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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">MsPHJs9Q8HxwsbBQMm89Jzc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001500007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700207</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001500007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise de registros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos associados ao infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mansur</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Henrique Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cury</surname>
            <given-names>Lacordaire Kemel Pimenta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Destro-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Batista</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Resende</surname>
            <given-names>Elmiro Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Destro</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Paulo Breda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Luana Michelli de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Diego Carvalho Gomes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Geraldo Rubens Ramos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Lucila Soares da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">EIN-A</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">IEAv </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">CTA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Catal&#227;o</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Ensino Superior de Catal&#227;o</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Uberl&#226;ndia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>106</fpage>
      <lpage>114</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar correla&#231;&#245;es entre as varia&#231;&#245;es do eletrocardiograma (ECG) e o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. M&#201;TODOS: Uso de software de baixo custo para digitaliza&#231;&#227;o de ECG impressos e/ou em formato "pdf". C&#225;lculo de &#225;rea do segmento ST e das amplitudes dos pontos J e Y RESULTADOS: A amplitude do ponto Y possui m&#225;xima correla&#231;&#227;o com a concentra&#231;&#227;o da enzima troponina. O supradesnivelamento do segmento ST n&#227;o se constitui bom indicador estat&#237;stico da gravidade do infarto. Existe uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre a amplitude do ponto J e a quantidade de &#237;ons magn&#233;sio, mas nenhuma correla&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica com os &#237;ons s&#243;dio ou c&#225;lcio. Os dois m&#233;todos de c&#225;lculo da &#225;rea do segmento ST (contagem de pixels e interpola&#231;&#227;o) n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as significativas nos resultados. CONCLUS&#195;O: O software utilizado mostrou-se vi&#225;vel do ponto de vista econ&#244;mico e funcional. A amplitude do ponto Y &#233; um marcador sens&#237;vel &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia do infarto, tendo c&#225;lculo mais simples e menos sujeito a erros do que o c&#225;lculo da &#225;rea de supradesnivelamento do segmento ST.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>telemedicina</kwd>
        <kwd>eletrocardiograma</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>An&#225;lise de registros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos associados ao infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Paulo Henrique Garcia Mansur<sup>I</sup>; Lacordaire Kemel Pimenta Cury<sup>I</sup>; Jo&#227;o Batista Destro-Filho<sup>II</sup>; Elmiro Santos Resende<sup>II</sup>; Jos&#233; Paulo Breda Destro<sup>III</sup>; Luana Michelli de Oliveira<sup>II</sup>; Diego Carvalho Gomes de Moraes<sup>II</sup>; Geraldo Rubens Ramos de Freitas<sup>II</sup>; Lucila Soares da Silva Rocha<sup>II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Centro de Ensino Superior de Catal&#227;o (Cesuc) </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia (UFU) </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>CTA/IEAv/EIN-A, Catal&#227;o, GO - Uberl&#226;ndia, MG - S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar correla&#231;&#245;es entre as varia&#231;&#245;es do eletrocar&#173;diograma (ECG) e o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Uso de <italic>software</italic> de baixo custo para digitaliza&#231;&#227;o de ECG impressos e/ou em formato "pdf". C&#225;lculo de &#225;rea do segmento ST e das amplitudes dos pontos J e Y </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A amplitude do ponto Y possui m&#225;xima correla&#231;&#227;o com a concentra&#231;&#227;o da enzima troponina. O supradesnivelamento do segmento ST n&#227;o se constitui bom indicador estat&#237;stico da gravidade do infarto. Existe uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre a amplitude do ponto J e a quantidade de &#237;ons magn&#233;sio, mas nenhuma correla&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica com os &#237;ons s&#243;dio ou c&#225;lcio. Os dois m&#233;todos de c&#225;lculo da &#225;rea do segmento ST (contagem de <italic>pixels</italic> e interpola&#231;&#227;o) n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as significativas nos resultados. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> O <italic>software</italic> utilizado mostrou-se vi&#225;vel do ponto de vista econ&#244;mico e funcional. A amplitude do ponto Y &#233; um marcador sens&#237;vel &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia do infarto, tendo c&#225;lculo mais simples e menos sujeito a erros do que o c&#225;lculo da &#225;rea de supradesnivelamento do segmento ST.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, telemedicina, eletrocar&#173;diograma.</p>
    <p>O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) &#233; causado pela interrup&#231;&#227;o de fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. O diagn&#243;stico precoce &#233; fator fundamental para a redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade e das poss&#237;veis seq&#252;elas para o paciente.</p>
    <p>Um dos exames mais precisos para esse diagn&#243;stico &#233; o eletrocardiograma (ECG), efetuado atrav&#233;s de um aparelho que mede os impulsos el&#233;tricos do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco, fornecendo um tra&#231;ado caracter&#237;stico que permite a identifica&#231;&#227;o de eventuais cardiopatias. Atualmente esse aparelho pode ser encontrado nas unidades de atendimento, por&#233;m sua interpreta&#231;&#227;o depende de especialistas, que muitas vezes n&#227;o se encontram presentes no momento do exame. Nesses casos, j&#225; existe a possibilidade de transmiss&#227;o remota dos sinais captados pelo ECG para outras unidades, onde esse profissional possa receb&#234;-los e interpret&#225;-los em tempo real. Esse recurso &#233; facilitado pelos aparelhos de ECG digitais, cujas sa&#237;das j&#225; est&#227;o preparadas para tratamento informatizado. Entretanto, ainda existem in&#250;meros aparelhos anal&#243;gicos, que geram exames impressos em tiras de papel, inviabilizando o atendimento remoto. </p>
    <p>O Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia (HCU) possui uma equipe altamente qualificada para o atendimento de emerg&#234;ncias card&#237;acas. Entretanto, como em diversas outras unidades de ensino superior no pa&#237;s, muitos de seus equipamentos n&#227;o foram atualizados com o tempo. Ainda h&#225; diversos aparelhos de ECG anal&#243;gicos cujos exames s&#227;o registrados em papel para posterior an&#225;lise. Se esses resultados pudessem ser armazenados em computador, a an&#225;lise e o arquivamento seriam sensivelmente otimizados, trazendo resultados positivos tanto pela redu&#231;&#227;o de custos quanto pela agilidade no atendimento dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>Os principais trabalhos publicados na literatura se dedicam a coleta, transmiss&#227;o e an&#225;lise de sinais ECG a partir de equipamentos digitais<sup>1-7</sup>. Exceto pelo artigo de Kao e cols.<sup>8</sup>, n&#227;o foi encontrado nenhum outro estudo significativo que tratasse diretamente do sinal impresso em papel, ou sobre sua captura e digitaliza&#231;&#227;o para posterior an&#225;lise. Mesmo esse autor, entretanto, desenvolveu uma metodologia apenas at&#233; a etapa de digitaliza&#231;&#227;o da imagem, sem aprofundar a possibilidade de an&#225;lise do gr&#225;fico digitalizado, como ferramenta auxiliar para o diagn&#243;stico de poss&#237;veis cardiopatias.</p>
