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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Y5hbmbDfSPDVL4rc4rQnkjn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001500014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700214</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001500014</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resultados iniciais do transplante de c&#233;lulas de medula &#243;ssea para o mioc&#225;rdio de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de etiologia chag&#225;sica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vilas-Boas</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feitos</surname>
            <given-names>Gilson S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Milena B.P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinho-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Joel Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Augusto Jos&#233; Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vinicius</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Heitor G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dourado-Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro-dos-Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Izabel</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Pesquisas Gon&#231;alo Moniz </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>159</fpage>
      <lpage>166</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar efeitos precoces do transplante de c&#233;lulas de medula &#243;ssea para o mioc&#225;rdio de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) de etiologia chag&#225;sica. M&#201;TODOS: A amostra consistiu de 28 pacientes, idade m&#233;dia 52,2&#177;9,9 anos, 24 masculinos, 25 em classe NYHA III e 3 em NYHA IV, apesar de tratamento otimizado. O procedimento consistiu na aspira&#231;&#227;o de 50ml de medula &#243;ssea, separa&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o mononuclear e inje&#231;&#227;o intracoronariana. Foram avaliados os efeitos sobre a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (FEVE), dist&#226;ncia no teste de 6 minutos, qualidade de vida, classe NYHA, efeitos arritmog&#234;nicos e bioqu&#237;micos. RESULTADOS: N&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas diretamente ao procedimento. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda em repouso antes do transplante era 20,1&#177;6,8% e, ap&#243;s 60 dias, aumentou para 23,0&#177;9,0%, p = 0,02. Houve melhora da classe NYHA (3,1&#177;0,3 para 1,8&#177;0,5; p&lt;0.0001); qualidade de vida (50,9&#177;11,7 para 21,8&#177;13,4; p&lt;0.0001); dist&#226;ncia caminhada (355&#177;136 m para 443&#177;110 m; p = 0,003). O n&#250;mero de extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares em 24h apresentou tend&#234;ncia &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o (5.322&#177;4.977 para 7.441&#177;7.955; p = 0,062), por&#233;m sem incremento dos epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular (61&#177;127 para 54&#177;127; p = 0,27). CONCLUS&#195;O: Nossos dados demonstram que a inje&#231;&#227;o intracoronariana de c&#233;lulas mononucleares da medula &#243;ssea &#233; exeq&#252;&#237;vel e sugere ser potencialmente segura e eficaz em pacientes com IC de etiologia chag&#225;sica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>C&#233;lulas-tronco</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>terapia celular</kwd>
        <kwd>miocardiopatia dilatada</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Resultados iniciais do transplante de c&#233;lulas de medula &#243;ssea para o mioc&#225;rdio de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de etiologia chag&#225;sica</p>
    <p>
      <bold>F&#225;bio Vilas-Boas<sup>I</sup>; Gilson S. Feitosa<sup>I</sup>; Milena B.P. Soares<sup>II</sup>; Augusto Mota<sup>I</sup>; Joel Alves Pinho-Filho<sup>I</sup>; Augusto Jos&#233; Gon&#231;alves Almeida<sup>I</sup>; Marcus Vinicius Andrade<sup>I</sup>; Heitor G. Carvalho<sup>I</sup>; Adriano Dourado-Oliveira<sup>I</sup>; Ricardo Ribeiro-dos-Santos<sup>II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital Santa Izabel, Centro de Pesquisas Gon&#231;alo Moniz </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz - Salvador, BA</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar efeitos precoces do transplante de c&#233;lulas de medula &#243;ssea para o mioc&#225;rdio de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) de etiologia chag&#225;sica. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>A amostra consistiu de 28 pacientes, idade m&#233;dia 52,2&#177;9,9 anos, 24 masculinos, 25 em classe NYHA III e 3 em NYHA IV, apesar de tratamento otimizado. O procedimento consistiu na aspira&#231;&#227;o de 50ml de medula &#243;ssea, separa&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o mononuclear e inje&#231;&#227;o intracoronariana. Foram avaliados os efeitos sobre a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (FEVE), dist&#226;ncia no teste de 6 minutos, qualidade de vida, classe NYHA, efeitos arritmog&#234;nicos e bioqu&#237;micos. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>N&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas diretamente ao procedimento. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda em repouso antes do transplante era 20,1&#177;6,8% e, ap&#243;s 60 dias, aumentou para 23,0&#177;9,0%, p = 0,02. Houve melhora da classe NYHA (3,1&#177;0,3 para 1,8&#177;0,5; p&lt;0.0001); qualidade de vida (50,9&#177;11,7 para 21,8&#177;13,4; p&lt;0.0001); dist&#226;ncia caminhada (355&#177;136 m para 443&#177;110 m; p = 0,003). O n&#250;mero de extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares em 24h apresentou tend&#234;ncia &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o (5.322&#177;4.977 para 7.441&#177;7.955; p = 0,062), por&#233;m sem incremento dos epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular (61&#177;127 para 54&#177;127; p = 0,27). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Nossos dados demonstram que a inje&#231;&#227;o intracoro&#173;nariana de c&#233;lulas mononucleares da medula &#243;ssea &#233; exeq&#252;&#237;vel e sugere ser potencialmente segura e eficaz em pacientes com IC de etiologia chag&#225;sica.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> C&#233;lulas-tronco, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, doen&#231;a de Chagas, terapia celular, miocardiopatia dilatada.</p>
    <p>A capacidade das c&#233;lulas-tronco de medula &#243;ssea de se diferenciarem em cardiomi&#243;citos tem sido demonstrada principalmente em modelos experimentais de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>1-3</sup>. Embora algum grau de controv&#233;rsia exista quanto &#224; plasticidade dessas c&#233;lulas, tais observa&#231;&#245;es levaram investigadores a examinarem, em humanos, o papel dessas c&#233;lulas no tratamento do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) de etiologia isqu&#234;mica, com resultados iniciais promissores<sup>4-6</sup>. </p>
