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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">3f6RGkQQ7HSZsSqwv9FJ7tp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001500009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700209</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001500009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em hipertensos sob varia&#231;&#227;o de condi&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas provocadas: estudo comparativo entre o doppler transmitral e tissular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Danzmann</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Cl&#225;udio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Val&#233;ria Centeno de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Torres</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Antonio Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>121</fpage>
      <lpage>127</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar o comportamento das velocidades de movimenta&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do segmento VE septal posterior basal justa-anular, obtidos pelo Doppler tissular em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s velocidades do fluxo transmitral de hipertensos, submetidos &#224; sobrecarga de pr&#233;-carga por eleva&#231;&#227;o dos membros inferiores por 5 minutos, e durante 1 minuto de handgrip (condi&#231;&#245;es 1 e 2, respectivamente). M&#201;TODOS: Vinte e cinco pacientes ambulatoriais (15 homens, 52&#177;11 anos), com hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica &gt;3 anos, com as seguintes vari&#225;veis do Doppler transmitral: E, A e E/A, e do Doppler tissular: E&#8217;, A&#8217; e E&#8217;/A&#8217;, obtidas na situa&#231;&#227;o basal e nas condi&#231;&#245;es 1 e 2. A compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados (basal vs. condi&#231;&#245;es 1 e 2) foi realizada por teste t pareado. RESULTADOS: E(cm/s) variou de 68,88 &#177; 11,94 para 75,82 &#177; 15,71* enquanto E&#8217;(cm/s) variou de 8,22 &#177; 2,30 para 8,31 &#177; 2,24 na condi&#231;&#227;o 1 (p&lt;0,05). Adicionalmente, a compara&#231;&#227;o dos percentuais (%) de varia&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices de Doppler mitral com os % de seus correspondentes medidos por Doppler tissular revelou diferen&#231;a significativa entre E e E&#8217;, com incremento da pr&#233;-carga (p=0,01). CONCLUS&#195;O: Em pacientes com VE adaptado &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, o &#237;ndice E&#8217; modificou-se menos do que o &#237;ndice E ap&#243;s manobra de eleva&#231;&#227;o de pr&#233;-carga, o que deve orientar no sentido de sua maior utiliza&#231;&#227;o na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica por ecocardiografia.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Doppler tissular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>An&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em hipertensos sob varia&#231;&#227;o de condi&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas provocadas: estudo comparativo entre o doppler transmitral e tissular</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Luiz Cl&#225;udio Danzmann; Val&#233;ria Centeno de Freitas; Luiz Felipe Ara&#250;jo; Marco Antonio Rodrigues Torres</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre e Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Porto Alegre, RS</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar o comportamento das velocidades de movimenta&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do segmento VE septal posterior basal justa-anular, obtidos pelo Doppler tissular em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s velocidades do fluxo transmitral de hipertensos, submetidos &#224; sobrecarga de pr&#233;-carga por eleva&#231;&#227;o dos membros inferiores por 5 minutos, e durante 1 minuto de <italic>handgrip</italic> (condi&#231;&#245;es 1 e 2, respectivamente). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Vinte e cinco pacientes ambulatoriais (15 homens, 52&#177;11 anos), com hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica &gt;3 anos, com as seguintes vari&#225;veis do Doppler transmitral: E, A e E/A, e do Doppler tissular: E&#146;, A&#146; e E&#146;/A&#146;, obtidas na situa&#231;&#227;o basal e nas condi&#231;&#245;es 1 e 2. A compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados (basal vs. condi&#231;&#245;es 1 e 2) foi realizada por teste t pareado. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>E(cm/s) variou de 68,88 &#177; 11,94 para 75,82 &#177; 15,71* enquanto E&#146;(cm/s) variou de 8,22 &#177; 2,30 para 8,31 &#177; 2,24 na condi&#231;&#227;o 1 (p&lt;0,05). Adicionalmente, a compara&#231;&#227;o dos percentuais (%) de varia&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices de Doppler mitral com os % de seus correspondentes medidos por Doppler tissular revelou diferen&#231;a significativa entre E e E&#146;, com incremento da pr&#233;-carga (p=0,01). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Em pacientes com VE adaptado &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, o &#237;ndice E&#146; modificou-se menos do que o &#237;ndice E ap&#243;s manobra de eleva&#231;&#227;o de pr&#233;-carga, o que deve orientar no sentido de sua maior utiliza&#231;&#227;o na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica por ecocardiografia.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda, hipertens&#227;o arterial, Doppler tissular.</p>
    <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda (VE) tem sido reconhecida como uma das principais causas prim&#225;rias de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC)<sup> 1</sup>. Diversos estudos indicam que 30 a 50% dos pacientes com a s&#237;ndrome de ICC mant&#234;m a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda normal ou pouco comprometida, gerando, como prop&#245;em alguns, a denomina&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca "diast&#243;lica" para este grupo de pacientes<sup>2</sup>. Desde ent&#227;o, o perfil dos fluxos atrav&#233;s da valva mitral na via de entrada do VE tem sido avaliado rotineiramente, atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise do Doppler espectral, na busca de padr&#245;es que caracterizem tal diagn&#243;stico e informem algo sobre o progn&#243;stico desta doen&#231;a<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora tal m&#233;todo tenha estabelecido inicialmente o que seria chamado padr&#227;o de medida diast&#243;lica, logo se verificou que os resultados das avalia&#231;&#245;es eram vari&#225;veis e nem sempre reproduz&#237;veis<sup>4</sup>. Alguns estudos mostraram, inclusive, aus&#234;ncia de um padr&#227;o de normalidade diante de um quadro cl&#237;nico evidente de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, o que passou a ser denominado "padr&#227;o pseudonormal"<sup> 5</sup>. Tal padr&#227;o resulta do incremento da press&#227;o atrial esquerda, que se torna superior aos efeitos do comprometimento do relaxamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Esta depend&#234;ncia da velocidade e do tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico em rela&#231;&#227;o ao relaxamento do VE, bem como &#224; press&#227;o atrial esquerda, foi evidenciada h&#225; muito tempo, e estas vari&#225;veis estabeleceram uma moldura que expressa as limita&#231;&#245;es dos m&#233;todos que se baseiam na an&#225;lise do fluxo transmitral<sup>5</sup>. Este padr&#227;o pode ocorrer, porque as vari&#225;veis do fluxo da via de entrada do VE s&#227;o dados de velocidades determinados pela diferen&#231;a de press&#227;o entre o &#225;trio esquerdo e o VE na di&#225;stole. A avalia&#231;&#227;o das mudan&#231;as de volume tem a vantagem te&#243;rica de ser menos dependente da pr&#233;-carga do que as vari&#225;veis do DTM<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>O Doppler tissular (DT) estuda os sinais de alta amplitude e baixa velocidade derivados do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>7</sup>. Este recurso tem se mostrado &#250;til como um &#237;ndice quantitativo da fun&#231;&#227;o segmentar do VE, tanto para a an&#225;lise da di&#225;stole<sup>8</sup> quanto da s&#237;stole<sup>9</sup>. Em estudos de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, observou-se que este apresenta relativa independ&#234;ncia da pr&#233;-carga<sup>6</sup>, tendo sido documentado haver pouca probabilidade de ele mostrar o padr&#227;o de &#145;pseudonormaliza&#231;&#227;o&#146; visto com emprego do DTM.