    <p><italic>O ECG e o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio - </italic>&#192; medida que o impulso el&#233;trico gerado pelas c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas percorre o cora&#231;&#227;o, correntes el&#233;tricas se disseminam para os tecidos que o cercam, e pequenas fra&#231;&#245;es emergem para a superf&#237;cie do organismo, gerando um campo el&#233;trico em toda a superf&#237;cie corporal. Como mencionado por Guyton &amp; Hall<sup>9</sup>, se forem distribu&#237;dos eletrodos sobre a pele em pontos opostos do cora&#231;&#227;o, e, como os l&#237;quidos corporais s&#227;o bons condutores, as flutua&#231;&#245;es de potencial que representam a soma alg&#233;brica dos potenciais de a&#231;&#227;o das fibras mioc&#225;rdicas podem ser registradas. Esse registro, realizado atrav&#233;s de um amplificador apropriado, &#233; denominado eletrocardiograma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig.1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0106-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>As ondas registradas no ECG s&#227;o identificadas pelas letras P a T, representando cada fase do ciclo card&#237;aco. Para fins de an&#225;lise, as ondas podem ser consideradas individualmente ou em grupos, denominados segmentos ou complexos. </p>
    <p>O segmento ST come&#231;a no ponto J, ponto no qual termina a inscri&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS, apresentando concavidade para cima em uma situa&#231;&#227;o normal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). J&#225; o seu final n&#227;o &#233; bem definido, por continuar insensivelmente com o ramo ascendente da onda T. O sinal mais precoce de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; um aplanamento do segmento ST, ou seja, seria a perda da discreta concavidade que existe normalmente na ascens&#227;o do segmento ST com dura&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria.</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0106-00007-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Instalada a fase superaguda, &#233; regra habitual a presen&#231;a do bloqueio de inj&#250;ria, que se associa ao supradesnivelamento de ST e aumento na amplitude da onda T. O segmento ST desnivela-se, inicialmente, com concavidade para cima, e onda T positiva. Esse momento representa a pior fase da evolu&#231;&#227;o em raz&#227;o da maior possibilidade de ocorrer fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0106-00007-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A id&#233;ia de se correlacionar as varia&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST ao infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) data da d&#233;cada de 1970<sup>10</sup>. Posteriormente, uma correla&#231;&#227;o interessante foi encontrada por Schweitzer<sup>11</sup>, consistindo na eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST associada &#224; maior efici&#234;ncia de tratamentos de tromb&#243;lise por estreptoquinase. O autor concluiu, em seu trabalho, que quanto maior o n&#250;mero de deriva&#231;&#245;es com eleva&#231;&#227;o do ST, maior a efic&#225;cia do tratamento, aumentando assim a chance de reperfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria nos pacientes infartados.</p>
    <p>Cerca de 50% dos pacientes com infarto n&#227;o apresentam eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST no primeiro ECG. Exames seriados reduzem o erro de diagn&#243;stico para 10% a 20%<sup>12</sup>. No ECG de doze deriva&#231;&#245;es, a eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST associada com dor tor&#225;cica possui especificidade de 91% e sensibilidade de 46% para o diagn&#243;stico de IAM<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nas s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas podem aparecer tr&#234;s tipos de altera&#231;&#245;es no ECG<sup>14</sup>: onda Q anormal: a anormalidade se verifica quando a onda Q &#233; maior do que um ter&#231;o do complexo QRS, indicando que h&#225; uma &#225;rea mioc&#225;rdica que est&#225; eletricamente inativa, ou seja, infartada; onda T invertida; eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST: tamb&#233;m chamada de "supradesnivelamento" do ST. Aparece quando o infarto est&#225; acontecendo.</p>
    <p>Segundo a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia<sup>15</sup> h&#225; uma seq&#252;&#234;ncia de eventos eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos que se seguem a uma oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria: 1) minutos iniciais: ondas T amplas, positivas, pontiagudas e de base sim&#233;trica, com eleva&#231;&#227;o <underline>&gt;</underline> 0,1 mV; 2) ap&#243;s 20 minutos: supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, que morfologicamente tende a ser convexo; 3) horas ap&#243;s: aparecimento de ondas Q patol&#243;gicas e corte nas ondas R; 4) ap&#243;s alguns dias: retorno do segmento ST &#224; linha de base, onda T negativa, profunda e sim&#233;trica. Se o supradesnivelamento do segmento ST permanecer ap&#243;s seis semanas do evento agudo, pode haver a presen&#231;a de aneurisma ventricular; 5) meses ap&#243;s o evento agudo: eventual positiva&#231;&#227;o da onda T.</p>
    <p>Apesar de indicativo importante, o supradesnivelamento do segmento ST pode tamb&#233;m ser causado por outras doen&#231;as, como pericardite, hipotermia, bloqueio do ramo esquerdo, repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce ou estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um primeiro passo para permitir o processamento de registros ECG anal&#243;gicos, de forma a desenvolver uma metodologia para facilitar sua interpreta&#231;&#227;o, contribuindo assim para o futuro desenvolvimento de t&#233;cnicas de diagn&#243;stico autom&#225;tico.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo enfoca a determina&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea do supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, bem como a amplitude do ponto J (que delimita o in&#237;cio do supradesnivelamento) e a amplitude do ponto Y (que se inicia 40 milissegundos ap&#243;s a ocorr&#234;ncia do ponto J).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Dados usados para correla&#231;&#227;o entre o supra ST e IAM - </italic>Coleta de dados junto ao Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Uberl&#226;ndia HCU/UFU - Foram selecionados 120 prontu&#225;rios de pacientes que sofreram infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, internados no HCU/UFU no per&#237;odo de 1/1/2004 a 31/12/2004. Essa amostra passou por nova sele&#231;&#227;o, baseada nos crit&#233;rios que seguem, que determinam o perfil exigido pelo estudo para este trabalho:</p>
    <list list-type="bullet">
      <list-item>
        <p>(C1) Diagn&#243;stico de interna&#231;&#227;o: infarto agudo transmural da parede anterior do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>(C2) Primeiro ECG ap&#243;s a manifesta&#231;&#227;o do infarto: deve ter sido realizado em, no m&#225;ximo, seis horas ap&#243;s a ocorr&#234;ncia do infarto, sinalizado necessariamente por precordialgia.</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>(C3) Varia&#231;&#245;es presentes no segmento ST dos ECG: foram selecionados apenas os pacientes cujos ECG continham supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em qualquer uma das deriva&#231;&#245;es, excetuando-se a VR, pois essa n&#227;o &#233; utilizada na verifica&#231;&#227;o de supradesnivelamento de ST pelo fato de ser invertida.</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p> (C4) Varia&#231;&#227;o da quantidade de enzimas Troponina e CK-mb, presentes no tecido card&#237;aco: deve ser bastante elevada, tipicamente maior que 500 nanogramas/decilitro.</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>A sele&#231;&#227;o de prontu&#225;rios tamb&#233;m se baseou nos seguintes crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o:</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>(C5) Infarto agudo causado por bloqueio completo de qualquer ramo (esquerdo ou direito).</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>(C6) Infarto agudo causado por bloqueio atrioventricular total.</p>
      </list-item>
    </list>
    <p>Foram encontrados quinze prontu&#225;rios que atendiam essas exig&#234;ncias.</p>
    <p>Uma vez completada a etapa de sele&#231;&#227;o de prontu&#225;rios, procedeu-se &#224; coleta de dados com base em um formul&#225;rio com dados do paciente, caracter&#237;sticas do infarto (deriva&#231;&#245;es acometidas, tempo desde os primeiros sintomas, medica&#231;&#227;o etc). Esse &#250;ltimo foi preenchido para todos os quinze pacientes, e todos os registros ECG de cada um desses tamb&#233;m foram separados para an&#225;lise. </p>
    <p><italic>Coleta de dados junto ao Instituto de Telemedicina do Brasil (ITMS- Brasil -</italic>Registros de ECG de vinte pacientes acometidos de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio foram selecionados de um banco de dados eletr&#244;nico, contendo arquivos no formato ".pdf" associados ao registro digital de ECG, enviados remotamente &#224; central da ITMS-Brasil por via telef&#244;nica. Todos os registros continham tra&#231;os de supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, e os crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o utilizados foram semelhantes aos crit&#233;rios descritos no subitem anterior. Todavia, n&#227;o foram coletados os dados do formul&#225;rio.</p>
