<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">mHKnmfNvWnQqkg78BfKys9J</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001500004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001500004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal da car&#243;tida e fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial na doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chequer</surname>
            <given-names>Graziela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Navarro</surname>
            <given-names>T&#250;lio Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Falqueto</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Belis&#225;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alencar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Clara N.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Cristiano R. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mandil</surname>
            <given-names>Ari</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saad</surname>
            <given-names>Jamil Abdalla</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Cirilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Luiz Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Fel&#237;cio Rocho</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Socor</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>84</fpage>
      <lpage>90</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Investigar uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre o teste de reatividade da art&#233;ria braquial (BART) e o espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal (EMI) da car&#243;tida em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, assim como avaliar uma correla&#231;&#227;o do BART e do EMI da car&#243;tida com a gravidade da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana demonstrada atrav&#233;s da coronariografia. M&#201;TODOS: Quarenta e dois pacientes (idade: 60,7 &#177; 9,2 anos, 66,7% do sexo masculino) com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana por coronariografia foram estudados. A fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foi avaliada de modo n&#227;o-invasivo atrav&#233;s do BART, quando foi medido o porcentual de dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo fluxo (%DMF). O EMI de car&#243;tida foi avaliado por meio de ultra-som vascular. RESULTADOS: A m&#233;dia de %DMF foi de 4,7 &#177; 3,6 e a m&#233;dia de EMI de car&#243;tida foi de 1,08 &#177; 0,23 mm. As medidas do EMI de car&#243;tida e do %DMF apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa, com coeficiente de Spearman de -0,315, valor p = 0,042, demonstrando que valores menores de %DMF se correlacionaram a um maior EMI de car&#243;tida. N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre %DMF, EMI e a gravidade das les&#245;es; CONCLUS&#195;O: A presen&#231;a de uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre o %DMF e o EMI da car&#243;tida demonstra a concomit&#226;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares funcionais e anat&#244;micas na doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, independentemente da gravidade das les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial</kwd>
        <kwd>car&#243;tida</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;a coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>aterosclerose</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal da car&#243;tida e fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial na doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Graziela Chequer; Bruno Ramos Nascimento; T&#250;lio Pinho Navarro; Eduardo Belis&#225;rio Falqueto; Maria Clara N. Alencar; M&#225;rcio Cristiano R. de Miranda; Ari Mandil; Jamil Abdalla Saad; Cirilo Fonseca; Ant&#244;nio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG, Hospital Socor e Hospital Fel&#237;cio Rocho - Belo Horizonte, MG</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Investigar uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre o teste de reatividade da art&#233;ria braquial (BART) e o espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal (EMI) da car&#243;tida em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, assim como avaliar uma correla&#231;&#227;o do BART e do EMI da car&#243;tida com a gravidade da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana demonstrada atrav&#233;s da coronariografia. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Quarenta e dois pacientes (idade: 60,7 &#177; 9,2 anos, 66,7% do sexo masculino) com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana por coronariografia foram estudados. A fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foi avaliada de modo n&#227;o-invasivo atrav&#233;s do BART, quando foi medido o porcentual de dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo fluxo (%DMF). O EMI de car&#243;tida foi avaliado por meio de ultra-som vascular. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>A m&#233;dia de %DMF foi de 4,7 &#177; 3,6 e a m&#233;dia de EMI de car&#243;tida foi de 1,08 &#177; 0,23 mm. As medidas do EMI de car&#243;tida e do %DMF apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa, com coeficiente de Spearman de -0,315, valor p = 0,042, demonstrando que valores menores de %DMF se correlacionaram a um maior EMI de car&#243;tida. N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre %DMF, EMI e a gravidade das les&#245;es; </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> A presen&#231;a de uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre o %DMF e o EMI da car&#243;tida demonstra a concomit&#226;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares funcionais e anat&#244;micas na doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, independentemente da gravidade das les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, car&#243;tida, doen&#231;a coronariana, aterosclerose.</p>
    <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial tem importante papel na forma&#231;&#227;o da placa e no curso cl&#237;nico da aterosclerose. O espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal (EMI) da car&#243;tida &#233; uma altera&#231;&#227;o vascular precoce, que precede a forma&#231;&#227;o da placa. Entretanto, a correla&#231;&#227;o entre estes par&#226;metros na doen&#231;a arterial coronariana n&#227;o est&#225; definida.</p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana persiste como a principal causa de &#243;bito em todo o mundo. Sabe-se hoje que o endot&#233;lio tem participa&#231;&#227;o central na patog&#234;nese da aterosclerose, deflagrando uma resposta inflamat&#243;ria que &#233; a respons&#225;vel pela forma&#231;&#227;o e instabiliza&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica, com influ&#234;ncia direta no curso cl&#237;nico desta e de outras doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, como hipertens&#227;o arterial e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>At&#233; o in&#237;cio da d&#233;cada de 1990, a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial era avaliada de modo invasivo, atrav&#233;s da inje&#231;&#227;o intraco&#173;ron&#225;ria de acetilcolina<sup>1</sup>. Em 1992, Celermajer e cols.<sup>2</sup> padronizaram o teste de reatividade da art&#233;ria braquial (<italic>brachial artery reactivity test </italic>&#150; BART), quando a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foi avaliada de modo simples por meio de ultra-som vascular. </p>
    <p>O espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal vascular corresponde a um est&#225;gio inicial da aterosclerose, precedendo a forma&#231;&#227;o da placa. A ultra-sonografia da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida permite facilmente essa medida, e a presen&#231;a e a gravidade do espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal carot&#237;deo t&#234;m sido correlacionadas &#224; aterosclerose coronariana<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e o espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal da car&#243;tida tenham valor progn&#243;stico bem demonstrado como preditores independentes de eventos cardiovasculares futuros (infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral e &#243;bito), o valor desses m&#233;todos como indicadores de poss&#237;vel doen&#231;a arterial coronariana n&#227;o est&#225; definido e seu emprego cl&#237;nico permanece incerto. </p>
