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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">CDYpdj5MRkhT46NybK7Kv5M</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001500005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001500005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise da dispers&#227;o do intervalo QT em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio: efeito da reperfus&#227;o coronariana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Neuza Helena Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grupi</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;sar</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dina</surname>
            <given-names>Cleberson H.</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gois</surname>
            <given-names>A&#233;cio F. T. de</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hajjar</surname>
            <given-names>Ludhmila A.</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ayub</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hueb</surname>
            <given-names>Whady A.</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>91</fpage>
      <lpage>98</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Estudar o efeito da reperfus&#227;o precoce da art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto sobre a dispers&#227;o do intervalo QT(deltaQT), e seu valor como marcador de reperfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria e de arritmias ventriculares. M&#201;TODOS: Foram avaliados 106 pacientes com reperfus&#227;o (CR) e 48 pacientes sem reperfus&#227;o (SR) que receberam terapia trombol&#237;tica na fase aguda do infarto. Foram analisados os eletrocardiogramas realizados na admiss&#227;o e no 4&#186; dia de evolu&#231;&#227;o. A deltaQT, definido como a diferen&#231;a entre o maior e o menor intervalo QT, foram medidos no ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es. RESULTADOS: Na evolu&#231;&#227;o do grupo com reperfus&#227;o, houve redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da deltaQT de 89,66&#177;20,47ms para 70,95&#177;21,65ms (p&lt;0,001). Por outro lado, no grupo sem reperfus&#227;o, houve aumento significativo da deltaQT de 81,27&#177;20,52ms para 91,85&#177;24,66ms (p&lt;0,001). An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica demonstrou que a magnitude de redu&#231;&#227;o entre a deltaQT pr&#233; e p&#243;s-tromb&#243;lise foi o fator independente que identificou mais efetivamente a reperfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria (OR 1,045, p&lt;0,0001; IC 95%). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa das medidas de dispers&#227;o quando comparados os pacientes que apresentaram arritmias ventriculares nas primeiras 48 h com aqueles sem arritmias. CONCLUS&#195;O: Esse estudo mostra que a deltaQT reduz significativamente em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio submetidos &#224; tromb&#243;lise com sucesso, aumentando nos pacientes que evoluem com a art&#233;ria fechada. A redu&#231;&#227;o deltaQT entre a situa&#231;&#227;o pr&#233; e p&#243;s-tromb&#243;lise foi fator preditor de reperfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria nesses pacientes, n&#227;o apresentando correla&#231;&#227;o com arritmias ventriculares.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Dispers&#227;o do QT</kwd>
        <kwd>infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>reperfus&#227;o coronariana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>An&#225;lise da dispers&#227;o do intervalo QT em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio: efeito da reperfus&#227;o coronariana</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Neuza Helena Moreira Lopes; C&#233;sar Grupi; Cleberson H. Dina; A&#233;cio F. T. de Gois; Ludhmila A. Hajjar; Beatriz Ayub; Carlos Eduardo Rochitte; Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini Ramires; Whady A. Hueb; Roberto Kalil</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Estudar o efeito da reperfus&#227;o precoce da art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto sobre a dispers&#227;o do intervalo QT(DQT), e seu valor como marcador de reperfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria e de arritmias ventriculares. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Foram avaliados 106 pacientes com reperfus&#227;o (CR) e 48 pacientes sem reperfus&#227;o (SR) que receberam terapia trombol&#237;tica na fase aguda do infarto. Foram analisados os eletrocardiogramas realizados na admiss&#227;o e no 4&#186; dia de evolu&#231;&#227;o. A DQT, definido como a diferen&#231;a entre o maior e o menor intervalo QT, foram medidos no ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Na evolu&#231;&#227;o do grupo com reperfus&#227;o, houve redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da DQT de 89,66&#177;20,47ms para 70,95&#177;21,65ms (p&lt;0,001). Por outro lado, no grupo sem reperfus&#227;o, houve aumento significativo da DQT de 81,27&#177;20,52ms para 91,85&#177;24,66ms (p&lt;0,001). An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica demonstrou que a magnitude de redu&#231;&#227;o entre a DQT pr&#233; e p&#243;s-tromb&#243;lise foi o fator independente que identificou mais efetivamente a reperfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria (OR 1,045, p&lt;0,0001; IC 95%). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa das medidas de dispers&#227;o quando comparados os pacientes que apresentaram arritmias ventriculares nas primeiras 48 h com aqueles sem arritmias. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> Esse estudo mostra que a DQT reduz significativamente em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio submetidos &#224; tromb&#243;lise com sucesso, aumentando nos pacientes que evoluem com a art&#233;ria fechada. A redu&#231;&#227;o DQT entre a situa&#231;&#227;o pr&#233; e p&#243;s-tromb&#243;lise foi fator preditor de reperfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria nesses pacientes, n&#227;o apresentando correla&#231;&#227;o com arritmias ventriculares. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Dispers&#227;o do QT, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, reperfus&#227;o coronariana.</p>
