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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">5YS6zjcbWksPNZwfQGhWcxb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001500013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700213</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001500013</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rela&#231;&#227;o da cintura abdominal com a condi&#231;&#227;o nutricional, perfil lip&#237;dico e press&#227;o arterial em pr&#233;-escolares de baixo estrato socioecon&#244;mico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sarni</surname>
            <given-names>Roseli Saccardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Fab&#237;ola Isabel Suano de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schoeps</surname>
            <given-names>Denise de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Catherino</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Carolina Cozzi Pires de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pessotti</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiane F&#233;lix Ximenes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kochi</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Colugnati</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Antonio Basile</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina do ABC</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">EPM </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>153</fpage>
      <lpage>158</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar o diagn&#243;stico nutricional, o perfil lip&#237;dico, os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos e a medida de cintura em pr&#233;-escolares. Pretende-se ainda verificar se a medida de cintura est&#225; associada com &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos usuais no diagn&#243;stico nutricional, perfil lip&#237;dico e press&#227;o arterial em crian&#231;as obesas e eutr&#243;ficas. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo transversal realizado com 65 pr&#233;-escolares de baixo estrato socioecon&#244;mico, em escola municipal de Santo Andr&#233;. As avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nico-laboratoriais consistiram em: medida de PA (Task Force, 1996), peso (P) e estatura (E) expressos como escore z (OMS, 1995) e IMC (&#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea); n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de triglic&#233;rides, colesterol total e fra&#231;&#245;es (VLDL-c, HDL-c, LDL-c) (Kwiterowich e AHA). An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Teste exato de Fisher e correla&#231;&#227;o. RESULTADOS: Observamos alto porcentual de inadequa&#231;&#227;o da PA e lip&#237;dios s&#233;ricos, independentemente da condi&#231;&#227;o nutricional. A medida de cintura mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o positiva e significante com IMC e ZPE (r = 0,87 e r = 0,83; p &lt; 0,001, respectivamente). Visando ao estudo do poder diagn&#243;stico da cintura, utilizando-se como ponto de corte o percentil 75 da amostra dessa medida, tendo como padr&#227;o o ZPE, observou-se acur&#225;cia de 89,1%, especificidade de 87,2%, sensibilidade de 70,6%, e valores preditivos (+) 66,7% e (-) 66,7%. N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a cintura e o perfil lip&#237;dico e n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos. CONCLUS&#213;ES: A medida de cintura mostrou rela&#231;&#227;o direta com os &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos habitualmente usados e n&#227;o funcionou na faixa et&#225;ria pr&#233;-escolar como preditor de risco cardiovascular.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal</kwd>
        <kwd>obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>dislipidemia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Rela&#231;&#227;o da cintura abdominal com a condi&#231;&#227;o nutricional, perfil lip&#237;dico e press&#227;o arterial em pr&#233;-escolares de baixo estrato socioecon&#244;mico</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Roseli Saccardo Sarni; Fab&#237;ola Isabel Suano de Souza; Denise de Oliveira Schoeps; Priscila Catherino; Maria Carolina Cozzi Pires de Oliveira; Cristiane F&#233;lix Ximenes Pessotti; Cristiane Kochi; Fernando Antonio Basile Colugnati</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade de Medicina do ABC e UNIFESP-EPM - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar o diagn&#243;stico nutricional, o perfil lip&#237;dico, os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos e a medida de cintura em pr&#233;-escolares. Pretende-se ainda verificar se a medida de cintura est&#225; associada com &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos usuais no diagn&#243;stico nutricional, perfil lip&#237;dico e press&#227;o arterial em crian&#231;as obesas e eutr&#243;ficas. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Estudo transversal realizado com 65 pr&#233;-escolares de baixo estrato socioecon&#244;mico, em escola municipal de Santo Andr&#233;. As avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nico-laboratoriais consistiram em: medida de PA (Task Force, 1996), peso (P) e estatura (E) expressos como escore z (OMS, 1995) e IMC (&#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea); n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de triglic&#233;rides, colesterol total e fra&#231;&#245;es (VLDL-c, HDL-c, LDL-c) (Kwiterowich e AHA). An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Teste exato de Fisher e correla&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Observamos alto porcentual de inadequa&#231;&#227;o da PA e lip&#237;dios s&#233;ricos, independentemente da condi&#231;&#227;o nutricional. A medida de cintura mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o positiva e significante com IMC e ZPE (r = 0,87 e r = 0,83; p &lt; 0,001, respectivamente). Visando ao estudo do poder diagn&#243;stico da cintura, utilizando-se como ponto de corte o percentil 75 da amostra dessa medida, tendo como padr&#227;o o ZPE, observou-se acur&#225;cia de 89,1%, especificidade de 87,2%, sensibilidade de 70,6%, e valores preditivos (+) 66,7% e (-) 66,7%. N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a cintura e o perfil lip&#237;dico e n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#213;ES: </bold>A medida de cintura mostrou rela&#231;&#227;o direta com os &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos habitualmente usados e n&#227;o funcionou na faixa et&#225;ria pr&#233;-escolar como preditor de risco cardiovascular.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal, obesidade, dislipidemia.</p>
    <p>A obesidade tem sido claramente identificada na literatura como um importante fator de risco no desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV). Entretanto, sabe-se que outros fatores t&#234;m influ&#234;ncia nesse risco, independentemente de o indiv&#237;duo ser obeso ou n&#227;o. Dentre esses fatores destaca-se a medida de cintura, j&#225; bem explorada em indiv&#237;duos adultos como integrante da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica<sup>1</sup> e, mais recentemente, identificada como fator de risco na faixa et&#225;ria pedi&#225;trica<sup>2,3,4</sup>. </p>
    <p>Um aumento na quantidade de gordura visceral &#233; considerado um dos mais relevantes fatores de risco para DCV, diabetes e outros problemas metab&#243;licos<sup>5</sup>. H&#225; v&#225;rios m&#233;todos utilizados para avaliar a gordura visceral; um dos mais simples, de f&#225;cil execu&#231;&#227;o e reprodutibilidade, &#233; a medida de cintura abdominal<sup>5,6</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em estudo realizado em crian&#231;as gravemente obesas, idade m&#233;dia de 10,15 &#177; 2,01 anos, o &#237;ndice de centralidade (soma das pregas cut&#226;neas do tronco em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s extremidades) foi positivamente correlacionado com colesterol total (CT), triglic&#233;rides (TG), LDL-c e negativamente com HDL-c. Marelli e cols.<sup>7</sup> encontraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa de rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril e n&#237;vel de TG. Esses resultados confirmam que mesmo durante a inf&#226;ncia a obesidade grave &#233; relacionada a altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas e que a adiposidade central &#233; associada com piora desse perfil<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os resultados do <italic>Bogalusa Heart Study</italic> tamb&#233;m enfatizam a import&#226;ncia da distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura corporal, especialmente a circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal. Segundo os autores, essa medida pode auxiliar na identifica&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas e da insulina s&#233;rica. As crian&#231;as com medida de cintura no percentil 90, comparadas &#224;s situadas no percentil 10, apresentaram valores m&#233;dios superiores de LDL-c, TG, e inferiores de HDL-c. Essas diferen&#231;as, altamente significativas, foram independentes de peso e estatura e ocorreram em ambos os sexos e em todas as etnias<sup>9</sup>. </p>
    <p>Tendo em vista a import&#226;ncia j&#225; confirmada da medida de cintura na idade adulta integrando a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, e as perspectivas da literatura internacional que apontam para uma associa&#231;&#227;o dessa medida na inf&#226;ncia com morbidade e mortalidade na vida adulta, resolvemos realizar este estudo, que tem como objetivo avaliar o diagn&#243;stico nutricional, o perfil lip&#237;dico, os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos e a medida de cintura em amostra de pr&#233;-escolares do munic&#237;pio de Santo Andr&#233; (SP). Pretende-se ainda verificar se a medida de cintura est&#225; associada com as outras medidas antropom&#233;tricas usuais, envolvidas no diagn&#243;stico de obesidade, como a press&#227;o arterial e o perfil lip&#237;dico na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A casu&#237;stica foi composta por uma amostra de 65 pr&#233;-escolares de baixo estrato socioecon&#244;mico, provenientes do universo de 297 crian&#231;as matriculadas (quatro anos a seis anos e onze meses) em escola p&#250;blica do munic&#237;pio de Santo Andr&#233; (SP), situada em regi&#227;o muito carente desse munic&#237;pio. Durante cinco dias consecutivos (abril/2001) a escola foi visitada pelos pesquisadores e foram avaliados 84,2% (250/297) dos pr&#233;-escolares. O protocolo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Medicina do ABC.</p>