    <p>No Brasil, a doen&#231;a de Chagas &#233; um dos principais contribuintes do quadro nosol&#243;gico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Estimativas sorol&#243;gicas mostram que, no Brasil, oito a nove milh&#245;es de pessoas s&#227;o infectadas pelo <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> e que 30 a 40% delas podem ter algum grau de comprometimento card&#237;aco<sup>7</sup>. Os pacientes portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca devida &#224; cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica evoluem com grave disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica devida &#224; miocardite cr&#244;nica e conseq&#252;ente fibrose<sup>8</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os mecanismos etiopatog&#234;nicos e fisiopatol&#243;gicos que promovem a doen&#231;a de Chagas tornam a terapia com c&#233;lulas-tronco atraente. A presen&#231;a de miocardite persistente e a demonstra&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o aumentada de citocinas pelo mioc&#225;rdio de pacientes com IC de etiologia chag&#225;sica sugerem a exist&#234;ncia de um ambiente atrativo para o "homing" e para a fixa&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas-tronco<sup>9</sup>. Portanto, ao contr&#225;rio do tratamento de outras cardiopatias onde pouca inflama&#231;&#227;o &#233; encontrada, na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica pode-se supor que c&#233;lulas-tronco circulantes migrem para o mioc&#225;rdio, recrutadas pelos sinais inflamat&#243;rios difundidos por todo o &#243;rg&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Estudos sobre o uso de c&#233;lulas-tronco de medula &#243;ssea no tratamento da cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica experimental demonstraram que camundongos chag&#225;sicos cr&#244;nicos apresentaram uma significativa diminui&#231;&#227;o da inflama&#231;&#227;o e regress&#227;o da fibrose ap&#243;s dois meses de tratamento com c&#233;lulas de medula &#243;ssea adultas, em compara&#231;&#227;o com animais controle<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>O relato do primeiro caso de transplante de c&#233;lulas-tronco de medula &#243;ssea para o mioc&#225;rdio de paciente com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de etiologia chag&#225;sica foi feito por nosso grupo e revelou melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, qualidade de vida e capacidade funcional<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo do presente estudo &#233; avaliar a exeq&#252;ibi&#173;lidade e seguran&#231;a do transplante aut&#243;logo de c&#233;lulas mononucleares da medula &#243;ssea em pacientes portado-res de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de etiologia chag&#225;sica, bem como identificar evid&#234;ncias iniciais de efic&#225;cia do procedimento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi delineado um ensaio cl&#237;nico de fase 1, aberto, n&#227;o-controlado, de casos selecionados de IC cr&#244;nica de etiologia chag&#225;sica, realizado em centro &#250;nico, no Hospital Santa Izabel da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia da Bahia, no Brasil.</p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos, consecutivamente, pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica, de etiologia chag&#225;sica, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) menor que 40% ao ecocardiograma, de ambos os sexos, idades entre 20 e 70 anos e em classes funcionais III e IV (NYHA), em uso de terapia cr&#244;nica otimizada para ICC (digoxina, diur&#233;ticos, inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina, com ou sem betabloqueador ou antagonistas dos receptores de angiotensina II), e que se mantivessem est&#225;veis nessa condi&#231;&#227;o no m&#234;s que antecedeu ao experimento.</p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com presen&#231;a de outras afec&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas sist&#234;micas associadas; tais como infec&#231;&#245;es ou neoplasias; doen&#231;as auto-imunes; doen&#231;as neurodegenerativas; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda ou descompensada agudamente; doen&#231;as hematol&#243;gicas pr&#233;vias; coagulopatias; insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica; insufici&#234;ncia renal moderada (creatinina acima de 2 mg/dl); hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; implante de marca-passo ressincronizador interventricular h&#225; menos de 90 dias; mulheres com potencial de engravidar e pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana detectada previamente ou ap&#243;s realiza&#231;&#227;o de coronariografia.</p>
    <p>O presente protocolo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (Registro CONEP n&#186; 4108; Processo n&#186; 25000.054219/2002/20). Os pacientes foram detalhadamente informados sobre todos os procedimentos de investiga&#231;&#227;o e, ap&#243;s leitura completa e aceita&#231;&#227;o por escrito do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica inicial, com registro basal de dados cl&#237;nicos e das seguintes vari&#225;veis: a) Classe funcional (NYHA), b) Escore de qualidade de vida do "Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire"; c) Avalia&#231;&#227;o hematol&#243;gica e bioqu&#237;mica; d) Eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es; e) Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico; f) Ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica; g) Teste de caminhada de 6 minutos; h) Holter 24h. Ap&#243;s o procedimento os pacientes eram encaminhados para a Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, onde permaneciam monitorizados por, pelo menos 24h. N&#227;o havendo intercorr&#234;ncias, eram transferidos para a enfermaria, onde permaneciam at&#233; completar o m&#237;nimo de 05 dias de acompanhamento hospitalar. Toda a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, laboratorial e por exames complementares foi repetida ap&#243;s 30 e 60 dias.</p>
    <p>Para avaliar a ocorr&#234;ncia de poss&#237;vel dano mioc&#225;rdico pela inje&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas de medula &#243;ssea no cora&#231;&#227;o, foram realizados, seriadamente (a cada 6h durante as primeiras 24h), dosagens de marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica (CK-MB e troponina I), assim como eletrocardiogramas. Para investigar o potencial desencadeamento de arritmias card&#237;acas como complica&#231;&#227;o da inje&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas, os pacientes foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#245;es com eletrocardiografia ambulatorial (sistema Holter) 24h antes do procedimento e periodicamente desde ent&#227;o (ap&#243;s 24 h, 30 d e 60 d).</p>