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica pelo DT pode, inclusive, ser utilizada para a an&#225;lise diast&#243;lica segmentar com um alto n&#237;vel de acur&#225;cia, conforme demonstrado em estudo recente<sup>10</sup>, no qual a interroga&#231;&#227;o dos m&#250;ltiplos locais atrav&#233;s desta t&#233;cnica p&#244;de ser feita usando-se os dados do Doppler tissular em cores, processando-se os sinais de todos os segmentos de VE. </p>
    <p>O presente estudo cl&#237;nico foi projetado com o fim de avaliar o comportamento dos &#237;ndices diast&#243;licos de VE extra&#237;dos de DT em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s de DTM sob a influ&#234;ncia da sobrecarga hemodin&#226;mica &#150; induzida pela modifica&#231;&#227;o da pr&#233;-carga (relacionada &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o dos membros inferiores) &#150; e da p&#243;s-carga &#150; pelo exerc&#237;cio isom&#233;trico com a manobra de <italic>handgrip</italic> &#150; durante a an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica desta c&#226;mara. A popula&#231;&#227;o estudada compunha-se de portadores de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) h&#225; pelo menos tr&#234;s anos, cujos ventr&#237;culos esquerdos encontravam-se adaptados a esta condi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes</italic> - Foram estudados consecutivamente vinte e cinco pacientes ambulatoriais, com HAS h&#225; pelo menos tr&#234;s anos. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: sinais cl&#237;nicos, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos ou ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica; doen&#231;as valvares; arritmias card&#237;acas; cardiomiopatias e doen&#231;as peric&#225;rdicas. Al&#233;m disso, pacientes renais cr&#244;nicos e diab&#233;ticos tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos. N&#227;o houve interfer&#234;ncia dos pesquisadores com o uso das medica&#231;&#245;es cardioativas para tratamento da HAS. Todos os indiv&#237;duos que fizeram o teste para fins do presente estudo deram consentimento, por escrito, p&#243;s-informa&#231;&#227;o, para entrar no protocolo, o qual foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica Institucional com o t&#237;tulo de "An&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo por imagem de Doppler puls&#225;til tissular em pacientes hipertensos" na reuni&#227;o do dia 19.01.2001 sob o n&#250;mero 99376.</p>
    <p><italic>Ecocardiografia</italic> - Os ecocardiogramas foram realizados em repouso, na posi&#231;&#227;o de dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo, usando-se um equipamento dispon&#237;vel comercialmente (HDI 5000, Philips-ATL, Seattle, WA). As imagens foram obtidas nos cortes tomogr&#225;ficos estandardizados do VE (parasternal longitudinal e transversais, e apicais 4-, 5-, e 2- c&#226;maras) usando um transdutor de 3,5 MHz no modo harm&#244;nico. As imagens foram arquivadas em fitas VHS, e todas as an&#225;lises do Doppler espectral mitral e tissular, bem como as medidas das cavidades e an&#225;lises da cin&#233;tica do VE foram realizadas <italic>on-line</italic> e <italic>off-line.</italic> As espessuras parietais de septo interventricular (Psiv) e parede posterior (Pp), bem como os di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico (Dd) e sist&#243;lico (Ds) do VE foram obtidos usando-se o modo-M; a hipertrofia VE (HVE) foi definida como um &#237;ndice de massa &gt;110g/m<sup>2</sup> para mulheres e 125g/m<sup>2</sup> para homens; e a dimens&#227;o AE foi medida durante a s&#237;stole tardia. A massa ventricular foi calculada automaticamente pelo equipamento (F&#243;rmula da massa VE = 1,04 x [(Dd + Pp + Psiv)<sup>3</sup> &#150; Dd<sup>3</sup>]) e os volumes sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico do VE, bem como a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, foram obtidos usando-se o m&#233;todo de Teichholz.</p>
    <p><italic>Velocidades de fluxo transmitral<bold> -</bold> </italic>As imagens trans-tor&#225;cicas apicais 4-c&#226;maras do VE foram registradas usando-se o equipamento padronizado com um transdutor de 2.5 MHz. A amostra de volume foi colocada nos bordos livres dos folhetos da v&#225;lvula mitral, na vista apical 4-c&#226;maras. A velocidade do fluxo foi registrada com o m&#233;todo do Doppler puls&#225;til, usando-se a m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s batimentos representativos. O pico da velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce (E), o pico da velocidade sist&#243;lica atrial (A) e a raz&#227;o E/A foram determinados.</p>
    <p><italic>Doppler tissular - </italic>As velocidades mioc&#225;rdicas foram medidas pela ativa&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do Doppler tissular em cores, a fim de se registrarem as baixas velocidades e os sinais de alta intensidade, fazendo-se uso de alto n&#250;mero de <italic>frames</italic> necess&#225;rio (120 MHz), com uma resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal de 8 ms. Ap&#243;s tal per&#237;odo, posicionou-se a amostra volume na por&#231;&#227;o basal septal posterior e registrou-se o padr&#227;o do pico da velocidade precoce (E&#146; cm/s), o pico da velocidade correspondente &#224; s&#237;stole atrial, ou enchimento diast&#243;lico tardio (A&#146; cm/s), e a raz&#227;o E&#146;/A&#146;<sup>11</sup>. </p>
    <p><italic>Modifica&#231;&#245;es induzidas nas condi&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas - </italic>Os perfis das velocidades foram obtidos em condi&#231;&#227;o basal, ap&#243;s manobra de aumento da pr&#233;-carga ao VE (condi&#231;&#227;o 1) &#150; a qual consistiu em eleva&#231;&#227;o uniforme e sustentada de ambos os membros inferiores a um angulo de 45&#176; em rela&#231;&#227;o ao leito, durante um per&#237;odo de cinco minutos cont&#237;nuos &#150;, e ap&#243;s manobra de aumento de p&#243;s-carga ao VE (condi&#231;&#227;o 2) &#150; a qual consistiu em um minuto cont&#237;nuo a 30% da capacidade m&#225;xima de apreens&#227;o de dinam&#244;metro manual &#150; <italic>handgrip</italic>.</p>
