p>
      <p>Severe hyponatremia and renal dysfunction have been recognized as some of the most important prognostic markers of long-term survival in patients with heart failure<sup>43</sup>. These two metabolic changes may result from the seriousness of the cardiopathy, as well as they may aggravate heart failure manifestations in critically ill patients. In any case, this study raises the possibility that these laboratory characteristics may help identify, at the very time of hospital admission, a subgroup of patients with an even higher risk of early lethality.</p>
      <p>The role of age in the prognosis of heart failure has already been evaluated in several studies. In the EPICAL study<sup>9</sup>, individuals between 70 and 80 years of age had an independent risk of death 50% higher than those &lt;70 years of age. In this study, older patients also maintained a higher risk of in-hospital lethality after multivariate analysis with a borderline statistical significance level, since the 95% confidence interval of this association included the unit. This may be a problem related to the size of the sample, however there are other studies conducted with severe heart failure patients who did not show that advanced age was an independent risk factor for mortality<sup>4,5,44-46</sup>.</p>
      <p>In previous studies, anemia has been associated with lower late survival rates in patients with severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction &lt;35%) and New York Heart Association functional class I to IV<sup>29-31</sup>. In the same way, the presence of even relatively mild degrees of anemia was associated with a worsening of symptoms and higher readmission rates in patients with moderate-to-severe heart failure<sup>29</sup>. From a statistical point of view, this study was not able to demonstrate anemia, even at a more signifi cant level, as an independent risk factor for reducing in-hospital survival of patients with advanced cardiac failure. It is possible that our study did not have the suffi cient power to detect this association. The fact that we included patients with milder anemia in the group of nonanemic patients (taking in consideration the WHO criterion) may have contributed to this. Important clinical factors generally associated with the worst prognosis in heart failure, such as reduced left ventricular ejection fraction and ischemic etiology, were not signifi cantly associated with death in this study, even in the bivariate analysis. The fact that we are measuring such an early outcome in a sample of patients with severe disease may justify the absence of these associations. Differences in the prognostic role of variables in heart failure have already been recognized. Left ventricular ejection fraction, for instance, is associated with lower late survival rates in patients with mild-to-moderate forms of heart failure, but not in the subgroup with the severe form of the disease<sup>4,5</sup>. Concerning the ischemic etiology, information available is still contradictory. Patients with ischemic heart failure have been associated with a worse prognosis<sup>9,47-50</sup>, comparable<sup>51</sup> or even better<sup>14</sup> than patients with nonischemic heart failure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>CONCLUSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this sample of patients with heart failure admitted to an intensive care unit, the following admission characteristics were capable of independently predicting a higher level of in-hospital lethality: atrial fibrillation, severe hyponatremia, previous history of stroke, advanced age, and renal dysfunction. Patients with advanced heart failure (stages C and D<sup>52,53</sup>) not included in heart transplantation programs deserve special attention in relation to those with heart failure that are seen in ambulatory settings, since their clinical profile and prognostic factors may present peculiarities that have not been observed in previous studies. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Adriana Lopes Latado</p>
          <p> Rua Rosa dos Ventos, 39/1002</p>
          <p> 40223-010 &#150; Salvador, BA - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="adrianalatado@cardiol.br">adrianalatado@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Received on 12/08/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 03/07/06</p>
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