    <p>O objetivo principal deste estudo foi investigar uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre o teste de reatividade da art&#233;ria braquial (BART) e espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal da car&#243;tida em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Como objetivo secund&#225;rio, investigamos uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre esses dois testes e a gravidade das les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas detectadas pela angiografia coronariana.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A amostra foi constitu&#237;da por pacientes encaminhados ao laborat&#243;rio de Hemodin&#226;mica dos Hospitais Fel&#237;cio Rocho e Socor, em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, no per&#237;odo de mar&#231;o de 2002 a mar&#231;o de 2003. A solicita&#231;&#227;o da coronariografia foi feita pelo m&#233;dico assistente, indicada para esclarecimento de dor tor&#225;cica ou isquemia comprovada em um m&#233;todo funcional (teste ergom&#233;trico, cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica ou ecocardiograma de estresse). Os pacientes foram selecionados consecutivamente logo ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de coronariografia eletiva. Foram inclu&#237;dos todos os pacientes que apresentaram evid&#234;ncia de qualquer grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o luminal. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: coronariografia normal (art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias lisas); diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (angina inst&#225;vel ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio) nos sete dias anteriores ao exame; evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica ou laboratorial de qualquer doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica como hepatopatia, valvopatias, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, doen&#231;as da tire&#243;ide, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica com creatinina s&#233;rica <underline>&gt;</underline> 2,0 mg%, doen&#231;as do tecido conjuntivo e neoplasias. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s assinatura do termo de consentimento esclarecido os pacientes foram encaminhados ao Ambulat&#243;rio Bias Fortes, do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, para preenchimento do protocolo da pesquisa, com avalia&#231;&#227;o do quadro cl&#237;nico e dos fatores de risco para doen&#231;a coronariana. </p>
    <p>Tabagismo foi definido como h&#225;bito de fumar nos &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s meses. Dislipidemia foi definida como n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol LDL superiores a 160 mg% e heran&#231;a para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana como a presen&#231;a de pelo menos um familiar em primeiro grau com diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a ou morte s&#250;bita, numa idade inferior a 55 anos no caso do sexo masculino, e 65 anos no caso do sexo feminino. Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica foi considerada segundo informa&#231;&#227;o do paciente ou uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva. A presen&#231;a do diabetes mellitus foi definida segundo informa&#231;&#227;o do paciente, uso de hipoglicemiante oral e/ou insulina ou atrav&#233;s de valores de glicemia de jejum (m&#237;nimo de dois valores superiores a 126 mg%). </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram encaminhados ao laborat&#243;rio vascular no Ecograf, n&#250;cleo de medicina diagn&#243;stica em Belo Horizonte, para realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste de fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e ultra-sonografia das car&#243;tidas.</p>
    <p><italic>Procedimentos espec&#237;ficos - coronariografia e ventricu&#173;lografia esquerda</italic> - A coronariografia foi analisada de forma subjetiva por dois cardiologistas intervencionistas independentes. Em caso de discord&#226;ncia, foi feita a avalia&#231;&#227;o por um terceiro especialista. Denominaram-se irregularidades parietais les&#245;es com comprometimento do di&#226;metro luminal menor que 50%. Os resultados foram analisados nos pacientes com les&#245;es &lt; 50%, les&#245;es entre 50% e 70% e les&#245;es <underline>&gt;</underline> 70%. </p>
    <p><italic>Teste de fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial atrav&#233;s da dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria braquial mediada pelo fluxo</italic> - O teste de reatividade da art&#233;ria braquial foi realizado conforme descri&#231;&#227;o original por Celermajer e cols.<sup>2</sup>; medicamentos com a&#231;&#227;o na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foram previamente suspensos. Bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio, nitratos e inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina foram suspensos 24 horas antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste. Betabloqueadores foram suspensos 48 horas antes. Todos os testes foram realizados no per&#237;odo da manh&#227; e ap&#243;s um intervalo de jejum m&#237;nimo de 8 horas.</p>
    <p>O paciente permaneceu em repouso, em dec&#250;bito dorsal durante 10 minutos antes do teste. O di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial foi mensurado por meio de ultra-som vascular, utilizando-se transdutor linear com freq&#252;&#234;ncia de 7,0 MHz, em equipamento ASPEN (Acuson, Mountain View, Calif&#243;rnia &#150; USA). As imagens foram obtidas em repouso, durante hiperemia reativa, novamente em repouso e ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o de nitroglicerina sublingual.</p>
    <p>Com o transdutor posicionado 2 a 15 cm acima da fossa cubital foi feita a medida do di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial (em mm) em condi&#231;&#245;es basais. Em seguida, foi realizada a insufla&#231;&#227;o de um manguito pneum&#225;tico posicionado 5 cm abaixo da fossa cubital, a 250 mmHg, durante 5 minutos, para que se produzisse isquemia distal. Sessenta segundos ap&#243;s a desinsufla&#231;&#227;o do manguito foi feito o registro de imagens em um estado de hiperemia reativa. Ap&#243;s 15 minutos de espera foi administrada nitroglicerina 400 &#181;cg sublingual e, 4 minutos ap&#243;s, foi feito o &#250;ltimo registro do di&#226;metro arterial. A varia&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro arterial no repouso e ap&#243;s hiperemia reativa foi expressa como o porcentual de dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo fluxo (%DMF). Foram obtidas as m&#233;dias de quatro medidas em cada situa&#231;&#227;o: basal, ap&#243;s hiperemia reativa e ap&#243;s nitroglicerina. Todas as imagens foram realizadas por um mesmo examinador, que se encontrava cego em rela&#231;&#227;o ao quadro cl&#237;nico e ao resultado da coronariografia.</p>
    <p><italic>Medida do espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal da car&#243;tida</italic> - A medida do espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal da car&#243;tida foi realizada conforme t&#233;cnica descrita em estudos anteriores<sup>5,6</sup>, durante os 10 minutos iniciais de repouso, antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste de reatividade da art&#233;ria braquial, pelo mesmo examinador. Foi utilizado o mesmo transdutor vascular descrito acima, posicionado longitudinalmente sobre a art&#233;ria car&#243;tida dos pacientes, bilateralmente. Foi considerado para an&#225;lise o maior dos valores obtidos nas duas car&#243;tidas, expresso em mil&#237;metros (mm).</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica </italic>- As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram descritas pela m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o. Vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram descritas por freq&#252;&#234;ncia e porcentagem. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre o percentual de DMF, o espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal das car&#243;tidas e a gravidade das les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas por coronariografia foi obtida pelo coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman (rs), j&#225; que a distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis n&#227;o foi normal. Os resultados foram considerados significantes quando o valor de p &lt; 0,05. </p>
    <p>O presente estudo representa um subestudo de um projeto mais amplo, e o c&#225;lculo amostral para tal projeto foi feito considerando-se sempre o erro alfa de 0,05 e o erro beta de 0,20. Considerando-se que o tamanho amostral foi determinado <italic>a priori</italic>, a pot&#234;ncia deste presente estudo foi estimada em 74,8% para um erro a de 0,05, conforme software "PS Power and Sample Size Calculation" (Dupont and Plummer, 1997, dispon&#237;vel no site <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/prevmed/ps.htm">http://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/prevmed/ps.htm</ext-link>).</p>
    <p><italic>Aspectos &#233;ticos</italic> - Todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento esclarecido. O estudo foi conduzido respeitando-se as normas da resolu&#231;&#227;o 196/96 sobre pesquisa envolvendo seres humanos publicada pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de/Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de, e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas.</p>
    <p><italic>Objetivos</italic> - O objetivo principal deste estudo foi investigar uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre o BART e espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal da car&#243;tida em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com um largo espectro de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, demonstrada objetivamente por meio de cineangiocoronariografia.</p>