    <p><italic>O software de digitaliza&#231;&#227;o &#150; Eletrocheckup - o software</italic> Eletrocheckup foi desenvolvido como alternativa de baixo custo para a digitaliza&#231;&#227;o de exames ECG impressos por equipamentos anal&#243;gicos ou em formato "pdf", a partir de ECG digitais<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p><italic>C&#225;lculos de &#225;rea e dos pontos J e Y - </italic>A morfologia do gr&#225;fico ECG permite a f&#225;cil identifica&#231;&#227;o das ondas componentes a partir da an&#225;lise da matriz digital de valores, considerando-se o eixo X como o intervalo de tempo decorrido. Identificadas as coordenadas do ponto inicial, e se fazendo uma varredura das amplitudes presentes na matriz de dados, os valores (ou tens&#245;es el&#233;tricas) tendem a ser crescentes. Quando houver uma invers&#227;o dessa tend&#234;ncia, o ponto imediatamente anterior &#233; tratado como ponto P, e os valores continuam decrescendo. Ao se localizar nova invers&#227;o dessa tend&#234;ncia, encontra-se o ponto Q, e assim sucessivamente.</p>
    <p>O ponto J &#233; definido como o final do complexo QRS e in&#237;cio da onda T; situa-se no n&#237;vel da linha de base para um ECG normal. Ap&#243;s o ponto que identifica a onda S, os valores passam a ser linearmente crescentes. O ponto J pode ser identificado por compara&#231;&#227;o desses valores com a linha de base<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>J&#225; o ponto Y est&#225; localizado a 40 milissegundos ap&#243;s o ponto J. Sua amplitude pode ser obtida fazendo-se uma an&#225;lise dos pontos do ECG situados logo ap&#243;s o ponto J.</p>
    <p>Para se identificar o valor do ponto J, localiza-se primeiramente o ponto R, a partir do qual se faz uma varredura na horizontal do eixo y, at&#233; se encontrar o ponto em que o gr&#225;fico ECG muda sua declividade (derivada de primeira ordem). Esse ponto corresponde ao ponto J, no caso de registro ECG para o qual foi diagnosticado infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. J&#225; o ponto Y &#233; determinado quando se faz uma varredura na horizontal do eixo Y, no instante de tempo 40 ms ap&#243;s a ocorr&#234;ncia do ponto J.</p>
    <p>Para c&#225;lculo de &#225;rea foram usados os seguintes m&#233;todos: <italic>M&#233;todo 1 &#150; Contagem de pixels</italic> - O primeiro m&#233;todo utilizado no c&#225;lculo consiste na realiza&#231;&#227;o da contagem de pixels. As imagens gr&#225;ficas digitalizadas s&#227;o compostas por pontos, que observados a dist&#226;ncia ficam invis&#237;veis, gerando a impress&#227;o &#243;ptica de linhas, preenchimentos s&#243;lidos etc. A unidade de medida que representa a densidade de pontos por polegada, denominada "resolu&#231;&#227;o", &#233; dada em <italic>pixels</italic>. Portanto, quando se diz que a "resolu&#231;&#227;o" de uma imagem &#233; de 300 <italic>pixels</italic> (tamb&#233;m denominado dpi &#150; <italic>dot per inch</italic> &#150; ou pontos por polegada), o significado &#233; que essa imagem possui 300 pontos em cada polegada linear, seja na vertical, seja na horizontal.</p>
    <p>O papel de registro habitual do eletrocardiograma &#233; quadriculado, sendo de 1 mil&#237;metro a dist&#226;ncia entre cada dois tra&#231;os horizontais ou verticais. Assim, a menor unidade de &#225;rea j&#225; determinada no papel corresponde a um pequeno quadrado de 1 mm de lado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig.4</xref>)<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0106-00007-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Utiliza-se uma resolu&#231;&#227;o onde cada quadrado de 1 mm cont&#233;m 10 <italic>pixels</italic>, tanto na vertical quanto na horizontal, resultando numa &#225;rea formada por 100 <italic>pixels</italic>. Identifica-se o ponto inicial e final no trecho do tra&#231;ado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico que interessa para o c&#225;lculo, tra&#231;a-se uma linha imagin&#225;ria na vertical do ponto inicial e uma linha imagin&#225;ria na horizontal do ponto final, e assim fica delimitada a &#225;rea desejada. A partir da &#225;rea demarcada, faz-se a contagem de <italic>pixels</italic>, e ao se somar todos eles obtemos o valor da &#225;rea (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">fig. 5</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0106-00007-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>M&#233;todo 2 &#150; Integra&#231;&#227;o tradicional</italic> - Para a estima&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea atrav&#233;s do segundo m&#233;todo, novamente identificamos o ponto inicial e o ponto final do tra&#231;ado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico que interessa para o c&#225;lculo. Cria-se uma linha imagin&#225;ria na vertical do ponto inicial e na horizontal do ponto final. Depois, essa &#250;ltima &#233; subdividida em pequenas &#225;reas retangulares formadas por pontos que foram selecionados ao longo do tra&#231;ado. Ao final, fazemos a soma total das pequenas &#225;reas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06">figs. 6</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig07">7</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0106-00007-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig07">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0106-00007-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Para a escolha dos pontos, usamos a t&#233;cnica da interpola&#231;&#227;o, que consiste em determinar um polin&#244;mio que assume valores conhecidos em certos pontos denominados n&#243;s de interpola&#231;&#227;o, a serem escolhidos adequadamente. De um modo geral, o conjunto das fun&#231;&#245;es interpoladoras &#233; determinado por um n&#250;mero finito de par&#226;metros. No caso dos polin&#244;mios, esses par&#226;metros s&#227;o os seus coeficientes, que dever&#227;o ser iguais ao n&#250;mero de condi&#231;&#245;es impostas, ou seja, ao n&#250;mero de n&#243;s, para que haja apenas uma solu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os m&#233;todos de c&#225;lculo de &#225;rea - </italic>Para o c&#225;lculo das &#225;reas, utilizamos arquivos de ECG com extens&#227;o ".pdf", fornecidos pela ITMS-Brasil.</p>
    <p>Pelos dois m&#233;todos, obtivemos resultados que podem ser observados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. Ap&#243;s a estima&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea, o erro entre as &#225;reas obtidas pelos dois m&#233;todos discutidos &#233; calculado pela seguinte f&#243;rmula:</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0106-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <disp-formula id="frm01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0106-00007-e01.jpg"/></disp-formula>
    </p>
    <p>onde A1 &#233; a &#225;rea calculada pelo m&#233;todo 1 e A2 &#233; a &#225;rea calculada pelo m&#233;todo 2. Outras grandezas da <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> s&#227;o descritas logo a seguir.</p>
    <p>
      <disp-formula id="frm02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0106-00007-e02.jpg"/></disp-formula>
    </p>
    <p>onde V &#233; a vari&#226;ncia; n &#233; a quantidade de paciente; A<sub>i</sub> &#233; a &#225;rea do supra-DST associado ao paciente i; e VM &#233; o valor m&#233;dio de A<sub>i</sub>.</p>
    <p>
      <disp-formula id="frm03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0106-00007-e03.jpg"/></disp-formula>
    </p>
    <p>onde VN &#233; a vari&#226;ncia normalizada.</p>
    <p>O c&#225;lculo do valor m&#233;dio dos erros especificados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> permite concluir que ambos os m&#233;todos geram resultados semelhantes. Ao mesmo tempo, dado que os valores da vari&#226;ncia dos erros associados &#224;s diversas deriva&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o pequenos, ambos os m&#233;todos s&#227;o robustos relativamente ao tipo de deriva&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca considerada.</p>
    <p>Conseq&#252;entemente, os m&#233;todos t&#234;m desempenho pr&#243;ximo. Tendo em vista que o m&#233;todo 1 &#233; mais eficiente do ponto de vista computacional, ele foi utilizado nas an&#225;lises subseq&#252;entes deste trabalho.</p>
    <p><italic>C&#225;lculo da correla&#231;&#227;o entre o supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio - </italic>Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos c&#225;lculos, foram utilizados ECG do HCU/UFU, com o objetivo de estudar a correla&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica entre dois conjuntos das vari&#225;veis X e Z, definidas logo a seguir.</p>
