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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Hr7mBVJ7nj3XQyTcSk3cqmd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001500010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700210</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001500010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estudo da reatividade vascular induzida pelo estresse mental na gravidez de mulheres portadoras de estenose mitral</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Walkiria Samuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Calil</surname>
            <given-names>Osmar Ara&#250;jo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Trombetta</surname>
            <given-names>Ivani C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Negr&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grinberg</surname>
            <given-names>Max</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zugaib</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>128</fpage>
      <lpage>136</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Estudar a reatividade vascular mediante a an&#225;lise do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo e da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica em repouso e estresse mental na gravidez de mulheres com estenose mitral. M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudadas 22 mulheres portadoras de estenose mitral, 13 gr&#225;vidas (GE) e 9 n&#227;o-gr&#225;vidas (EM), e 9 gestantes saud&#225;veis volunt&#225;rias (GN). Na gesta&#231;&#227;o, 9 (GEB) das 13 do GE necessitaram de betabloqueador e 4 restantes (GESB) evolu&#237;ram sem medica&#231;&#227;o. A plestimografia em repouso e sob estresse mental analisou o fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo muscular, resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica (RVP), press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM) e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) na gesta&#231;&#227;o e no puerp&#233;rio. RESULTADOS: Na gesta&#231;&#227;o do GESB, os valores do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo muscular e da FC foram maiores em 1,6% e 20,5% (p = 0,05), e os da RVP e da PAM foram menores em 19,3% e 4,4%, respectivamente, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao puerp&#233;rio; no estresse mental, o fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo muscular aumentou em 55,9%, a FC reduziu em 30,2% e houve semelhan&#231;a da RVP e PAM. No GEB, os valores do fluxo e da FC foram maiores em 5,9% e 14,9% (p = 0,001) e os da PAM e da RVP menores em 10,3% e 9,1%, respectivamente, quando comparados ao puerp&#233;rio; no estresse mental o fluxo e a PAM aumentaram em 69,8% e 174,1%, respectivamente, a FC foi semelhante e a RVP reduziu em 53,7%. O estudo comparativo mostrou que no grupo GN o fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo muscular foi maior, a RVP menor e houve semelhan&#231;a na PAM e FC em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo GE e que os grupos GE, GN, EM apresentaram semelhan&#231;a na resposta ao estresse mental. CONCLUS&#213;ES: A reatividade vascular na gesta&#231;&#227;o de mulheres com estenose mitral foi preservada e a an&#225;lise das medidas mostrou valores menores de fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo muscular e maiores da RVP quando comparados &#224;s gestantes saud&#225;veis.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Gravidez</kwd>
        <kwd>estenose mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>reatividade vascular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo da reatividade vascular induzida pelo estresse mental na gravidez de mulheres portadoras de estenose mitral</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Walkiria Samuel Avila; Osmar Ara&#250;jo Calil; Ivani C. Trombetta; Carlos Eduardo Negr&#227;o; Max Grinberg; Marcelo Zugaib; Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini Ramires</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Estudar a reatividade vascular mediante a an&#225;lise do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo e da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica em repouso e estresse mental na gravidez de mulheres com estenose mitral. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Foram estudadas 22 mulheres portadoras de estenose mitral, 13 gr&#225;vidas (GE) e 9 n&#227;o-gr&#225;vidas (EM), e 9 gestantes saud&#225;veis volunt&#225;rias (GN). Na gesta&#231;&#227;o, 9 (GEB) das 13 do GE necessitaram de betabloqueador e 4 restantes (GESB) evolu&#237;ram sem medica&#231;&#227;o. A plestimografia em repouso e sob estresse mental analisou o fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo muscular, resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica (RVP), press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM) e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) na gesta&#231;&#227;o e no puerp&#233;rio. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Na gesta&#231;&#227;o do GESB, os valores do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo muscular e da FC foram maiores em 1,6% e 20,5% (p = 0,05), e os da RVP e da PAM foram menores em 19,3% e 4,4%, respectivamente, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao puerp&#233;rio; no estresse mental, o fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo muscular aumentou em 55,9%, a FC reduziu em 30,2% e houve semelhan&#231;a da RVP e PAM. No GEB, os valores do fluxo e da FC foram maiores em 5,9% e 14,9% (p = 0,001) e os da PAM e da RVP menores em 10,3% e 9,1%, respectivamente, quando comparados ao puerp&#233;rio; no estresse mental o fluxo e a PAM aumentaram em 69,8% e 174,1%, respectivamente, a FC foi semelhante e a RVP reduziu em 53,7%. O estudo comparativo mostrou que no grupo GN o fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo muscular foi maior, a RVP menor e houve semelhan&#231;a na PAM e FC em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo GE e que os grupos GE, GN, EM apresentaram semelhan&#231;a na resposta ao estresse mental. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#213;ES: </bold>A reatividade vascular na gesta&#231;&#227;o de mulheres com estenose mitral foi preservada e a an&#225;lise das medidas mostrou valores menores de fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo muscular e maiores da RVP quando comparados &#224;s gestantes saud&#225;veis.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Gravidez, estenose mitral, reatividade vascular.</p>
    <p>O ciclo grav&#237;dico-puerperal provoca importantes e transit&#243;rias modifica&#231;&#245;es cardiocirculat&#243;rias<sup>1</sup> no organismo da mulher. A partir do s&#233;timo dia de fecunda&#231;&#227;o<sup>2</sup>, o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e a resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica sofrem adapta&#231;&#245;es &#224;s demandas metab&#243;licas e hormonais e &#224; circula&#231;&#227;o uteroplacent&#225;ria, com o prop&#243;sito de manter o adequado desenvolvimento fetal.</p>
    <p>&#192; luz dos conhecimentos atuais, as varia&#231;&#245;es da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica (RVP) na gesta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o s&#227;o causadas apenas pelas altera&#231;&#245;es do plexo uterino, mas tamb&#233;m por horm&#244;nios como estrog&#234;nio, prolactina e prostaglandinas circulantes, respons&#225;veis pela redu&#231;&#227;o da resposta vascular &#224; angiotensina<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Sabe-se ainda que decr&#233;scimo na s&#237;ntese de prostaglandinas ou aumento de seu metabolismo pode resultar em incremento da reatividade vascular &#224; angiotensina II<sup>4</sup>, caracter&#237;stica observada, por exemplo, nas s&#237;ndromes hipertensivas da gravidez<sup>5</sup>. </p>
    <p>Outra situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica que tem despertado interesse &#233; o estudo da reatividade vascular em repouso e sob estresse na identifica&#231;&#227;o de marcadores de progn&#243;stico em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC). Middlekauff e cols.<sup>6</sup>, em estudo controlado do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo do antebra&#231;o utilizando o pletism&#243;grafo, e da reatividade muscular pela eletromiografia sob estresse mental, em pacientes com ICC, verificaram significativo aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica tanto em repouso como sob estresse mental, quando comparados a volunt&#225;rios saud&#225;veis, e ainda observaram a redu&#231;&#227;o da RVP nos dois grupos, embora com maior intensidade no grupo controle.</p>
    <p>Conhecendo-se esses dados, seria desej&#225;vel que eles fossem aplicados em pacientes cardiopatas, dadas as diferen&#231;as nas fases da hist&#243;ria natural das cardiopatias e as adapta&#231;&#245;es da RVP na gravidez. A literatura, contudo, carece de estudos sobre o comportamento da RVP durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o em portadoras de cardiopatias. Destaca-se, nesse aspecto, a estenose mitral, representante do maior contingente de mulheres com doen&#231;a valvar na idade f&#233;rtil e associada a elevados porcentuais, que chegam a variar de 5% a 30%, de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares<sup>7,8</sup> prevalecendo o desenvolvimento de congest&#227;o pulmonar como a maior causa de mortalidade. </p>