    <p><italic>Transplante de c&#233;lulas-tronco -</italic>Na manh&#227; do procedimento os pacientes eram encaminhados ao centro de hemodin&#226;mica, em jejum. De cada paciente eram aspirados 50 ml de conte&#250;do da medula &#243;ssea atrav&#233;s de cinco pun&#231;&#245;es da crista il&#237;aca posterior direita e cinco da crista il&#237;aca posterior esquerda, cada uma com retirada de cinco ml, sob anestesia local com lidoca&#237;na 2% e seda&#231;&#227;o venosa com midazolan. O aspirado de medula era submetido a processo de filtragem de res&#237;duos de gordura e fragmentos &#243;sseos (filtro de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel, Universidade de Washington), seguido de centrifuga&#231;&#227;o por gradiente de Ficoll Hystopaque (Amersham Pharmacia, produto licenciado para uso humano). A fra&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas mononucleares isolada era ent&#227;o dilu&#237;da em solu&#231;&#227;o salina est&#233;ril e centrifugada novamente. Uma amostra era submetida &#224; contagem e ao teste de viabilidade celular. Ao t&#233;rmino do processo, a amostra era dilu&#237;da em 20 ml de salina. Imediatamente antes da inje&#231;&#227;o intracoron&#225;ria, os pacientes eram submetidos a cateterismo card&#237;aco esquerdo por pun&#231;&#227;o femoral, seguido de coronariografia. Havendo evid&#234;ncias de doen&#231;a coronariana hemodinamicamente significativa (estenoses <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%) o paciente era exclu&#237;do do estudo. A solu&#231;&#227;o contendo as c&#233;lulas era injetada lentamente, durante 10 minutos, no sistema coronariano direito e esquerdo. Dez ml da solu&#231;&#227;o eram injetados na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior, 5 ml na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita e 5 ml na art&#233;ria circunflexa esquerda.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s 25 dias do procedimento, os pacientes recebiam inje&#231;&#245;es di&#225;rias por via SC durante cinco dias de G-CSF humano (Granulokine&#174;) na dose de 5 mcg/kg/dia para induzir a mobiliza&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas-tronco da medula &#243;ssea para o sangue perif&#233;rico, com o objetivo de promover refor&#231;o de oferta de c&#233;lulas-tronco para o reparo das les&#245;es. Em estudos realizados utilizando um modelo experimental de miocardite chag&#225;sica, a combina&#231;&#227;o da terapia celular com o tratamento com G-CSF causou uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativamente maior do n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias do que somente a terapia celular (dados n&#227;o publicados).</p>
    <p>O teste de caminhada de 6 minutos foi realizado conforme protocolo utilizado por Bitner e cols<italic>. </italic>no estudo SOLVD<sup>12</sup>. Ap&#243;s 15 minutos de descanso, um novo teste era realizado e a m&#233;dia das dist&#226;ncias caminhadas nos dois testes era empregada como resultado. Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida, foi utilizado o question&#225;rio da Universidade de Minnesota "<italic>Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire"</italic><sup>13</sup><italic>,</italic> validado em nosso pa&#237;s por Carrara e cols<sup>14</sup>. As avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram realizadas pelo mesmo observador, que n&#227;o tinha acesso aos exames anteriores, em equipamento da marca <italic>Hewllet Packard</italic>, modelo Sonos 5500 (Seattle, WA, EUA), sendo utilizado o m&#233;todo de Simpson modificado, para obten&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>15,16</sup>. As grava&#231;&#245;es do Holter foram feitas em equipamento digital da marca Dynamis modelo 3000 ECO e analisadas em equipamento Burdick, com software AltairPC Holter System. </p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica - </italic>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada, utilizando-se o programa SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) for Windows vers&#227;o 9.0. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em m&#233;dias &#177; desvios-padr&#227;o. Para testar a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis, foi aplicado o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Como as vari&#225;veis apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal, foram utilizados testes n&#227;o-param&#233;tricos. Todas as compara&#231;&#245;es foram bicaudais. Foram considerados estatisticamente significantes os valores de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
    <p><italic>Fontes de financiamento do estudo</italic> - Esse estudo contou com o financiamento das seguintes institui&#231;&#245;es: Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (FAPESB); Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos do CNPq (FINEP) e Instituto do Mil&#234;nio de Bioengenharia Tecidual. Os autores declaram n&#227;o ter nenhum tipo de conflito de interesses.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram selecionados 30 pacientes, sendo dois exclu&#237;dos ap&#243;s a coleta de medula &#243;ssea: um paciente por doen&#231;a coronariana ap&#243;s cateterismo e outro paciente por problemas t&#233;cnicos com o equipamento. As principais caracter&#237;sticas dos 28 pacientes estudados se encontram descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. A an&#225;lise do perfil cl&#237;nico revela uma popula&#231;&#227;o com avan&#231;ado est&#225;gio da doen&#231;a e v&#225;rios marcadores de gravidade. Todos os pacientes estavam extremamente limitados, em classes funcionais III e IV, apesar de tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado com m&#250;ltiplos agentes e doses elevadas de diur&#233;ticos. Observa-se baixa capacidade funcional, avaliada pela pequena dist&#226;ncia percorrida em 6 minutos, e a qualidade de vida se encontrava gravemente comprometida, evidenciada pelo elevado escore no question&#225;rio de Minnesota. A fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular se encontrava gravemente deprimida, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o muito baixa e elevado di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo demonstrados pelo exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico. A presen&#231;a de marcante hiponatremia e disfun&#231;&#227;o renal caracteriza a gravidade dessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0159-00014-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>N&#227;o houve nenhuma complica&#231;&#227;o relacionada diretamente ao procedimento de coleta ou inje&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas. Os testes de viabilidade indicaram que 96 &#177; 6,5 % das c&#233;lulas eram vi&#225;veis. Os marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o se alteraram significativamente em 24h, assim como n&#227;o ocorreram altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas que sugerissem isquemia ou infarto.</p>
    <p>Para testar se o implante mioc&#225;rdico de c&#233;lulas-tronco estaria associado &#224; indu&#231;&#227;o de arritmias, o perfil arritmog&#234;nico foi avaliado pelo total de extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares em 24h, bem como do seu padr&#227;o de agrupamento e recorr&#234;ncia. N&#227;o foi observada mudan&#231;a significativa no perfil arritmog&#234;nico, embora houvesse tend&#234;ncia n&#227;o-significativa ao aumento do n&#250;mero de extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares em 24h (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref>), sem mudan&#231;a no n&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figura 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0159-00014-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0159-00014-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Ocorreram tr&#234;s &#243;bitos no seguimento de 2 meses de acompanhamento, todos durante o segundo m&#234;s (paciente #04, masculino, 37 anos, hemorragia pulmonar e insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria; paciente #16, feminino, 34 anos, morte s&#250;bita; paciente #27, 69 anos, masculino, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca terminal). Embora esse n&#227;o seja um estudo de avalia&#231;&#227;o de efic&#225;cia e o par&#226;metro mortalidade n&#227;o possa ser avaliado como desfecho de seguran&#231;a, exceto pela associa&#231;&#227;o causal de temporariedade imediata, n&#227;o identificamos associa&#231;&#227;o causal direta entre o desfecho morte e o procedimento de transplante. N&#227;o ocorreram neoplasias, doen&#231;as hematol&#243;gicas, coagulopatias ou qualquer outro tipo de doen&#231;a que pudesse ser atribu&#237;da &#224; inje&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas ou ao seu implante.</p>