    <p><italic>Reprodutibilidade</italic> - A variabilidade interobservador &#150; calculada como a diferen&#231;a de duas medidas do mesmo paciente por dois observadores diferentes e igualmente treinados, divididas pelo valor m&#233;dio desta &#150; variou de 1,5 a 2,6% para os &#237;ndices do fluxo transmitral e de 0,8 a 1,7% para o Doppler puls&#225;til tissular.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> - Todos os valores foram apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP). As vari&#225;veis obtidas pelo Doppler mitral e pelo Doppler tissular em repouso (basal) foram comparadas com a condi&#231;&#227;o associada &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o dos membros inferiores (condi&#231;&#227;o 1) e com a associada &#224; manobra de handgrip (condi&#231;&#227;o 2). As diferen&#231;as das m&#233;dias de DTM E DT entre situa&#231;&#227;o basal e condi&#231;&#245;es 1 e 2 foram comparadas por teste t pareado de Student. Em uma segunda an&#225;lise, foi calculado o percentual de varia&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices de DTM nas condi&#231;&#245;es 1 e 2, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao basal, e comparado aos respectivos valores percentuais (%) de varia&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices de DPT nas condi&#231;&#245;es 1 e 2, tamb&#233;m em rela&#231;&#227;o ao basal. Neste momento constatou-se que os valores m&#233;dios da diferen&#231;a de percentual de varia&#231;&#227;o (D%) eram menores do que o desvio padr&#227;o. Ao se concluir que os dados n&#227;o tinham distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, utilizou-se o teste t de Wilcoxon para a compara&#231;&#227;o destas vari&#225;veis. Um valor de P &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Caracter&#237;sticas da amostra</italic><bold> - </bold>A amostra foi composta por vinte e cinco pacientes com idades entre 32 e 75 anos (52 &#177; 10,9), com &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos lim&#237;trofes (&#205;ndice de massa corporal=27,9) e n&#227;o apresentaram varia&#231;&#245;es extremas de press&#227;o arterial media ou freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante o exame (PAM=108&#177;20,7mmHg e FC=69,7&#177;13,1bpm). Os &#237;ndices m&#233;dios de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica foram normais, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 66,9&#177;9,6% e fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento sist&#243;lico de 37,5&#177;7,1% e massa ventricular esquerda adequada (182,6&#177;65,3g.) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0121-00009-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Valores basais</italic> - Os valores, em condi&#231;&#245;es basais, para as velocidades calculadas pelo DTM foram: E = 68,88 &#177; 1,94cm/s, A = 61,88 &#177; 12,99cm/s, E/A = 1,16 &#177; 0,31. Os valores, em condi&#231;&#245;es basais, para as velocidades calculadas pelo DT foram: E&#146; = 8,31 &#177; 2,31cm/s, A&#146; = 9,12 &#177; 1,93cm/s, E&#146;/A&#146; = 0,92 &#177; 028 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0121-00009-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Depend&#234;ncia das velocidades do fluxo mitral em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mudan&#231;a das condi&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas - </italic>O perfil de velocidade do &#237;ndice DTM-E variou de maneira significativa, mediante a eleva&#231;&#227;o da pr&#233;-carga (68,88&#177;11,9cm/s vs. 75,82&#177;15,71cm/s, P=0,002) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). N&#227;o houve varia&#231;&#227;o significativa de nenhum dos itens do DTM com eleva&#231;&#227;o da p&#243;s-carga. O &#237;ndice DT-E&#146; n&#227;o apresentou varia&#231;&#227;o significativa ap&#243;s a eleva&#231;&#227;o da pr&#233;-carga (8,22 &#177; 2,30cm/s vs. 8,31 &#177; 2,24cm/s, P=NS) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). Em contraposi&#231;&#227;o, o &#237;ndice A&#146; e a raz&#227;o E&#146;/A&#146; apresentaram altera&#231;&#227;o significativa (9,12 &#177; 1,93cm/s vs.10,05 &#177; 2,36cm/s, P=0,01) e (0,92&#177;0,28 vs. 0,86&#177;0,25, P=0,03), respectivamente. Com o incremento da p&#243;s-carga, E&#146; e a rela&#231;&#227;o E&#146;/A&#146; alteraram-se (8,22 &#177; 2,30cm/s vs. 7,54&#177;1,86cm/s, P=0,04) e (0,92&#177;1,93 x 0,81&#177;1,27, P= 0,01).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0121-00009-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0121-00009-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre varia&#231;&#245;es do Doppler mitral e varia&#231;&#245;es do Doppler tissular - </italic> A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os percentuais de varia&#231;&#227;o das velocidades do fluxo mitral diante da mudan&#231;a das condi&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas com os mesmos percentuais de varia&#231;&#227;o obtidas pela an&#225;lise do Doppler tissular revelou uma diferen&#231;a significativa de varia&#231;&#227;o entre os D% para a onda E vs. D% para a onda E&#146; (6,1% vs. 0%, P=0,01), confirmando o comportamento de invariabilidade de E&#146; para incremento de pr&#233;-carga (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0121-00009-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Comparando-se a magnitude das mudan&#231;as observadas nas vari&#225;veis estudadas pelos dois m&#233;todos, sob as condi&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas basais, eleva&#231;&#227;o dos membros inferiores e<italic> handgrip, </italic>e aplicando-se o teste t de Wilcoxon para se avaliarem as diferen&#231;as entre as medianas das aferi&#231;&#245;es, fica evidente haver uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre as varia&#231;&#245;es das ondas E do Doppler mitral em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s ondas E&#146; do Doppler tissular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Di&#225;stole e interfer&#234;ncia da pr&#233;-carga e da p&#243;s-carga </italic> - O m&#233;todo mais tradicional para aferir a di&#225;stole &#233; a ecocardiografia com uma an&#225;lise do fluxo transmitral por Doppler puls&#225;til. Tal teste, entretanto, apresenta uma varia&#231;&#227;o importante dos &#237;ndices das ondas E e A e da rela&#231;&#227;o de ambas as ondas (E/A), diante de modifica&#231;&#245;es da pr&#233;-carga ao VE.</p>
    <p>O Doppler tissular &#233; o m&#233;todo que avalia a velocidade mioc&#225;rdica segmentar na di&#225;stole e tamb&#233;m na s&#237;stole. Em um estudo utilizando DT do mioc&#225;rdio septal interventricular em rela&#231;&#227;o ao fluxo transmitral em vinte pacientes com padr&#227;o de d&#233;ficit de relaxamento (rela&#231;&#227;o ondas E/A &lt; 1), submetidos &#224; infus&#227;o de 700 ml de soro fisiol&#243;gico, evidenciou-se significativa modifica&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o das velocidades E/A medida por fluxo transmitral (E/A=0,7 &#177; 0,1 <italic>vs.</italic> 0,9 &#177; 0,1 p &lt; 0,01), o que n&#227;o foi observado nos par&#226;metros medidos por DPT (E&#146;/A&#146;=0,5 &#177; 0,1 vs. 0,5 &#177; 0,1, p=NS)<sup> 6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estes resultados apontam para o fato de que o exame da mobilidade de segmentos da parede ventricular por DPT &#233; relativamente independente da pr&#233;-carga ventricular, conforme j&#225; havia sido previamente sugerido<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; p&#243;s-carga, tanto o m&#233;todo de estudo do fluxo transmitral quanto o DPT exibem varia&#231;&#245;es. Oki e cols.<sup>13</sup>, estudaram a fundo o Doppler puls&#225;til tissular. Em uma publica&#231;&#227;o<sup>13</sup>, os referidos autores avaliaram, em vinte volunt&#225;rios sadios, a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, atrav&#233;s do ecocardiograma, antes e depois de eleva&#231;&#227;o aguda da p&#243;s-carga secund&#225;ria &#224; infus&#227;o de angiotensina II (at&#233; obterem eleva&#231;&#227;o de 30 mmHg na press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia). Agindo de tal maneira, observaram que todos os par&#226;metros diast&#243;licos (DTM e DPT) sofreram varia&#231;&#245;es significativas.</p>