    <p>Dado o desconhecimento dos par&#226;metros hemodi&#173;n&#226;micos que possam ser correlacionados com a evolu&#231;&#227;o e o progn&#243;stico da gravidez em mulheres portadoras de estenose mitral, elegemos o estudo do comportamento da RVP para colher informa&#231;&#245;es que possam vir a ser aplicadas na pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica di&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>OBJETIVOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudar a reatividade vascular na gesta&#231;&#227;o de mulheres portadoras de estenose mitral, mediante a an&#225;lise do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo e da RVP em repouso e induzida pelo estresse mental.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudadas prospectivamente 31 mulheres em idade reprodutiva acompanhadas no ambulat&#243;rio do InCor, divididas em tr&#234;s grupos: grupo GE integrado por 13 gestantes portadoras de estenose mitral isolada; grupo GN composto por 9 gestantes normais; e grupo EM constitu&#237;do por 9 mulheres n&#227;o-gr&#225;vidas portadoras de estenose mitral isolada.</p>
    <p>Todas as pacientes estavam em classe funcional (CF) I/II, de acordo com a <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA), e em ritmo sinusal, registrado pelo eletrocardiograma (ECG). As portadoras de estenose mitral utilizavam penicilina benzatina na dose profil&#225;tica para doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica e apresentavam &#225;rea valvar mitral abaixo de 1,5 cm<sup>2</sup>, estimada pelo ecocardiograma Doppler (ECO). Nos grupos GN e GE, o estudo se iniciou entre 16 e 24 semanas de gesta&#231;&#227;o. Todas tiveram informa&#231;&#227;o detalhada sobre o protocolo e o consentimento p&#243;s-informado foi assinado antes do in&#237;cio do estudo. A pesquisa teve aprova&#231;&#227;o da Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica para An&#225;lise de Projetos de Pesquisa (CAPPesq) da Diretoria Cl&#237;nica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas e da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo .</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de n&#227;o-inclus&#227;o foram: idade inferior a 18 ou superior a 40 anos; CF lV (NYHA); fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, les&#227;o card&#237;aca estrutural concomitante; antecedentes de tromboembolismo, doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica ou doen&#231;a pulmonar; hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabete melito e tabagismo.</p>
    <p><italic>Protocolo cl&#237;nico</italic> - As pacientes se submeteram &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mensal, quando foi analisada a CF (NYHA), no terceiro trimestre da gravidez e no puerp&#233;rio nos grupos de gestantes, e no momento da primeira consulta no grupo EM. Foram considerados como eventos cl&#237;nicos finais: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, acidente tromboemb&#243;lico, arritmia card&#237;aca e endocardite infecciosa. Os exames eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos Doppler foram realizados no momento da inclus&#227;o das pacientes no protocolo com a finalidade de se estudar as modifica&#231;&#245;es do ritmo card&#237;aco e as medidas da &#225;rea valvar mitral (AVM), calculada pelo <italic>pressure half time</italic>. </p>
    <p><italic>Protocolo hemodin&#226;mico</italic> - Os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos estudados foram os seguintes: fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo muscular do antebra&#231;o e resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica, press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca registrados nas fases de repouso e de estresse mental e em duas etapas para os grupos GE e GN, isto &#233;, entre a 28&#170; e a 32&#170; semanas de gesta&#231;&#227;o e no puerp&#233;rio, e, para o grupo EM, somente no momento da inclus&#227;o no protocolo. </p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica do antebra&#231;o (RVP) foi efetuada de modo n&#227;o-invasivo, pela t&#233;cnica de pletismografia de oclus&#227;o venosa com o bra&#231;o esquerdo elevado. Um tubo sil&#225;stico preenchido com merc&#250;rio, conectado a um transdutor de baixa press&#227;o e a um aparelho pletism&#243;grafo (Hokanson AG-101), era colocado ao redor do antebra&#231;o, a 5 cm de dist&#226;ncia da articula&#231;&#227;o &#250;mero-radial. O manguito ao redor do pulso foi inflado a um n&#237;vel supra-sist&#243;lico 1 minuto antes do in&#237;cio das medidas e em intervalos de 15 s, enquanto o manguito na parte superior do bra&#231;o foi inflado acima da press&#227;o venosa por um per&#237;odo de 7 a 8 s. A RVP foi calculada por meio da rela&#231;&#227;o entre a press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (mmHg) e o fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo (ml/min/100 ml) no antebra&#231;o, da seguinte forma: RVP = PAM (mmHg) /fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo (ml/min/100 ml).</p>
    <p>Durante o exame com o pletism&#243;grafo realizou-se o teste de estresse mental aplicado atrav&#233;s de cores (<italic>Stroop color word test</italic>), que consistiu na leitura r&#225;pida e em voz alta, pela participante, da cor da palavra escrita numa tabela com uma s&#233;rie de nomes de cores impressos com tintas diferentes daquela do significado da palavra. Esse procedimento foi realizado durante 3 min, per&#237;odo de repouso (basal) e seguido de 4 min de teste de cores (estresse). Ao final, foi perguntado a cada uma o grau de dificuldade do teste de cores, de acordo com graus de dificuldade estabelecidos: 0 = n&#227;o-estressante; 1 = pouco estressante; 2 = estressante; 3 = muito estressante e 4 = extremamente estressante. </p>
    <p>O comportamento do estresse mental (SM) foi avaliado atrav&#233;s da diferen&#231;a entre a m&#233;dia da fase basal e o valor do primeiro minuto do estresse mental, considerado em nosso estudo como o valor de pico do teste: SM = m&#233;dia do basal (MB) / primeiro momento do estresse mental (M1).</p>
    <p>As press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica (PAS), diast&#243;lica (PAD) e m&#233;dia (PAM) foram aferidas continuamente durante o exame utilizando-se um manguito conectado a um monitor Ohmeda 2300 Finapress, e a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) foi obtida em tra&#231;ado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico registrado em computador, ambas analisadas em programa espec&#237;fico (AT/CODAS). </p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> - Foram utilizados os c&#225;lculos das m&#233;dias e desvio padr&#227;o, a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos (GE, GN e EM) e fases (gesta&#231;&#227;o e puerp&#233;rio), a de covari&#226;ncia (ANCOVA) na compara&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros do comportamento do estresse (m&#233;dia do basal menos o primeiro momento do estresse) para os fatores: grupos, fases e sua intera&#231;&#227;o, e posteriormente os testes t de independ&#234;ncia e t pareado na compara&#231;&#227;o entre as diferen&#231;as dos grupos (dois a dois) e entre as diferen&#231;as do comportamento na gesta&#231;&#227;o e puerp&#233;rio, respectivamente. O pacote estat&#237;stico SPSS &#150; Statistical Package Social Science Vers&#227;o 8.0 (1997) foi utilizado nessas an&#225;lises, fixando-se um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia em 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise da casu&#237;stica</italic> - No decorrer da gesta&#231;&#227;o 9 das 13 pacientes do grupo GE tiveram indica&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica do betabloqueador por piora da CF; portanto, o grupo GE foi subdividido em dois subgrupos distintos: GEB composto por 9 gestantes em uso do betabloqueador, sendo o propranolol selecionado em dose di&#225;ria n&#227;o superior a 80 mg, e GESB composto por 4 gestantes sem o uso de betabloqueador. </p>