    <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular apresentou melhora significativa logo ap&#243;s um m&#234;s do procedimento, melhora essa que se manteve aos dois meses (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">figura 3</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0159-00014-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida atrav&#233;s do ques&#173;tion&#225;rio de Minnesota revelou melhora significativa do escore global, tamb&#233;m com 1 m&#234;s, mantida ao longo do per&#237;odo observado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">figura 4</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0159-00014-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A capacidade funcional avaliada pela dist&#226;ncia caminhada no teste de seis minutos em corredor apresentou melhora significativa, mantida por dois meses (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">figura 5</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0159-00014-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Quando analisamos a classe funcional como vari&#225;vel ordinal, observamos redu&#231;&#227;o do valor m&#233;dio de classe funcional da NYHA, j&#225; com 1 m&#234;s de acompanhamento, que foi mantida ao longo do per&#237;odo observado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06">figura 6</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0159-00014-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o bioqu&#237;mica revelou corre&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de s&#243;dio, entre 72h e tr&#234;s semanas do tratamento, corre&#231;&#227;o esta que se manteve durante os dois meses de observa&#231;&#227;o inicial do estudo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig07">figura 7</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig07">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0159-00014-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Esse &#233; o primeiro estudo a relatar a aplica&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas mononucleares da medula &#243;ssea em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de etiologia chag&#225;sica e o primeiro estudo de terapia celular utilizando modelo n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mico. O nosso modelo envolveu a administra&#231;&#227;o intracoronariana de c&#233;lulas, associada ao est&#237;mulo medular com filgrastina subcut&#226;nea ap&#243;s 30 dias.</p>
    <p>A gravidade dos pacientes do presente estudo &#233; maior que a observada em outros estudos de c&#233;lulas-tronco devida a cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, que, via de regra, apresentavam disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, disfun&#231;&#227;o renal e hiponatremia de menor magnitude. O n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas injetadas no presente estudo tamb&#233;m foi maior que em outros previamente publicados. N&#227;o est&#225; claro se h&#225; uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas injetadas e o grau de resposta cl&#237;nica da terapia celular, mas essa &#233; uma hip&#243;tese que precisa ser mais bem explorada.</p>
    <p>A observa&#231;&#227;o da n&#227;o ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos relacionados diretamente ao procedimento indica que o procedimento &#233; exeq&#252;&#237;vel, desde que seguidos os protocolos implementados no presente estudo, visando a prote&#231;&#227;o e seguran&#231;a do paciente.</p>
    <p>Um dos aspectos de seguran&#231;a mais importantes analisados foi a possibilidade de a inje&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas de medula &#243;ssea no sistema coronariano causar infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Para tanto, foram feitas dosagens de troponina I, CK-MB e an&#225;lises seriadas de ECG, que n&#227;o evidenciaram les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, sugerindo que esse procedimento &#233; seguro em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; indu&#231;&#227;o de isquemia.</p>
    <p>Outro importante par&#226;metro analisado foi o potencial de indu&#231;&#227;o de arritmias. Estudos pr&#233;vios com o emprego de c&#233;lulas-tronco de m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico (sat&#233;lites) apresentaram resultados promissores com restaura&#231;&#227;o parcial da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, por&#233;m tem havido preocupa&#231;&#245;es quanto ao aparecimento de arritmias em pacientes que receberam o tratamento com este tipo celular<sup>17,18</sup>. Em nosso estudo, detectamos aumento n&#227;o-significativo do n&#250;mero de extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares isoladas, sem incremento do n&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular sustentada ou n&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros de efic&#225;cia, a magnitude dos incrementos na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o que observamos foi maior que os descritos previamente em outros estudos. No estudo BOOST<sup>19</sup>, a FEVE m&#233;dia era 52% e os autores detectaram um aumento m&#233;dio de 5%, que corresponde a cerca de 10% de aumento relativo. No presente estudo, n&#243;s detectamos um aumento m&#233;dio semelhante, que corresponde no entanto, a aumento relativo de aproximadamente 20%, j&#225; que a FEVE dos nossos pacientes era significativamente menor. </p>
    <p>Um achado que chama a aten&#231;&#227;o &#233; a melhora de qualidade de vida e capacidade funcional. Os pacientes desse estudo estavam em tratamento otimizado, em uso de m&#250;ltiplos f&#225;rmacos, em doses otimizadas e persistiam com severa limita&#231;&#227;o de capacidade funcional e de qualidade de vida. De forma consistente, os pacientes apresentaram melhora da qualidade de vida avaliada pelo question&#225;rio de Minnesota, que reflete n&#227;o apenas par&#226;metros de dispn&#233;ia, mas tamb&#233;m aspectos emocionais, psicol&#243;gicos, econ&#244;micos e profissionais. Observa&#231;&#227;o semelhante foi evidenciada em rela&#231;&#227;o a vari&#225;veis mais objetivas, como a dist&#226;ncia caminhada em 6 min, que &#233; uma medida de exerc&#237;cio em n&#237;veis subm&#225;ximos. Consistente com as varia&#231;&#245;es acima, verificou-se melhora significativa na capacidade funcional avaliada pela classifica&#231;&#227;o da NYHA. Embora aspectos motivacionais possam estar relacionados com essas vari&#225;veis subjetivas, a consist&#234;ncia na modifica&#231;&#227;o sugere que &#233; prov&#225;vel haver, realmente, um efeito cl&#237;nico subjacente. Todos esses achados ocorreram com apenas um m&#234;s do tratamento, o que seria precoce demais para considerar devido aos efeitos de transdiferencia&#231;&#227;o ou fus&#227;o celular. Nesse sentido, evid&#234;ncias recentes indicam que o mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o que ocorre com o implante de c&#233;lulas-tronco envolveria tr&#234;s fen&#244;menos distintos: transdiferencia&#231;&#227;o, fus&#227;o celular e efeitos par&#225;crinos. Essa hip&#243;tese se baseia na observa&#231;&#227;o de que efeitos mensur&#225;veis podem ser demonstrados t&#227;o cedo quanto apenas 72h<sup>20</sup>. </p>