    <p>Um objetivo secund&#225;rio foi avaliar uma correla&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e do espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal da car&#243;tida com a gravidade da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana expressa pelo grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o luminal (em %) determinada por uma placa ateroscler&#243;tica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados 42 pacientes. A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 60,7 &#177; 9,2 anos, sendo 66,7% do sexo masculino. A hipertens&#227;o arterial esteve presente em 35 (83,3%) dos pacientes, e a dislipidemia em 14 (33,3%) pacientes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0084-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Quadro cl&#237;nico</italic> - A dor tor&#225;cica at&#237;pica esteve presente em 19 (45,2%) dos pacientes, tendo sido o quadro cl&#237;nico mais freq&#252;ente, seguido da angina est&#225;vel, presente em 12 (28,6%) deles. Seis (14,3%) dos pacientes eram assintom&#225;ticos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p><italic>Coronariografia</italic> - Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a coronariana, 12 (28,6%) pacientes apresentavam apenas irregularidades parietais coronarianas, 5 (11,9%) tinham les&#245;es entre 50% e 70% e 25 (59,5%) tinham les&#245;es <underline>&gt;</underline> 70%. Dos pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e pelo menos uma les&#227;o <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%, 10 (23,8 %) eram uniarteriais, 8 (19,0%) eram biarteriais e 10 (23,8%) eram triarteriais. Dezesseis (38,1%) pacientes apresentavam algum d&#233;ficit segmentar avaliado pela ventriculografia. A concord&#226;ncia entre os cardiologistas intervencionistas que fizeram a an&#225;lise das coronariografias foi avaliada pelo m&#233;todo de Kappa, com &#237;ndice de 81,1 &#177; 8,5%.</p>
    <p><italic>Fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial</italic> - A m&#233;dia do porcentual de vasodila&#173;ta&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o de nitroglicerina sublingual foi de 9,6 &#177; 4,2. Sexo e idade n&#227;o apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o com %DMF (r = -0,280, p = 0,07 e r = -0,088, p = 0,57, respectivamente). O grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana tamb&#233;m n&#227;o se correlacionou com %DMF (r = -0,008, p = 0,96). A m&#233;dia de %DMF na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi de 4,7 &#177; 3,6. As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">2</xref> mostram as imagens do BART de um dos pacientes do estudo. Houve um %DMF de 12, o que traduz uma fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial normal.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0084-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0084-00004-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal de car&#243;tida</italic> - A m&#233;dia do espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal foi de 1,08 &#177; 0,23 mm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). A medida do espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal de car&#243;tida n&#227;o apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o com sexo e idade (r = -0,099, p = 0,53 e r = 0,278, p = 0,074, respectivamente). A gravidade da doen&#231;a coronariana (grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o) tamb&#233;m n&#227;o se correlacionou com o espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal de car&#243;tida (r = -0,063, p = 0,69). </p>
    <p><italic>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre %DMF e espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal de car&#243;tida</italic> - As medidas do espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal de car&#243;tida e do %DMF apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa, com coeficiente de Spearman de -0,315, valor p = 0,042 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>). Quando avaliamos essa correla&#231;&#227;o de outro modo, considerando o espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal da car&#243;tida como uma vari&#225;vel bin&#225;ria e presente se &gt; 1,0 mm, observamos que idade e sexo permaneceram sem correla&#231;&#227;o com o espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal, mas, de modo concordante com a an&#225;lise anterior, o %DMF foi de 6,0 &#177; 3,7 nos 18 pacientes sem espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal e 3,7 &#177; 3,3 nos 24 pacientes com essa altera&#231;&#227;o, diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa, com valor p = 0,04 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0084-00004-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0084-00004-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em suas fases mais iniciais, subcl&#237;nicas, tem sido motivo de interesse crescente. A import&#226;ncia da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial como preditor independente de eventos cardiovasculares foi bem demonstrada em estudos anteriores<sup>7-9</sup>. Do mesmo modo, a presen&#231;a do EMI carot&#237;deo est&#225; relacionada &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico, com um risco relativo entre 2 e 6<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>A import&#226;ncia desses testes no diagn&#243;stico precoce da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, contudo, permanece indefinida. Schroeder e cols.<sup>11 </sup>estudaram o valor do teste de reatividade da art&#233;ria braquial no rastreamento da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em 122 pacientes que foram encaminhados para realiza&#231;&#227;o de coronariografia e estabeleceram uma compara&#231;&#227;o com outros m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos, como a presen&#231;a de dor tor&#225;cica anginosa, o teste ergom&#233;trico em esteira e a cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica. Esses autores definiram um ponto de corte atrav&#233;s da curva ROC, encontrando o valor de %DMF <underline>&lt;</underline> 4,5 como de maior sensibilidade e especificidade para se predizer a doen&#231;a coronariana. A sensibilidade do teste foi de 71,3% e a especificidade, de 81,0%. A maior sensibilidade foi da cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica (100,0%), seguida da presen&#231;a de dor anginosa (95,1%) e do teste ergom&#233;trico (82,4%). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; especificidade dos testes, os valores para o teste ergom&#233;trico foram de 57,1% e para a presen&#231;a de angina, de 23,8%. Os dados acima demonstram um bom valor diagn&#243;stico do teste de reatividade da art&#233;ria braquial em termos de sensibilidade e especificidade e os autores sugeriram que o teste pode ter, no futuro, aplica&#231;&#227;o no rastreamento na doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, mas deve-se considerar a possibilidade de vi&#233;s causado pela sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes neste estudo. </p>
    <p>Embora o BART venha sendo empregado em v&#225;rios estudos, n&#227;o h&#225; um consenso quanto a um valor de refer&#234;ncia para o porcentual de DMF que definiria a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Na maior parte dos estudos, o teste &#233; descrito em grupos diferentes de pacientes, com valores que s&#227;o comparados entre si, sem o objetivo de se definir a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial a partir de determinado porcentual de DMF. Em 2001 foi publicada uma diretriz para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do BART com orienta&#231;&#245;es importantes a respeito da metodologia adequada, mas sem trazer um valor de porcentagem de DMF que definisse a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial<sup>12</sup>. Em nossa amostra de pacientes com largo espectro de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, a m&#233;dia do porcentual de DMF de 4,7 &#177; 3,6 foi reduzida, fato esperado considerando-se o papel do endot&#233;lio como evento inicial da aterog&#234;nese. Esse valor est&#225; um pouco abaixo daqueles encontrados por outros autores estudando a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em pacientes com doen&#231;a demonstrada &#224; coronariografia. Chan e cols.<sup>13</sup> encontraram m&#233;dia de porcentual de DMF de 5,9 &#177; 3,8. &#201; interessante salientar que o valor encontrado em nosso estudo de 4,7 &#177; 3,6 &#233; muito inferior aos valores m&#233;dios encontrados em indiv&#237;duos h&#237;gidos e sem fatores de risco para doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, entre 8,2 &#177; 3,1 e 21,1 &#177; 2,0<sup>2,14,15</sup>. Em estudo conduzido por nosso grupo e publicado em 2003, encontramos um porcentual de DMF de 8,9 &#177; 5,7 estudando 26 indiv&#237;duos com coron&#225;rias normais<sup>16</sup>. </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre o %DMF e a gravidade da doen&#231;a coronariana quanto ao grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas, como tamb&#233;m demonstrado por Enderle e cols.<sup>17 </sup>mas em contraste com Neunteufl e cols.<sup>15</sup>. Diferen&#231;as demogr&#225;ficas, como porcentual de pacientes sintom&#225;ticos, diab&#233;ticos, hipertensos, dislipid&#234;micos ou tabagistas, podem ter determinado esses resultados discrepantes. Os crit&#233;rios empregados para definir a gravidade da doen&#231;a coronariana diferem nos estudos. Neunteufl e cols. estratificaram os pacientes em maior n&#250;mero de subgrupos de acordo com o grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas: &lt; 30, 30-50, 50-70, 70-90, 90-99 e 100%, enquanto a estratifica&#231;&#227;o que empregamos constituiu-se de apenas tr&#234;s subgrupos: &lt; 50%, entre 50% e 70% e &gt; 70%.</p>