    <p>A descri&#231;&#227;o e compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos quanto a idades e medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas realizada no in&#237;cio do estudo mostrou que a idade do grupo EM foi maior do que o GN (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>). A an&#225;lise da CF (NYHA) verificou que as 9 gestantes do grupo GN mantiveram CF I/II na gesta&#231;&#227;o e puerp&#233;rio; entre as 9 pacientes do subgrupo GEB, 7 evolu&#237;ram para a CF III durante o estudo e uma paciente do grupo EM, as restantes do subgrupo GESB e do grupo EM mantiveram-se em CF I/II durante todo o estudo. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica entre as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foi realizada somente entre os grupos com estenose mitral, ou seja, GE e EM. N&#227;o foram registradas complica&#231;&#245;es como tromboembolismo, endocardite infecciosa ou congest&#227;o pulmonar durante o estudo.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0128-00010-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise comparativa dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos nos grupos e subgrupos em repouso e estresse</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Grupo gestante normal (entre gesta&#231;&#227;o e puerp&#233;rio)</italic> - No repouso houve diferen&#231;a significante para as vari&#225;veis: fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo muscular, que foi maior em 21,3% (p = 0,003); RVP que foi menor em 31,3% (p = 0,023) e FC maior em 13,1% (p = 0,018) durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o, enquanto a PAM manteve-se semelhante nas duas etapas de estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>). Na fase de estresse verificou-se que na gesta&#231;&#227;o o fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo muscular e a PAM elevaram-se em 34,4% (p = 0,489) e 348% (p = 0,048), respectivamente, enquanto a RVP teve redu&#231;&#227;o no puerp&#233;rio em 42,9% (p = 0,280) e a FC foi semelhante nas duas etapas do estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0128-00010-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Subgrupo de estenose mitral sem uso betabloqueador (gesta&#231;&#227;o e puerp&#233;rio) </italic>- No repouso, o fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo muscular foi maior em 1,6% (p = 0,866) e a FC em 20,5% (p = 0,057), enquanto a RVP e a PAM foram menores em 19,3% (p = 0,647) e 4,4% (p = 0,119), respectivamente, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao puerp&#233;rio. No estresse, houve incremento do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo muscular em 55,9% (p = 0,118) e da FC em 30,2% (p = 0,228), e houve semelhan&#231;a da RVP e PAM nas duas etapas do estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0128-00010-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Subgrupo de estenose mitral em uso de betabloqueador (gesta&#231;&#227;o e puerp&#233;rio)</italic> - No repouso, o fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo muscular foi maior em 5,9% (p = 0,857), e a PAM e a RVP foram menores em 10,3% (0,531) e 9,12% (0,922), respectivamente, na gesta&#231;&#227;o; contudo, houve eleva&#231;&#227;o significante da FC na gesta&#231;&#227;o em 14,9 % (p = 0,001). No estresse o fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo muscular elevou-se em 69,8% (p = 0,436), a FC foi semelhante, a RVP reduziu em 53,7% (p = 0,576) e a PAM elevou em 174,1% (p = 0,571) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>). </p>
    <p><italic>Grupo estenose mitral n&#227;o-gr&#225;vida (estresse e repouso)</italic> - houve significante eleva&#231;&#227;o de 75,3% do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo muscular (p = 0,001), de 3,8% da PAM, (p = 0,011) e de 20,5% da FC (p = 0,001), bem como redu&#231;&#227;o de 38,1% da RVP (p &lt; 0,0001) durante o estresse em rela&#231;&#227;o ao repouso (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. 4</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0128-00010-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise comparativa dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos entre os grupos e subgrupos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Entre subgrupos de gestantes com estenose mitral em uso (GEB) ou n&#227;o de betabloqueador (GESB)</italic> - No repouso verificou-se semelhan&#231;a quanto aos valores das vari&#225;veis fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo muscular, RVP, PAM, e discreta eleva&#231;&#227;o da FC no grupo GESB (p = 0,490) durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o, enquanto no puerp&#233;rio os subgrupos foram semelhantes. No estresse verificou-se aumento da FC (p = 0,490) no GESB, por&#233;m n&#227;o significante (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>). </p>
    <p><italic>Entre o grupo GN e subgrupos GEB e GESB</italic> - No repouso mostrou que na gesta&#231;&#227;o o fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo muscular foi maior no grupo GN (p = 0,045) em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dois subgrupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1A</xref>); a RVP teve valor menor no grupo GN (p = 0,059) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1B</xref>); e a PAM e a FC n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a entre os grupos e subgrupos estudados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figs 1C</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">1D</xref>). No puerp&#233;rio os grupos e subgrupos apresentaram semelhan&#231;a entre si quanto aos par&#226;metros analisados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1 A</xref>,<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">B</xref>,<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">C</xref>,<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">D</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0128-00010-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Entre os grupos GN e EM e subgrupos GESB e GEB - (dados de puerp&#233;rio) verificou-se que os grupos foram semelhantes tanto no per&#237;odo de repouso como no de estresse para os par&#226;metros fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo muscular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2A</xref>), RVP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2B</xref>), PAM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2C</xref>) e FC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2D</xref>). A an&#225;lise de covari&#226;ncia dos par&#226;metros na primeira fase de estresse mental comparado aos de repouso nos grupos GN e subgrupos GESB, GEB, nas etapas gesta&#231;&#227;o e puerp&#233;rio, mostrou signific&#226;ncia quanto ao fluxo (p = 0,006), RVP (p = 0,003); PAM (p &lt; 0,001) e FC (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0128-00010-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O aprimoramento dos conhecimentos sobre os aspectos fisiol&#243;gicos da gesta&#231;&#227;o e sua intera&#231;&#227;o com o comportamento hemodin&#226;mico das cardiopatias tem contribu&#237;do para a redu&#231;&#227;o da morbidade e mortalidade materna no ciclo grav&#237;dico-puerperal </p>
    <p>Na estenose mitral, o alarmante porcentual de 86% de agravamento da classe funcional de I/II para III/IV no decorrer do segundo e terceiro trimestres da gravidez, documentado por Avila e cols.<sup>7</sup>, ilustra a expressividade cl&#237;nica imposta pela sobrecarga cardiocirculat&#243;ria decorrentes das altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas na gravidez.</p>
    <p>Esses dados mostram com clareza que a gravidez &#233; um dos fatores potenciais de agravamento cl&#237;nico da les&#227;o mitral no decorrer da sua hist&#243;ria natural. Assim, a identifica&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis de progn&#243;stico como idade, classe funcional, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, ICC, edema agudo de pulm&#227;o, hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar, sobrecarga ventricular direita e &#225;rea valvar tem contribu&#237;do para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco de mulheres com estenose mitral na gravidez<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
    <p>A continuidade na busca de fatores de progn&#243;stico nos motivou a estudar os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos na gravidez comparados ao p&#243;s-parto em portadoras de estenose mitral, com o objetivo de obtermos apoio clinicolaboratorial para melhor conhecermos as poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es nesse grupo de gestantes.</p>
    <p>Dessa forma, inclu&#237;mos o grupo da gestante normal (GN) e de mulheres com estenose mitral (EM) com a finalidade de fundamentar a aprecia&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo utilizado e do componente gesta&#231;&#227;o no bin&#244;mio cardiopatia e gravidez. </p>
    <p>Este estudo considerou um per&#237;odo de evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, sujeito, portanto, a decis&#245;es terap&#234;uticas, e n&#227;o apenas a um momento da realiza&#231;&#227;o do experimento. Assim, a din&#226;mica do tratamento de cada caso n&#227;o pode ser prevista no protocolo de natureza prospectiva e sua aplica&#231;&#227;o determinou a subdivis&#227;o do grupo GE em dois subgrupos de acordo com a necessidade ou n&#227;o de tratamento com betabloqueador em raz&#227;o de pior evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e/ou gravidade da les&#227;o valvar. </p>
    <p>De fato, verifica-se que sete das nove pacientes do subgrupo de gestantes com estenose mitral que necessitou de betabloqueador (GEB) evolu&#237;ram para CF III e apresentavam m&#233;dia de &#225;rea valvar de 1,2cm<sup>2</sup>, dados que est&#227;o concordantes com o estudo de Avila e cols.<sup>7</sup>, que mostrou de modo significativo a distin&#231;&#227;o da evolu&#231;&#227;o na gesta&#231;&#227;o nesses limites, ou seja : &#225;rea valvar mitral al&#233;m de 1,2 cm para CF III e aqu&#233;m desse valor para CF IV.</p>
    <p>A literatura carece de estudos sobre o comportamento hemodin&#226;mico da estenose mitral e a sua correla&#231;&#227;o com os aspectos cl&#237;nicos na gravidez. A aplica&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;todos invasivos dispon&#237;veis na pr&#225;tica limitou o melhor conhecimento do comportamento da resist&#234;ncia e do fluxo vascular perif&#233;ricos e suas associa&#231;&#245;es com doen&#231;as na gravidez. </p>