    <p>O conceito de dispers&#227;o do intervalo QT (DQT) definido como a diferen&#231;a entre o maior e o menor intervalo QT medidos no ECG de doze deriva&#231;&#245;es foi introduzido por Day e cols.<sup>1</sup> no in&#237;cio da d&#233;cada de 1990. Inicialmente foi proposto como um &#237;ndice de instabilidade el&#233;trica, e representaria a express&#227;o da varia&#231;&#227;o regional fisiol&#243;gica da recupera&#231;&#227;o da excitabilidade mioc&#225;rdica<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
    <p>A partir de ent&#227;o, a an&#225;lise da dispers&#227;o do QT passou a ser aceita com m&#233;todo n&#227;o-invasivo para detec&#231;&#227;o da heterogeneidade da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, sendo um marcador de arritmog&#234;nese, especialmente diante de um substrato isqu&#234;mico<sup>4</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; estudos relacionando-a como &#237;ndice progn&#243;stico na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e na cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
    <p>H&#225;, entretanto, poucos relatos na literatura sobre o efeito da reperfus&#227;o precoce na repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular de pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM). Estudos em animais indicam que a isquemia regional e a reperfus&#227;o alteram a dura&#231;&#227;o do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o e a velocidade de condu&#231;&#227;o, levando &#224; menor homogeneidade da recupera&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>7,8</sup>. Alguns estudos demonstraram que a dispers&#227;o do QT &#233; maior na fase inicial do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, reduzindo com o tempo, nos casos de tromb&#243;lise com sucesso, podendo permanecer elevada nos pacientes que desenvolveram fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>9-11</sup>. Com o intuito de estudar o efeito da reperfus&#227;o precoce da art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto sobre a dispers&#227;o do intervalo QT, e seu valor como marcador de reperfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria e de arritmias ventriculares, avaliamos pacientes que receberam terapia trombol&#237;tica na fase aguda do infarto.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudados, retrospectivamente, 154 pacientes internados no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP com diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, submetidos a tromb&#243;lise durante o per&#237;odo de 1989 a 1992. Os pacientes foram selecionados de um grupo inicial de 220 pacientes consecutivos que haviam recebido tromb&#243;lise com o ativador tecidual do plasminog&#234;nio tecidual (rt-PA) para avalia&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia do agente.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios para diagn&#243;stico de IAM foram: eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST igual ou maior que 0,2 mV em pelo menos duas deriva&#231;&#245;es do plano frontal ou igual ou maior que 0,3 mV em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas do plano horizontal, com ou sem a presen&#231;a de ondas Q de dura&#231;&#227;o maior que 40 ms, oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria relacionada ao infarto (ARI) mantida ap&#243;s infus&#227;o intracoron&#225;ria de 200 mcg de nitroglicerina e n&#237;veis de CK-MB duas vezes maior que o normal. </p>
    <p>A administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa do rt-PA foi iniciada na dose de 100 mg dentro das primeiras cinco horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas. Ap&#243;s noventa minutos da administra&#231;&#227;o do trombol&#237;tico, foram realizadas novas coronariografia e ventriculografia para avaliar o grau de reperfus&#227;o da ARI. Em 24 a 48 horas, a coronariografia era repetida para que se avaliasse a pat&#234;ncia da ARI. </p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o desse estudo foram: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial pr&#233;via ou aguda (oito pacientes), bloqueios de ramo pelo feixe de His ou dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular (oito pacientes), tra&#231;ados de eletrocardiograma (ECG) que n&#227;o permitiram avalia&#231;&#227;o satisfat&#243;ria (22 pacientes), e presen&#231;a de nova oclus&#227;o no cateterismo controle em 48 horas (onze pacientes) ou aus&#234;ncia de perfus&#227;o no primeiro cateterismo com pat&#234;ncia no segundo exame (dez pacientes). </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram distribu&#237;dos conforme crit&#233;rios angiogr&#225;ficos de reperfus&#227;o e de manuten&#231;&#227;o da pat&#234;ncia arterial em dois grupos: </p>
    <list list-type="bullet">
      <list-item>
        <p> Com reperfus&#227;o (CR): 106 pacientes com reperfus&#227;o logo ap&#243;s a tromb&#243;lise e com manuten&#231;&#227;o da pat&#234;ncia angiogr&#225;fica da ARI 48 horas ap&#243;s o evento. O tempo m&#233;dio de reperfus&#227;o foi de 56,60 &#177; 16,33 minutos. </p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p> Sem reperfus&#227;o (SR): 48 pacientes sem reperfus&#227;o ap&#243;s tromb&#243;lise e sem pat&#234;ncia angiogr&#225;fica da ARI 48 horas ap&#243;s o evento agudo. </p>
      </list-item>
    </list>
    <p>Considerou-se crit&#233;rio cl&#237;nico de reperfus&#227;o a presen&#231;a de pico precoce de CK-MB, ocorrido at&#233; 12 horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da infus&#227;o do trombol&#237;tico. </p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de arritmia ventricular baseou-se na presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (FV) e/ou taquicardia ventricular sustentada (TVS), caracterizada por epis&#243;dios ect&#243;picos sucessivos com dura&#231;&#227;o superior a trinta segundos, ocorridas nas primeiras 48 horas do infarto.</p>
    <p>Os tra&#231;ados de ECG avaliados foram os realizados na interna&#231;&#227;o do paciente, antes da infus&#227;o do trombol&#237;tico e no quarto dia de evolu&#231;&#227;o do infarto. Utilizou-se em todos os pacientes o eletrocardiograma computadorizado com conversor anal&#243;gico-digital do sinal, modelo 4745 Hewlett-Packard, com aquisi&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea de tr&#234;s deriva&#231;&#245;es. As doze deriva&#231;&#245;es convencionais foram registradas com velocidade de 25 mm/s e amplitude de 10 mm/Mv.</p>