    <p>Ainda de maior import&#226;ncia, &#233; preciso considerar que em todos os estudos a gravidade da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foi estabelecida levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o apenas o grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o luminal determinado de modo subjetivo. Embora a concord&#226;ncia interobservadores tenha sido satisfat&#243;ria em nosso estudo, com &#237;ndice de Kappa superior a 80%, a angiografia coron&#225;ria quantitativa computadorizada permitiria uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais apropriada e uma compara&#231;&#227;o entre os estudos, eliminando a subjetividade do cardiologista intervencionista e a varia&#231;&#227;o interobservador. Outras caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas, como o n&#250;mero de les&#245;es significativas por vaso, que traduziriam uma doen&#231;a mais difusa, poderiam ser empregadas, mas n&#227;o h&#225; consenso ou normatiza&#231;&#227;o a esse respeito. A coronariografia foi utilizada em nosso estudo e pelos demais autores como o padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia na defini&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, conceito que vem sendo discutido ap&#243;s a introdu&#231;&#227;o do ultra-som intracoronariano.</p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia do espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal nessa amostra estudada foi de 1,08 &#177; 0,23 mm. Esse valor elevado &#233; esperado e est&#225; em concord&#226;ncia com o comprometimento j&#225; estabelecido no leito coronariano. Em contraste com Enderle e cols.<sup>17</sup>, n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre o espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal arterial e o grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana, mas as mesmas observa&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224; defini&#231;&#227;o de gravidade da doen&#231;a discutidas acima devem ser consideradas.</p>
    <p>A correla&#231;&#227;o entre o porcentual de DMF e espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal da car&#243;tida foi avaliada em poucos estudos, sempre com amostra reduzida de pacientes. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o negativo entre %DMF e espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal de car&#243;tida demonstra que, nesse grupo de pacientes, valores menores de porcentual de DMF se correlacionaram com um maior espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal (r = -0,315, p = 0,042). Esses dados est&#227;o de acordo com o que demonstraram Enderle e cols.<sup>17</sup> em um grupo de pacientes com alta suspei&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a coronariana (r = -0,317, p = 0,0004). Campuzano e cols.<sup>18</sup>, estudando um grupo de 39 pacientes com fatores de risco para aterosclerose e 13 pacientes sem esses fatores, encontraram diferen&#231;a no %DMF entre os grupos (2,77 &#177; 2,57 x 11,98 &#177; 4,61%, valor p &lt; 0,01), bem como diferen&#231;a nos valores de EMI (0,85 &#177; 0,24 x 0,57 &#177; 0,14 mm, valor p = 0,001), tamb&#233;m com uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre estas vari&#225;veis (r = -0,357; p &lt; 0,01). Juonala e cols.<sup>19</sup>, estudando adultos entre 24 e 39 anos, sem evid&#234;ncia de DAC, da mesma forma, encontraram correla&#231;&#227;o negativa e significativa entre %DMF e EMI em an&#225;lise multivariada (r = -0,34, p = 0,001); al&#233;m disso, o n&#250;mero de fatores de risco se correlacionou com o EMI em pacientes com menor %DMF. Nos demais estudos a avalia&#231;&#227;o da correla&#231;&#227;o dos dois m&#233;todos foi feita em pacientes hipertensos e n&#227;o coronariopatas. Ghiadoni e cols.<sup>5</sup> avaliaram a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e o espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal da car&#243;tida em 44 pacientes hipertensos e 30 indiv&#237;duos normotensos e encontraram correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre os dois testes apenas no grupo de hipertensos (r = -0,68, p = 0,0003). Resultados diferentes foram relatados por Barenbrock e cols.<sup>6</sup>, que n&#227;o encontraram correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e o espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal arterial estudando pacientes hipertensos nunca tratados, sem evid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a coronariana (r = -0,17, p = 0,32). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref> traz uma revis&#227;o dos resultados dos principais estudos que avaliaram essas quest&#245;es discutidas. Estudos subseq&#252;entes s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para se determinar se existe rela&#231;&#227;o entre essas altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares (disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e EMI) e a gravidade da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0084-00004-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>CONCLUS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, a presen&#231;a de uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre o porcentual de dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo fluxo e o espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal da car&#243;tida sugere a concomit&#226;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais e anat&#244;micas na doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. N&#227;o encontramos uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre essas altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares (disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal) e a gravidade das les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas detectadas pela angiografia coronariana. A import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica desses m&#233;todos permanece indeterminada. Uma melhor padroniza&#231;&#227;o dos testes, estudos com maior amostra e diferentes crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o podem, no futuro, situar essa avalia&#231;&#227;o do dano vascular inicial no contexto da preven&#231;&#227;o, diagn&#243;stico e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Graziela Chequer </p>
        <p> Rua Montes Claros, 475/702 </p>
        <p> 30310-370 &#150; Belo Horizonte, MG </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="grazichequerr@hotmail.com">grazichequerr@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 10/04/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 04/05/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Ludmer PL, Selwyn AP, Shook TL, et al.    Paradoxical vasoconstriction induced by acetylcholine in atherosclerotic coronary    arteries. N Engl J Med. 1986; 315: 1046-51.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Paradoxical vasoconstriction induced by acetylcholine in atherosclerotic coronary arteries</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1046</fpage>
          <lpage>51</lpage>
          <volume>315</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ludmer</surname>
              <given-names>PL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Selwyn</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shook</surname>
              <given-names>TL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Gooch VM, et    al. Non-Invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults    at risk of atherosclerosis. Lancet. 1992;340(8828):1111-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Non-Invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1111</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <issue>8828</issue>
          <volume>340</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Celermajer</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sorensen</surname>
              <given-names>KE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gooch</surname>
              <given-names>VM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Crouse JR III, Craven TE, Hagaman AP, et    al. Association of coronary disease with segment-specific intimal-medial thickening    of the extracranial carotid artery. Circulation. 1995;92:1141-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Association of coronary disease with segment-specific intimal-medial thickening of the extracranial carotid artery</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1141</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>92</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Crouse</surname>
              <given-names>JR III</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Craven</surname>
              <given-names>TE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hagaman</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Kallikazaros I, Tsioufis C, Sideris S,    et al. Carotid artery disease as a marker for the presence of severe coronary    artery disease in patients evaluated for chest pain. Stroke. 1999; 30:1002-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Carotid artery disease as a marker for the presence of severe coronary artery disease in patients evaluated for chest pain</article-title>