    <p>Com o amplo emprego de m&#233;todos n&#227;o-invasivos, contudo, a ultra-sonografia e a t&#233;cnica de oclus&#227;o venosa atrav&#233;s do pletism&#243;grafo s&#227;o de f&#225;cil manuseio, curta dura&#231;&#227;o e baixo custo, e t&#234;m contribu&#237;do para o estudo da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e da reatividade vascular nas diversas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas incluindo na gravidez<sup>10,11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Edouard e cols.<sup>12</sup>, com o emprego do pletism&#243;grafo, verificaram varia&#231;&#245;es no t&#244;nus venoso e da viscoelasticidade sang&#252;&#237;nea dos membros inferiores em nove mulheres com gravidez normal, quando comparou o primeiro e o terceiro trimestres da gesta&#231;&#227;o ao per&#237;odo de tr&#234;s a seis meses ap&#243;s o parto.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, a redu&#231;&#227;o de 31% da RVP na gesta&#231;&#227;o de mulheres normais (GN) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao puerp&#233;rio est&#225; de acordo com os dados verificados por Clark e cols.<sup>13</sup>, que utilizaram a t&#233;cnica de termodilui&#231;&#227;o e o cateterismo da art&#233;ria pulmonar em dez gestantes prim&#237;paras normais e observaram redu&#231;&#227;o de 21% da RVP no terceiro trimestre da gesta&#231;&#227;o, quando compararam com o per&#237;odo entre a 11&#170; e a 13&#170; semanas ap&#243;s o parto. </p>
    <p>Os mecanismos de dilata&#231;&#227;o arteriolar da gravidez t&#234;m sido atribu&#237;dos aos componentes estrog&#234;nicos<sup>3,4</sup>, &#224; prolactina e ao aumento do n&#237;veis de prostaglandina circulante (PGE2 e PGI2), subst&#226;ncia respons&#225;vel pela redu&#231;&#227;o da resposta vascular &#224; angiotensina. Recentemente tem-se demonstrado que as altera&#231;&#245;es no t&#244;nus vascular durante a gravidez podem ser atribu&#237;das, em parte, a mudan&#231;as na s&#237;ntese de subst&#226;ncias vasoativas derivadas do endot&#233;lio, destacando-se a endotelina que, teoricamente, &#233; capaz de mediar a s&#237;ntese das prostaglandinas, e do &#243;xido n&#237;trico que tem sido relacionado &#224; vasodilata&#231;&#227;o da gesta&#231;&#227;o<sup>14-16</sup>.</p>
    <p>A RVP tamb&#233;m reduziu em 19% e 9% na gesta&#231;&#227;o dos subgrupos com estenose mitral (GESB e GEB), respectivamente, n&#227;o muito diferente do puerp&#233;rio; contudo, em valores inferiores aos porcentuais de 31% da gestante normal. Esse comportamento diverso da RVP em repouso na gesta&#231;&#227;o de portadoras de estenose mitral pode ser atribu&#237;do a um estado anormal de resposta vascular no repouso pelo baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco ou pela resposta inapropriada aos mecanismos de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o da gravidez. </p>
    <p>Dados semelhantes foram publicados por Sakai e cols.<sup>17</sup>, que demonstraram pelo pletism&#243;grafo que na gesta&#231;&#227;o de mulheres com hipertens&#227;o arterial a gravidade da pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia estava relacionada com a resposta vascular inadequada, aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica e redu&#231;&#227;o do fluxo vascular perif&#233;rico. </p>
    <p>Diante desses resultados, &#233; admiss&#237;vel supor que doen&#231;as como hipertens&#227;o arterial ou estenose mitral podem interferir na reatividade vascular durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o predispondo a resposta anormal da RVP em repouso.</p>
    <p>O incremento em 21% do fluxo na gesta&#231;&#227;o normal (GN), quando comparado com o puerp&#233;rio, corrobora os dados de Dorup e cols.<sup>18</sup>, que relataram o aumento no fluxo perif&#233;rico em gestantes normais de 26% no primeiro trimestre e 46% no final da gesta&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mulher n&#227;o-gr&#225;vida, avaliadas pela ultra-sonografia. </p>
    <p>A verifica&#231;&#227;o do pequeno incremento de 1,6% e de 5,9% do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo na gesta&#231;&#227;o dos subgrupos de gestantes com estenose mitral (GEB e GESB), respectivamente, por sua vez, fortalece a hip&#243;tese de que a estenose mitral pode ser inclu&#237;da em grupo especial de doen&#231;as que modificam a resposta vascular ao fluxo da gravidez. Verificou-se ainda (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>) que a redu&#231;&#227;o do fluxo vascular ocorreu em ambos os subgrupos, ou seja, o que utilizou (GEB) ou n&#227;o o betabloqueador (GESB). </p>
    <p>O aumento significativo da FC verificado na gesta&#231;&#227;o, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao puerp&#233;rio, nos grupos estudados, est&#225; concordante com os relatos pr&#233;vios<sup>19</sup> que t&#234;m demonstrado a eleva&#231;&#227;o progressiva da FC a partir da quarta semana de gesta&#231;&#227;o at&#233; o seu termo. As modifica&#231;&#245;es iniciais da FC parecem estar relacionadas com a produ&#231;&#227;o de gonadotrofina cori&#244;nica, e as mais tardias, com altera&#231;&#245;es cardiocirculat&#243;rias que acompanham o desenvolvimento fetal e placent&#225;rio. </p>
    <p>A varia&#231;&#227;o da FC entre gesta&#231;&#227;o e puerp&#233;rio foi maior (20,6% versus 14,8%) no subgrupo sem betabloqueador (GESB), como era o esperado, por&#233;m n&#227;o significativo provavelmente pelo n&#250;mero limitado das amostras. </p>
    <p>Brooks<sup>20</sup>, avaliando a sensibilidade dos barorreflexos para o controle da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em cora&#231;&#245;es de coelhas gr&#225;vidas, evidenciou um aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica basal durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o e, al&#233;m disso, uma a&#231;&#227;o reduzida do sistema nervoso parassimp&#225;tico sobre o cora&#231;&#227;o. De qualquer maneira, a semelhan&#231;a da FC entre o grupo de gestantes normais (GN) e o subgrupo (GEB) que apresenta caracter&#237;sticas mais graves da estenose mitral em nossa casu&#237;stica refor&#231;a o benef&#237;cio do betabloqueador na estenose mitral no controle da FC na gravidez. </p>
    <p>Embora n&#227;o significante, a PAM apresentou uma tend&#234;ncia a redu&#231;&#227;o na gesta&#231;&#227;o dos grupos estudados quando comparada ao puerp&#233;rio, concordante com os estudos longitudinais que t&#234;m verificado um decr&#233;scimo da press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica desde o in&#237;cio at&#233; a metade da gesta&#231;&#227;o<sup>21</sup>, particularmente &#224; custa da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica e posterior eleva&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;xima aos valores pr&#233;-gestacionais quando se aproxima o termo da gesta&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Rubler e cols.<sup>22</sup> n&#227;o verificaram diferen&#231;as significantes na PAM entre gr&#225;vidas e n&#227;o-gr&#225;vidas em diversas idades gestacionais. A controversa sobre as varia&#231;&#245;es de PAM na gravidez podem estar relacionadas &#224;s varia&#231;&#245;es nas medidas manuais em que a PA pode ser subestimada pela aus&#234;ncia do quinto som de Korotkoff decorrente do estado hipercin&#233;tico, e tamb&#233;m pelas influ&#234;ncias da postura da paciente.</p>
    <p>A semelhan&#231;a encontrada nos par&#226;metros hemodi&#173;n&#226;micos em repouso entre os grupos e subgrupos de gestantes no p&#243;s-parto e o das pacientes com estenose mitral refor&#231;a que a gravidez representa um risco transit&#243;rio de n&#227;o-adapta&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, contudo parece n&#227;o interferir na hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>Outro aspecto de originalidade deste estudo foi a avalia&#231;&#227;o do comportamento do estresse mental na gesta&#231;&#227;o de mulheres portadoras de estenose mitral. Os testes de estresse estimulados em laborat&#243;rio podem ser vistos como uma estrat&#233;gia para investiga&#231;&#227;o da influ&#234;ncia de fatores ambientais no desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. </p>
    <p>O comportamento da reatividade vascular durante o estresse pode representar um mecanismo patog&#234;nico no desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as, ou seja, um marcador do sistema nervoso central auton&#244;mico no controle do sistema cardiovascular ou demonstrar as altera&#231;&#245;es da complac&#234;ncia vascular em indiv&#237;duos propensos a doen&#231;as no futuro. </p>
    <p>Atterhog e cols.<sup>23</sup>, utilizando os testes de estresse mental (stroop color word test), est&#237;mulo ao frio e o <italic>handgrip</italic>, estudaram a resposta simp&#225;tica e cardiovascular em treze homens normais e doze assintom&#225;ticos com altera&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular no eletrocardiograma e demonstraram maiores varia&#231;&#245;es dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de noradrenalina e adrenalina no plasma, da eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA) e da FC no grupo com altera&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo, talvez o pioneiro utilizando o estresse mental em valvopatia mitral, mostrou uma significativa varia&#231;&#227;o de todos os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos durante o teste no grupo com estenose mitral n&#227;o-gr&#225;vidas (EM), a semelhan&#231;a do registrado em indiv&#237;duos normais<sup>24</sup>.</p>