    <p>Estes achados sugeriram que ambos os m&#233;todos n&#227;o s&#227;o absolutamente independentes da p&#243;s-carga. Este fato, todavia, possibilita sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o para detectar e acompanhar o efeito de varia&#231;&#245;es da p&#243;s-carga no VE, o que poderia ser &#250;til, por exemplo, para acompanhamento da evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica ou, eventualmente, para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da resposta &#224;s terapias medicamentosas.</p>
    <p><italic>Movimenta&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral e dos segmentos adjacentes do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular - </italic>Diante da manuten&#231;&#227;o de uma posi&#231;&#227;o relativamente fixa do &#225;pice ventricular durante o ciclo card&#237;aco<sup>14</sup> &#150; devendo o VE estar relativamente preservado quanto &#224; sua geometria &#150;, as modifica&#231;&#245;es no eixo longitudinal refletiriam as modifica&#231;&#245;es volum&#233;tricas, como apontado por Sohn e cols.<sup>6</sup>. No presente estudo, foi escolhida propositadamente a an&#225;lise da movimenta&#231;&#227;o do segmento septal interventricular na sua por&#231;&#227;o basal, tendo em vista que esta por&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica adjacente ao anel mitral move-se mais paralelamente que os outros (como a face anterior, lateral e inferior), conforme j&#225; destacado por Sohn e cols.<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Conforme se observa pela <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">Figura 3</xref>, o Doppler tissular captou, no segmento analisado, dois movimentos distintos em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; c&#226;mara atrial: um denominado (E&#146;), o qual inicia simultaneamente com o come&#231;o do fluxo para a via de entrada do VE, onde sua velocidade de pico &#233; sempre mais precoce que o pico da velocidade do fluxo pelo Doppler mitral e termina bem antes do final do influxo de sangue pelo orif&#237;cio mitral. O pico da velocidade E&#146; &#233; mais elevado que o pico de uma outra onda (A&#146;), o que se assemelha ao padr&#227;o normal do fluxo transmitral. Como salientado por Sohn e cols.<sup>6</sup>, em seu cl&#225;ssico estudo,<italic> Mitral inflow after the end of left ventricular lengthening in the long-axis dimension, whether it is driven by pressure gradient or inertia, would lead to an increase in left ventricular volume in the short-axis dimension, which would mean higher compliance of the ventricular chamber in the short-axis dimension. Therefore, it may be assumed that a relaxation abnormality reflected in the long-axis dimension could potentially be evident earlier than clinical manifestation of global left ventricular relaxation abnormality. </italic>Como uma conseq&#252;&#234;ncia deste particular de tal metodologia, assume-se que, ao se analisarem as vari&#225;veis pelo Doppler mitral, estar-se-&#225; diante de dados relativos &#224;s velocidades, ao passo que, no caso do Doppler tissular, estes dados ser&#227;o relativos &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es de volume.</p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0121-00009-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Doppler tissular: independ&#234;ncia das modifica&#231;&#245;es da pr&#233;-carga - </italic>Na an&#225;lise dos dados do presente estudo encontramos independ&#234;ncia dos valores de E&#146; &#224;s manobras de eleva&#231;&#227;o dos membros inferiores (condi&#231;&#227;o 1, correspondendo &#224; varia&#231;&#227;o da pr&#233;-carga). Previamente, outros investigadores &#150; como Garcia e cols.<sup>12</sup> &#150; j&#225; haviam observado que a velocidade E' pouco se correlacionava com a velocidade do pico E, fato que apontava para uma relativa independ&#234;ncia do pico da velocidade E' obtida pelo Doppler tissular. Com o presente estudo, demonstra-se originalmente que, mesmo com manobras mais simples e n&#227;o-invasivas, conduzidas &#224; beira do leito, n&#227;o se observam modifica&#231;&#245;es significativas no pico precoce da velocidade E' do anel mitral ao Doppler tissular (em contraposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; velocidade E do Doppler mitral), ap&#243;s uma altera&#231;&#227;o da pr&#233;-carga como a eleva&#231;&#227;o dos membros inferiores.</p>
    <p><italic>Manobras de eleva&#231;&#227;o dos membros inferiores e de handgrip para estudar as adapta&#231;&#245;es do cora&#231;&#227;o &#224;s novas condi&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas - </italic>Ambas as manobras utilizadas no presente estudo, para fins de provocar novos patamares hemodin&#226;micos como uma maneira de testar as respostas adaptativas do cora&#231;&#227;o e da circula&#231;&#227;o, v&#234;m sendo empregadas h&#225; muito tempo. O mecanismo de aumento da pr&#233;-carga com a conseq&#252;ente eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica foi recentemente relacionado &#224; libera&#231;&#227;o de potentes vasoconstritores com a&#231;&#227;o endotelial<sup>15</sup>. O mecanismo de modifica&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica com aumento da pr&#233;-carga pela eleva&#231;&#227;o dos membros inferiores, utilizando-se o protocolo que aplicamos aos indiv&#237;duos do presente estudo, tamb&#233;m j&#225; est&#225; estabelecido<sup>16</sup>. Os coment&#225;rios em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; magnitude que tais manobras podem induzir nestas vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas merecem ser analisados. Conforme se observa nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">2</xref> (com &gt; pr&#233;-carga), as altera&#231;&#245;es foram de suficiente magnitude para interferir no comportamento da vari&#225;vel E analisada, obtidas pelo Doppler mitral no presente estudo, por&#233;m n&#227;o alteraram a vari&#225;vel E&#146; medida pelo Doppler tissular. Tak e cols. observou efeito significativo da manobra de<italic> handgrip </italic>sobre a pr&#233;-carga e, conseq&#252;entemente sobre &#237;ndices diast&#243;licos<sup>17</sup>. Outras publica&#231;&#245;es ratificaram o uso da manobra para produ&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio isom&#233;trico e eleva&#231;&#227;o efetiva de p&#243;s-carga, utilizando uma for&#231;a aplicada de 30 a 50% da for&#231;a m&#225;xima num per&#237;odo de 1 a 5 min<sup>18,19</sup>. Observamos que alguns pacientes tiveram dificuldades na manuten&#231;&#227;o da mesma for&#231;a do<italic> handgrip</italic> pelo tempo que estipulamos (cinco minutos), e alguns indiv&#237;duos suportaram apenas uma carga menor e por menos tempo, muito embora este seja um problema comum em estudos previamente publicados com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de similar tipo de exerc&#237;cio isom&#233;trico.</p>
    <p><italic>Diagn&#243;stico da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica pelo Doppler tissular do segmento basal do septo interventricular - </italic>Os achados do presente estudo apontam para uma independ&#234;ncia da pr&#233;-carga, considerando-se a velocidade da onda E&#146;. Os dados e os resultados estat&#237;sticos que foram derivados pela an&#225;lise de todas as vari&#225;veis est&#227;o de acordo com os achados presentes na literatura<sup>6,12,13,16</sup>.</p>