    <p>Para melhorar a precis&#227;o das medidas, os tra&#231;ados foram ampliados em duas vezes por uma fotocopiadora, ficando a escala de velocidade equivalente a 50 mm/s e amplitude de 20 mm/Mv. Os tra&#231;ados foram analisados por observador &#250;nico sem pr&#233;vio conhecimento do <italic>status</italic> da pat&#234;ncia da art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto. </p>
    <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS e a dos intervalos RR, QT e JT foram medidas manualmente em cada uma das doze deriva&#231;&#245;es por dois ciclos consecutivos, por interm&#233;dio de uma mesa digitalizadora Kurta IS/ONE com resolu&#231;&#227;o de mil pontos por polegada e um programa desenvolvido pela Inform&#225;tica do InCor. </p>
    <p>Os intervalos QT foram medidos a partir do in&#237;cio do complexo QRS at&#233; o final da onda T. Os intervalos JT, a partir da subtra&#231;&#227;o dos valores do QRS de cada intervalo QT nas doze deriva&#231;&#245;es. Para cada tra&#231;ado considerou-se o valor m&#225;ximo m&#233;dio do intervalo do intervalo QT (QT m&#225;ximo) e o m&#237;nimo m&#233;dio (QT m&#237;nimo).</p>
    <p>O intervalo QT foi corrigido para a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca segundo a f&#243;rmula de Bazett: QTc = QT/raiz quadrada de RR. A dispers&#227;o do QT (DQT), a do JT (DJT) e a dispers&#227;o do QTc (DQTc) foram definidas como as diferen&#231;as entre os valores m&#225;ximos e m&#237;nimos dos intervalos, expressas em milissegundos (ms). </p>
    <p><italic>Avalia&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica - </italic>As vari&#225;veis classificat&#243;rias foram dispostas em tabelas, contendo freq&#252;&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas nos dois grupos, sendo as propor&#231;&#245;es comparadas utilizando-se o teste qui-quadrado ou teste de Fisher. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas como idade, CK-MB, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e dura&#231;&#227;o dos intervalos foram comparadas utilizando-se o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student (distribui&#231;&#227;o normal), ou teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico de Wilcoxon no caso de distribui&#231;&#227;o anormal.</p>
    <p>Os valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados signi&#173;ficantes. Foi utilizado o sistema estat&#237;stico SAS.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise comparativa das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas entre os grupos CR e SR (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>) mostrou n&#227;o haver diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade 53,57 &#177; 10,00 e 53,00 &#177; 9,44 (p = 0,875), predom&#237;nio do sexo masculino (p = 0,902), localiza&#231;&#227;o do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, sendo de parede anterior 58,49% e 45,83%, e inferior 41,41% e 54,17%, respectivamente (p = 0,144), tempo m&#233;dio entre in&#237;cio da dor e tromb&#243;lise 4,5 &#177; 0,8 horas e 4,8 &#177; 0,9 horas, respectivamente (p = 0,124) e n&#237;veis m&#225;ximos de CK-MB 116 UI e 93,5 UI (p = 0,063). Houve uma tend&#234;ncia de maior mortalidade intra-hospitalar no grupo SR, 14,58% quando comparado ao com reperfus&#227;o 4,72% (p = 0,05). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de FV ou TVS na fase aguda, 15,09% e 16,67% (p = 0,803), e de bloqueio atrioventricular total, 5,66% e 10,42% (p = 0,32), nos grupos CR e SR, respectivamente. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos CR e SR na distribui&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0091-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>No grupo CR, o pico precoce de CK-MB esteve presente em 76,42% dos casos, enquanto nos SR foi encontrado em 27,08% (p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). A presen&#231;a de pico precoce apresentou uma especificidade de 72,92% e sensibilidade de 76,42% para detectar reperfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0091-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa na distribui&#231;&#227;o das diferentes art&#233;rias relacionadas ao infarto entre os dois grupos, como tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre a extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica e em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular dos pacientes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p><italic>Vari&#225;veis eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas</italic> - Os resultados das medidas do intervalo RR, dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS, dos intervalos QT<sub>m&#225;x</sub>, QT<sub>m&#237;n</sub>, QTc<sub>m&#225;x</sub>, QTc<sub>m&#237;n</sub>, JT<sub>m&#225;x</sub> e JT<sub>m&#237;n</sub> obtidos no grupo com reperfus&#227;o n&#227;o mostraram significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o aos obtidos no grupo sem reperfus&#227;o.</p>
    <p><italic>Dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS, intervalo RR, QT, QTc e JT - </italic>Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o se demonstrou diferen&#231;a significativa entre os resultados das medidas do intervalo RR; da dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS; dos intervalos QT<sub>m&#225;x</sub>, QT<sub>m&#237;n</sub>, JT<sub>m&#225;x</sub> e JT<sub>m&#237;n</sub>, obtidos no ECG da interna&#231;&#227;o (pr&#233;) e no ECG do quarto dia de evolu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o do trombol&#237;tico (p&#243;s) em ambos os grupos. O intervalo QT<sub>m&#225;x</sub> se apresentou significativamente maior na situa&#231;&#227;o pr&#233; em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; p&#243;s-tromb&#243;lise, em ambos os grupos (p = 0,048), e o intervalo QTc<sub>m&#237;n</sub> se apresentou maior na situa&#231;&#227;o pr&#233; em rela&#231;&#227;o a p&#243;s-tromb&#243;lise no grupo sem reperfus&#227;o (p = 0,003) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0091-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Dispers&#227;o dos intervalos QT, JT e QTc antes e ap&#243;s a tromb&#243;lise</italic> - Antes da tromb&#243;lise, os valores dos par&#226;metros de dispers&#227;o dos intervalos QTc (DQTc) e JT (DJT) n&#227;o foram diferentes entre o grupo com reperfus&#227;o e o sem reperfus&#227;o. A vari&#225;vel DQT se apresentou maior no grupo CR, 89,66 &#177; 20,47 