    <p>Esse comportamento difere de pacientes que apresentam insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cuja situa&#231;&#227;o &#233; caracterizada pelo estado de vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o em repouso e resposta vasodilatadora anormal durante o estresse f&#237;sico ou mental. </p>
    <p>Negr&#227;o e cols.<sup>25</sup> mostraram que tanto em repouso como sob o teste de estresse o fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo muscular e a resposta vasodilatadora reflexa est&#227;o reduzidos em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, e que a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o endoteliomediada prejudicada pode n&#227;o ser a principal causa do estado de vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o em repouso, devendo-se atribu&#237;-la a outros mecanismos, tais como altera&#231;&#245;es na resposta colin&#233;rgica e do &#243;xido n&#237;trico. </p>
    <p>&#201; l&#237;cito conjeturar que os mecanismos de adapta&#231;&#227;o da estenose mitral n&#227;o interferem na reatividade vascular perif&#233;rica; ou seja, a resposta simp&#225;tica endot&#233;lio dependente, pelo menos nas pacientes adaptadas, est&#225; preservada sob est&#237;mulo de estresse de modo diverso ao de outras situa&#231;&#245;es que cursam com injuria endotelial, como as de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco por disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular ou da doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica ateroescler&#243;tica<sup>26,27</sup>.</p>
    <p>No estudo SOLVD<sup>28</sup>, a an&#225;lise dos n&#237;veis de noradrenalina e renina estavam mais elevados no grupo de pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sintom&#225;ticos (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o menor que 35%) em rela&#231;&#227;o aos assintom&#225;ticos, sugerindo-se que os neuro-horm&#244;nios com efeito vasoconstritor predominam em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com a&#231;&#227;o vasodilatadora em pacientes de pior progn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>Na gesta&#231;&#227;o os estudos sobre a reatividade vascular no estresse mental limitam-se em casos de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia, destacando-se entre eles o de Woisetschlager<sup>29</sup>, que na avalia&#231;&#227;o das mudan&#231;as da press&#227;o arterial e eleva&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca demonstrou uma exacerba&#231;&#227;o da reatividade vascular nas gestantes com pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia quando comparadas &#224;s normais.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, a semelhan&#231;a da reatividade vascular sob estresse na gesta&#231;&#227;o e no puerp&#233;rio, fase isenta das influ&#234;ncias dos horm&#244;nios da gesta&#231;&#227;o, mostra a preserva&#231;&#227;o da resposta simp&#225;tica e da resposta endot&#233;lio dependente tanto na mulher normal como na portadora de estenose mitral gr&#225;vida ou n&#227;o. </p>
    <p>A limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo se deve ao n&#250;mero pequeno de pacientes nos subgrupos de gestantes portadoras de estenose mitral, de acordo com a necessidade do tratamento com betabloqueador. Contudo, a literatura carece de informa&#231;&#245;es originais particularmente no que diz respeito ao comportamento da reatividade vascular em mulheres com estenose mitral na gesta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Conclu&#237;mos que a resposta vascular ao estresse mental, medida pela plestimografia, est&#225; preservada durante a gravidez de mulheres portadoras de estenose mitral, e adicionalmente verificou-se que os valores da RVP foram mais elevados e do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo muscular mais reduzidos quando comparados a gesta&#231;&#227;o de mulheres saud&#225;veis</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos </bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#192; Dra. Ma&#233;ve Barros Correa, m&#233;dica hemodinamicista, pela revis&#227;o ortogr&#225;fica.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Walkiria Samuel Avila </p>
        <p> Rua Apiac&#225;s, 688/31 </p>
        <p> 05017-020 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="walkiria@incor.usp.br">walkiria@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 18/11/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 12/01/06</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Vascular reactivity response to mental stress in pregnant women with mitral stenosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To study vascular reactivity according to the analysis of blood flow and peripheral vascular resistance at rest and during mental stress in pregnant women with mitral stenosis. METHODS: Twenty two women with mitral stenosis, 13 of whom were pregnant (PS) and 9 were non-pregnant (MIS), and 9 healthy pregnant women (NP) were studied. During gestation, 9 out of the 13 patients of the PS group required a beta-blocker (PSB) and the remaining 4 progressed without medication (PSWB). Plethysmography at rest and during mental stress analyzed muscle blood flow, peripheral vascular resistance (PVR), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) during gestation and puerperium. RESULTS: During gestation of PSWB, muscle blood flow and HR were higher in 1.6% and 20.5% (p = 0.05), and PVR and MAP were lower in 19.3% and 4.4%, respectively, in comparison to the puerperium; during mental stress, the muscle blood flow increased by 55.9%, HR decreased by 30.2% and PVR and MAP were similar. In PSB, muscle blood muscle blood flow and HR were greater in 5.9% and 14.9% (p= 0.001) and MAP and PVR were lower in 10.3% and 9.1%, respectively, when compared to the puerperium. During mental stress, muscle blood flow and MAP increased by 69.8% and 174.1%, respectively. HR was similar and PVR decreased by 53.7%. The comparative study showed that in the NP group the muscle blood flow was higher, PVR was lower, and MAP and HR were similar in relation to the PS group, and that the PS, NP, MIS groups had a similar response to mental stress. CONCLUSIONS: Vascular reactivity in pregnant women with mitral stenosis was preserved and the analysis of measurements showed lower values of muscle blood flow and higher values of PVR when compared to those of healthy pregnant women.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Pregnancy</kwd>
        <kwd>mitral stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>vascular reactivity</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Vascular reactivity response to mental stress in pregnant women with mitral stenosis </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Walkiria Samuel Avila; Osmar Ara&#250;jo Calil; Ivani C. Trombetta; Carlos Eduardo Negr&#227;o; Max Grinberg; Marcelo Zugaib; Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini Ramires</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To study vascular reactivity according to the analysis of blood flow and peripheral vascular resistance at rest and during mental stress in pregnant women with mitral stenosis.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Twenty two women with mitral stenosis, 13 of whom were pregnant (PS) and 9 were non-pregnant (MIS), and 9 healthy pregnant women (NP) were studied. During gestation, 9 out of the 13 patients of the PS group required a beta-blocker (PSB) and the remaining 4 progressed without medication (PSWB). Plethysmography at rest and during mental stress analyzed muscle blood flow, peripheral vascular resistance (PVR), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) during gestation and puerperium.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> During gestation of PSWB, muscle blood flow and HR were higher in 1.6% and 20.5% (p = 0.05), and PVR and MAP were lower in 19.3% and 4.4%, respectively, in comparison to the puerperium; during mental stress, the muscle blood flow increased by 55.9%, HR decreased by 30.2% and PVR and MAP were similar. In PSB, muscle blood muscle blood flow and HR were greater in 5.9% and 14.9% (p= 0.001) and MAP and PVR were lower in 10.3% and 9.1%, respectively, when compared to the puerperium. During mental stress, muscle blood flow and MAP increased by 69.8% and 174.1%, respectively. HR was similar and PVR decreased by 53.7%. The comparative study showed that in the NP group the muscle blood flow was higher, PVR was lower, and MAP and HR were similar in relation to the PS group, and that the PS, NP, MIS groups had a similar response to mental stress.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> Vascular reactivity in pregnant women with mitral stenosis was preserved and the analysis of measurements showed lower values of muscle blood flow and higher values of PVR when compared to those of healthy pregnant women. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Pregnancy, mitral stenosis, vascular reactivity.</p>
      <p>The cycle of pregnancy and puerperium provokes significant and transient cardiocirculatory changes<sup>1</sup> in women&#146;s bodies. As of the seventh day of fertilization<sup>2</sup>, adaptations in cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance to metabolic and hormonal demands and to uteroplacental circulation occur in order to maintain an adequate fetal development. </p>