    <p>Baseado nas m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o de cintura no grupo obeso 62,5 cm (5,01) e n&#227;o-obeso 52,4 cm (3,9), a amostra com dezoito e 45 apresentou poder maior que 90% para um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05 (5%). Utilizou-se o procedimento sampsi do <italic>software</italic> STATA 8.0. </p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;das no estudo somente as crian&#231;as cujos pais ou respons&#225;veis expressaram seu consentimento. Foram exclu&#237;das as crian&#231;as portadoras de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas (nefropatia, cardiopatia, endocrinopatia, colagenoses, neuropatias, hepatopatias), s&#237;ndromes gen&#233;ticas, imunodefici&#234;ncias ou que estivessem em uso de corticoterapia sist&#234;mica ou na vig&#234;ncia de quadro m&#243;rbido atual. </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise comparativa da avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica das crian&#231;as obesas inclu&#237;das e n&#227;o-inclu&#237;das no estudo n&#227;o revelou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante. A m&#233;dia e o desvio-padr&#227;o do IMC foi de 20,76 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (1,92) e 19,96 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (2,05), para inclu&#237;dos e n&#227;o-inclu&#237;dos, respectivamente (Teste t-Student, p = 0,28). </p>
    <p>As crian&#231;as foram pesadas em balan&#231;a tipo plataforma (capacidade de 150 kg e com gradua&#231;&#227;o de 100 g), situada em superf&#237;cie plana e aferida antes de cada pesagem. A estatura foi obtida em estadi&#244;metro vertical de madeira, utilizando-se esquadro que era ajustado ao couro cabeludo, em &#226;ngulo reto com o estadi&#244;metro, segundo recomenda&#231;&#245;es de Jellife<sup>10</sup>. </p>
    <p>A partir dos dados de peso e estatura foram calculados os &#237;ndices de peso para estatura (ZPE), estatura para idade (ZEI), peso para idade (ZPI) que foram expressos na forma de escore z e o &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC). Foram consideradas obesas ou desnutridas as crian&#231;as que apresentavam dois desvios-padr&#227;o acima ou abaixo do padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ZPE<sup>11</sup>, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>A medida de cintura foi obtida por meio de fita m&#233;trica inextens&#237;vel, graduada em mil&#237;metros, por um &#250;nico examinador, de acordo com a preconiza&#231;&#227;o de MacCarthy e cols.<sup>12</sup>. </p>
    <p>A press&#227;o arterial (PA) foi obtida em <italic>medida &#250;nica</italic>, por um &#250;nico examinador, e os valores obtidos foram classificados individualmente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para sexo, idade e percentil de estatura<sup>13</sup>. </p>
    <p>Coletaram-se, por venopun&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica, 5 ml de sangue, ap&#243;s jejum de no m&#237;nimo 12 horas, para dosagem de CT, HDL-c, LDL-c, VLDL-c e TG (m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico)<sup>14</sup>. Como refer&#234;ncia para a adequa&#231;&#227;o de CT, LDL-c, HDL-c e TG ,adotou-se o padr&#227;o de Kwiterowich<sup>15</sup>, e para o VLDL-c a classifica&#231;&#227;o proposta pela <italic>American Heart Association</italic><sup>16</sup>. </p>
    <p>Foram utilizados m&#233;todos descritivos para as vari&#225;veis estudadas (mediana e intervalos interquart&#237;licos) e teste Exato de Fisher para compara&#231;&#245;es dessas medidas entre obesos e n&#227;o-obesos. No estudo das rela&#231;&#245;es entre a medida de cintura e os &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos de IMC e ZPE, utilizou-se correla&#231;&#227;o linear. Para determinar o poder diagn&#243;stico de obesidade da medida de cintura, utilizou-se o estudo de sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e negativo, nos quartis da medida de cintura da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada (percentis 25, 50 e 75). Fixou-se em 0,05 ou 5% o n&#237;vel de rejei&#231;&#227;o para a hip&#243;tese de nulidade.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Entre os 65 pr&#233;-escolares estudados, 53,8% (35/65) eram do sexo masculino. A mediana de idade foi de 5,8 anos, e 27,7% (18/65) das crian&#231;as eram obesas. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> mostra o percentual de inadequa&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis estudadas entre obesos e n&#227;o obesos.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0153-00013-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref> apresenta as medianas e os intervalos interquart&#237;licos da cintura, ZPE e IMC, entre obesos e n&#227;o-obesos. Encontrou-se diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante para todas as vari&#225;veis entre os dois grupos.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0153-00013-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Por meio de correla&#231;&#227;o linear, comparou-se o IMC e o ZPE com a cintura (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>). Nota-se que a cintura mant&#233;m uma rela&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante com as duas vari&#225;veis, tanto na popula&#231;&#227;o geral como quando se procede a divis&#227;o por sexo. Esse resultado pode ser visualizado tamb&#233;m na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a13fig01">figura 1</xref>, indicado pela dispers&#227;o e pelos valores de <italic>r</italic> (coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o linear). N&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;a significante dessa tend&#234;ncia entre os sexos (p = 0,23 para IMC e p = 0,30 para ZPE). Observa-se tamb&#233;m a concentra&#231;&#227;o dos obesos no canto superior dos gr&#225;ficos e uma boa discrimina&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos, mesmo visualmente.