    <p>Vari&#225;veis mais objetivas, independentes da influ&#234;ncia de motiva&#231;&#227;o ou sugest&#227;o do paciente, bem como de interfer&#234;ncia do pesquisador, nos indicam que a terapia empregada exerceu efeitos biol&#243;gicos positivos. Hiponatremia, por exemplo, &#233; um dos mais importantes marcadores progn&#243;sticos na ICC avan&#231;ada, e o seu mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico est&#225; relacionado &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o neuro-humoral da s&#237;ndrome<sup>21</sup>. A identifica&#231;&#227;o da corre&#231;&#227;o da hiponatremia em duas semanas, no presente estudo, revela um achado dif&#237;cil de ser observado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, onde mesmo ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas otimizadas, dificilmente se observa corre&#231;&#227;o de hiponatremia em pacientes graves.</p>
    <p>Os resultados descritos acima, de um modo geral, abrem novas perspectivas para o tratamento de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas atrav&#233;s da utiliza&#231;&#227;o do potencial regene&#173;rador das c&#233;lulas-tronco. Nossos dados sugerem que o transplante de c&#233;lulas-tronco de medula &#243;ssea para o mioc&#225;rdio de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de etiologia chag&#225;sica &#233; exeq&#252;&#237;vel, potencialmente seguro e eficaz, trazendo al&#237;vio sintom&#225;tico e melhora de qualidade de vida a uma significativa parcela da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira afetada pelo Mal de Chagas. No entanto, &#233; bastante clara a necessidade de se desenvolver novos estudos no sentido de se esclarecer os mecanismos que levam &#224; melhora p&#243;s-terapia, assim como estabelecer protocolos mais eficazes e determinar poss&#237;veis riscos e limita&#231;&#245;es das metodologias empregadas. Embora a identifica&#231;&#227;o precisa das subpopula&#231;&#245;es envolvidas no processo de reparo seja uma quest&#227;o importante a ser investigada, deve-se avaliar cautelosamente se processos de purifica&#231;&#227;o destas popula&#231;&#245;es, certamente mais onerosos do que a simples purifica&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o mononuclear que j&#225; vem sendo empregada em estudos cl&#237;nicos, trar&#225; maior benef&#237;cio para os pacientes.</p>
    <p>A confirma&#231;&#227;o desses nossos achados em seguimento mais duradouro, assim como em estudos randomizados e controlados, poder&#225; criar uma nova linha terap&#234;utica que ser&#225; dispon&#237;vel universalmente, a baix&#237;ssimo custo, sem rejei&#231;&#227;o, sem medica&#231;&#227;o especifica, mais fisiol&#243;gica, menos agressiva e com possibilidades m&#250;ltiplas de repeti&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os autores desejam expressar seus agradecimentos &#224;s enfermeiras Cristiane Carvalho e Aline Bernardes, do N&#250;cleo de Pesquisas em Cardiologia do Hospital Santa Izabel, pela assist&#234;ncia aos pacientes durante todo o estudo. A contribui&#231;&#227;o de Daniele Brustolim, do Centro de Pesquisas Gon&#231;alo Moniz &#150; Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz &#150; Bahia nos procedimentos de separa&#231;&#227;o celular &#233; reconhecido com destaque.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> F&#225;bio Vilas-Boas </p>
        <p> Pra&#231;a Almeida Couto, 500 </p>
        <p> Nazar&#233; - 40050-410, Salvador - BA </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="fabiovboas@cardiol.br">fabiovboas@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Recebido em 28/05/06 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 05/06/06</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Early results of bone marrow cell transplantation to the myocardium of patients with heart failure due to chagas disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate early effects of bone marrow cell transplantation to the myocardium of patients with heart failure (CHF) due to Chagas disease. METHODS: We studied 28 patients (mean age 52.2 &#177; 9.9), of whom 24 were male. Despite optimized treatment, 25 patients were in NYHA class III and three patients, in NYHA class IV. The procedure consisted of aspiration of 50 mL of bone marrow, separation of the mononuclear fraction, and intracoronary injection. Effects on left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF), distance walked in the six-minute walking test, quality-of-life, NYHA class, arrhythmogenic and biochemical parameters, were all evaluated. RESULTS: There were no complications directly related to the procedure. Baseline left ventricular ejection fraction was 20.1 &#177; 6.8%, and 60 days after transplantation it increased to 23.0 &#177; 9.0%, p = 0.02. Significant improvements were observed in the NYHA class (3.1 &#177; 0.3 to 1.8 &#177; 0.5; p &lt; 0.0001); quality-of-life (50.9 &#177; 11.7 to 21.8 &#177; 13.4; p &lt; 0.0001); and distance walked in six minutes (355 &#177; 136 m to 443 &#177; 110 m; p = 0,003). The number of ventricular premature beats in 24 hours tended to increase (5,322 &#177; 4,977 to 7,441 &#177; 7,955; p = 0,062), but without increase in ventricular tachycardia episodes (61 &#177; 127 to 54 &#177; 127; p = 0.27). CONCLUSION: Our data demonstrate for the first time that intracoronary injection of bone marrow mononuclear cells is feasible and suggest that it may be potentially safe and effective in patients with CHF due to Chagas disease.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Stem cell</kwd>
        <kwd>heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas disease</kwd>
        <kwd>cell therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>dilated cardiomyopathy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Early results of bone marrow cell transplantation to the myocardium of patients with heart failure due to chagas disease </p>
      <p>
        <bold>F&#225;bio Vilas-Boas<sup>I</sup>; Gilson S. Feitosa<sup>I</sup>; Milena B.P. Soares<sup>II</sup>; Augusto Mota<sup>I</sup>; Joel Alves Pinho-Filho<sup>I</sup>; Augusto Jos&#233; Gon&#231;alves Almeida<sup>I</sup>; Marcus Vinicius Andrade<sup>I</sup>; Heitor G. Carvalho<sup>I</sup>; Adriano Dourado-Oliveira<sup>I</sup>; Ricardo Ribeiro-dos-Santos<sup>II</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital Santa Izabel - Salvador, BA - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Centro de Pesquisas Gon&#231;alo Moniz &#150; Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz - Salvador, BA - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate early effects of bone marrow cell transplantation to the myocardium of patients with heart failure (CHF) due to Chagas disease.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> We studied 28 patients (mean age 52.2 &#177; 9.9), of whom 24 were male. Despite optimized treatment, 25 patients were in NYHA class III and three patients, in NYHA class IV. The procedure consisted of aspiration of 50 mL of bone marrow, separation of the mononuclear fraction, and intracoronary injection. Effects on left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF), distance walked in the six-minute walking test, quality-of-life, NYHA class, arrhythmogenic and biochemical parameters, were all evaluated.