      <p>In light of current knowledge, variations in peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) during pregnancy are not caused only by alterations in the uterine plexus, but also by hormones such as estrogen, prolactin, and circulating prostaglandins, which are responsible for the reduction in vascular response to angiotensin<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>A decrease in the synthesis of prostaglandins or an increase in their metabolism is also known to result in an increase in vascular reactivity to angiotensin II<sup>4</sup>, a characteristic that is observed, for instance, in hypertensive syndromes during pregnancy<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Another clinical situation that has aroused interest is the study of vascular reactivity at rest and during stress in the identification of prognostic markers in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). In a controlled study of forearm blood flow using a plethysmograph, and of muscular reactivity using electromyography during mental stress in patients with CHF, Middlekauff et al<sup>6</sup> observed a significant increase in the sympathetic activity both at rest and during mental stress when compared to healthy volunteers, as well as a reduction of PVR in both groups, although more intense in the control group. </p>
      <p>Since we are aware of these data, it would be desirable to apply them to patients with heart diseases, given the differences in the phases of the natural history of heart diseases and PVR adaptations during pregnancy. The literature, however, lacks studies on the behavior of PVR in pregnant women with heart diseases, with emphasis on mitral stenosis, which accounts for most of the heart valve diseases in women of childbearing age and is associated with high percentages &#150; that range from 5% to 30% - of cardiovascular complications<sup>7,8</sup>, among which pulmonary congestion is the major cause of mortality. </p>
      <p>Given the lack of knowledge on hemodynamic parameters that could correlate with the progression and prognosis of pregnant women with mitral stenosis, we chose the study on the behavior of PVR to collect information that could be applied in the daily clinical practice. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>OBJECTIVE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To study the vascular response in pregnant women with mitral stenosis by analyzing muscle blood flow and PVR at rest and during mental stress. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Thirty one women of childbearing age followed at the outpatient service of InCor (<italic>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</italic>) were prospectively studied. They were divided into three groups: PS group composed of thirteen pregnant women with isolated mitral stenosis; NP group composed of nine normal pregnant women; and MIS group composed of nine non-pregnant women with isolated mitral stenosis. </p>
      <p>All patients were in functional class (FC) I/II, according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA), and had a sinus rhythm recorded by the electrocardiogram (ECG). Those with mitral stenosis used penicillin G benzathine at prophylactic dose for rheumatic disease and had a mitral valve area lower than 1.5 cm<sup>2</sup>, as estimated by Doppler echocardiogram (ECHO). In the NP and PS groups, the study started between sixteen and 24 weeks of gestation. All received thorough information on the protocol and gave their written informed consent before the beginning of the study. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee for Analysis of Research Projects (CAPPesq) of the Clinical Board of <italic>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </italic>and of<italic> Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo .</italic></p>
      <p>The exclusion criteria were: age under eighteen or above forty years; NYHA-FC IV; atrial fibrillation, concomitant structural heart lesion; past history of thromboembolism, peripheral vascular disease or pulmonary disease; high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus and smoking. </p>
      <p><italic>Clinical protocol </italic>- The patients underwent a monthly medical assessment when the NYHA-FC was analyzed, at the third trimester of pregnancy and at the puerperium in the groups of pregnant women, and at the first medical visit in the MIS group. The following events were considered clinical endpoints: congestive heart failure, thromboembolic accident, cardiac arrhythmia, and infective endocarditis. Electrocardiograms and Doppler echocardiograms were performed at admission to the protocol with the purpose of studying changes in heart rhythm and measurements of mitral valve area (MVA), calculated by the pressure half-time method. </p>
      <p><italic>Hemodynamic protocol</italic> - The hemodynamic parameters studied were: forearm muscle blood flow and peripheral vascular resistance, mean arterial pressure and heart rate recorded at rest and during mental stress and in two stages for the PS and NP groups, that is, between the 28th and 32nd weeks of gestation and in puerperium, and, for the MIS group, only at admission to the protocol. </p>
      <p>The muscle blood flow was assessed non-invasively, using the venous occlusion plethysmography method with the left arm elevated. A silastic tube containing mercury and connected to a low-pressure transducer and to a plethysmograph (Hokanson AG-101) was placed around the arm at 5 cm of the humerus-radius joint. The wrist cuff was inflated to a suprasystolic level for one minute prior to the measurement takings and at 15-s intervals, whereas the upper-arm cuff was inflated above venous pressure for seven to 8 s. The peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) was calculated using the ratio between mean arterial pressure (mmHg) and muscle blood flow (ml/min/100 ml) in the forearm, as follows: PVR = MAP (mmHg) / Blood Flow (ml/min/100 ml). </p>
      <p>During plethysmography a mental stress test was performed with colors (Stroop color-word test), in which the participant should name out loud and fast the color of words that are printed in incompatible colors. This procedure was performed for 3 min of resting period (baseline), and followed by 4 min of color test (stress). At the end, each participant was asked about the level of difficulty of the color test, according to the levels of difficulty previously established: 0 = not stressing; 1 = little stressing; 2 = stressing; 3 = very stressing; and 4 = extremely stressing.</p>
      <p>Mental stress (MS) behavior was assessed by the difference between the mean of the baseline phase and the value obtained at the first minute of mental stress, considered in our study as the test peak value: MS = Mean of Baseline (MB) / first moment of mental stress (M1).</p>
      <p>Systolic blood pressures (SBP), diastolic blood pressures (DBP) and mean (MBP) were continuously measured during the test with a cuff connected to an Ohmed 2300 Finapress monitor, and the heart rate (HR) was obtained in a computer-recorded electrocardiographic tracing, all analyzed in specific programs (AT/CODAS). </p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - Calculation of means and standard deviation, analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the comparison between groups (PS, NP, MIS) and phases (pregnancy and puerperium), analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) for the comparison of stress behavior parameters (mean of baseline minus value at the first moment of stress) for the following factors: groups, phases and their interaction, and further independent t- tests, and paired t-test for the comparison between group differences (two by two) and between behavior differences during pregnancy and puerperium were used, respectively. The SPSS - Statistical Package Social Science Version 8.0 (1997) was used in these analyses, at a significance level of 0.05. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Case series analysis</italic> - During gestation, nine out of the thirteen patients of the PS group had therapeutic indication for beta-blocker due to deterioration of FC; therefore, the PS group was subdivided into two distinct subgroups: PSB composed of nine pregnant women on beta-blocker (propranolol at a daily dose <underline>&lt;</underline> 80 mg), and PSWB composed of four pregnant women not receiving a beta-blocker.</p>