ms, quando comparada ao grupo SR, 81,27 &#177; 20,52 ms, (p = 0,019). No quarto dia ap&#243;s tromb&#243;lise, os valores dos par&#226;metros de dispers&#227;o foram significativamente menores no grupo CR comparado ao grupo SR, respectivamente: DQT 70,95 &#177; 21,65 ms e 91,85 &#177; 24,66 ms (p &lt; 0,001), DQTc 84,58 &#177; 24,61 ms e 106,00 &#177; 26,48 ms (p &lt; 0,001); e DJT 77,75 &#177; 24,43 ms e 92,19 &#177; 24,67 ms (p = 0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0091-00005-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes do grupo com reperfus&#227;o houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa nas vari&#225;veis DQT (p &lt; 0,001), DQTc (p &lt; 0,001) e DJT (p = 0,020). J&#225; o grupo sem reperfus&#227;o apresentou um aumento significativo nas vari&#225;veis DQT (p = 0,005) e DJT (p = 0,022) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0091-00005-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Fatores preditivos de reperfus&#227;o</italic> - Considerando-se as vari&#225;veis significativas na an&#225;lise univariada DQT, DQTc e DJT pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-tromb&#243;lise, pico de CK-MB, classe funcional de Killip <underline>&gt;</underline> 2 para reperfus&#227;o, ajustou-se o modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica com o procedimento de sele&#231;&#227;o "stepwise". Ap&#243;s o ajuste desse modelo, foi selecionada como fator preditivo de reperfus&#227;o a redu&#231;&#227;o da dispers&#227;o do intervalo QT obtida ap&#243;s a tromb&#243;lise, isto &#233;, a diferen&#231;a entre o QT pr&#233;- e o QT p&#243;s-tromb&#243;lise (dif DQT) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. 4</xref>). Assim, quanto maior for a redu&#231;&#227;o desse par&#226;metro, maior ser&#225; a probabilidade de reperfus&#227;o; ou seja, para cada 1 ms de diferen&#231;a encontrada entre o valor de DQT pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-tromb&#243;lise, aumenta-se em 1,045 vez a chance de reperfus&#227;o (IC 95%; 1,027-1,064) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>). A sensibilidade e a especificidade desse modelo s&#227;o de, respectivamente, 87,74% e 75% para uma diminui&#231;&#227;o de 4 ms, com acur&#225;cia de 83,77.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0091-00005-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0091-00005-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Arritmias ventriculares e vari&#225;veis eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas</italic> - N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa das medidas eletrocar&#173;diogr&#225;ficas, inclusive as de DQT, quando comparados os pacientes com ou sem arritmias ventriculares nas primeiras 48 horas de evolu&#231;&#227;o do infarto. Embora os grupos n&#227;o fossem diferentes quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, o QT<sub>m&#225;x</sub>, QTc<sub>m&#225;x</sub> e JT<sub>m&#225;x </sub>apresentavam-se com valores maiores na situa&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-tromb&#243;lise em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; p&#243;s-tromb&#243;lise no grupo com arritmia ventricular (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tab. 5</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0091-00005-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Esse estudo demonstra que na fase aguda do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ocorre aumento na dispers&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, avaliada pela medida da dispers&#227;o dos intervalos QT, QTc e JT. Al&#233;m disso, a reperfus&#227;o e a manuten&#231;&#227;o da pat&#234;ncia da art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto em pacientes submetidos a terapia trombol&#237;tica estiveram associadas com menor dispers&#227;o dos intervalos QT, QTc e JT, quando comparados aos pacientes sem reperfus&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es no intervalo QT dependentes do tempo t&#234;m sido demonstradas durante a fase aguda do infarto. O aumento da dura&#231;&#227;o e da DQT ocorre ao longo das primeiras 48 horas do infarto, atingindo valor m&#225;ximo no terceiro dia<sup>12,13</sup>. </p>
    <p>A tromb&#243;lise e a conseq&#252;ente reperfus&#227;o tamb&#233;m podem afetar a DQT. A reperfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio isqu&#234;mico inicialmente aumenta a heterogeneidade da recupera&#231;&#227;o ventricular induzida pela isquemia, em raz&#227;o do prolongamento da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular imediatamente ap&#243;s a reperfus&#227;o. Por&#233;m, posteriormente, os pacientes com melhor grau de reperfus&#227;o na art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto evoluem com menor DQT<sup>14</sup>. </p>
    <p>Recentemente, Bonnemeier e cols.<sup>15</sup> demonstraram que pacientes submetidos a angioplastia por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdico que evolu&#237;am com reperfus&#227;o incompleta apresentavam altera&#231;&#245;es na repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, afetando a din&#226;mica do QT.</p>
    <p>Nossos resultados est&#227;o de acordo com os dados encontrados na literatura. Em 1988, Cowan e cols.<sup>16</sup> descreveram em 42 pacientes p&#243;s-infarto do mioc&#225;rdio uma maior DQT, quando comparados ao grupo controle. Van de Loo e cols.<sup>17</sup> demonstraram uma significante redu&#231;&#227;o no DQT entre a fase aguda e a de convalescen&#231;a do infarto. Higham e cols.<sup>18</sup>, em 1995, comparando a DQT em pacientes com angina e infarto, mostraram que houve redu&#231;&#227;o da DQTc nesses pacientes na evolu&#231;&#227;o do infarto, sugerindo que isso se devesse &#224; reperfus&#227;o obtida pela tromb&#243;lise com estreptoquinase.</p>
    <p>Esses estudos preliminares, entretanto, n&#227;o correla&#173;cionaram essas altera&#231;&#245;es encontradas na DQT dos pacientes infartados com o efeito da reperfus&#227;o ou n&#227;o da art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto, como n&#243;s demonstramos. Nesse estudo, o comportamento do QT na fase aguda e na convalescen&#231;a do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio coincide com a proposi&#231;&#227;o inicial dos estudos cl&#237;nicos e experimentais, enfatizando que o per&#237;odo ap&#243;s o infarto e o grau de reperfus&#227;o da art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto s&#227;o importantes na determina&#231;&#227;o da varia&#231;&#227;o da DQT. </p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, foi constatado no presente trabalho que os pacientes com infarto agudo apresentam todas as vari&#225;veis de dispers&#227;o aumentadas e que a recanaliza&#231;&#227;o e a pat&#234;ncia da art&#233;ria relacionada provocaram redu&#231;&#227;o nessas vari&#225;veis, quando avaliadas no quarto dia ap&#243;s o evento.</p>