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a13fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0153-00013-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0153-00013-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Utilizando-se como ponto de corte o percentil 75 da cintura da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada (58,2cm) e tendo como padr&#227;o o ZPE, observa-se uma acur&#225;cia de 89,1%, coerente com os valores de especificidade, sensibilidade e valores preditivos positivo e negativo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. 4</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0153-00013-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>N&#227;o se encontrou correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante da cintura com a PA (PAS &#150; press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e PAD &#150; press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica) e com o perfil lip&#237;dico, na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tab.5</xref>). Quando se comparou a cintura (categorizada na forma de quartis: Primeiro quartil 45&#172;51, Segundo quartil 51&#172;53, Terceiro quartil 53&#172;58 e Quarto quartil 58&#172;70) com a PA e perfil lip&#237;dico, tanto para a popula&#231;&#227;o toda quanto para obesos e n&#227;o-obesos, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0153-00013-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica ou s&#237;ndrome-X &#233; definida como um conjunto de fatores de risco para DCV, incluindo hiperinsulinemia/resist&#234;ncia a insulina, hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia, obesidade e intoler&#226;ncia a glicose<sup>17</sup>. A associa&#231;&#227;o dessa s&#237;ndrome &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de DCV tem sido bem documentada em estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos em crian&#231;as e adultos<sup>18,19</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, preval&#234;ncia de PA elevada, aumento de TG, CT, LDL-c e VLDL-c e baixos n&#237;veis de HDL-c foram superiores aos encontrados em trabalhos nacionais realizados em escolares em Porto Alegre<sup>20</sup>, colocando a popula&#231;&#227;o por n&#243;s estudada, pr&#233;-escolares de baixo estrato socioecon&#244;mico, como de risco cardiovascular elevado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, verificamos a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a medida de cintura e o IMC e ZPE, identificando uma estreita rela&#231;&#227;o desses padr&#245;es na identifica&#231;&#227;o da adiposidade em pr&#233;-escolares (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a13fig01">fig. 1</xref>; <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabs. 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">3</xref>). Em estudo recente, realizado com 87 crian&#231;as americanas com idade entre quatro e onze anos, identificou-se que a medida de cintura e o percentual de gordura s&#227;o fatores de RCV de extrema import&#226;ncia. Nesse trabalho, estabeleceu-se como pontos de corte para alto risco de DCV valores de 33% e 71 cm, para o percentual de gordura (determinado pelo m&#233;todo da dupla emiss&#227;o de feixes de raio x - DXA) e medida de cintura, respectivamente<sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p>Outro estudo transversal, mais recente, foi realizado com 1.254 crian&#231;as obesas de seis a doze anos, relacionando medidas antropom&#233;tricas (incluindo a cintura) com lip&#237;dios s&#233;ricos e PA. Nesse trabalho, a cintura mostrou forte correla&#231;&#227;o com eleva&#231;&#227;o de PAS e PAD, superior &#224;s do peso e das pregas cut&#226;neas tricipital e subescapular. Por meio de modelo de an&#225;lise linear multivariada demonstrou-se ainda que as altera&#231;&#245;es de PAS, PAD e HDL-c estavam significativamente associadas com medida de cintura, ressaltando sua import&#226;ncia, por se tratar de uma medida simples, de f&#225;cil execu&#231;&#227;o e boa reprodutibilidade<sup>4</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os resultados por n&#243;s encontrados mostram que h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que a medida de cintura tem poder discriminat&#243;rio no diagn&#243;stico de obesidade. No entanto, em raz&#227;o do tamanho da amostra, a quantifica&#231;&#227;o desse poder diagn&#243;stico, como sensibilidade e especificidade, deve ser interpretada com cautela. </p>