    <p>
      <disp-formula id="frm05">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0106-00007-e04.jpg"/></disp-formula>
    </p>
    <p>onde:</p>
    <p>X = Sigla representando o conjunto de vari&#225;veis associadas a caracter&#237;sticas do segmento ST do ECG; A = &#193;rea do supradesnivelamento do segmento ST [mV.ms]; Hj = Altura do ponto J do ECG [mV]; Hy = Altura do ponto Y do ECG [mV].</p>
    <p>Para cada paciente considerado, escolheu-se como ECG caracter&#237;stico do infarto o primeiro registro tomado seis horas ap&#243;s a primeira manifesta&#231;&#227;o do IAM. Esse ECG corresponde, em geral, &#224; primeira mensura&#231;&#227;o realizada na Sala de Emerg&#234;ncia do Pronto-Socorro do HCU/UFU. Todavia, tendo em vista as freq&#252;entes ilegibilidades associadas ao deterioramento da impress&#227;o gr&#225;fica do registro anal&#243;gico do ECG, o ECG caracter&#237;stico nem sempre correspondeu &#224; primeira mensura&#231;&#227;o, e, nesse caso, ele foi escolhido como o primeiro ECG cronologicamente mais leg&#237;vel da s&#233;rie de registros realizados na Sala de Emerg&#234;ncia. </p>
    <p>De posse do ECG caracter&#237;stico de cada paciente, foram demarcados os pontos de in&#237;cio e de fim do supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, sempre considerando tr&#234;s deriva&#231;&#245;es para cada ECG. As grandezas A, Hj e Hy foram estimadas para cada uma das tr&#234;s deriva&#231;&#245;es de cada ECG caracter&#237;stico. Finalmente, os valores finais caracter&#237;sticos da &#225;rea do supra-DST, amplitude do ponto J e amplitude do ponto Y associadas a cada paciente correspondem a uma m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica envolvendo todos os respectivos valores de A, Hj e Hy, considerando as tr&#234;s deriva&#231;&#245;es de cada ECG caracter&#237;stico.</p>
    <p>Os valores caracter&#237;sticos das grandezas X de cada paciente, obtidos atrav&#233;s dos ECG coletados pelo formul&#225;rio, est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0106-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Define-se agora o outro conjunto de vari&#225;veis.</p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0106-00007-e05.jpg"/></p>
    <p>onde: Z = Sigla representando o conjunto de vari&#225;veis associadas a exames cl&#237;nicos realizados em amostras de sangue de pacientes acometidos por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Tr = Concentra&#231;&#227;o da enzima troponina [nanograma/decilitro]. CK = Concentra&#231;&#227;o da enzima CK-mb [unidade/litro]. K = Concentra&#231;&#227;o do &#237;on pot&#225;ssio [miliequivalente/litro]. Na = Concentra&#231;&#227;o do &#237;on s&#243;dio [miliequivalente/litro]. Ca = Concentra&#231;&#227;o do &#237;on c&#225;lcio [miliequivalente/litro]. Mg = Concentra&#231;&#227;o do &#237;on magn&#233;sio [miliequivalente/litro]. Gl = Glicemia [miligrama/decilitro]. VF = Vaso fechado (VF = 1) ou n&#227;o (VF = 0). Vari&#225;vel bin&#225;ria. Le = Porcentagem de les&#227;o [%].</p>
    <p>Observa&#231;&#245;es importantes: 1) tendo em vista a variabilidade do n&#237;vel de concentra&#231;&#227;o de enzimas troponina e CK-mb, escolheu-se como valor caracter&#237;stico de cada paciente a concentra&#231;&#227;o de amplitude m&#225;xima, fornecida pelo respectivo formul&#225;rio de coleta de dados; 2) em termos das concentra&#231;&#245;es i&#244;nicas (K, Na, Ca e Mg) e da glicemia, escolheu-se como valor caracter&#237;stico de cada paciente a primeira quantidade que aparece anotada no formul&#225;rio. Tal quantidade representa a primeira medida tomada da grandeza em quest&#227;o, logo ap&#243;s a ocorr&#234;ncia do IAM; 3) as vari&#225;veis vaso fechado (VF) e porcentagem de Les&#227;o (Le) s&#227;o obtidas a partir do formul&#225;rio, ou seja, a partir dos dados de cateterismo. Se a les&#227;o &#233; considerada leve, atribui-se o valor 50% para Le; se a les&#227;o for moderada, 70%; e, finalmente, se a les&#227;o for severa, atribuem-se 90% para Le. Todavia, caso o formul&#225;rio de coleta de dados do paciente apresente a medida de porcentagem de obstru&#231;&#227;o do vaso FE, ent&#227;o esse &#250;ltimo valor &#233; atribu&#237;do &#224; vari&#225;vel Le, independentemente dos dados de cateterismo.</p>
    <p>Os valores caracter&#237;sticos das grandezas Z de cada paciente, obtidos atrav&#233;s dos dados coletados no formul&#225;rio, est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>. Os valores em branco n&#227;o puderam ser obtidos a partir dos prontu&#225;rios analisados.</p>
    <p>Calcularam-se os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o entre X e Z, com base nas seguintes f&#243;rmulas:</p>
    <p>
      <disp-formula id="frm06">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0106-00007-e06.jpg"/></disp-formula>
    </p>
    <p>onde <italic>CC(X,Z)</italic> &#233; a coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <disp-formula id="frm07">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0106-00007-e07.jpg"/></disp-formula>
    </p>
    <p>onde X(VM) &#233; o valor m&#233;dio de X (&#193;rea, Hj e altura Hy), Z(VM) &#233; o valor m&#233;dio de Z (Troponina, CK-mb, K<sup>+</sup>,Na<sup>+</sup> Ca<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>++</sup>, Glicemia, Vaso Fechado e % les&#227;o), X<sub>i</sub> (&#193;rea, Hj e Hy) &#233; o valor correspondente do paciente i, Z<sub>i</sub> (Troponina, CK-mb, K<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>++</sup>, Glicemia, Vaso Fechado e % les&#227;o) &#233; o valor correspondente do paciente i, e n &#233; o n&#250;mero de pacientes (no caso, n = 15).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Antes de discutir os resultados da <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref>, deve-se destacar que esses coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o levam em conta o erro alfa, associado ao conceito de signific&#226;ncia, o que limita a precis&#227;o estat&#237;stica dos resultados. Al&#233;m disso, a quantidade de pacientes considerada (quinze ao total) tamb&#233;m permite questionar a representatividade estat&#237;stica dos resultados. Deve-se destacar tamb&#233;m que os registros analisados n&#227;o correspondem todos ao primeiro ECG realizado seis horas ap&#243;s a ocorr&#234;ncia do IAM.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0106-00007-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Levando em conta essas limita&#231;&#245;es, os resultados da <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref> permitem estabelecer as seguintes conclus&#245;es e questionamentos:</p>
    <list list-type="bullet">
      <list-item>
        <p>(C1) A amplitude do ponto Y (Hy) possui m&#225;xima correla&#231;&#227;o com a concentra&#231;&#227;o da enzima troponina, constituindo-se portanto em um indicador de les&#227;o card&#237;aca devido ao IAM. Todavia, na literatura m&#233;dica</p>
        <p><sup>18-20</sup>, a amplitude do ponto Y &#233; mais sens&#237;vel e espec&#237;fica para o diagn&#243;stico de isquemia cr&#244;nica. Fisiologicamente, pode ser considerado um marcador importante na avalia&#231;&#227;o da gravidade do IAM, visto que pode indicar maior comprometimento do funcionamento da bomba de s&#243;dio-pot&#225;ssio associada aos cardiomi&#243;citos, em decorr&#234;ncia da gravidade da necrose do tecido.</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p> (C2) O supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, denotado pelo valor da grandeza A, n&#227;o se constitui em bom indicador estat&#237;stico da gravidade do infarto, tendo alta correla&#231;&#227;o apenas com a quantidade de &#237;ons pot&#225;ssio. O fato da correla&#231;&#227;o entre esse &#250;ltimo e a &#225;rea do ST ser negativa permite questionar o que ocorre na membrana dos cardiomi&#243;citos durante a repolariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>(C3) N&#227;o se observou correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a concentra&#231;&#227;o de enzimas troponina, CK-MB, bem como da porcentagem de les&#227;o (Le) e a &#225;rea de supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (A). Isso pode ser explicado pelo fato de o tratamento trombol&#237;tico ter desobstru&#237;do o vaso ou pelo fato de a onda associada &#224; necrose celular ter sido pequena.</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>(C4) Contrariamente ao esperado, existe uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa razoavelmente elevada entre o fechamento do vaso (VF) e o supradesnivelamento ST (A). Isso poderia ser explicado pelo fato do cateterismo ter sido realizado tardiamente.</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>(C5) Existe uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre a amplitude do ponto J e a quantidade de &#237;ons magn&#233;sio, o que permite levantar o questionamento sobre o efeito dos &#237;ons magn&#233;sio sobre o potencial de a&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aco. Ao mesmo tempo, n&#227;o existe praticamente nenhuma correla&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica entre a amplitude do ponto J e a concentra&#231;&#227;o de &#237;ons s&#243;dio e c&#225;lcio. De fato, esse &#250;ltimo n&#227;o participa dos mecanismos de troca i&#244;nica durante essa fase do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aco.</p>