    <p><italic>Aplica&#231;&#245;es na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica dos achados do presente estudo - </italic>Nos pacientes com o padr&#227;o de &#145;pseudonormaliza&#231;&#227;o&#146;, cujos par&#226;metros s&#227;o obtidos tanto pelo Doppler mitral quanto pelo tissular, a varia&#231;&#227;o dos picos das velocidades E e E&#146;, bem como a raz&#227;o E/A em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; raz&#227;o E&#146;/A&#146;, pode ser empregada para se diferenciar este padr&#227;o &#145;pseudonormal&#146; de um padr&#227;o de enchimento normal. Considerando-se que a maneira mais difundida na pr&#225;tica ecocardiogr&#225;fica tem sido tentar diferenciar este padr&#227;o &#145;pseudonormal&#146; do padr&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica normal atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise do padr&#227;o dos fluxos nas veias pulmonares &#150; e nem sempre ele &#233; &#250;til para este fim neste subgrupo de pacientes &#150;, a adi&#231;&#227;o das manobras simples que propomos nesta investiga&#231;&#227;o pode ser proposta para o estudo desses pacientes. Al&#233;m disso, a varia&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices de DT ap&#243;s modifica&#231;&#245;es nas condi&#231;&#245;es de p&#243;s-carga verificada neste estudo, sugere que estes &#237;ndices possam ser utilizados para monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica de pacientes hipertensos em tratamento com medica&#231;&#245;es que reduzem a p&#243;s-carga.</p>
    <p><italic>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo - </italic>O presente estudo, a exemplo de outros previamente publicados, apresenta v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es pr&#225;ticas, dentre as quais se destacam as seguintes: 1) considerando-se que foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com dissinergias do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, &#233; poss&#237;vel que os pacientes com altera&#231;&#245;es da cin&#233;tica (por exemplo, comprometendo o segmento basal do septo interventricular) venham a exibir uma anormalidade nos perfis das vari&#225;veis analisadas, o que n&#227;o exprime o comportamento global do ventr&#237;culo, o qual pode ser normal para o comportamento do par&#226;metro da sua fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica<sup>16</sup>; 2) embora tenhamos optado por medir a velocidade mioc&#225;rdica na regi&#227;o mais adjacente ao anel, no septo interventricular, correspondendo mais precisamente ao segmento basal do septo interventricular posterior, por estar submetido em menor grau ao movimento translacional do cora&#231;&#227;o, esta abordagem tem a desvantagem de ser afetada sempre que a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita &#233; anormal, por exemplo, secundariamente &#224; hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, principalmente se esta c&#226;mara exibir sinais de disfun&#231;&#227;o associada<sup>16</sup>; 3) como foi crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o que os pacientes n&#227;o exibissem o ritmo sinusal, &#233; poss&#237;vel que, nos portadores de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, por exemplo, os presentes achados n&#227;o sejam aplic&#225;veis; 4) embora seja menos afetado do que a an&#225;lise pelo Doppler mitral, o aspecto limitante de uma janela ac&#250;stica inadequada tem de ser levado em considera&#231;&#227;o. A avalia&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica por Doppler em geral &#233; afetada tamb&#233;m por taquicardia, valvulopatias e movimento rotacional card&#237;aco<sup>20</sup>. </p>
    <p><italic>Conclus&#245;es - </italic>Em pacientes com o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo adaptado &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial, a movimenta&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do segmento mioc&#225;rdico adjacente ao anel mitral medida por Doppler tissular foi menos dependente da pr&#233;-carga do que quando estudada pela t&#233;cnica de Doppler do fluxo transmitral. Este fato sugere a validade do m&#233;todo como &#237;ndice coadjuvante para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica de VE neste grupo de pacientes. Conclui-se tamb&#233;m, que os &#237;ndices de DT sofreram varia&#231;&#245;es significativas mediante a varia&#231;&#227;o da p&#243;s-carga e que poderiam ser utilizados para monitoriza&#231;&#227;o e seguimento da di&#225;stole ap&#243;s tratamento anti-hipertensivos com drogas redutoras da p&#243;s-carga.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Marco Antonio Rodrigues Torres </p>
        <p> Rua Faria Santos, 394/601 </p>
        <p> 90670-150 &#150; Porto Alegre, RS </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="cmsrangel@terra.com.br">cmsrangel@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 24/08/06 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 17/03/06</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Assessment of left ventricular diastolic function in hypertensive patients under different hemodynamic conditions: comparative study between transmitral and tissue doppler echocardiography</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the behavior of LV diastolic displacement velocities of basal posterior septum near mitral ring segment obtained by tissue Doppler in relation to mitral flow velocities of hypertensive subjects, submitted to preload increase by left inferior limbs elevation for 5 minutes, and during 1 minute of handgrip (conditions 1 and 2, respectively). METHODS: Twenty five outpatients (15 men, 52&#177;11 years), with arterial hypertension &gt; 3 years, by the transmitral flow Doppler variables: E, A and E/A, and of tissue Doppler: E&#8217;, A&#8217; and E&#8217;/A&#8217;, in basal situation and in conditions 1 and 2. For comparison of results in basal situation with conditions 1 and 2 a paired t test was applied. RESULTS: E(cm/s) varied from 68,88 &#177; 11,94 to 75,82 &#177; 15,71* and E&#8217;(cm/s) varied from 8,22 &#177; 2,30 to 8,31 &#177; 2,24 in condition 1 (p&lt;0.05). In addition, a comparison of variation percent (%) of Doppler transmitral indices with corresponding tissue Doppler indices variation % showed a significant difference between E and E&#8217;, with preload increase (p=0.01). CONCLUSION: Patients with left ventricular adaptation to systemic arterial hypertension showed less modification of the index E' than E, after preload increase maneuver, an evidence that may suggest its more ample utilization in the context of echocardiographic left ventricular diastolic function evaluation</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Left ventricular diastolic function</kwd>
        <kwd>arterial hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>tissue Doppler</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Assessment of left ventricular diastolic function in hypertensive patients under different hemodynamic conditions: comparative study between transmitral and tissue Doppler echocardiography </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Luiz Cl&#225;udio Danzmann; Val&#233;ria Centeno de Freitas; Luiz Felipe Ara&#250;jo; Marco Antonio Rodrigues Torres</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre e Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the behavior of LV diastolic displacement velocities of basal posterior septum near mitral ring segment obtained by tissue Doppler in relation to mitral flow velocities of hypertensive subjects, submitted to preload increase by left inferior limbs elevation for 5 minutes, and during 1 minute of handgrip (conditions 1 and 2, respectively).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Twenty five outpatients (15 men, 52&#177;11 years), with arterial hypertension &gt; 3 years, by the transmitral flow Doppler variables: E, A and E/A, and of tissue Doppler: E&#146;, A&#146; and E&#146;/A&#146;, in basal situation and in conditions 1 and 2. For comparison of results in basal situation with conditions 1 and 2 a paired t test was applied.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> E(cm/s) varied from 68,88 &#177; 11,94 to 75,82 &#177; 15,71* and E&#146;(cm/s) varied from 8,22 &#177; 2,30 to 8,31 &#177; 2,24 in condition 1 (p&lt;0.05). In addition, a comparison of variation percent (%) of Doppler transmitral indices with corresponding tissue Doppler indices variation % showed a significant difference between E and E&#146;, with preload increase (p=0.01).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Patients with left ventricular adaptation to systemic arterial hypertension showed less modification of the index E' than E, after preload increase maneuver, an evidence that may suggest its more ample utilization in the context of echocardiographic left ventricular diastolic function evaluation.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Left ventricular diastolic function; arterial hypertension; tissue Doppler.</p>