      <p>The description and comparison between groups regarding ages and echocardiographic measurements taken at the beginning of the study showed that age in the MIS group was higher than in the NP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). The analysis of NYHA-FC verified that the nine pregnant women of the NP group remained in FC I/II during gestation and puerperium; among the nine patients of the PSB subgroup, seven progressed to FC III during the study and one patient of the MIS group, the remaining of the PSWB subgroup and of the MIS group remained in FC I/II throughout the study. The statistical analysis between echocardiographic variables was performed only between the groups with mitral stenosis, that is, PS and MIS. Complications such as thromboembolism, infective endocarditis or pulmonary congestion were not recorded during the study. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0128-00010-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Comparative analysis of hemodynamic parameters in the groups and subgroups at rest and during stress</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Group of normal pregnant women (between gestation and puerperium)</italic> - At rest, a significant difference was observed for the following variables: muscle blood flow &#150; which increased by 21.3% (p = 0.003); PVR &#150; which decreased by 31.3% (p =0.023), and HR &#150; which increased by 13.1% (p = 0.018) during gestation, whereas MAP remained similar in the two study phases (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). During the stress phase, an increase by 34.4% (p = 0.489) and 348% (p = 0.048) in muscle blood flow and MAP, respectively, was verified during gestation, whereas a reduction in PVR by 42.9% (p = 0.280) was observed during puerperium, and HR was similar in both study phases (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0128-00010-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>Subgroup of mitral stenosis without use of beta-blocker (gestation and puerperium)</italic> - At rest, the muscle blood flow increased by 1.6% (p = 0.866), and HR by 20.5% (p = 057), whereas PVR and MAP had a reduction by 19.3% (p = 0.647) and 4.4% (p = 0.119), respectively, in relation to the puerperium. During stress, there was an increase in muscle blood flow by 55.9% (p = 0.118) and HR by 30.2% (p = 0.228), and PVR and MAP were similar in both study phases (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0128-00010-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>Subgroup of mitral stenosis on beta-blocker (gestation and puerperium)</italic> - at rest, the muscle blood flow increased by 5.9% (p = 0.857), and MAP and PVR decreased by 10.3% (0.531) and 9.12% (0.922), respectively, during gestation; however, a significant increase in HR by 14.9% (p = 0.001) was observed during gestation. During stress, the muscle blood flow increased by 69.8% (p = 0.436), HR was similar, and PVR decreased by 53.7% (p = 0.576), and MAP increased by 174.1% (p = 0.571) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). </p>
      <p><italic>Group of mitral stenosis non-pregnant women (during stress and at rest)</italic> : a significant increase by 75.3% (p = 0.001) in muscle blood flow, by 3.8% (p = 0.011) in MAP, and by 20.5% (p = 0.001) in HR, as well as a reduction by 38.1% (p &lt; 0.0001) in PVR were observed during stress in relation to rest (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0128-00010-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Comparative analysis of hemodynamic parameters between groups and subgroups</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Between subgroups of pregnant women with mitral stenosis on beta-blocker (PSB) or not (PSWB)</italic> - At rest, similar results of muscle blood flow, PVR, and MAP variables, and a mild increase in HR in the PSWB group (p = 0.490) were observed during gestation, whereas the subgroups were similar during puerperium. During stress, an increase in HR (p = 0.490) was observed in PSWB, however it was not significant (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). </p>
      <p><italic>Between the NP group and PSB and PSWB subgroups</italic> - At rest, the increase in muscle blood flow was higher in the NP group (p = 0.045) in relation to the two subgroups during gestation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1A</xref>); a reduction in PVR, more significant in the NP group (p = 0.059) was observed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1B</xref>); and no difference was observed in MAP and HR between the groups and subgroups studied (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figures 1C</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">1D</xref>). In puerperium, the groups and subgroups were similar as regards the parameters analyzed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">1B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">1C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">1D</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0128-00010-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Between the NP and MIS groups and PSWB and PSB subgroups</italic> - (puerperium data) the groups were similar both at rest and during stress for muscle blood flow (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2A</xref>), PVR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2B</xref>), MAP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2C</xref>), and HR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2D</xref>) parameters. The analysis of covariance of the parameters in the first phase of mental stress compared with those at rest in the NP group and PSWB and PSB subgroups in gestation and puerperium phases showed a significant difference as regards muscle blood flow (p = 0.006), PVR (p = 0.003); MAP (p &lt; 0.001) and HR (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0128-00010-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The improvement of knowledge on the physiological aspects of pregnancy and their interaction with the hemodynamic behavior of heart diseases has contributed to the reduction in maternal morbidity and mortality during the cycle of pregnancy and puerperium. </p>
      <p>In mitral stenosis, the alarming percentage of 86% of deterioration from class I/II to class III/IV during the second and third trimesters of gestation, as reported by &#193;vila et al<sup>7</sup>, shows the clinical importance imposed by cardiocirculatory overload resulting from hemodynamic alterations during pregnancy. </p>
      <p>These data clearly show that pregnancy is a potential factor for clinical deterioration of the mitral lesion during its natural history. Thus, the identification of prognostic variables such as age, functional class, atrial fibrilation, CHF, acute pulmonary edema, pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular overload, and valve area has contributed to the risk stratification of pregnant women with mitral stenosis<sup>8,9</sup>. </p>
      <p>The continuing search for prognostic factors encouraged us to study hemodynamic parameters during pregnancy as compared to post-partum in women with mitral stenosis, with the objective of obtaining clinical and laboratorial support, for a better knowledge of possible complications in this group of pregnant women. </p>
      <p>Thus, we included the group of normal pregnant women (NP) and of women with mitral stenosis (MIS) with the purpose of giving support to the analysis of the method used and of the gestation component in the binomial heart disease and pregnancy.</p>
      <p>This study considered a period of clinical course - thus subject to therapeutic decisions - and not only a moment of study performance. Thus, the treatment dynamics of each case cannot be predicted in a prospective protocol and its application determined the subdivision of the PS group into two subgroups according to the need or no need of beta-blockers, due to deterioration of the clinical course and/or severity of the valve lesion.</p>
      <p>In fact, we observed that seven out of the nine patients in the subgroup of pregnant women with mitral stenosis who required beta-blocker (PSB) progressed to FC III and had a mean valve area of 1.2cm<sup>2</sup>. These data are consistent with those of &#193;vila et al<sup>7</sup> study, that significantly showed a distinct progression of gestation at these limits, that is: mitral valve area greater than 1.2 cm for FC III and lower than this value for FC IV. </p>
      <p>The literature lacks studies on the hemodynamic behavior of mitral stenosis and its correlation with clinical aspects during pregnancy. The use of invasive methods available in practice limited the acquisition of knowledge on the behavior of peripheral vascular resistance and muscle blood flow and their associations with diseases during pregnancy. </p>
      <p>However, non-invasive methods have now been broadly used. Ultrasonography and the venous occlusion plethysmography method are easy and quick to perform at a low cost and have contributed to the study of the endothelial function and vascular reactivity in different clinical situations, including pregnancy<sup>10,11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Edouard et al<sup>12</sup>, using the plethysmograph, verified variations in venous tone and blood viscosity of the lower extremities in nine normal pregnant women, when the first and the third trimesters of gestation were compared to the period of three to six months after delivery.</p>
      <p>In the present study, the 31% reduction in PVR of normal pregnant women (NP) in relation to the puerperium is consistent with the data verified by Clark et al<sup>13</sup>, who used the thermodilution technique and pulmonary artery catheterization in ten normal primiparous pregnant women and observed a 21% reduction in PVR in the third trimester of gestation, when compared with the period between the 11th and 13th week after delivery.</p>
      <p>The mechanisms of arteriolar dilation during pregnancy have been attributed to estrogenic components<sup>3,4</sup>, to prolactin and to the increase in circulating prostaglandin levels (PGE2 and PGI2), a substance that is responsible for the reduction in vascular response to angiotension. Recently, alterations in vascular tone during pregnancy have been shown to be possibly attributed, in part, to changes in the synthesis of vasoactive substances derived from the endothelium, especially the endothelin which is theoretically able to mediate the synthesis of prostaglandins and the nitric oxid which has been related to vasodilation during pregnancy<sup>14-16</sup>.</p>