    <p>Fato interessante &#233; a semelhan&#231;a de comportamento da medida de cintura entre os sexos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab.2</xref>), diferindo do observado para indiv&#237;duos adultos, mas coincidindo com estudos em crian&#231;as de faixa et&#225;ria semelhante &#224; por n&#243;s avaliada<sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p>Deve-se investigar o efeito da faixa et&#225;ria, n&#227;o realizado nesse trabalho por limita&#231;&#245;es no tamanho da amostra. Em estudo brit&#226;nico realizado com 8.355 crian&#231;as de ambos os sexos, em que as medidas de cintura foram estratificadas em percentis, observou-se que a m&#233;dia da cintura aumenta com a idade: para as meninas, a curva atinge um plat&#244; antes da idade de treze anos, enquanto para os meninos continua a aumentar de maneira acentuada acima dessa idade. Os autores ressaltam o fato de esses achados relacionarem-se a caracter&#237;sticas pr&#243;prias de crian&#231;as caucasianas e estimulam a compara&#231;&#227;o com crian&#231;as de outros pa&#237;ses<sup>12</sup>. </p>
    <p>A obesidade e a distribui&#231;&#227;o abdominal da gordura s&#227;o associadas &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de HDL-c e ao aumento dos n&#237;veis de TG em muitos estudos com adultos e adolescentes<sup>21-23</sup>. A gordura visceral &#233; associada com aumento dos n&#237;veis de &#225;cidos graxos livres circulantes, hiperinsulinemia, resist&#234;ncia a insulina, aumento da s&#237;ntese de TG e da secre&#231;&#227;o de VLDL-c pelo f&#237;gado. Em raz&#227;o desses fatos, tem sido amplamente investigada na literatura a determina&#231;&#227;o de pontos de corte para a medida de cintura em crian&#231;as, j&#225; que esta tem se mostrado como melhor preditor de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular do que o IMC<sup>24,25</sup>. </p>
    <p>N&#227;o observamos, no presente estudo, rela&#231;&#227;o entre a medida da cintura e os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos ou o perfil lip&#237;dico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tab. 5</xref>), nem quando analisados para todas as crian&#231;as nem quando analisados para cada condi&#231;&#227;o nutricional (obesos e n&#227;o-obesos). Esse fato pode ter ocorrido em raz&#227;o da faixa et&#225;ria e da limita&#231;&#227;o do tamanho da amostra avaliada. O NHANES III, estudo realizado com 5.056 crian&#231;as americanas entre quatro e onze anos de idade, identificou uma associa&#231;&#227;o independente e positiva entre a rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril e o n&#237;vel de triglic&#233;rides em crian&#231;as pr&#233;-p&#250;beres<sup>26</sup>. </p>
    <p>Com respeito &#224; PA, estudos demonstraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa da PAD com sensibilidade a insulina, e positiva com os n&#237;veis de insulina; entretanto, sem rela&#231;&#227;o com a adiposidade em crian&#231;as pr&#233;-p&#250;beres<sup>27,28</sup>. </p>
    <p>Dessa forma, a determina&#231;&#227;o de padr&#245;es locais de medidas de adiposidade central deve ser incentivada na faixa et&#225;ria pedi&#225;trica. Estudos como o por n&#243;s realizado, embora ainda n&#227;o conclu&#237;do, motivam a investiga&#231;&#227;o dessa nova medida (cintura) na busca de pontos de corte e distribui&#231;&#245;es de refer&#234;ncia, como aux&#237;lio no diagn&#243;stico de obesidade na inf&#226;ncia e estabelecimento de par&#226;metros de risco cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Roseli Saccardo Sarni </p>
        <p> Rua Ren&#234; Zamlutti, 94/52 </p>
        <p> 04116-260 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="rssarni@uol.com.br">rssarni@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Recebido em 17/09/03 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 08/06/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Relationship between waist circumference and nutritional status, lipid profile and blood pressure in low socioeconomic level pre-school children</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate anthropometric data, blood lipid levels, blood pressure (BP) and waist circumference (WC) in preschool children. To relate WC with blood lipid levels and BP in obese and non-obese children. METHODS: In a transversal study we investigated 65 preschool children of low socioeconomic level in Santo Andr&#233;, S&#227;o Paulo. The evaluation consisted of BP measurement (Task Force, 1996), weight (W), height (H) expressed as z score (WHO,1995) and body mass index (BMI), triglycerides, total and fractions of cholesterol blood levels (Kwiterovich and AHA). Statistical analysis: Fisher test and correlations. RESULTS: We observed high BP and lipid levels unrelated to nutritional status. WC was significantly and positively correlated to BMI and ZWH (r = 0,87 and r = 0,83, respectively). Using as a cut-off 75 percentile of WC we found an accuracy of 89,1% with 87,2% specificity and 70,6% sensitivity and predictive value (+) 66,7% and (-) 66,7%. There was no relationship between WC and lipid and BP levels. CONCLUSIONS: WC showed direct correlation with anthropometric indexes commonly used and in preschool children wasn&#8217;t predictor of cardiovascular risk.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>waist circumference</kwd>