      <p>Left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction has been recognized as one of the leading causes of congestive heart failure (CHF)<sup>1</sup>. Several studies have indicated that 30% to 50% of CHF patients have normal or slightly impaired left ventricular systolic function. Some researchers propose that these patients should be designated as a "diastolic" heart failure group<sup>2</sup>. </p>
      <p>Since then, transmitral flow velocity profile at the LV entry pathway has been routinely assessed by spectral Doppler in the search for patterns that may characterize such a diagnosis and reveal something about disease prognosis<sup>3</sup>. Although this method had initially determined what would become known as diastolic measurement pattern, soon it was realized that evaluation results varied and reproducibility was limited<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>A few studies showed the lack of a pattern of normality even with a clear clinical condition of diastolic dysfunction and heart failure. This lack of a pattern began to be designated as "pseudonormal pattern"<sup>5</sup>. Such a pattern results from increased left atrial pressure that becomes higher than the effects of LV relaxation. This dependence on velocity and the isovolumetric relaxation time in relation to LV relaxation, as well as to left atrial pressure, was noticed long ago, and these variables set a framework that conveys the limitations of the methods based on transmitral flow assessment<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>This pattern may take place due to the fact that flow variables at the LV entry pathway are data determined by pressure differences between the left atrium and the LV during diastole. Evaluation of volume changes has the theoretical advantage of being less preload-dependent than TMD variables<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Tissue Doppler (TD) assesses high-amplitude and low-velocity signals from the myocardium<sup>7</sup>. This resource has been useful as a quantitative index of LV segmental function for analysis of both diastole<sup>8</sup> and systole<sup>9</sup>. Diastolic dysfunction studies have shown that this is relatively independent of preload<sup>6</sup> and it has been documented that probability of the same "pseudonormalizaton" seen with TMD appearing is low </p>
      <p>TD assessment of the diastolic function may even be used to yield a highly accurate diastolic segmental analysis, as shown in a recent study<sup>10</sup>, in which interrogation of multiple sites with this technique was possible using color tissue Doppler data and processing signals from all LV segments.</p>
      <p>This clinical study was designed to assess the behavior of LV diastolic indices obtained by TDI as compared to those obtained by TMD under hemodynamic overload conditions &#150; induced by changes in preload (leg-lifting) &#150; and postload &#150; by isometric exercise, (handgrip manouvre) &#150; during analysis of the diastolic function of this chamber. The study population consisted of patients with systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) for at least three years, whose left ventricles had adapted to this condition.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Patient selection </italic>- Twenty-five outpatients with SAH for at least three years were consecutively evaluated. Exclusion criteria were: clinical, electrocardiographic or echocardiographic signs of myocardial ischemia, valvar diseases, cardiac arrhythmias, coronary heart diseases and peripherical diseases. Moreover, chronic renal failure and diabetic patients were also excluded. </p>
      <p>Investigators did not interfere with cardiac medications for SAH treatment. All individuals who underwent the test signed the written consent form expressing their agreement with the protocol approved by the institution Ethics Committee under the name "Assessment of the left ventricle diastolic function by pulsed-wave tissue Doppler in hypertensive patients", at the meeting held on January 19, 2001 (number 99376). </p>
      <p><italic>Echocardiography</italic> - The echocardiograms were performed with the HDI 5000, Philips-ATL, Seattle, WA equipment with patients at rest, lying down in the left lateral decubitus position. The images were acquired in standard tomography slices of the LV (longitudinal and transversal parasternal and, apical 4-, 5-, and 2- chamber views) with a 3.5 MHz transducer in harmonic mode. The images were archived on VHS tapes, and all analysis of spectral mitral and tissue Doppler, as well as the measurements of cavities and analysis of LV kinesis were performed on-line and off-line.</p>
      <p>Parietal thicknesses of the interventricular septum (Psiv) and of the posterior wall (Pw), as well as LV diastolic (Dd) and systolic (Sd) diameters were obtained using the M mode; LV hypertrophy (LVH) was defined as a mass index <underline>&gt;</underline>110g/sq m for women and 125g/sq m for men; AE dimension was also measured during late systole. Ventricular mass was automatically calculated by the equipment (mass formula: LV = 1.04 x [(Dd + Pw + Psiv)<sup>3</sup> &#150; Dd<sup>3</sup>]), and LV systolic and diastolic volumes, as well as ejection fraction, were obtained by the Teichholz method.</p>
      <p><italic>Transmitral flow velocities</italic> - LV apical four-chamber transthoracic images were recorded with standard 2.5 MHz transducer equipment. The volume sample was placed on the free-edge of mitral valve leaflets, at the apical four-chamber view. Flow velocity was recorded with the pulsed-wave Doppler method using the mean of three representative heart beats. Peak early diastolic velocity (E), peak atrial systolic velocity (A) and E/A ratio were determined.</p>
      <p><italic>Tissue Doppler imaging</italic> - Myocardial velocities were measured by activation of the color Tissue Doppler function, to record low-velocity and high-intensity signals, using a high number of frames (120 MHz) with a temporary resolution of 8 ms. After this period, the volume sample was placed at the basal portion of the posterior septum, and the peak early standard velocity pattern (E&#146; cm/s), the peak velocity corresponding to the atrial systole or late diastolic filling (A&#146; cm/s) and the E&#146;/A&#146; ratio were recorded<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p><italic>Changes induced to hemodynamic conditions</italic> - Flow velocity profiles were obtained under baseline conditions, after manoeuvres to increase LV preload (condition 1) &#150;by uniform and supported lifting of both legs to a 45-degree angle in relation to the bed during a continuous five-minute period &#150; and after manoeuvres to increase LV postload (condition 2) &#150; during a continuous one-minute period of sustained handgrip with a manual dynamometer at 30% of its maximum capacity.</p>