    <p>Foi poss&#237;vel demonstrar por meio da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica que, dentre as vari&#225;veis relacionadas &#224; reperfus&#227;o, a redu&#231;&#227;o da DQT entre a situa&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-tromb&#243;lise e o quarto dia de evolu&#231;&#227;o foi o par&#226;metro que melhor identificou a presen&#231;a de reperfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria. </p>
    <p>A pat&#234;ncia da art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto se tornou a principal meta na estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica dos pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, pois se sabe que a reperfus&#227;o precoce e manuten&#231;&#227;o da pat&#234;ncia arterial s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pela redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade a curto e a longo prazos nos pacientes infartados<sup>19,20</sup>. Portanto, o interesse pela pesquisa de m&#233;todos que permitam avaliar de maneira precoce e n&#227;o-invasiva a reperfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria e a pat&#234;ncia arterial &#233; muito importante, por ter implica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica na evolu&#231;&#227;o do infarto. Esse foi o primeiro estudo cuja metodologia compreendeu a avalia&#231;&#227;o coronariogr&#225;fica antes da tromb&#243;lise, aos noventa minutos e 48 horas ap&#243;s a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do rt-PA, o que permitiu correlacionar a varia&#231;&#227;o da DQT com a reperfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria. </p>
    <p>Nesse estudo n&#227;o se obtive rela&#231;&#227;o entre maior ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares e magnitude da dispers&#227;o do QT. Os resultados da literatura s&#227;o contra&#173;dit&#243;rios, especialmente no que se refere &#224;s arritmias da fase aguda. Os dados controversos v&#234;m de estudos com metodologias variadas, como tamb&#233;m da dificuldade de an&#225;lise de um evento causado por m&#250;ltiplos fatores. </p>
    <p>A dispers&#227;o do intervalo QT reduz, portanto, significa&#173;tivamente em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio submetidos a tromb&#243;lise com sucesso, e aumenta significativamente em pacientes infartados que evoluem com art&#233;ria fechada. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da redu&#231;&#227;o da dispers&#227;o do QT entre a situa&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-tromb&#243;lise &#233; preditora de reperfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria em pacientes infartados submetidos a tromb&#243;lise.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Neuza Helena Moreira Lopes </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44 </p>
        <p> 05403-000 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mass@incor.usp.br">mass@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Recebido em 11/07/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 07/10/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">QT interval dispersion analysis in acute myocardial infarction patients: coronary reperfusion effect</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of early reperfusion of infarct-related artery on QT(deltaQT) dispersion interval, as well as how valuable it is as a marker for coronary reperfusion and ventricular arrhythmias. METHODS: One hundred and six patients with reperfusion (WR) and 48 without reperfusion (WtR) who have received thrombolytic therapy in the acute phase of infarction were studied. ECG carried out on admission as well as on day 4 of patient&#8217;s course were analyzed. deltaQT - defined as the difference between maximum and minimum QT interval - was measured by 12-lead ECG. RESULTS: The reperfusion group showed significant deltaQT reduction - from 89.66&#177;20,47ms down to 70.95&#177;21.65ms (p&lt;0.001). On the other hand, the group without reperfusion showed deltaQT significant increase - from 81.27&#177;20.52ms up to 91.85&#177;24.66ms (p&lt;0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that reduction magnitude beween pre- and post-thrombolysis deltaQT was the independent factor to most effectively identify coronary reperfusion (OR 1.045, p&lt;0.0001; CI 95%). No significant difference was found in dispersion measures when patients with ventricular arrhythmias were compared with those with no arryhthmias in the course of the first 48 hours. CONCLUSION: The study shows that deltaQT is significantly reduced in patients with acute myocardial infarction submitted to successful thrombolysis, and is increased in infarcted patients with closed artery. deltaQT reduction between the pre- and post-thrombolysis condition was a predictor for coronary reperfusion of those patients, and did not show correlation to ventricular arrhythmias.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>QT dispersion</kwd>