      </list-item>
    </list>
    <p>Apesar das limita&#231;&#245;es impostas pela pequena amostragem de dados dispon&#237;vel para testes, a an&#225;lise realizada permitiu identificar que a amplitude do ponto Y &#233; um marcador sens&#237;vel &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia do infarto. Al&#233;m disso, o c&#225;lculo associado a essa vari&#225;vel &#233; mais simples e menos sujeito a erros do que a determina&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea de supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, comumente relatada na literatura como indicador do IAM.</p>
    <p>Esses resultados alcan&#231;ados permitem estabelecer os seguintes eixos concretos para a continuidade do trabalho at&#233; aqui desenvolvido.</p>
    <list list-type="bullet">
      <list-item>
        <p>Aprofundamento da busca de marcadores estat&#237;sticos para se identificar (e possivelmente tamb&#233;m prever) a ocorr&#234;ncia do IAM, atrav&#233;s, por exemplo, da transformada Wavelet e da predi&#231;&#227;o linear.</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>Refinamento do estudo cl&#237;nico conduzido, pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o de uma quantidade maior de pacientes, bem como pelo uso de ferramentas estat&#237;sticas mais apuradas, que permitam uma melhor precis&#227;o no c&#225;lculo das correla&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>Aprofundamento das quest&#245;es e discuss&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas levantadas ao final da an&#225;lise dos resultados, em termos da literatura na &#225;rea m&#233;dica e biol&#243;gica.</p>
      </list-item>
    </list>
    <p>O trabalho realizado por Hermida e cols.<sup>21</sup>, com 103 pacientes, no <italic>Hospital Amiens-Picardie</italic>, na Fran&#231;a, demonstrou que a eleva&#231;&#227;o do ponto J tamb&#233;m &#233; um forte indicador da s&#237;ndrome de Brugada. A an&#225;lise dos ECG foi feita em pacientes com suspeita cl&#237;nica da s&#237;ndrome. Os resultados demonstraram uma eleva&#231;&#227;o &gt; 0,16mV na deriva&#231;&#227;o -2V, com especificidade e preditividade positiva de 100%, sensibilidade de 40% e preditividade negativa de 28%. </p>
    <p>J&#225; o trabalho de Kaluzay e cols.<sup>22</sup> realizou uma compara&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise computadorizada de ECG de pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de IAM e an&#225;lise dos mesmos exames feita manualmente, com aux&#237;lio de uma lupa, ap&#243;s a amplia&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica realizada por computador. O estudo foi feito em 85 ECG retirados aleatoriamente do estudo ENTIRE-TIMI-23. Os exames ECG foram escaneados a 203 dpi e ampliados graficamente. Foi feita uma linha vertical perpendicular no ponto J (ou em 3, 6 ou 12 pontos J de registros consecutivos). Foi tamb&#233;m tra&#231;ada uma linha perpendicular 20 ms ap&#243;s o ponto J. O sinal de calibragem e as intersec&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST com as linhas tra&#231;adas foram marcados para cada deriva&#231;&#227;o. Essa metodologia foi feita graficamente no computador e manualmente com o uso de uma lente. Os resultados foram lan&#231;ados num BD. </p>
    <p>Os resultados demonstraram que as eleva&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST 20 ms ap&#243;s o ponto J s&#227;o maiores do que no pr&#243;prio ponto J para todas as localiza&#231;&#245;es do infarto. Apesar de n&#227;o ser esse o prop&#243;sito do estudo, as an&#225;lises computadorizadas demonstraram ser mais acuradas do que as an&#225;lises feitas manualmente pelos profissionais, apresentando um &#237;ndice de confiabilidade de 0,991 (95% CI 0,990&#150;0,992) para a an&#225;lise manual contra 0,995 (95% CI 0,995&#150;0,996) para a an&#225;lise feita por <italic>software</italic>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Aos Drs. S&#237;lvio Alessi e Andr&#233; Navarro, do Instituto de Telemedicina do Brasil (ITMS). Ao Prof. Dr. Wilson Felipe Pereira (Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas &#150; ICBIM/UFU).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Jo&#227;o Batista Destro-Filho </p>
        <p> Av. Jo&#227;o Naves de &#193;vila, 2121 </p>
        <p> Santa M&#244;nica - 38400-902 &#150; Uberl&#226;ndia, MG </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="jbdestrof@yahoo.com">jbdestrof@yahoo.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 18/08/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 11/11/05</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Analysis of electrocardiographic recordings associated with acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: Evaluate correlations between variations in eletrocardiogram (ECG) recordings and acute myocardial infarction. METHODS: Use of a low-cost software to digitalize printed and/or ".pdf" file format ECG recordings. Calculation of ST-segment area and amplitudes of the J and Y points. RESULTS: The amplitude of the Y point holds maximum correlation with troponin concentration. ST-segment elevation is not a good statistical indicator of myocardial infarction severity. There is a strong negative correlation between the amplitude of the J point and the amount of magnesium ions, but no statistical correlation with sodium or calcium ions. Neither method for calculating the ST-segment area (pixel counts and interpolation) indicated any significant differences in the results. CONCLUSION: The software used proved to be functional and cost-effective. Y point amplitude is a sensitive marker of myocardial infarction, and is also a calculation method both simpler to use and less subject to error than the calculation of the ST-segment elevation area.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Acute myocardial infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>telemedicine</kwd>
        <kwd>eletrocardiogram</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Analysis of electrocardiographic recordings associated with acute myocardial infarction </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Paulo Henrique Garcia Mansur<sup>I</sup>; Lacordaire Kemel Pimenta Cury<sup>I</sup>; Jo&#227;o Batista Destro-Filho<sup>II</sup>; Elmiro Santos Resende<sup>II</sup>; Jos&#233; Paulo Breda Destro<sup>III</sup>; Luana Michelli de Oliveira<sup>II</sup>; Diego Carvalho Gomes de Moraes<sup>II</sup>; Geraldo Rubens Ramos de Freitas<sup>II</sup>; Lucila Soares da Silva Rocha<sup>II</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Centro de Ensino Superior de Catal&#227;o (Cesuc), Catal&#227;o, GO - Uberl&#226;ndia, MG - S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia (UFU), Catal&#227;o, GO - Uberl&#226;ndia, MG - S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>CTA/IEAv/EIN-A, Catal&#227;o, GO - Uberl&#226;ndia, MG - S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> Evaluate correlations between variations in eletro&#173;cardiogram (ECG) recordings and acute myocardial infarction.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Use of a low-cost software to digitalize printed and/or ".pdf" file format ECG recordings. Calculation of ST-segment area and amplitudes of the J and Y points.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The amplitude of the Y point holds maximum correlation with troponin concentration. ST-segment elevation is not a good statistical indicator of myocardial infarction severity. There is a strong negative correlation between the amplitude of the J point and the amount of magnesium ions, but no statistical correlation with sodium or calcium ions. Neither method for calculating the ST-segment area (pixel counts and interpolation) indicated any significant differences in the results.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The software used proved to be functional and cost-effective. Y point amplitude is a sensitive marker of myocardial infarction, and is also a calculation method both simpler to use and less subject to error than the calculation of the ST-segment elevation area.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Acute myocardial infarction, telemedicine, eletrocardiogram.</p>
      <p>Acute myocardial infarction is caused by the interruption of blood flow to the coronary arteries. Early diagnosis is essential for the reduction of mortality and potential sequelae to the patient. </p>