        <kwd>lipid levels</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Relationship between waist circumference and nutritional status, lipid profile and blood pressure in low socioeconomic level pre-school children </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Roseli Saccardo Sarni; Fab&#237;ola Isabel Suano de Souza; Denise de Oliveira Schoeps; Priscila Catherino; Maria Carolina Cozzi Pires de Oliveira; Cristiane F&#233;lix Ximenes Pessotti; Cristiane Kochi; Fernando Antonio Basile Colugnati</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Faculdade de Medicina do ABC e UNIFESP-EPM - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate anthropometric data, blood lipid levels, blood pressure (BP) and waist circumference (WC) in preschool children. To relate WC with blood lipid levels and BP in obese and non-obese children.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> In a transversal study we investigated 65 preschool children of low socioeconomic level in Santo Andr&#233;, S&#227;o Paulo. The evaluation consisted of BP measurement (Task Force, 1996), weight (W), height (H) expressed as z score (WHO,1995) and body mass index (BMI), triglycerides, total and fractions of cholesterol blood levels (Kwiterovich and AHA). Statistical analysis: Fisher test and correlations.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> We observed high BP and lipid levels unrelated to nutritional status. WC was signifi cantly and positively correlated to BMI and ZWH (r = 0,87 and r = 0,83, respectively). Using as a cut-off 75 percentile of WC we found an accuracy of 89,1% with 87,2% specifi city and 70,6% sensitivity and predictive value (+) 66,7% and (-) 66,7%. There was no relationship between WC and lipid and BP levels.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> WC showed direct correlation with anthropometric indexes commonly used and in preschool children wasn&#146;t predictor of cardiovascular risk.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Obesity, waist circumference, lipid levels.</p>
      <p>Obesity has been clearly identified in literature as a critical risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, other factors are known to play a part in that risk, whether the individual is obese or not. Among those factors, waist circumference stands out. It has been widely investigated in adults as part of the metabolic syndrome<sup>1</sup> and more recently identified as a risk factor in the pediatric age range<sup>2,3,4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Visceral fat increase is considered one of the most relevant risk factors for CVD, diabetes and other metabolic conditions<sup>5</sup>. Different methods used to study visceral fat are currently in use &#150; one of the simplest, and easy to use and to reproduce is waist circumference<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
      <p>In a study carried out with severely obese children &#150; mean age 10.15&#177;2.01 years &#150; abdominal fat index (sum of skinfolds as related to limbs) proved to be positively correlated to total cholesterol (TC) triglycerides (TG), LDL-c, and negatively to HDL-c. Marelli et al<sup>7</sup> have found significant correlation between waist-hip ratio and TG level. Those results confirm that even in childhood severe obesity is related to lipid changes, and that abdominal adiposity is associated to profile worsening<sup>7,8</sup>. </p>
      <p>Results from the <italic>Bogalusa Heart Study</italic> have also emphasized the relevance of body fat distribution, especially waist circumference. According to the authors, that measure may help identify lipid and serum insulin changes. Children with waist circumference in the 90 percentile reported mean values above those in the 10 percentile for LDL-c, and TG, and lower for HDL-c. Those differences &#150; highly significant &#150; showed not to be related to body weight or height for boys or girls, in all ethnic groups<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Having in mind the already confirmed relevance of waist circumference in adults metabolic syndrome, as well as the perspectives of international literature pointing towards an association of that measure in childhood with morbid-mortality in adult age, we have decided to conduct the present study that focuses the following objectives: to assess nutritional diagnosis, lipid profile, blood pressure levels, and waist circumference in a sample of pre-schoolers in Santo Andr&#233;, S&#227;o Paulo, S.P., Brazil. The purpose was to investigate whether waist circumference is associated to other usual anthropometric measures involved in obesity diagnosis, such as blood pressure and lipid profile in the population under study. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Sample population was made up of 65 low socioeco&#173;nomic level pre-schoolers, screened from a total of 297 children enrolled at the Municipal School in Santo Andr&#233;, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil (age range &#150; from 4 years old to 6 years old and 11 months). School visit took place on 5 consecutive days (April, 2001) by researchers. Out of the total number, 84.2% (250/297) of pre-schoolers were evaluated. The protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee at the ABC Medical School.</p>
      <p>Based on mean and standard deviation waist circum&#173;ference measures in the obese (62.5cm &#150; 5.01) and non-obese group (52.4cm &#150; 3.9), the sample reporting 18 and 45 showed &gt; 90% power for the 0.05 (5%) significance level. The sampsi procedure was used (software STATA 8.0). </p>
      <p>The study only included children whose parents or guardians signed the written consent. Children with the following conditions were excluded from the study: chronic conditions (nephropathy, cardiopathy, endocrinopathy, collagenosis, neuropathies, and hepatopathies); genetic syndromes, immunodeficiencies, or those under systemic corticotherapy or current morbid condition. </p>