        <kwd>acute myocardial infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary reperfusion</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>QT interval dispersion analysis in acute myocardial infarction patients: coronary reperfusion effect </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Neuza Helena Moreira Lopes; C&#233;sar Grupi; Cleberson H. Dina; A&#233;cio F. T. de Gois; Ludhimila A. Hajjar; Beatriz Ayub; Carlos Eduardo Rochitte; Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini Ramires; Whady A. Hueb; Roberto Kalil</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; HCFMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To study the effect of early reperfusion of infarct-related artery on QT(DQT) dispersion interval, as well as how valuable it is as a marker for coronary reperfusion and ventricular arrhythmias.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> One hundred and six patients with reperfusion (WR) and 48 without reperfusion (WtR) who have received thrombolytic therapy in the acute phase of infarction were studied. ECG carried out on admission as well as on day 4 of patient&#146;s course were analyzed. DQT &#150; defined as the difference between maximum and minimum QT interval &#150; was measured by 12-lead ECG.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The reperfusion group showed significant DQT reduction &#150; from 89.66&#177;20,47ms down to 70.95&#177;21.65ms (p&lt;0.001). On the other hand, the group without reperfusion showed DQT significant increase - from 81.27&#177;20.52ms up to 91.85&#177;24.66ms (p&lt;0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that reduction magnitude beween pre- and post-thrombolysis DQT was the independent factor to most effectively identify coronary reperfusion (OR 1.045, p&lt;0.0001; CI 95%). No significant difference was found in dispersion measures when patients with ventricular arrhythmias were compared with those with no arryhthmias in the course of the first 48 hours.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The study shows that DQT is significantly reduced in patients with acute myocardial infarction submitted to successful thrombolysis, and is increased in infarcted patients with closed artery. DQT reduction between the pre- and post-thrombolysis condition was a predictor for coronary reperfusion of those patients, and did not show correlation to ventricular arrhythmias. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> QT dispersion, acute myocardial infarction, coronary reperfusion.</p>
      <p>The concept of QT interval dispersion (DQT) defined as the difference between the longest and the shortest QT interval as measued by 12-lead electrocardiogram (EKG) was introduced by Day and Campbell in the early 1990&#146;s.<sup>1 </sup>At a first moment it was proposed as an electric instability index to represent the expression of regional physiological variation of myocardial excitability recovery<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
      <p>From then on, QT dispersion analysis has been accepted as the non-invasive method for the detection of ventricular repolarization heterogeneity, acting as a marker for arrythmogenesis especially in the presence of a ischemic substratum<sup>4</sup>. Additionally, some studies report its as prognostic for heart failure and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
      <p>However, few reports are available in the literature on the effect of early reperfusion on ventricular polarization of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients. Animal studies have indicated that regional ischemia and reperfusion alter the duration of action potential and conduction velocity, thus leading to lower homogeneity in ventricular recovery<sup>7,8</sup>. Some studies have demonstrated that QT dispersion is higher in the early stage of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), reduced along time in successful trhombolysis cases, and with a possibility of being kept high in patients who have developed ventricular fibrillation<sup> 9-11</sup>.</p>
      <p>With the purpose of investigating the effect of early reperfusion in the infarct-associated artery on QT dispersion interval, as well as how valuable it is for coronary reperfusion and ventricular arrhythmias, patients who have received thrombolytic therapy in the acute phase of infarction were studied.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>One hundred and fifty-four (154) patients admitted to the Heart Institute at the University of S&#227;o Paulo Clinics Hospital were studied retrospectively. All patients had been diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and had been submitted to thrombolysis in the period between 1989 and 1992. Patients were selected from a group of 220 consecutive patients who had received tissue plamsinogene activator thrombolysis (rt-PA) for drug efficacy evaluation.</p>
      <p>Criteria for acute myocardial infarction diagnosis were: elevation of segment ST equal to or higher than 0.2 mV in at least two leads in frontal plane, or equal to or higher than 0.3mV in two adjacent leads in horizontal plane, with or without the presence of Q waves longer than 40 m, oclusion of infarct-related artery (IRA) kept after 200 mcg nitroglycerin intracoronary infusion, and ckmb two times normal levels. </p>
      <p>Intravenous administration of rt-PA was started at 100 mg in the first five hours after onset of symptoms. After 90 minutes of thrombolytic administration, new coronariography and new ventriculography were carried out to investigate the level of IRA reperfusion. In the time frame between 24 and 48 hours coronariography was repeated for IRA patency to be assessed. </p>
      <p>Exclusion criteria in the present study included: previous or acute atrial fibrillation (8 patients), His bundle branch blocks, or intraventricular conduction disorders (8 patients), EKG traces that did not allow satisfactory assessment (22 patients), and the presence of new occlusion in control catheterism in 48 hours (11 patients), or the absence of perfusion in the first catheterism with patency in the second exam (10 patients). </p>
      <p>Following reperfusion angiographic criteria and arterial patency maintenance, patients were divided into two groups: </p>
      <p>&#149; With Reperfusion (WR): 106 patients with re&#173;perfusion immediately after thrombolysis and with angiographic patency maintenance of IRA 48 hours after the event. Mean time of reperfusion was 56.60&#177;16.33 minutes. </p>
      <p>&#149; Without reperfusion (WtR): 48 patients without reperfusion after thrombolysis and with no angiographic patency of IRA 48 hours after the event. </p>
      <p>Clinical criterion for reperfusion was considered to be the presence of early ckmb peak level within 12 hours after infusion of thrombolytic. </p>
      <p>Ventricular arrhythmia diagnosis was based on the presence of ventricular fibrillation (VF) and/or sustained ventricular tachycardia (SVT), characterized by successive ectopic episodes longer than 30 seconds within the first 48 hours after infarction.</p>