      <p><italic>Reproducibility</italic> - Interobserver variability &#150; calculated as the difference between two measurements taken on the same patient by two different observers who had undergone the same training, divided by the mean value of the difference &#150; varied from 1.5 to 2.6% for transmitral flow indices, and 0.8 to 1.7% for pulsed-wave tissue Doppler.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - All values were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). The variables obtained at rest (baseline), through mitral Doppler and tissue Doppler were compared to the conditions associated with lower limb lifting (condition 1) and to the handgrip manouevre (condition 2). The mean TMD and TD differences between the baseline state and conditions 1 and 2 were compared by paired Student&#146;s t-test.</p>
      <p>The percentage of variation of TMD indices under conditions 1 and 2, in relation to the baseline and compared to corresponding percentage values (%) of the variation of TD indices under conditions 1 and 2, also in relation to the baseline, were calculated in a second assessment. It was then verified that the mean values of the difference in percentages of variation (D %) were smaller than the standard deviation. The conclusion that data did not have a normal distribution led to the use of the Wilcoxon t-test to compare these variables. A value of P &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Sample characteristics</italic> - The sample consisted of twenty-five patients, aged 32 to 75 years (52 &#177; 10.9), with borderline anthropometric indices (body mass index = 27.9) who did not present extreme variations in mean arterial blood pressure or heart rate during the exam (MAP=108&#177;20.7mmHg and HR=69.7&#177;13.1bpm). Mean indices of systolic functions were normal, with an ejection fraction of 66.9&#177;9.6% and a systolic shortening fraction of 37.5&#177;7.1%, and adequate left ventricular mass (182.6&#177;65.3g.) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0121-00009-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>Baseline values</italic> - Under baseline conditions, values for velocities calculated by TMD were: E = 68.88 &#177; 1.94cm/s. A = 61.88 &#177; 12.99cm/s. E/A = 1.16 &#177; 0.31. Under baseline conditions, values for velocities calculated by TD were: E&#146; = 8.31 &#177; 2.31cm/s. A&#146; = 9.12 &#177; 1.93cm/s. E&#146;/A&#146; = 0.92 &#177; 028 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0121-00009-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>Comparison between variations recorded by mitral Doppler and by tissue Doppler</italic> - The comparison between the percentages of variation in mitral flow velocities after changes in hemodynamic conditions and the percentages of variation obtained by tissue Doppler analysis revealed a significant difference between the D% recorded for the E wave D% <italic>vs</italic>. that of the E&#146; wave (6.1% vs. 0%, P=0.01), which corroborates the nonvariability of E&#146; following increase in preload (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0121-00009-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>By comparing the magnitude of changes observed in the variables evaluated by both methods under baseline hemodynamic conditions, lower limb lifting and handgrip, and by applying the Wilcoxon t-test to evaluate differences between the measurement medians, it becomes clear that there is a significant difference between variations in the E waves measured by mitral Doppler and the E&#146; waves measured by tissue Doppler.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Diastole and preload/postload interference</italic> - Transmitral flow pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography is the most conventional method to evaluate diastole. The test, however, shows an important variation in E and A wave indices, and in the ratio between both waves (E/A) in view of changes induced by LV preload.</p>
      <p>Tissue Doppler is the method that assesses segmental myocardial velocity at both diastole and systole. In a study comparing the interventricular septum on TD with that of transmitral flow in twenty patients with standard relaxation deficit (E/A wave ratio &lt;1), who received an infusion of 700 ml of physiological saline, a significant change was observed in the E/A velocity ratio measured by transmitral flow (E/A=0.7 &#177; 0.1 <italic>vs.</italic> 0.9 &#177; 0.1 p &lt; 0.01), which was not observed in the TD measurements (E&#146;/A&#146;=0.5 &#177; 0.1 vs. 0.5 &#177; 0.1. p=NS)<sup> 6</sup>.</p>
      <p>These results point to the fact that assessment of segmental ventricular wall motion by TD is relatively independent from ventricular preload, as has already been suggested<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>Concerning postload, both transmitral flow study and TD show variations. Oki et al<sup>13</sup>, conducted a detailed study of pulsed-wave tissue Doppler. The authors<sup>13</sup> evaluated systolic and diastolic functions in twenty healthy individuals by echocardiogram before and after acute postload elevation, secondary to the infusion of angiotensin II (until they obtained a 30 mmHg elevation in mean arterial blood pressure). By doing so, the authors observed that all diastolic parameters (TMD and TD) underwent significant variations.</p>
      <p>These findings suggested that neither method is entirely independent of postload-variations. This fact, however, enables their utilization to detect and follow-up the effect of LV postload variations, which could be useful, for instance, to keep track of clinical progression or, perhaps, to quantify response to drug therapies.</p>
      <p><italic>Motion of mitral annulus and adjacent segments of the ventricular myocardium</italic> - In view of the relatively fixed position of the ventricular apex during the cardiac cycle<sup>14</sup> &#150; with LV relatively preserved as to its geometry &#150; changes on the longitudinal axis would reflect volumetric changes, as indicated by Sohn et al<sup>16</sup>. In this study, the analysis of the wall motion in the basal portion of the interventricular was deliberately chosen, since this myocardial portion adjacent to the mitral annulus moves in a more parallel fashion than the others (such as the anterior, lateral and inferior face), as already highlighted by Sohn et al<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>As seen on <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>, the tissue Doppler exam captured, on the segment analyzed, two different movements towards the atrial chamber: one known as (E&#146;), which starts simultaneously with the beginning of blood flow towards the LV entry pathway, where its peak velocity always occurs earlier than the peak flow velocity measured by mitral Doppler and is ended well before the blood inflow through the mitral orifice ends. The E&#146; peak velocity is higher than the peak of another wave (A&#146;), which is similar to the normal pattern of transmitral flow. As emphasized by Sohn et al<sup>6</sup>, on their classical study: "Mitral inflow after the end of left ventricular lengthening in the long-axis dimension. whether it is driven by pressure gradient or inertia. would lead to an increase in left ventricular volume in the short-axis dimension. which would mean higher compliance of the ventricular chamber in the short-axis dimension. Therefore, it may be assumed that a relaxation abnormality reflected in the long-axis dimension could potentially be evident earlier than clinical manifestation of global left ventricular relaxation abnormality".</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0121-00009-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0121-00009-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0121-00009-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>This particular aspect in the methodology suggests that mitral Doppler analysis of the variables yields data concerning velocities, whereas with tissue Doppler measurements, data would reflect changes in volume. </p>