      <p>One of the most accurate tools for this diagnosis is the electrocardiogram (ECG), performed with a device that measures the electrical impulses that travel through the cardiac muscle and provides a characteristic tracing that allows the identification of heart diseases. Currently this device can be found at healthcare facilities, but ECG recordings must be interpreted by specialists who are not always at the site the moment the exam is performed. In these situations, physicians can rely on the remote transmission of ECG signals to other healthcare units where specialists can receive and interpret these signals in real time. This resource consists of modern digital ECG devices with ports designed for computerized data management. However, there are still many analogical devices in operation that generate ECG tracings on paper strips, making this remote analysis unfeasible. </p>
      <p>The <italic>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia (HCU)</italic> has a highly qualified team to assist patients experiencing cardiac emergencies. However, as is the case in other teaching units in the country, their equipment has not been updated. There are still many analogical ECG devices being used that generate ECG tracings on paper strips that will be analyzed later. If these results could be stored in a computer, their analysis and filing would be significantly optimized, generating positive results both in terms of cost reduction and speed in treating the patients.</p>
      <p><italic>The ECG and acute myocardial infarction</italic> - As the electrical impulse generated by the cardiac cells travels throughout the heart, electrical currents spread through the surrounding tissues and small fractions emerge at the surface of the body generating an electrical field on the entire body surface. As mentioned by Guyton &amp; Hall<sup>9</sup>, since body fluids are good conductors of electricity, if electrodes are placed on the skin on opposite sides of the heart it is possible to record the potential fluctuations that represent the algebraic sum of the action potentials of myocardial fibers. This record, performed with an appropriate amplifier, is called electrocardiogram (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0106-00007-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>ECG waves are identified by letters from P to T, each of them representing phases ofthe cardiac cycle. For easier analysis, the waves may be considered isolated or in groups known as segments or complexes. </p>
      <p>The ST-segment begins at the J point where the inscription of the QRS complex ends, with an upward concavity in normal circumstances (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>). Its end, however, is not very well defined as it diffusely connects with the ascending branch of the T wave. The earliest sign of acute myocardial infarction is the straightening of the ST-segment, i.e., the loss of the slight concavity that normally exists at the transient ascension of the ST-segment.</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0106-00007-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In the hyperacute phase, an infarctus blockage usually occurs associated with the ST-segment elevation and increased amplitude of the T wave. The ST-segment initially curves with an upward concavity and positive T wave. This is the worst moment in the progression of the disease because of the greater possibility of ventricular fibrillation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">fig. 3</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0106-00007-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Analysis of the correlation between ST-segment changes and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) began in the 1970s.<sup>10 </sup>Later on, Schweitzer<sup>11 </sup>observed an interesting association between ST-segment elevation and the greater efficacy of streptokinase for the thrombolytic treatment. The author concluded that the larger the number of leads with ST-segment elevation, the more effective the treatment, thus increasing the chances of performing coronary reperfusions in infarction patients.</p>
      <p>Approximately 50% of infarction patients do not show ST-segment elevations on the first ECG. Serial ECGs may reduce the chances of diagnostic errors to 10%-20%<sup>12</sup>. In a twelve-lead ECG, the ST-segment elevation associated with chest pain has a 91% specificity and a 46% sensitivity for the diagnosis of AMI<sup>13</sup>. In acute coronary syndromes three types of changes may be observed on the ECG<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>&#149; Abnormal Q wave: the abnormality is detected when the Q wave is wider than one-third of the QRS complex indicating that there is an area with no electrical activity in the myocardium, that is, an infarcted area.</p>
      <p>&#149; Inverted T wave.</p>
      <p>&#149; ST-segment elevation: detected at the moment the infarction occurs. </p>
      <p><italic>According to the Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</italic><sup>15 </sup>(Brazilian Society of Cardiology), there is a sequence of electrocardiographic changes following the occlusion of a coronary artery: 1. initial minutes: ample, positive, peaked and symmetric-based T waves, with <underline>&gt;</underline> 0.1 mV elevation; 2. after 20 minutes: ST-segment elevation that morphologically tends to become convex; 3. hours later: detection of pathological Q waves and loss of R waves; 4. a few days later: ST-segment returns to baseline, and T wave is negative, deep and symmetrical. A prolonged ST-segment elevation after six weeks following the acute event may suggest the occurrence of ventricular aneurysm; 5. months after the acute event: the T wave may become positive.</p>
      <p>In spite of being an important indicator, the ST-segment elevation may also be caused by other diseases such as pericarditis, hypothermia, left bundle branch block, early repolarization, or artificial cardiac stimulation<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>This paper represents our first step towards processing analogical ECG recordings, so that to analyse the correlations between ST changements and AMI seriousness. This could contribute towards the development of automated diagnosis techniques, according to trends of the literature below.</p>
      <p>In this paper our study focuses on the determination of the ST-segment elevation area, the amplitude of the J point (that delimits the beginning of the ST-segment elevation), as well as the amplitude of the Y point (which begins 40 milliseconds after the occurrence of the J point).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Cinical data</italic> - Data were collected at the <italic>Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Uberl&#226;ndia HCU/UFU - </italic>One hundred and twenty medical charts of acute myocardial infarction patients admitted to HCU/UFU from 1/1/2004 to 12/31/2004 were selected. This sample was further screened based on the criteria below that establish the subject profile required for this study.</p>
      <p>&#149; (C1) Admission diagnosis: acute transmural infarction of the anterior myocardium wall.</p>
      <p>&#149; (C2) First ECG made after manifestation of infarction: it should be performed within six hours, maximum, after the infarction, which is necessarily indicated by precordialgia signs.</p>
      <p>&#149; (C3) Changes in the ST-segment on the ECGs: patients selected were only those whose ECGs indicated STsegment elevation in any of the leads, except aVr as this lead is not used to check ST-segment elevation due to being inverted.</p>
      <p>&#149; (C4) Changes in the amount of troponin and Ck-mb enzymes present in cardiac tissue: the values should be elevated, typically over 500 nanograms/deciliter.</p>
      <p>The selection of medical charts was also based on the following exclusion criteria:</p>
      <p>&#149; (C5) Acute infarction caused by total bundle branch block (either left or right);</p>
      <p>&#149; (C6) Acute infarction due to total atrioventricular block.</p>
      <p>Fifteen medical charts complied with these require&#173;ments. As the medical chart selection was completed, data collection was performed by filling out a form with patient data, characteristics of the infarction (affected leads, time elapsed since the first symptoms, medications, etc.). The forms were completed for all fifteen patients, and all ECGs recordings of these patients were set apart for analysis. </p>
      <p>Data collection at the <italic>Instituto de Telemedicina do Brasil &#150; ITMS &#150; Brasil</italic> - ECGs recordings of twenty patients who had suffered acute myocardium infarction were selected from an electronic database containing PDF files corresponding to digital ECG recordings sent to ITMS-Brazil headquarters by telephone. All ECG presented ST-segment elevation, and we considered the same selection criteria as described in the previous subsection. Notice that clinical data were not collected. </p>