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> There were no complications directly related to the procedure. Baseline left ventricular ejection fraction was 20.1 &#177; 6.8%, and 60 days after transplantation it increased to 23.0 &#177; 9.0%, p = 0.02. Significant improvements were observed in the NYHA class (3.1 &#177; 0.3 to 1.8 &#177; 0.5; p &lt; 0.0001); quality-of-life (50.9 &#177; 11.7 to 21.8 &#177; 13.4; p &lt; 0.0001); and distance walked in six minutes (355 &#177; 136 m to 443 &#177; 110 m; p = 0,003). The number of ventricular premature beats in 24 hours tended to increase (5,322 &#177; 4,977 to 7,441 &#177; 7,955; p = 0,062), but without increase in ventricular tachycardia episodes (61 &#177; 127 to 54 &#177; 127; p = 0.27).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Our data demonstrate for the first time that intraco&#173;ronary injection of bone marrow mononuclear cells is feasible and suggest that it may be potentially safe and effective in patients with CHF due to Chagas disease.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Stem cell, heart failure, Chagas disease, cell therapy, dilated cardiomyopathy.</p>
      <p>The ability of bone marrow stem cells to differentiate into cardiomyocytes has been demonstrated especially in experimental models of myocardial infarction<sup>1-3</sup>. Although some degree of controversy regarding stem cell plasticity exists, such observations have led investigators to examine, in humans, their role in the management of myocardial infarction and heart failure of ischemic etiology, and the first results are promising<sup>4-6</sup>.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, Chagas disease is one of the main contributors to the nosological description of heart failure. Serological estimates show that eight or nine million Brazilians are infected by <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic>, and that 30 to 40% of them may have some degree of cardiac involvement<sup>7</sup>. Patients with heart failure secondary to chronic Chagas heart disease progress to severe systolic dysfunction due to the chronic myocarditis and consequent fibrosis<sup>8</sup>. </p>
      <p>The etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms involved in Chagas disease make stem cell therapy attractive. Both the presence of persistent myocarditis and increased production of cytokines by the myocardium in patients with CHF due to Chagas disease suggest the existence of an attractive environment for stem cell homing and adhesion<sup>9</sup>. Therefore, unlike the management of other heart diseases in which little inflammation is found, in Chagas heart disease it may be assumed that circulating stem cells migrate to the myocardium, recruited by the inflammatory signals spread throughout the organ.</p>
      <p> Experimental studies using stem cells derived from bone marrow to treat chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy demonstrate that, two month after treatment with adult bone marrow cells, chronic chagasic mice showed a significant reduction in inflammation and fibrosis, compared with control animals<sup>10</sup>. </p>
      <p>The first case of bone marrow stem cell transplantation to the myocardium of a patient with heart failure secondary to Chagas disease was reported by our group, leading to improvement in ventricular function, quality of life, and functional capacity<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>This study was designed to assess the safety and feasibility of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell (BM-MNC) transplantation in patients with heart failure due to Chagas disease, as well as identify early evidence supporting the effectiveness of the procedure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study was an open-label, uncontrolled, single-center, phase-1 clinical trial carried out at the Santa Izabel Hospital of the Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia da Bahia, Brazil, involving selected patients with CHF secondary to Chagas disease.</p>
      <p>Patients who met the following inclusion criteria were consecutively included in the study: subjects of both genders, ranging from 20 to 70 years, with CHF due to Chagas disease, left ventricle (LV) ejection fraction less than 40% on echocardiogram, functional class III and IV (NYHA), receiving optimal chronic treatment to CHF (digoxin, diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, with or without beta-blockers or angiotensin-II receptor antagonists), and who remained stable in this condition in the month prior to the experiment.</p>
      <p>We excluded patients with associated systemic conditions, such as infections or neoplasias, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases; acute or acutely decompensated heart failure; previous hematologic diseases; coagulopathies; liver failure; moderate renal failure (creatinine above 2 mg/dL); previous history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); implantation of biventricular resynchronization pacemaker in the previous 90 days; women of childbearing potential, and patients with coronary artery disease detected previously or after coronary angiography.</p>
      <p>This protocol was approved by CONEP (Brazilian National Committee for Ethics in Research) under No. 4108; Case No. 25000.054219/2002/20). Patients were fully informed about study procedures and, after reading and signing the informed consent, they were included in the study.</p>
      <p>All patients underwent a baseline clinical evaluation, and the following clinical data and variables were recorded: a) functional class (NYHA), b) quality-of-life score of the "Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire"; c) hematological and biochemical assessment; d) twelve-lead electrocardiogram; e) transthoracic echocardiogram; f) radionuclide ventriculography; g) six-minute walk test; g) 24-hour Holter. After the procedure, patients were referred to the Intensive Care Unit, where they were monitored for at least 24 hours. If everything went uneventfully, they were transferred to the regular ward where remained for a minimum of five days for in-hospital follow-up. All clinical evaluation, laboratory tests and complementary exams were repeated after 30 and 60 days.</p>
      <p>To check for any possible myocardial damage caused by bone marrow cell injection, serial measurements (every six hours during the first 24 hours) of markers of myocardial damage (CK-MB and troponin I), as well as electrocardiograms, were performed. To investigate the development of cardiac arrhythmias as a complication of cell injection, patients underwent ambulatory electrocardiography (Holter) 24 hours before the procedure and periodically thereafter (after 24 hours, 30 days and 60 days).</p>