      <p>Comparative analysis of the anthropometric assessment of the obese children included and not included in the study did not show statistically significant difference. BMI mean and SD was 20.76 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (1.92) and 19.96 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (2.05), for those included and not included, respectively (Student t-test, p=0.28). </p>
      <p>Children were weighted on platform scales (capacity 150 kg, 100 g gradation), on a flat surface, with scale reviewed before every weighing procedure. Height was obtained from a stadiometer, with the T-square adjusted to scalp, in a straight angle with stadiometer, following Jellife recommendations<sup>10</sup>. </p>
      <p>Based on weight and height data, weight indices were calculated for weight according to height (ZWH), height according to age (ZHA), and weight according to age (ZWA), all expressed in z score, and body mass index (BMI). Obese or undernourished children were those reporting 2 SD above or below reference pattern in relation to ZWH<sup>11</sup>, respectively.</p>
      <p>Waist circumference was obtained through extensible measure tape with millimeter gradation by one examiner only, as recommended by MacCarthy HD et al, 2001<sup>12</sup>. </p>
      <p>Blood pressure (BP) was obtained through <italic>one single measure,</italic> by one examiner only, and values obtained were classified individually according to reference pattern for gender, age, and height percentile<sup>13</sup>. </p>
      <p>Blood was collected (5 mL) through peripheral venopuncture after at least 12-hour fasting for TC, HDL-c, LDL-c, VLDL-c and TG (enzyme method)<sup>14</sup>. As reference for TC, LDL-c, HDL-c and TG, Kwiterowich<sup>15</sup> pattern was used. For VLDL-c, the classification proposed by the <italic>American Heart Association</italic><sup>16</sup> was used.</p>
      <p>Descriptive methods were used for the variables under study (median and interquartile intervals), and Fisher Exact Test for comparisons of those measures between obese and non-obese. In the study to correlate waist circumference and anthropometric indices for BMI and ZWH, linear correlation was used. In order to determine obesity diagnosis power for waist circumference, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value study was used in WC quartiles of population under study (percentiles 25, 50 and 75).Rejection level for null hypothesis was fixed at 0.05 or 5%. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Out of the 65 pre-schoolers under study, 53.8% (35/65) were males. Median age was 5.8 years. Obese children: 27.7% (18/65).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows medians and interquartile intervals for waist circumference, ZWH and BMI, among obese and non-obese. Statistically significant difference was found for all variables in the two groups. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0153-00013-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0153-00013-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>BMI and ZWH were compared to waist through linear correlation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). It should be pointed out that the waist keeps statistically significant correlation with the two variables, both for the population in general as when genders are considered. Such result is also found in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a13fig01-body2">figure 1</xref>, as indicated by dispersion and by r values (linear correlation coefficient). No significant difference was found for that tendency between males and females (p=0.23 for BMI and p=0.30 for ZWH). The obese are seen to be concentrated in the upper corner in the figures. The groups are visually well discriminated. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a13fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0153-00013-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0153-00013-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Using percentile 75 as the cutt-off point for WC for the population under study (58.2cm), and ZWH as the pattern, accuracy reported is 89.1%, matching values for specificity, sensitivity, and positive and negative predictive values (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0153-00013-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>No statistically significant correlation was found between WC and BP (SBP &#150; systolic blood pressure and DBP &#150; diastolic blood pressure) or lipid profile in the population under study. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>). When WC was compared (characterized as quartiles: First quartile 45&#172;51; Second quartile 51&#172;53; Third quartile 53&#172;58; and Fourth quartile 58&#172;70) to BP and lipid profile &#150; both for the population as a whole as for obese and non-obese &#150; no statistically significant different was found either. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0153-00013-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Metabolic syndrome or X-syndrome is defined as a set of risk factors for CVD, including: hyperinsulinemia/ insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity and glucose intolerance<sup>17</sup>. The association of that syndrome to CVD has been documented by epidemiological studies in children and adults<sup>18,19</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our study, the prevalence of high BP level, the increase in TG, TC, LDL-c and VLDL-c, and low levels of HDL-c showed to be higher than that found in other papers carried out in Brazil, as the one with schoolers in Porto Alegre<sup>20</sup>, thus placing the population in our study &#150; low socioeconomic level pre-schoolers&#151;under high cardiovascular risk (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>The present study reported the correlation between waist circumference and BMI and ZWH, with straight correlation between those patterns while identifying adiposity level in pre-schoolers. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a13fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">3</xref>). A recent study carried out with 87 American children in the 4-11 age range, showed that waist circumference and fat percentage are extremely relevant factors for CVD. The present work defined values between 33% and 71 cm as the cut-off points for high risk of CVD: fat percentage (determined by dual X-ray absorptiometry &#150; DXA) and waist circumference, respectively<sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>Another cross-sectional, more recent study was carried out with 1,254 children in the 6-12 year-old age range, correlating anthropometric measures (waist included) and serum lipids and BP. The work showed strong waist correlation between increased SP and DP &#150; stronger than that between body weight and tricipital and subscapular skinfolds. Through a multivariate linear analysis model we were able to also show that changes in SBP, DBP and HDL-c were significantly associated to waist circumference, thus pointing out its relevance: an easy to do and to put into practice measure, with good reproductibility<sup>4</sup>. </p>
      <p>The results found in the present study are evidence that waist circumference is discriminating in the diagnosis for obesity. However, due to sample size, the quantification of such power in diagnosis &#150; as sensitivity and specificity &#150; must be interpreted with caution. </p>
      <p>It is interesting to point out the similarity in the behavior of waist circumference between boys and girls (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>), which differs from adult individuals but do match results from studies with other children in similar age range as the one in our study<sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>Age range effect should be investigated. The present study did not carry out that investigation due to sample size constraints. A British study carried out with 8,355 children &#150; both boys and girls &#150; where waist circumference was stratified in percentiles - showed that waist circumference average increases with age: for girls, the curve reaches a plateau before they are 13, whereas for boys, it goes on increasing quite strongly after 13. The authors point out the fact that such findings are related to Caucasian children characteristics, and encourage comparison with children from other countries<sup>12</sup>. </p>
      <p>Obesity and abdominal fat distribution are associated to HDL-c reduction and TG increase, as shown by many studies with adults and teenagers<sup>21,22,23</sup>. Visceral fat is associated to the increase of circulating free fatty acids, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and increase of TG synthesis and VLDL-c secretion by the liver. In the light of all this, the definition of a cut-off point for waist circumference in children has been extensively investigated in the literature, since it has proven to be a better risk predictor for cardiovascular diseases than BMI<sup>24,25</sup>. </p>
      <p>The present study has not reported correlation between waist measure and blood pressure levels or lipid profile (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>) - either for all children or when assessment is restrained to nutritional condition (obese and non-obese). That may have been due to age range and sample size constraints. NHANES III &#150; a study carried out with 5,056 American children in the 4-11-year-old range - identified a positive, non-dependent relationship between waist-hip ratio and triglycerides level in pre-puberty children<sup>26</sup>. </p>
      <p>In regard to BP, some studies have demonstrated a negative correlation between DBP and sensitivity to insulin, and a positive correlation with insulin levels, with no correlation, however, to adiposity in pre-puberty children<sup>27,28</sup>. </p>
      <p>A definition of local patterns for central adiposity measures is, therefore, to be encouraged for pediatric age range. Although not conclusive at this point, studies as ours do encourage the investigation of this new measure (waist) while searching for cut-off points and reference distributions as a help tool in the diagnosis of obesity in childhood and in setting parameters for cardiovascular risk.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Roseli Saccardo Sarni</p>
          <p> Rua Ren&#234; Zamlutti, 94/52</p>
          <p> 04116-260 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="rssarni@uol.com.br">rssarni@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Received on 09/17/03</p>
      <p> Accepted on 06/08/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