      <p><italic>Digitalization software &#150; Eletrocheckup</italic> - The Eletrocheckup software was developed as a low-cost alternative for the digitalization of ECG printouts<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p><italic>Calculation of ST elevation, J and Y points</italic> - The graphic morphology of an ECG allows the easy identification of the wave components by analyzing the digital value matrix, considering the X axis as the interval of time elapsed. Upon identification of the starting point coordinates, and scanning the amplitudes in the data matrix, the values (voltages) tend to increase. When this trend is inverted, the point immediately before is considered as P point, and the values keep on decreasing. When this trend is inverted again, the Q point is identified and so on.</p>
      <p>The J point is defined as the end of the QRS complex and the beginning of the T wave. On a normal ECG, it is located at baseline level. After the point that identifies the S wave, the values begin to increase linearly. The J point can be identified by comparing these values with the baseline<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>The Y point is located 40 milliseconds after the J point. Its amplitude can be obtained by analyzing the ECG points located right after the J point. </p>
      <p>In order to identify the amplitude of the J point, considering the case of an ECG recording associated an AMI patient, one needs first to locate the R point, from which a horizontal scan is made on the Y axis up to the point wherein the ECG plot changes its derivative. The Y point is established when the Y axis is scanned horizontally, 40 milliseconds after the J point.</p>
      <p>For the calculation of the area, the following methods were used: <italic>Method 1 &#150; Pixel counts</italic> - The digitalized graphic images consist of points that are invisible when viewed from a distance, generating the optical impression of lines, solid filled areas, etc. The unit of measurement that represents the density of points per inch, known as "resolution", is given in "pixels", also known as dots per inch (dpi) or points per inch. Therefore, an image with 300 &#150;pixel resolutions has 300 points in each linear inch, either in vertical or in horizontal orientation.</p>
      <p>Usually, a type of graph paper is used for the electrocardiogram record, with 1 millimeter of distance between every two horizontal or vertical lines. Therefore, the smallest unit of area determined on the paper corresponds to a 1 mm side square (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">fig. 4</xref>)<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0106-00007-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In a resolution where each 1 mm square contains 10 pixels, whether vertical or horizontal, the result is an area containing 100 pixels. The initial and end points in the portion of interest in the electrocardiographic tracing are identified for calculation purposes. An imaginary line is drawn vertically as from the initial point, and an imaginary line is drawn horizontally as from the end point, thus establishing the desired area. The pixel counts are made on the delimited area and, when all of them are summed up, the value of the area is obtained (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">fig. 5</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0106-00007-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Method 2 &#150; Traditional integration</italic> - The second method used to estimate the area consists again of identifying the initial and end points of the desired electrocardiographic tracing. An imaginary line is drawn vertically from the initial point and horizontally from the end point. Then, the latter is divided into small rectangular areas, which are established by points selected along the tracing. Summing up these small areas lead to the final (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06-body2">figs 6</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig07-body2">7</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0106-00007-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig07-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0106-00007-gf07-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In order to choose the points, we used the interpolation technique which consists of determining a polynomial that takes on known values at given points, called as interpolation nodes, to be properly set up. Generally speaking, the set of interpolation functions is established by a finite number of parameters. In the case of polynomials, these parameters are their coefficients, which should be equal to the number of conditions imposed, that is, the number of nodes, so that only one solution is obtained.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Comparison between the area calculation methods</italic> - To calculate the areas, we used ECG .pdf files supplied by ITMS-Brazil. </p>
      <p>We obtained the results shown on <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> with both methods. After estimating the area, the error between the areas obtained by the two methods discussed above is calculated as per the following formula: </p>
      <p>
        <disp-formula id="frm01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0106-00007-e01-en.jpg"/></disp-formula>
      </p>
      <p>where A1 is the area calculated by method 1, and A2 is the area calculated by method 2. Other values in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> are described next.</p>
      <p>
        <disp-formula id="frm02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0106-00007-e02-en.jpg"/></disp-formula>
      </p>
      <p>where V is the variance, n is the number of patients, A<sub>i </sub>is the area of the ST segment elevation associated to the patient, and MV is the mean value of A<sub>i</sub>.</p>
      <p>
        <disp-formula id="frm03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0106-00007-e03-en.jpg"/></disp-formula>
      </p>
      <p>where NV is the normalized variance.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0106-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The calculation of the mean error value specified in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> points out us to conclude that both methods generate similar results. At the same time, since the values of error variance associated with the several leads are small, both methods are sound relative to the type of variation considered. Consequently, the methods have very similar performance. Considering that method 1 is more efficient from a computational point of view, it was used for the subsequent analyses in this study.</p>
      <p><italic>Calculation of the correlation between ST-segment elevation and acute myocardial infarction</italic> -To perform the calculations, ECGs from the HCU/UFU were used in order to assess the statistical correlation between two sets of X and Z variables, defined below.</p>
      <p>
        <disp-formula id="frm05-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0106-00007-e04-en.jpg"/></disp-formula>
      </p>
      <p>where: X = represents the set of variables associated to characteristics of the ST-segment on the ECG; A = Area of ST-segment elevation [mV.ms]; Hj = Height of the J point on the ECG [mV]; Hy = Height of the Y point on the ECG [mV].</p>
      <p>The "caracteristic ECG" of each patient is established as the first recording taken six hours after the first manifestation of AMI. In general, this ECG corresponds to the first measurement made in the emergency room at the HCU/UFU. However, considering the frequent illegible printouts and the poor graphic quality of the analogical ECG recordings, the characteristic ECG did not always correspond to the first measurement. In this case, it was chosen as the first chronologically most readable ECG among the series of registers made at the emergency room. </p>