          <source>Stroke</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1002</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kallikazaros</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsioufis</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sideris</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Ghiadoni L, Taddei S, Virdis A, et al.    Endothelial function and common carotid artery wall thickening in patients with    essential hypertension. Hypertension. 1998;32:25-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Endothelial function and common carotid artery wall thickening in patients with essential hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>25</fpage>
          <lpage>32</lpage>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ghiadoni</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taddei</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Virdis</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Barenbrock M, Hausberg M, Kosch M, et al.    Flow-mediated vasodilation and distensibility in relation to intima-media thickness    of large arteries in mild essential hypertension. Am J Hypertension. 1999;12:973-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Flow-mediated vasodilation and distensibility in relation to intima-media thickness of large arteries in mild essential hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Am J Hypertension</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>973</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barenbrock</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hausberg</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kosch</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Sch&#228;chinger V, Britten MB, Zeiher    AM. Prognostic impact of coronary vasodilator dysfunction on adverse long-term    outcome of coronary heart disease. Circulation. 2000; 101:r1-r8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prognostic impact of coronary vasodilator dysfunction on adverse long-term outcome of coronary heart disease</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>r1</fpage>
          <lpage>r8</lpage>
          <volume>101</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sch&#228;chinger</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Britten</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zeiher</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Halcox J, Schenke W, Zalos G, et al. Prognostic    value of coronary vascular endothelial dysfunction. Circ. 2002;106:653-58.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prognostic value of coronary vascular endothelial dysfunction</article-title>
          <source>Circ</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>653</fpage>
          <lpage>58</lpage>
          <volume>106</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Halcox</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schenke</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zalos</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Gokce N, Keaney J, Hunter L, et al. Risk    stratification for postoperative cardiovascular events via noninvasive assessment    of endothelial function  A prospective study. Circulation. 2002;105:1567-72.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Risk stratification for postoperative cardiovascular events via noninvasive assessment of endothelial function - A prospective study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1567</fpage>
          <lpage>72</lpage>
          <volume>105</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gokce</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Keaney</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hunter</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Rothwell PM. Carotid artery disease and    the risk of ischaemic stroke and coronary vascular events. Cerebrovasc Dis.    2000;10 Suppl 5:21-33.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Carotid artery disease and the risk of ischaemic stroke and coronary vascular events</article-title>
          <source>Cerebrovasc Dis.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>21</fpage>
          <lpage>33</lpage>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rothwell</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Schroeder S, Enderle M, Ossen R, et al.    Noninvasive determination of endothelium-mediated vasodilation as a screening    test for coronary artery disease: pilot study to assess the predictive value    in comparison with angina pectoris, exercise electrocardiography, and myocardial    perfusion imaging. Am Heart J. 1999;138(4):731-39.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Noninvasive determination of endothelium-mediated vasodilation as a screening test for coronary artery disease: pilot study to assess the predictive value in comparison with angina pectoris, exercise electrocardiography, and myocardial perfusion imaging</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>731</fpage>
          <lpage>39</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>138</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schroeder</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Enderle</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ossen</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Correti MC, Anderson TJ, Benjam&#237;n    EJ, et al. Guidelines for the ultrassound assessment of endotelial-dependent    flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:257-65.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Guidelines for the ultrassound assessment of endotelial-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>257</fpage>
          <lpage>65</lpage>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Correti</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benjam&#237;n</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Chan SY, Mancini J, Kuramoto L, et al.    The prognostic importance of endothelial dysfunction and carotid atheroma burden    in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42:1037-43.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The prognostic importance of endothelial dysfunction and carotid atheroma burden in patients with coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1037</fpage>
          <lpage>43</lpage>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chan</surname>
              <given-names>SY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mancini</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kuramoto</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Celermajer DS, Adams MR, Clarkson MB,    et al. Passive smoking and impaired endothelium-dependent arterial dilatation    in healthy young adults. N Engl J Med. 1996;334: 150-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Passive smoking and impaired endothelium-dependent arterial dilatation in healthy young adults</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>150</fpage>
          <lpage>4</lpage>
          <volume>334</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Celermajer</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clarkson</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Neunteufl T, Katzenschlager, Hassan A,    et al. Systemic endothelial dysfunction is related to the extent and severity    of coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis. 1997;129:111-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Systemic endothelial dysfunction is related to the extent and severity of coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>111</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>129</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Neunteufl</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Katzenschlager</surname>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hassan</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Chequer G, Navarro T, Nascimento B. Fun&#231;&#227;o    endotelial e teste de estresse em doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Arq Bras    Cardiol. 2003;81(supl 3):60.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e teste de estresse em doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chequer</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Navarro</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nascimento</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Enderle MD, Schroeder S, Ossen R, et al.    Comparison of peripheral endothelial disfunction and intimal media thickness    in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Heart. 1998;80:349-54.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Comparison of peripheral endothelial disfunction and intimal media thickness in patients with suspected coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Heart.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>349</fpage>
          <lpage>54</lpage>
          <volume>80</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Enderle</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schroeder</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ossen</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Campuzano R, Moya JL, Garc&#237;a-Lled&#243;    A, et al. Endotelial disfunction and intimal-media thickness in relation to    cardiovascular risk factors in patients without clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis.    Rev Esp Cardiol. 2003;56(6):546-54.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Endotelial disfunction and intimal-media thickness in relation to cardiovascular risk factors in patients without clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis</article-title>