      <p>PVR also decreased by 19% and 9% during pregnancy of the subgroups with mitral stenosis (PSWB and PSB), respectively, not very differently from the puerperium; however, the values were lower than the percentage of 31% of normal pregnant women. This different PVR behavior at rest in pregnant women with mitral stenosis may be attributed to an abnormal state of vascular response at rest due to the low cardiac output or to an inadequate response to mechanisms of vasodilation during pregnancy. </p>
      <p>Similar data were published by Sakai et al<sup>17</sup>, who, using a plethysmograph, demonstrated that the severity of pre-eclampsia in pregnant women with high blood pressure was related to an inadequate vascular response, increase in peripheral vascular resistance and reduction in peripheral vascular muscle blood flow. </p>
      <p>In face of these results, it is reasonable to assume that diseases such as arterial hypertension or mitral stenosis can interfere with vascular reactivity during pregnancy, predisposing to an abnormal PVR response at rest. </p>
      <p> The muscle blood flow increase by 21% in normal pregnant women (NP), when compared to the post-partum, corroborates Dorup et al&#146;s data<sup>18</sup>, who reported a 26% increase in peripheral muscle blood flow in normal pregnant women in the first trimester, and 46% at the end of gestation in relation to non-pregnant women, as assessed by ultrasonography.</p>
      <p>The finding of a small increase by 1.6% and 5.9% in blood muscle blood flow in pregnant women of the subgroups of pregnant women with mitral stenosis (PSB and PSWB respectively), in turn, supports the hypothesis that mitral stenosis may be included in the special group of diseases that modify vascular response to muscle blood flow during pregnancy. Vascular muscle blood flow reduction was also observed to occur in both subgroups, that is, the one with beta-blocker (PSB) and the other without beta-blocker (PSWB).</p>
      <p>The significant increase in HR verified during gestation in relation to puerperium in the groups studied is consistent with previous reports<sup>19</sup> that have demonstrated a progressive increase in HR, from the fourth week of gestation up to term. The initial changes in HR seem to be related to the production of chorionic gonadotrophin, and the late changes to cardiocirculatory alterations that accompany the fetal and placental development. </p>
      <p>HR variation between gestation and puerperium was higher (20.6% versus 14.8%) in the subgroup without beta-blocker (PSWB) as expected; however it was not significant probably due to the limited sample size. </p>
      <p>Brooks<sup>20</sup>, assessing the sensitivity of baroreflexes in the control of heart rate in the hearts of pregnant rabbits, evidenced an increase in baseline sympathetic activity during gestation and, additionally, a reduced action of the parasympathetic nervous system on the heart. Anyway, the similarity of HR between the group of normal pregnant women (NP) and the subgroup (PSB) that had more severe characteristics of mitral stenosis in our case series corroborates the benefit of beta-blockers in mitral stenosis for the control of HR in pregnancy. </p>
      <p>Although non-significant, MAP had a tendency to a reduction during pregnancy in the groups studied when compared to puerperium, consistent with longitudinal studies that have verified a decrease in systemic blood pressure from the beginning to the half time of gestation<sup>21</sup>, particularly at the expense of diastolic pressure and further elevation close to pre-gestational values by term. </p>
      <p>Rubler et al<sup>22</sup> did not verify significant differences in MAP between pregnant and non-pregnant women at several gestational ages. Controversy on MAP variations during pregnancy may be related to variations in manual measurements in which BP may be underestimated because of the absence of the fifth Korotkoff sound resulting from the hyperkinetic state, and also because of influences of the patient posture. </p>
      <p>The similarity found in hemodynamic parameters at rest between the groups and subgroups of pregnant women in the post-partum and those of the patients with mitral stenosis supports the idea that pregnancy represents a transient risk of hemodynamic maladaptation; however, it seems not to interfere in the natural history of the disease.</p>
      <p>Another aspect of the originality of this study was the assessment of the response to mental stress of pregnant women with mitral stenosis. The stress tests stimulated in laboratory may be seen as a strategy for investigation of the influence of environmental factors on the development of cardiovascular diseases. </p>
      <p>The behavior of vascular reactivity during stress may represent a pathogenic mechanism in the development of diseases, that is, a marker of the autonomic central nervous system in the control of the cardiovascular system, or it may demonstrate the alterations of vascular compliance in individuals prone to diseases in the future. </p>
      <p>Atterhog et al<sup>23</sup>, using mental stress tests (Stroop color-word test), cold pressor test and isometric handgrip, studied cardiovascular and sympathetic responses in thirteen healthy men and twelve asymptomatic men with primary electrographic abnormalities of ventricular repolarization and demonstrated higher variations of plasma levels of noradrenalin and adrenalin, of increase in blood pressure (BP) and HR in the group with electrographic abnormality.</p>
      <p>The present study, which is perhaps the pioneer in the utilization of mental stress in mitral valve disease, showed a significant variation in all hemodynamic parameters during the test in the group of non-pregnant women with mitral stenosis (MIS), similar to those recorded in normal individuals<sup>24</sup>. </p>
      <p>This behavior is different from that of patients with heart failure whose situation is characterized by vasoconstriction at rest and abnormal vasodilation response during physical or mental stress. </p>
      <p>Negr&#227;o et al<sup>25</sup> showed that both at rest and during stress test muscular blood muscle blood flow and reflex vasodilation response are reduced in patients with heart failure, and that the impaired endothelium-mediated vasodilation may not be the major cause of vasoconstriction at rest, and it should be attributed to other mechanisms, such as alterations in the cholinergic and nitric oxide response. </p>
      <p>It is reasonable to hypothesize that the adaptation mechanisms of mitral stenosis do not interfere in peripheral vascular reactivity; that is, the endothelium-dependent sympathetic response, at least in adapted patients, is preserved under stress stimulus unlike in other situations where endothelial injury is present, such as those with low cardiac output due to ventricular dysfunction or atherosclerotic ischemic disease<sup>26,27</sup>. </p>
      <p>In the SOLVD study<sup>28</sup>, the analysis of noradrenalin and renin levels showed higher values in the group of symptomatic patients with ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction lower than 35%) in relation to the asymptomatic patients, suggesting that the neurohormones with a vasoconstrictor effect predominate in relation to those with vasodilator effect in patients with a poorer prognosis. </p>
      <p>During pregnancy, studies on vascular reactivity during mental stress are limited to cases of pre-eclampsia, among which we should point out Woisetschlager&#146;s<sup>29</sup>, who, when assessing the changes in blood pressure and elevation in heart rate, demonstrated an exacerbation of vascular reactivity in pregnant women with pre-eclampsia when compared to normal pregnant women. </p>
      <p>In the present study, the similarity between vascular reactivity during stress in gestation and in the post-partum &#150; a period that is not under the influence of gestational hormones, shows that sympathetic and endothelium-dependent responses are preserved both in normal women and in those with mitral stenosis, whether pregnant or not. </p>
      <p>The limitation of this study is due to the small number of patients in the subgroups of pregnant women with mitral stenosis according to the need for treatment with a beta-blocker. However, the literature lacks original information, particularly concerning the behavior of vascular reactivity in pregnant women with mitral stenosis. </p>
      <p>We concluded that the vascular response to mental stress, as measured by plethysmography, is preserved in pregnant women with mitral stenosis. Additionally, we observed higher values of PVR and lower values of blood muscle blood flow in comparison with healthy pregnant women. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements </bold>
      </p>
      <p>To Dr Ma&#233;ve Barros Correa, hemodynamicist, for spell checking.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Walkiria Samuel Avila</p>
          <p> Rua Apiac&#225;s, 688/31</p>
          <p> 05017-020 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="walkiria@incor.usp.br">walkiria@incor.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Received on 11/18/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 01/12/06</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