      <p><italic>Tissue Doppler: independence of preload changes</italic> - Data analysis in this study showed independence of E&#146; values to the leg-lifting manouevre (condition 1, corresponding to change in preload). Other researchers &#150; such as Garcia et al<sup>12</sup> &#150; had already observed that E&#146; velocity had only a slight relationship to E peak velocity, which indicated the relative independence of E&#146; peak velocity obtained by tissue Doppler.</p>
      <p>With this study, it is shown for the first time that, even with simpler and noninvasive bedside manoeuvres, no significant changes were observed in the peak early E&#146; velocity of the mitral annulus on tissue Doppler (in contrast to E velocity on mitral Doppler), after a change in preload induced by elevation of the lower limbs.</p>
      <p><italic>Lower limb elevation and handgrip manoeuvres as a means to study adaptation of the heart to new hemodynamic conditions</italic> - Both manoeuvres used in this study, aiming at provoking new hemodynamic levels as a means to evaluate adaptive responses of circulation and the myocardium, have been employed for a long time. The preload increase mechanism with corresponding elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure was recently correlated to the release of powerful endothelial-action vasoconstrictors<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>The mechanism of hemodynamic change induced by increase in preload (lower limb lifting), using the same protocol applied to the subjects in this study, has also already been established<sup>16</sup>. Comments made concerning magnitude of the impact of the manoeuvres on these hemodynamic variables warrant analysis. As seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">2</xref> (with &gt; preload), the magnitude of the changes was enough to interfere with behavior of the E variable, obtained by mitral Doppler in this study, but did not have any impact on the E&#146; variable measured by tissue Doppler. </p>
      <p>Tak et al observed a significant effect of the handgrip manoeuvre on preload and, consequently, on diastolic indices<sup>17</sup>. Other publications ratified the use of the manoeuvre to produce isometric exercise and an effective postload elevation, by applying 30% to 50% of maximal force over a period of 1 to 5 minutes<sup>18,19</sup>. We observed that a few patients had difficulties to maintain the same handgrip strength during the set time (five minutes), and a few individuals were only able to sustain a smaller load over a shorter time, even though this has been a commonly reported problem in studies previously published regarding utilization of similar-type isometric exercises.</p>
      <p><italic>Diagnosis of diastolic dysfunction of the basal segment of the interventricular septum as measured by tissue Doppler</italic> - The findings in this study point to a preload-independence, considering the E&#146; wave velocity. Statistical data and results obtained from the analysis of all variables are consistent with findings in literature<sup>6,12,13,16</sup>.</p>
      <p><italic>Application of the findings in this study to clinical practice</italic> - In patients with the &#145;pseudonormalization" pattern, whose parameters may be obtained both by mitral Doppler and tissue Doppler, the variation of peak E and E&#146; velocities, as well as the E/A ratio in relation to the E&#146;/A&#146; ratio, may be employed to differentiate this &#145;pseudonormal&#146; pattern from a normal filling pattern.</p>
      <p>Considering that the most common practice in echocardiographic procedures has been to try to differentiate this &#145;pseudonormal&#146; pattern from normal diastolic function pattern by analyzing the pulmonary vein flow pattern &#150; which is not always useful for this purpose in this subgroup of patients &#150; the adoption of the simple manoeuvres proposed in this study may be useful for these patients. Moreover, variation in TD indices after the postload changes reported in this study suggest that these indices may be used to monitor the diastolic function of hypertensive patients being treated with medication to reduce postload. </p>
      <p><italic>Study limitations</italic> - This study, similarly to others previously published, has several practical limitations. Among them: 1) considering that patients with left ventricular asynergy were left out, it is possible that patients with kinesis abnormalities (for instance, those affecting the basal segment of the interventricular septum) may present abnormalities in the profiles of the variables analyzed, which does not express the overall behavior of the ventricle, which may be normal for the behavior of its diastolic function parameter<sup>16</sup>; 2) we have opted to measure myocardial velocity at the region more adjacent to the annulus on the interventricular septum, which corresponds more exactly to the basal segment of the posterior interventricular septum. However, due to the fact that it is subject in a lower degree to the translational movement of the myocardium, this approach has the disadvantage of being affected whenever the right ventricular function is altered. For instance, secondarily to pulmonary hypertension, especially if this chamber also presents signs of associated dysfunction<sup>16</sup>; 3) since one of the exclusion criteria was that patients should not be in sinus rhythm, it is possible that these findings may not be applicable to those with atrial fibrillation, for instance; 4) although less affected than mitral Doppler analysis, the constraining aspect of an inadequate acoustic window has to be taken into consideration. The Doppler diastolic evaluation is usually also affected by tachycardia, valvar diseases and cardiac rotational movement<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p><italic>Conclusions</italic> - In patients with the left ventricle adapted to arterial hypertension, the diastolic motion of the myocardial segment adjacent to the mitral annulus measured by tissue Doppler was less dependent on preload than when assessed by the transmitral flow Doppler. This fact suggests the validity of the method as a coadjuvant index for assessment of LV diastolic function in this group of patients. We may also conclude that TD indices were significantly affected by postload variation, and that they could be used to monitor and follow-up the diastole after antihypertensive treatment with postload-reducing drugs. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Marco Antonio Rodrigues Torres</p>
          <p> Rua Faria Santos, 394/601</p>
          <p> 90670-150 &#150; Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="mtorres@cardiol.br">mtorres@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Received on 08/24/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 03/17/06</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