          <source>Rev Esp Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>546</fpage>
          <lpage>54</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>56</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Campuzano</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moya</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garc&#237;a-Lled&#243;</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Juonala M, Viikari JSA, Laitinen T, et    al. Interrelations beetwen brachial endotelial function and carotid intima-media    thickness in young adults  the cardiovascular risk in young Finns study. Circulation.    2004;110:2918-23. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Interrelations beetwen brachial endotelial function and carotid intima-media thickness in young adults - the cardiovascular risk in young Finns study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2918</fpage>
          <lpage>23</lpage>
          <volume>110</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Juonala</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Viikari</surname>
              <given-names>JSA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laitinen</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Carotid intimal-medial thickening and endothelial function in coronary artery disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between the endothelial function and the carotid intimal-medial thickening (IMT) in a population of patients with coronary artery disease, as well as that between the endothelial function and carotid IMT with the severity of the coronary lesions. METHODS: Forty-three patients aged 60.5&#177;9.2 years, (67.4% males) with coronary artery disease at the coronariography were studied. Endothelial function was assessed using the brachial artery reactivity test (BART), which measured the percentage of flow-mediated dilatation (%FMD). The carotid IMT was evaluated through vascular ultrasound. RESULTS: The mean %FDM was 4.7 &#177; 3.6 and the mean carotid IMT was 1.08 &#177; 0.23 mm. The carotid MIT and %FMD measurements showed a statistically significant correlation, with Spearman&#8217;s coefficient of 0.315, p= 0.042, demonstrating that lower %FMD values corresponded to an increased carotid IMT (r = -0.315, p = 0.042). There was no correlation between %FMD or IMT and the severity of coronary lesions. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of a correlation between carotid IMT and %FMD demonstrates a concomitance of anatomical and functional vascular alterations in coronary artery disease, regardless of the severity of the atherosclerotic lesions.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Endothelial function</kwd>
        <kwd>carotid</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary disease</kwd>
        <kwd>atherosclerosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Carotid intimal-medial thickening and endothelial function in coronary artery disease </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Graziela Chequer; Bruno Ramos Nascimento; T&#250;lio Pinho Navarro; Eduardo Belis&#225;rio Falqueto; Maria Clara N. Alencar; M&#225;rcio Cristiano R. de Miranda; Ari Mandil; Jamil Abdalla Saad; Cirilo Fonseca; Ant&#244;nio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG, Hospital Socor e Hospital Fel&#237;cio Rocho - Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To investigate the correlation between the endothelial function and the carotid intimal-medial thickening (IMT) in a population of patients with coronary artery disease, as well as that between the endothelial function and carotid IMT with the severity of the coronary lesions.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Forty-three patients aged 60.5&#177;9.2 years, (67.4% males) with coronary artery disease at the coronariography were studied. Endothelial function was assessed using the brachial artery reactivity test (BART), which measured the percentage of flow-mediated dilatation (%FMD). The carotid IMT was evaluated through vascular ultrasound.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The mean %FDM was 4.7 &#177; 3.6 and the mean carotid IMT was 1.08 &#177; 0.23 mm. The carotid MIT and %FMD measurements showed a statistically significant correlation, with Spearman&#146;s coefficient of 0.315, p= 0.042, demonstrating that lower %FMD values corresponded to an increased carotid IMT (r = -0.315, p = 0.042). There was no correlation between %FMD or IMT and the severity of coronary lesions.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The presence of a correlation between carotid IMT and %FMD demonstrates a concomitance of anatomical and functional vascular alterations in coronary artery disease, regardless of the severity of the atherosclerotic lesions.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Endothelial function, carotid, coronary disease, atherosclerosis. </p>
      <p>Endothelial dysfunction has an important role in plaque formation and the clinical course of atherosclerosis. The intimal-medial thickening (IMT) of the carotid is an early vascular alteration that precedes plaque formation. However, the correlation between these parameters in coronary artery disease is yet to be defined. </p>
      <p>Coronary artery disease persists as the main cause of death worldwide. It is currently known that the endothelium has a vital participation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, triggering an inflammatory response that is responsible for the atherosclerotic plaque formation and instability, with a direct influence on the clinical course of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases, such as arterial hypertension and cardiac failure.</p>
      <p>Until the beginning of the 90s, endothelial function was evaluated through invasive methods, with the intracoronary injection of acetylcholine<sup>1</sup>. In 1992, Celermajer et al<sup>2</sup> standardized the brachial artery reactivity test (BART) , in which the endothelial function is assessed through a simple vascular ultrasonographic examination. </p>
      <p>The vascular intimal-medial thickening (IMT) corres&#173;ponds to the initial stage of atherosclerosis, preceding plaque formation. The ultrasonography of the carotid artery allows IMT to be easily measured, and the presence and severity of the carotid intimal-medial thickening have been correlated to coronary atherosclerosis<sup>3,4</sup>. </p>
      <p>Although the presence of endothelial dysfunction and carotid intimal-medial thickening have a prognostic value that has been well demonstrated as independent predictors of future cardiovascular events (acute myocardial infarction, stroke and death), the value of these methods as indicators of possible coronary artery disease is yet to be defined and remains unclear.</p>
      <p>The main objective of this study was to investigate a correlation between the brachial artery reactivity test (BART) and carotid intimal-medial thickening (IMT) in a population of patients with coronary artery disease. As a secondary objective, we investigated a correlation between these two tests and the severity of the atherosclerotic lesions detected by coronary angiography. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The sample consisted of patients referred to the Laboratory of Hemodynamics of the Fel&#237;cio Rocho and Socor Hospitals, in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, between March 2002 and March 2003. The coronary angiography was requested by the assistant physician, in order to investigate thoracic pain or ischemia detected through a functional test (ergometric stress test, myocardial scintillography or stress echocardiogram (STRESS ECHO)). </p>
      <p>The patients were selected consecutively immediately after undergoing the elective coronary angiography. All patients who presented evidence of any degree of luminal obstruction were included. </p>
      <p>The exclusion criteria were: normal coronary angio&#173;graphy (smooth coronary arteries); diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction) within seven days prior to the examination; clinical or laboratory evidence of any chronic disease such as hepatopathies, valvopathies, cardiac failure, thyroid disease, chronic renal failure with serum creatinine <underline>&gt;</underline> 2.0 mg%, conjunctive tissue diseases and neoplasias.</p>
      <p>After signing the written informed consent, the patients were referred to the Bias Fortes Outpatient Clinic, from Hospital das Clinicas of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, in order to fill out the research protocol, along with the assessment of the clinical picture and risk factors for coronary disease.</p>
      <p>Smoking was defined as the habit of smoking during the previous three months. Dyslipidemia was defined as serum LDL cholesterol levels &gt; 160 mg/dL and hereditary factor for coronary artery disease, such as the presence of at least one first-degree relative with a diagnosis of the disease or sudden death, at an age younger than 55 yrs in the male sex and 65 yrs in the female sex. Systemic arterial hypertension was considered according to the information provided by the patient or use of anti-hypertensive medication. The presence of diabetes mellitus was defined according to the information provided by the patient, use of oral hypoglycemic drugs and/or insulin or through fasting glycemia levels (minimum of two measurements above 126 mg/dL). </p>