      <p><italic>Stem cell transplantation </italic>- In the morning before the procedure, patients were referred to the cath lab after overnight fasting. Fifty ml of bone marrow content were aspirated from every patient through five punctures in the right posterior iliac crest and five in the left posterior iliac crest, 5 ml per puncture, under local anesthesia with 2% lidocaine and intravenous sedation using midazolam. The harvested aspirate was filtered to remove bone marrow debris, such as fat and bone fragments (stainless steel mesh, Washington University), and centrifuged by Ficoll Hystopaque gradient (Amersham Pharmacia, a product licensed for clinical use in humans). The isolated mononuclear cell fraction was then diluted in sterile saline solution and centrifuged again. One sample was used for cell count and viability test. At the end of the process, samples were diluted in 20 ml of saline solution. Immediately before intracoronary injection, patients underwent left heart catheterization by the femoral approach followed by coronary angiography. Patients with evidence of hemodynamically significant coronary disease (stenosis <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%) were excluded from the study. The cell solution was slowly injected, during 10 minutes, into the right and left coronary system. Ten ml of the solution was injected in the anterior descending artery, 5 ml in the right coronary artery, and 5 ml in the left circumflex artery.</p>
      <p>Twenty-five days later, patients received daily subcutaneous injections of human G-CSF (Granulokine&#174;) for five days, at a dose of 5 mcg/kg/day, to induce mobilization of bone marrow stem cells to peripheral blood, so that a greater number of stem cells would be available for injury repair. In studies using an experimental model of chagasic myocarditis, combined cell therapy and G-CSF treatment led to a significantly greater decrease in the number of inflammatory cells than cell therapy alone (unpublished data).</p>
      <p>The six-minute walk test was performed according to the protocol used by Bitner <italic>et al</italic>. in the SOLVD study<sup>12</sup>. After a fifteen-minute rest, a new test was carried out, and the average of the distances walked in the two tests was used as the result. Quality of life was assessed by the "Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire" developed by the University of Minnesota<sup>13</sup> and validated by Carrara<italic> et al. </italic>in Brazil<sup>14</sup>. Echocardiographic studies were conducted by the same observer, blind to previous examinations, on a Hewlett-Packard Sonos 5500 System (Seattle, WA, EUA). Left ventricular ejection fraction was calculated according to the modified Simpson&#146;s rule<sup>15,16</sup>.Holter monitoring was performed with a Dynamis 3000 ECO recorder and analyzed in a Burdick machine using AltairPC Holter System software. </p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) for Windows version 9.0. Continuous variables were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation. Variable distribution was assessed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Since variables were not normally distributed, non-parametric tests were used. All comparisons were two-tailed. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p><italic>Funding sources</italic> - This study was financially supported by the following institutions: Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (FAPESB); Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos do CNPq (FINEP), and Instituto do Mil&#234;nio de Bioengenharia Tecidual. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Thirty patients were selected, but two were excluded after bone marrow collection: one patient due to coronary disease detected by catheterization and the other due to technical problems with the equipment. The primary characteristics of the 28 patients studied are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0159-00014-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>An analysis of the clinical profile reveals a population with advanced stage of the disease and various markers of severity. All patients were extremely limited, in functional class III and IV, despite optimal treatment with a multi-drug regimen and high doses of diuretics. Functional capacity was found to be low, based on the short distance covered during the six-minute walking test, and quality-of-life was severely impaired, as indicated by high scores on the Minnesota questionnaire. Ventricular function was severely depressed, with very low ejection fraction and high left ventricular diastolic diameter on the echocardiogram. The presence of marked hyponatremia and renal dysfunction characterizes the severe condition of this population. </p>
      <p>There were no complications directly related to either bone marrow aspiration or cell injection. Viability tests showed that 96 &#177; 6.5 % of the cells were viable. Neither significant changes in myocardial necrosis markers in 24 hours nor electrocardiographic changes suggestive of ischemia or infarction occurred.</p>
      <p>In order to check if the myocardial implantation of stem cells was associated with arrhythmias, the arrhythmogenic profile was evaluated through the total number of ventricular extrasystoles in 24 hours, as well as their clustering and recurrence pattern. No significant change was found in the arrhythmogenic profile, despite a non-significant trend for increase in the number of ventricular premature beats in 24 hours (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>), with no change in the number of ventricular tachycardia episodes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0159-00014-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0159-00014-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>There were three deaths during the two-month follow-up, all during the second month (patient 04, male, age 37, pulmonary hemorrhage and respiratory failure; patient 16, female, age 34, sudden death; patient 27, age 69, male, end-stage heart failure). Although this study was not designed to assess efficacy, and that mortality cannot be evaluated as a safety endpoint, except by the causal association of immediate temporariness, no direct causal association was found between death and cell transplantation. There were no neoplasias, hematological diseases, coagulopathies or any other kind of disease that could be attributed to cell injections or their implantation.</p>
      <p>Ventricular function, evaluated by left ventricular ejection fraction showed significant improvement one month after the procedure, which was maintained at two months (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0159-00014-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Quality of life assessment by the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure questionnaire revealed significant improvement in the global score, also at one month and was maintained throughout the follow-up period (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0159-00014-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Functional capacity, as measured by the distance walked during the six-minute corridor walk test, showed significant improvement, which was maintained for two months (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">Figure 5</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0159-00014-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>When functional class was analyzed as an ordinal variable, a decrease in mean NYHA functional class was noted after one month and maintained over the follow-up period (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06-body2">Figure 6</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0159-00014-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Biochemical analysis showed correction of serum sodium concentration between 72 hours and three weeks of treatment, which was maintained over the first two-months of study follow-up (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig07-body2">figure 7</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig07-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0159-00014-gf07-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is the first study to report the implantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells in patients with heart failure due to Chagas disease and the first cell therapy study using a non-ischemic model. Our model involved intracoronary administration of stem cells, followed by bone marrow stimulation with subcutaneous filgrastim after 30 days. </p>