      <p>From the characteristic ECG, the initial and end final points of the ST-segment elevation were highlighted, always using three leads for each ECG. The values of A, Hj and Hy were estimated for each one of the three leads in each characteristic ECG. Finally, the final characteristic values of the ST-segment elevation area, amplitude of the J point, and amplitude of the Y point associated to each patient correspond to an arithmetic mean involving all the corresponding values of A, Hj and Hy, considering the three leads of each characteristic ECG.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the characteristic values of the X variables for each patient, obtained by average of the ECG data collected with the form.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0106-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Next, the other set of variables is defined.</p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0106-00007-e05-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>where: Z = represents the set of variables associated to clinical tests performed with blood samples of acute myocardial infarction patients; Tr = concentration of troponin enzyme [nanogram/deciliter]; Ck = concentration of the Ck-mb enzyme [unit/liter]; K = concentration of potassium ion [milliequivalent/liter]; Na = concentration of sodium ion [milliequivalent/liter]; Ca = concentration of calcium ion [milliequivalent/liter]; Mg = concentration of magnesium ion [milliequivalent/liter]; Gl = blood glucose [milliequivalent/liter]; CV = closed vessel (CV = 1) or not (CV = 0). Binary variable; Pl = percentage of lesion [%].</p>
      <p>Important notes: 1) considering the variability in the concentration level of troponin and CK-mb enzymes, the maximum amplitude concentration, provided by the corresponding data collection form, was chosen as the characteristic value of each patient. 2) in terms of ion concentrations (K, Na, Ca and Mg) and blood glucose, the first amount provided in the form was chosen as the characteristic value for each patient. This amount represents the first measurement taken after the occurrence of the AMI. 3) clossed Vessel (CV) and percentage of Lesion (Pl) variables are obtained from the catheterization data. If the lesion is considered mild, P1 is set to 50%; if the lesion is moderate, 70%, and, finally, if the lesion is severe, then P1 is set to 90%. However, if the patient&#146;s form presents the percentage of vessel.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the characteristic values of the Z measurements for each patient obtained from the data collected with the form. Absent values (blank fields) could not be obtained from the medical records.</p>
      <p>The correlation coefficients between X and Z were calculated based on the following formulas: </p>
      <p>
        <disp-formula id="frm06-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0106-00007-e06-en.jpg"/></disp-formula>
      </p>
      <p>where CC (X,Z) is the correlation coefficient </p>
      <p>
        <disp-formula id="frm07-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0106-00007-e07-en.jpg"/></disp-formula>
      </p>
      <p>where X (MV) is the mean value of X (area, H-j and height H-y), Z(MV) is the mean value of Z (Troponin, Ck-mb, K<sup>+</sup>,Na<sup>+</sup> Ca<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>++</sup>, Blood Glucose, Closed Vessel and % of lesion), X<sub>i</sub> (Area, H-j and H-y) is the value that corresponds to patient i, Z<sub>i</sub> (Troponin, Ck-mb, K<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>++</sup>, Blood Glucose, Closed Vessel and % of lesion) is the value that corresponds to patient i, and n is the number of patients (in this case, n = 15).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The correaltion coefficients of <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref> do not take into consideration the alpha error associated with the concept of "significance", and the number of patients is quite low, leading to a poor statistical accuracy. Moreover, although most of the database is composed of ECGs recorded later than six hours after the AMI has taken place, this condition is not verified for all of them.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0106-00007-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Considering all the limitations discussed in the previous paragraph, the results in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref> lead to the following conclusions:</p>
      <p>&#149; (C1) The amplitude of the Y point has maximum correlation with troponin concentration, and is therefore an indicator of cardiac lesion due to AMI. However, in medical literature,<sup>18-20</sup> the amplitude of the Y point is more sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of chronic ischemia. Physiologically, it can be considered an important marker for the assessment of AMI seriousness, since it may indicate that the function of the sodium-potassium pump associated with cardiomyocytes is significantly hampered by the extent of tissue necrosis.</p>
      <p>&#149; (C2) ST-segment elevation, as indicated by the A measurement, is not a good statistical indicator of infarction seriousness as it has a close association only with the amount of potassium ions. The fact that the correlation between the latter and the ST-segment areas is negative should be associated with cardiomyocyte membrane repolarization.</p>
      <p>&#149; (C3) No significant correlation was observed between the concentration of troponin and CK-MB enzymes, and the percentage of lesion (Pl) with the area of ST-segment elevation (A). This may be explained by the fact that the thrombolytic treatment unclogged the vessel, or that the wave associated with cell necrosis was small.</p>
      <p>&#149; (C4) There is a high negative correlation between the closing of the vessel (CV) and the ST-segment elevation (A). This may be explained by the fact that the catheterization was performed later.</p>
      <p>&#149; (C5) There is a strong negative correlation between the amplitude of the J point and the amount of magnesium ions, leading to possible studies on the effect of magnesium ions on cardiac action potential. At the same time, there is no statistical correlation between the amplitude of the J point and the concentration of sodium and calcium ions. Indeed, the latter does not take part in ion exchange mechanisms during this phase of the cardiac action potential.</p>
      <p>Despite the limitations imposed by the small sampling of data available for testing, the analysis suggests that the Y point amplitude is a sensitive marker of AMI. Additionally, the estimation of this variable is simpler and less subject to errors than the calculation of the ST-segment elevation area, commonly reported in medical literature as an indicator of AMI.</p>
      <p>Current results lead to the following topics as future work: search for accurate statistical markers to speed up AMI diagnosis, based on signal processing theories (e.g., linear prediction and wavelets); inclusion of a greater number of patients in the clinical database; use of statistical tools that can yield more accurate correlation analysis; extension of phsysiological discussions pointed out by the analysis, with respect to medical and biological literature.</p>
      <p>The project carried out by Hermiada et al<sup>21</sup> with 103 patients at the Amiens Picardie Hospital in France pointed out that the elevation of the J point is also a strong indicator of the Brugada syndrome. ECG analyses were performed in patients with clinical suspicion of the syndrome. The results showed an elevation &gt; 0.16mV in lead -2V, with 100% specificity and positive predictivity, 40% sensitivity, and 28% negative predictivity. </p>
      <p>The study conducted by Kaluzay et al<sup>22</sup> with diagnosis of AMI, also including manual analysis of the same examinations by means of a magnifying glass. The study was based on 85 ECGs, which were randomly withdrawn from the ENTIRE-TIMI-23 study. The ECGs were scanned at 203 dpi and graphically enlarged. A vertical line was drawn perpendicular to the J point (or in 3, 6 or 12 J points of consecutive recordings). A perpendicular line was also drawn 20 ms after the J point. The calibration signal and ST-segment intersections with the lines drawn were marked for each lead. The results showed that the ST-segment elevation 20 ms after the J point are greater than at the J point itself, for all infarct sites. In addition, the computerized analysis was more accurate than the manual analysis, presenting a reliability index of 0.991 (95% CI 0.990 - 0.992) against 0.995 (95% CI CI 0.995 - 0.996) for the software analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements </bold>
      </p>
      <p>To Dr. S&#237;lvio Alessi and Dr. Andr&#233; Navarro, at the <italic>Instituto de Telemedicina do Brasil &#150; ITMS</italic> &#150; <italic>Brasil</italic>. To Professor Dr. Wilson Felipe Pereira, at the <italic>Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas - ICBIM/UFU</italic>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing Address:</p>
          <p> Jo&#227;o Batista Destro-Filho</p>
          <p> Av. Jo&#227;o Naves de &#193;vila, 2121 - Santa M&#244;nica</p>
          <p> 38400-902 &#150; Uberl&#226;ndia, MG - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="jbdestrof@yahoo.com">jbdestrof@yahoo.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Received on 08/18/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 11/11/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