      <p>All patients were refereed to the vascular laboratory of Ecograf, a Diagnostic Medicine Group in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, in order to undergo the endothelial function test and carotid ultrasonography. </p>
      <p>Specific procedures - <italic>coronary angiography and left ventricle angiography - </italic>The coronary angiography was analyzed subjectively by two independent interventionist cardiologists. In case of discordance, a third specialist was called in for another evaluation. Lesions with a compromised luminal diameter &lt; 50% were called parietal irregularities. The results were analyzed in patients with lesions &lt; 50%, lesions between 50% and 70% and lesions <underline>&gt;</underline> 70%. </p>
      <p>Endothelial function test through the flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery - The brachial artery reactivity test (BART) was performed according to the original description by Celemajer et al<sup>2</sup>; drugs with effect on the endothelial function were discontinued prior to the test. Calcium channel blockers, nitrates and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors were withdrawn 24 hours before the test. Beta blockers were withdrawn 48 hrs before the test. All tests were carried out in the morning and after a minimum fasting period of 8 hours.</p>
      <p>The patient remained in a resting position, in dorsal decubitus, for 10 minutes prior to the test. The diameter of the brachial artery was measured through a vascular ultrasound, using a linear transducer with a 7.0 MHz frequency in an ASPEN equipment (Acuson, Mountain View, California &#150; USA). The images were obtained during resting, during reactive hyperemia, again during resting and after the administration of sublingual nitroglycerin. </p>
      <p>With the transducer positioned 2 to 15 cm above the cubital fossa, the measurement of the diameter of the brachial artery was performed (in mm) in basal conditions. Next, the insufflation of a pneumatic cuff positioned 5 cm below the cubital fossa at 250 mmHg for 5 minutes was carried out, in order to produce distal ischemia. Sixty seconds after cuff desufflation, the recording of images in a state of reactive hyperemia was performed. After 15 minutes of wait, 400 mcg of sublingual nitroglycerin was administrated and 4 minutes later, the last recording of arterial diameter was performed. The variation of arterial diameter during resting and after reactive hyperemia was expressed as the percentage of flow-mediated dilatation (%FMD). The means of four measurements in each situation were obtained: basal, after reactive hyperemia, and after nitroglycerin. All images were obtained by the same examiner, who was blinded for the clinical picture and the coronary angiography results. </p>
      <p><italic>Measurement of the carotid intimal-medial thickening (IMT)</italic> - The measurement of the carotid intimal-medial thickening was performed according to the technique described in previous studies<sup>5,6</sup>, during the initial 10 minutes of the resting period, before the brachial artery reactivity test was performed, by the same examiner. The same vascular transducer described above was used, by positioning it longitudinally on the patient&#146;s carotid artery, bilaterally. The highest of the values obtained from both carotids, expressed in millimeters (mm) was considered for analysis. </p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - The quantitative variables were described by means and standard deviations. Qualitative variables were described by frequency and percentage. The correlation between the %FMD, carotid intimal-medial thickening and the severity of atherosclerotic lesions by coronary angiography was obtained through the Spearman&#146;s rank correlation coefficient (rs), as the distribution of the variables was not normal. The results were considered significant when p&lt; 0.05.</p>
      <p>The present study represents a sub-study of a broade project, and the sample calculation for such project was carried out considering an alpha error of 0.05 and a beta error of 0.20. Considering that the sample size was determined <italic>a priori</italic>, the power of this study was estimated at being 74.8% for an alpha error of 0.05, according to the PS Power and Sample Size Calculation Software (Dupont and Plummer, 1997, available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/prevmed/ps.htm">http://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/prevmed/ps.htm</ext-link>).</p>
      <p><italic>Ethical aspects</italic> - All patients signed a written informed consent prior to the study. The study was carried out according to the norms in the 196/96 resolutions on research involving human beings published by the Health Ministry and National Council of Health, and approved by the Ethics Committee on Research of Hospital das Clinicas of the University of S&#227;o Paulo School of Medicine.</p>
      <p><italic>Objectives</italic> - The main objective of this study was to investigate a correlation between BART and carotid intimal-medial thickening in a population of patients with an ample spectrum of coronary artery disease, demonstrated objectively through a cineangiocoronarygraphy. </p>
      <p>A secondary objective was to evaluate a correlation between the endothelial function and the carotid intimal-medial thickening with the severity of the coronary artery disease expressed by the degree of luminal obstruction (in %), determined through an atherosclerotic plaque. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Forty-two patients were assessed with 66.7% of them being males. Mean age was 60.7 &#177; 9.2 yrs, arterial hypertension was present in 35 (83.3%) of the patients and dyslipidemia in 14 (33.3%) of them (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table I</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0084-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>Clinical picture</italic> - Atypical thoracic pain was present in 19 (45.2%) of the patients, being the most frequent clinical picture, followed by stable angina in 12 patients (28.6%). Six patients (14.3%) were asymptomatic (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table I</xref>).</p>
      <p><italic>Coronary angiography</italic> - Regarding the extension of coronary disease, 12 (28.6%) of the patients presented just parietal coronary alterations, 5 (11.9%) had lesions between 50% and 70% and 25 (59.5%) had lesions <underline>&gt;</underline> 70%. Of the patients with coronary artery disease and at least one lesion <underline>&gt;</underline>50%, 10 (23.8%) were uniarterial lesions, 8 (19.0%) were biarterial and 10 (23.8%) were triarterial lesions. Sixteen patients (38.1%) presented some segmental deficit assessed by ventriculography. The concordance among the interventionist cardiologists who performed the coronary angiographies was evaluated through Kappa method, with an 81.1 &#177; 8.5% rate. </p>
      <p><italic>Endothelial function</italic> - The mean of the percentage of vasodilation after the administration of sublingual nitroglycerin was 9.6 &#177; 4.2. Gender and age did not present a correlation with %FMD (r = -0.280, p = 0.07 and r = -0.088, p = 0.57, respectively). </p>
      <p>The degree of coronary obstruction did not correlate with %FMD either (r = -0.008, p = 0.96). The mean of % FMD in the studied population was 4.7 &#177; 3.6. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">2</xref> show BART images of one of the patients from the study group. There was a %FMD of 12, which represents normal endothelial function.</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0084-00004-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0084-00004-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Carotid intimal-medial thickening</italic> - The mean of the carotid intimal-medial thickening was 1.08 &#177; 0.23 mm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Fig. 2</xref>). The measurement of the carotid intimal-medial thickening did not show a correlation with gender and age (r = -0.099, p = 0.53 and r = 0.278, p = 0.074, respectively). The severity of coronary artery disease (degree of obstruction) did not correlate with the carotid intimal-medial thickening either (r = -0.063, p = 0.69). </p>
      <p><italic>Correlation between %FMD and carotid intimal-medial thickening</italic> - The measurements of the carotid intimal-medial thickening and %FMD presented a statistically significant correlation, with Spearman&#146;s coefficient of &#150;0.315, p=0.042 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Fig.3</xref>). When we evaluate this correlation from another point of view, considering the carotid intimal-medial thickening as a binary variable and present if &gt; 1.0 mm, we observe that age and gender still do not show a correlation with intimal-medial thickening, but in a concordant way with the previous analysis, %FMD was 6.0 &#177; 3.7 in the 18 patients without intimal-medial thickening, a statistically significant difference with a p value = 0.04 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table II</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0084-00004-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0084-00004-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study of coronary artery disease in its more initial, sub-clinical phases has been the object of increasing interest. The importance of endothelial dysfunction as an independent predictor of cardiovascular events has been well demonstrated in previous studies<sup>7-9</sup>. Similarly, the presence of carotid IMT is related to the occurrence of acute myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke, with a relative risk between 2 and 6<sup>10</sup>. </p>