      <p>Patients in this study are more severe than those previously reported in other stem-cell studies of ischemic etiology. In the other studies, patients had milder degrees of ventricular dysfunction, renal dysfunction and hyponatremia. The number of injected cells in the present study was greater than that of previously published studies. Whether there is a relationship between the number of cells injected and the degree of clinical response to cell therapy remains unclear, but this hypothesis warrants further investigation.</p>
      <p>The absence of adverse events directly related to the procedure indicates that this is feasible, provided that the protocols implemented in this study are followed, as they aim at the patient&#146;s protection and safety.</p>
      <p>One of the most relevant aspects analyzed regarding safety was whether bone marrow cell injection into the coronary system could trigger acute myocardial infatction. To ascertain this, troponin I and CK-MB measurements were performed, as well as serial electrocardiograms, which showed no evidence of myocardial injury, thus suggesting that this procedure is safe regarding ischemia inducement.</p>
      <p>Another important parameter analyzed was the potential to induce arrhythmias. Previous studies using skeletal muscle stem cells (satellite cells) have shown promising results, with partial recovery of cardiac function; yet, there has been concern regarding the development of arrhythmias in patients that underwent this kind of cell therapy<sup>17,18</sup>. In our study, the number of isolated ventricular extrasystoles increased significantly, but the number of sustained or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia episodes remained unchanged.</p>
      <p>As far as parameters related to efficacy are concerned, LVEF increments were similar to those described in previous studies. In the BOOST study<sup>19</sup>, mean LVEF was 52%, and the authors detected an increase of 5%, on average, corresponding to around 10% of relative increase. In the present study, mean LVEF increase was similar; yet, it corresponds to approximately 20% of relative increase, since LVEF of our patients was significantly lower. </p>
      <p>One finding that calls attention is the improvement in quality of life and functional capacity. Despite being on optimal treatment and multi-drug regimen in optimal doses, patients&#146; functional capacity and quality of life remained severely impaired. However, their quality of life improved consistently, as evaluated by the Minnesota questionnaire, which reflects not only dyspnea parameters, but also emotional, psychological, economic, and professional aspects. The same was true with respect to more objective variables, as distance covered during the six-minute walk test, which measures exercise capacity at submaximal levels. Consistent with the variations mentioned above, there was a significant improvement in functional capacity, as assessed by the NYHA classification. While motivational aspects may be related to these subjective variables, the consistent modification suggests that an underlying clinical effect is likely to exist. All these findings were observed only one month after treatment, too early to be considered an effect of transdifferentiation or cell fusion. In that regard, recent evidence indicates that the mechanism of action associated with stem cell transplantation may involve three different phenomena: transdifferentiation, cell fusion, and paracrine effects. This hypothesis is based on the observation that measurable effects may be demonstrated as early as 72 hours<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>More objective variables, irrespective of motivation or self-suggestion by the patient, as well as investigator interference, indicate that the therapy used produced positive biological effects. Hyponatremia, for example, is one of the most important prognostic markers in advanced CHF, and its pathophysiological mechanism is related to the neurohumoral activation of the syndrome<sup>21</sup>. The hyponatremia correction achieved within two weeks in this study is uncommon in clinical practice, where it is hardly ever observed in severely ill patients, even after optimal therapeutic interventions.</p>
      <p>Overall, the above-mentioned results open new perspectives for the treatment of heart diseases through the regenerating capacity of stem cells. Our data suggest that transplantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells to the myocardium of patients with heart failure due to Chagas disease is feasible, potentially safe, and effective, bringing symptomatic relief to and improving the quality of life of a significant portion of the Brazilian population affected by Chagas disease. On the other hand, further studies focused on elucidating the mechanisms leading to improvement after therapy are clearly needed, as well as establishing more effective protocols and determining potential risks and limitations associated with the methodologies used. While the accurate identification of subpopulations involved in the repair process is an important issue that warrants investigation, it is essential to evaluate cautiously whether other methods for purifying these subpopulations, indeed more expensive than the simple purification of the mononuclear fraction used today in clinical trials, will bring more benefit to patients. </p>
      <p>The corroboration of our findings in a longer-term follow-up, as well as in randomized controlled clinical trials, may provide a new therapeutic line available worldwide at a very low cost and with no rejection, requiring no specific medication and that is more physiological, less aggressive and allows multiple repetitions. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgement </bold>
      </p>
      <p>The authors would like to express their appreciation to Cristiane Carvalho and Aline Bernardes, nurses of the N&#250;cleo de Pesquisas em Cardiologia of the Hospital Santa Izabel, for the patients assistance throughout the study. The contribution of Daniele Brustolim, of the Centro de Pesquisas Gon&#231;alo Moniz &#150; Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz &#150; Bahia, is particularly acknowledged.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> F&#225;bio Vilas-Boas</p>
          <p> Pra&#231;a Almeida Couto, 500, Nazar&#233;</p>
          <p> 40050-410, Salvador - BA - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="fabiovboas@cardiol.br">fabiovboas@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Received on 05/28/06</p>
      <p> Accepted on 06/05/06</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