      <p>EKG traces were carried out at patient&#146;s admission, before infusion of thrombolytic and on day 4 of infarction course. All patients were submitted to standard 12-lead computerized EKG with analogic digital signal conversor, model 4745 Hewlett-Packard, with simultaneous acquisiton for 3 leads. The 12 conventional leads reported velocity of 25 mm/s and amplitude of 10 mm/Mv.</p>
      <p>To improve measuring accuracy, traces were enlarged to double their size by a copying machine, with velocity at 50 mm/s and amplitude at 20mm/Mv. Traces were analyzed by a single observer, with no previous knowledge on the status of IRA patency. </p>
      <p>The duration of complex QRS and RR intervals, QT and JT was measured manually for each of the 12 leads for two consecutive cycles through a Kurta IS/ONE digitalization table with 1,000 points per inch resolution, and software developed by the Heart Institute Computer Center. </p>
      <p>QT intervals measuring was based on the beginning of QRS complex up to the end of the T wave. JT intervals were measured based on the subtraction of QRS values from each QT interval in the 12 leads. For each of the traces the maximum average value of QT interval (maximum QT) and minimum average value (minimum QT) were considered.</p>
      <p>QT interval was corrected for heart rate following Bazett&#146;s formula: QTc = QT/square root of RR. QT (DQT) and JT (DJT) dispersion, as well as QTc (DQTc) dispersion were defined as the differences between maximum and minimum values of intervals, expressed in milliseconds (ms). </p>
      <p><italic>Statistic evaluation</italic> - Classificatory variables were distributed in tables, with absolute and relative frequencies in the two groups, with proportions compared by using chi-square test or Fisher test. Continuous variables such as date, ckmb, ejection fraction, and duration of intervals were compared by using Student t test (normal distribution), or Wilcoxon parametric test for abnormal distribution. p&lt;0.05 values were considered significant. The SAS statistic system was used.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Comparative analysis of clinical characteristics between WR and WtR groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>) showed no significant difference regarding age 53.57&#177;10.00 and 53.00&#177;9.44 (p=0.875), predominance of male sex (p=0.902), site of acute myocardial infarction, being anterior wall 58.49% and 45.83%, and inferior wall 41.41% and 54.17%, respectively (p=0.144), average time between the onset of pain and thrombolysis 4.5&#177;0.8 hours and 4.8&#177;0.9 hours, respectively (p=0.124) and maximum levels of CKMB 116 IU and 93.5 IU (p=0.063). The WtR group reported a higher trend towards in-hospital mortality rate (14.58%) when compared to the WR group (4.72%) (p=0.05). No significant difference was reported regarding the presence of VF or SVT in the acute phase (15.09% and 16.67%) (p=0.803), or total atrioventricular blocking (5.66% and 10.42% (p=0.32), in the WR and WtR groups, respectively. No significant difference between the WR and WtR groups was reported regarding risk factors for coronary artery disease. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0091-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In the WR group early ckmb peak was reported in 76.42% of cases, against 27.08% (p&lt;0.001) in the WtR group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). Early peak reported specificity at 72.92% and sensitivity at 76.42% for the detection of coronary reperfusion. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0091-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>No significant difference was reported in the distribution of the different infarct-related arteries between the two groups, as there was no difference between patients&#146; atherosclerotic disease extension and ventricular function (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p><italic>Electrocardiographic variables</italic> - Measure results from RR intervals, QRS duration, maximum QT intervals, minimum QT intervals, maximum QTc, minimum QTc, maximum JT, and minimum JT obtained from the reperfusion group did not show significant relation when compared to those from the group without reperfusion.</p>
      <p><italic>QRS duration, RR, QT, QTc and JT interval</italic> - No significant difference was demonstrated in the groups, either for results from RR interval, QRS duration, maximum QT intervals, minimum QT intervals, maximum JT, and minimum JT obtained from EKG at admission (pre) and EKG on day 4 of condition course, after the administration of the thrombolytic (post). Maximum QT interval showed to be significantly higher in pre-thrombolysis as compared to post-thrombolysis in both groups (p=0.048), while minimum QTc interval showed to be higher in pre rather than post-thrombolysis in the WtR (p=0.003) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0091-00005-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>QT, JT and QTc interval dispersions pre- and post-thrombolysis</italic> - Before thrombolysis was carried out, values for dispersion parameters for QTc (DQTc) and JT (DJT) intervals did not show any difference between WR and WtR. The variable DQT showed to be higher in the WR group (89.66 &#177; 20.47 ms), when compared to the WtR group (81.27 &#177; 20.52 ms) (p=0.019). On day 4 after thrombolysis, values for dispersion parameters were significantly lower in the WR group when compared to the WtR group, respectively: DQT 70.95&#177;21.65 ms and 91.85 &#177; 24.66 ms (p&lt;0.001), DQTc 84.58 &#177; 24.61 ms and 106.00 &#177;26.48 ms (p&lt;0.001); and DJT 77.75&#177;24.43 ms and 92.19 &#177; 24.67 ms (p=0.001). (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0091-00005-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In WR patients significant reduction was shown in variables DQT (p&lt;0.001), DQTc (p&lt;0.001), and DJT (p=0.020). On the other hand, the WtR group showed significant increase in variables DQT (p=0.005) and DJT (p=0.022). (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0091-00005-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Predictive factors for reperfusion</italic> - Considering the significant variables in the univariate analysis &#150; pre- and post-thrombolysis DQT, DQTc and DJT, CKMB peak, Killip <underline>&gt;</underline> 2 functional class for reperfusion &#150; the logistic regression model was adjusted through stepwise selection procedure. After model adjustment, reduction of QT interval dispersion obtained after thrombolysis was selected as predictive factor for reperfusion, which is to say, the difference between pre and post-thrombolysis QT (dif DQT) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>). Therefore, the higher the reduction of that parameter, the higher the probability of reperfusion, which is to say, for each ms of difference found between pre- and post-thrombolysis DQT, the chance of reperfusion will be increased 1.045 times (CI 95%; 1.027-1.064) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>). The sensitivity and specificity of that model are 87.74% and 75%, respectively, for a 4 ms reduction, with accuracy level at 83.77. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0091-00005-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0091-00005-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Ventricular arrhythmias and electrocardiographic variables</italic> - No significant difference was found in electrocardiographic measures, DQT included, when patients with or without ventricular arrythmias were compared in the course of the first 48 hours after infarction. Although the groups did not differ in regard do electrocardiographic characteristics, maximum QT, maximum QTc and maximum JT showed to be higher pre-thrombolysis when compared to post-thrombolysis in the ventricular arrhythmia group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0091-00005-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study shows increased dispersion in ventricular repolarization in the acute phase of myocardial infarction, assessed through QT, QTc and JT intervals dispersion measure. Additionally, reperfusion and the maintenance of infarct-related artery in patients submitted to thrombolytic therapy were associated to lower dispersion of QT, QTc and JT intervals when compared to patients without reperfusion.</p>
      <p>Time dependent changes in QT interval have been demonstrated during the acute phase of infarction. DQT and duration increase take place within the first 48 hours of infarction, and reach their peak on day 3<sup>12,13</sup>. </p>
      <p>Thrombolysis and consequent reperfusion can also affect DQT. At a first moment, reperfusion of ischemic myocardium increases the heterogeneity of ischemia-induced ventricular recovery due to ventricular repolarization immediately after reperfusion. But later on, patients reporting better reperfusion level in the infarct-related artery report lower DQT<sup>14</sup>. </p>
      <p>Recently, Bonnemeier et al<sup>15</sup> have demonstrated that patients submitted to angioplasty due to acute myocardial infarction who reported incomplete reperfusion showed changes in ventricular repolarization which affected QT dynamics.</p>
      <p>Our results are in agreement with data found in the literature. In 1988, Cowan et al<sup>16</sup> described higher post-myocardial infarction DQT in 42 patients when compared to a control group. Van de Loo<sup>17</sup> demonstrated significant DQT reduction between the acute and the recovery phase in infarction recovery. In 1995, while comparing DQT in angina and infarction patients, Higman et al<sup>18</sup> demonstrated that those patients reported DQTc reduction after infarction, thus suggesting that could be due to the reperfusion by thrombolysis with streptokinase.</p>
      <p>However, those preliminary studies did not correlate the changes found in the DQT of infarcted patients with infarct-related artery reperfusion effect or lack of effect, as this study has done. In the present study, QT behavior both in acute phase and myocardial infarction recovery stage coincides with the early proposition of clinical and experimental studies, emphasizing that the period after infarction and infarct-related artery reperfusion level are relevant in determining DQT variation. </p>
      <p>Additionally, the present study has demonstrated that all dispersion variables are increased in acute infarction patients, and recanalization and patency of related artery caused reduction in those variables when evaluated on day 4 after the event.</p>
      <p>It was possible to demonstrate, through logistic regression analysis, that among the variables related to reperfusion, DQT reduction between pre-thrombolysis condition and day 4 of patient&#146;s evolution was the parameter that best identified the presence of coronary reperfusion. </p>
      <p>Infarct-related artery patency was turned into the major goal in therapeutic strategy for acute myocardial infarction patients, since it is known that early reperfusion and artery patency maintenance are responsible for mid and long-term mortality reduction in infarcted patients<sup>19,20</sup> . Therefore, the interest in research for methods that sponsor early and non-invasive evaluation of coronary reperfusion and artery patency is of high relevance for their prognostic implication in infarction course. This was the first study whose methodology included coronariographic evaluation pre-thrombolysis, at 90 minutes and at 48 hours after the use of rt-PA, which allowed the correlation of DQT variation with coronary reperfusion. </p>
      <p>In the present study, the relation between higher occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias and QT dispersion magnitude was not obtained. Results in literature are contradictory, especially in what it refers to arrythmias in the acute phase. Studies based on different methodologies as well as the difficulty in analyzing an event caused by multiple factors have resulted in controversial data. </p>
      <p>Therefore, QT interval dispersion is significantly reduced in patients with acute myocardial infarction submitted to successful thrombolysis, and is significantly increased in infarcted patients with closed artery. The evaluation of QT dispersion reduction between the pre- and psot-thrombolysis condition is a predictor for coronary reperfusion of infarcted patients submitted to thrombolysis. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Neuza Helena Moreira Lopes</p>
          <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44</p>
          <p> 05403-000 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="mass@incor.usp.br">mass@incor.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Received on 07/11/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 10/07/05</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