      <p>The importance of these tests in the early diagnosis of atherosclerotic disease, however, remains indefinite. Schroeder and cols.<sup>11</sup> studied the value of the brachial artery reactivity test in the screening of coronary artery disease in 122 patients who were referred to coronary angiography and established a comparison with other diagnostic methods, such as the presence of thoracic angina, the ergometric treadmill test and myocardial scintillography. </p>
      <p>These authors defined a cutoff through the ROC curve, finding the value of %FMD <underline>&lt;</underline> 4.5 as being the highest sensitivity and specificity value to predict coronary disease. The test sensitivity and specificity were 71.3% and 81.0%, respectively. The highest sensitivity was that of the myocardial scintillography (100%) followed by the presence of angina pain (95.1%) and the ergometric test (82.4%). Regarding the test specificity, the values for the ergometric test were 57.1% and for the presence of angina, 23.8%. The data above show a good diagnostic value for the brachial artery reactivity test in terms of sensitivity and specificity and the authors suggested that the test can have, in the future, a use in the screening of coronary artery disease, but one must consider the possibility of a bias caused by patient selection in this study. </p>
      <p>Although BART has been employed in several studies, there is no consensus regarding a reference value for the %FMD that would define endothelial dysfunction. In most studies, the test is described in different groups of patients, with values that are compared to one another, without the objective to define the presence or absence of endothelial dysfunction from a certain %FMD on. In 2001, a guideline on the use of BART was published containing important directions regarding the adequate methodology, but without establishing a value of %FMD that would define endothelial function<sup>12</sup>. </p>
      <p>In our sample of patients with a ample spectrum of coronary artery disease, the mean of %FMD of 4.7 &#177; 3.6 was decreased, which was expected considering the role of endothelium as an initial event of atherogenesis. This value is a little below those found by other authors while studying the endothelial function in patients with coronary disease demonstrated by coronary angiography. Chan and cols.<sup>13</sup> found a mean of %FMD of 5.9 &#177; 3.8. It is important to emphasize that the value found in our study, 4.7 &#177; 3.6, is much lower than the mean values found in healthy individuals without risk factors for atherosclerotic disease, between 8.2 &#177; 3.1 and 21.1 &#177; 2.0<sup>2,14,15</sup><sub>. </sub></p>
      <p>In a study conducted by our group and published in 2003, we found a %FMD of 8.9 &#177; 5.7, studying 26 individuals with normal coronaries<sup>16</sup>. </p>
      <p>There was no correlation between %FMD and the severity of coronary disease regarding the degree of obstruction of the atherosclerotic lesions, as also demonstrated by Enderle and cols.<sup>17</sup>, but in contrast with the results by Neunteufl and cols.<sup>15</sup>. Demographic differences, such as the percentage of symptomatic, diabetic, hypertensive, dyslipidemic, patients or smokers, might have determined these discrepant results. The criteria employed to define the severity of coronary disease differ among the studies. Neunteufl and cols stratified the patients in a larger number of subgroups according to the degree of obstruction of the atherosclerotic lesions: &lt; 30, 30-50, 50-70, 70-90, 90-99 and 100%, whereas the stratification employed by us consisted of only 3 subgroups: &lt; 50%, between 50% and 70% and &gt; 70%.</p>
      <p>Especially important is the need to consider that, in all studies, the severity of the coronary artery disease was established considering only the degree of luminal obstruction, in a subjective way. Although the interobserver concordance was satisfactory in our study, with a Kappa value &gt; 80%, the computerized quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) would have allowed a more appropriate evaluation and a comparison among the studies, eliminating the interventionist cardiologist&#146;s subjectivity and the interobserver variation. Other angiographic characteristics, such as the number of significant lesions by vessel, which would represent a more diffuse disease, could be employed, but there is no consensus or normative data regarding such use. The coronary angiography was used in our study and by the other authors as a reference pattern to define coronary artery disease, a concept that has been discussed after the introduction of intracoronary ultrasound.</p>
      <p>Carotid intimal-medial thickening mean in this studied sample was 1.08 &#177; 0.23 mm. This elevated value is expected and is in accordance with the coronary involvement previously established on the bedside. In contrast with Enderle and cols.<sup>17</sup>, there was no correlation between the arterial intimal-medial thickening and the degree of coronary obstruction, but the same observations regarding the definition of disease severity discussed above must be considered. </p>
      <p>The correlation between %FMD and carotid intimal-medial thickening has been evaluated in few studies, and always with a small sample of patients. The negative correlation coefficient between %FMD and carotid intimal-medial thickening shows that, in this group of patients, lower values of %FMD were correlated with a higher degree of intimal-medial thickening (r=-0.315, p= 0.042). These data are in accordance with those demonstrated by Enderle and cols.<sup>17</sup> in a group of patients highly suspected of having coronary disease (r=-0.317, p= 0.0004). Campuzano and cols.<sup>18</sup>, studying a group of 39 patients with risk factors for atherosclerosis and 13 without those factors, found a difference in %FMD between the groups (2.77 &#177; 2.57 <italic>versus</italic> 11.98 &#177; 4.61%, p value &lt; 0.01), as well as a difference in IMT values (0.85 &#177; 0.24 <italic>versus</italic> 0.57 &#177; 0.14 mm, p value = 0.001), in addition to an inverse correlation between these variables (r = -0.357; p &lt; 0.01). Juonala et al<sup>19</sup>, studying adults between 24 and 39 yrs with no evidence of CAD, similarly found a negative and significant correlation between %FMD and IMT in a multivariate analysis (r = -0.34, p = 0.001); additionally, the number of risk factors correlated with IMT in patients with lower %FMD. In the remaining studies, the evaluation of the correlation of the two methods was carried out in hypertensive patients and not in those with coronaropathies. Ghiadoni et al.<sup>5</sup> evaluated the endothelial function and carotid IMT in 44 hypertensive patients and 30 normotensive individuals and found an inverse correlation between the two tests in the hypertensive group, only (r = -0.68, p = 0.0003). Different results were reported by Barenbrock and et al<sup>6</sup>, who did not find a significant correlation between endothelial function and arterial IMT, when studying previously untreated hypertensive patients with no evidence of coronary disease (r = -0.17, p = 0.32). <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table III</xref> shows a review of the outcomes of the main studies that evaluated these questions discussed here. Further studies are necessary to determine whether there is a correlation between these vascular alterations (endothelial dysfunction and IMT) and the severity of coronary artery disease.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-02-0084-00004-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>CONCLUSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this study, the presence of a correlation between the percentage of flow-mediated dilation and carotid intimal-medial thickening suggests the concomitance of functional and anatomical alterations in coronary artery disease. We did not find a correlation between these vascular alterations (endothelial dysfunction and intimal-medial thickening) and the severity of atherosclerotic lesions detected at the coronary angiography. The clinical importance of these methods remains to be determined. A better test standardization, studies with larger sample sizes and different criteria of selection, might, in the future, allow situating the initial vascular damage evaluation in the context of prevention, diagnosis and stratification of atherosclerotic disease risk.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Graziela Chequer</p>
          <p> Rua Montes Claros, 475/702</p>
          <p> 30310-370 &#150; Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="grazichequerr@hotmail.com">grazichequerr@hotmail.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Received on 04/10/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 05/04/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
