<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">kwh95QKmcQLHZgTS4cNFFdp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001400008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700108</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001400008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Treinamento f&#237;sico por nata&#231;&#227;o atenua o remodelamento mioc&#225;rdico e congest&#227;o pulmonar em ratas wistar com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca secund&#225;ria a infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Portes</surname>
            <given-names>Leslie Andrews</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tucci</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Jos&#233; Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro Universit&#225;rio Adventista de S&#227;o Paulo </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>54</fpage>
      <lpage>59</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da nata&#231;&#227;o sobre teor de &#225;gua pulmonar de ratas com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM). M&#201;TODOS: Ap&#243;s oclus&#227;o coron&#225;ria, animais com 20%&lt;IM&lt;40% do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) foram considerados IM moderados e os &gt; 40% do VE grandes. Os animais treinados (TR) nadaram durante 60 min/dia, 5 dias/semana, durante 8 semanas. Foram determinados os pesos &#250;midos do pulm&#227;o direito, lobo direito do f&#237;gado, &#225;trios, VE e ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) e os pesos secos do f&#237;gado e pulm&#227;o. Utilizou-se ANOVA e teste de Tukey para as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se aumento da rela&#231;&#227;o massa dos &#225;trios/peso corp&#243;reo nos animais sedent&#225;rios com IM moderados (IMmod-SED: n=8) e grandes (IMgr-SED: n=10) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s ratas controles sedent&#225;rias (C-SED: n=14) e treinadas (C-TR: n=16). Aumento da rela&#231;&#227;o VD/peso corp&#243;reo e VE/peso corp&#243;reo nos animais IMgr-SED em rela&#231;&#227;o aos controles. A rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o/peso corp&#243;reo foi maior nos IMgr-SED do que nos demais. Os animais infartados treinados exibiram atenua&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia. O teor de &#225;gua pulmonar maior (p&lt;0,05) nas ratas IMgr-SED (x&#177;epm: 81&#177;0,4%) do que nas C-SED (79&#177;0,4%) indicou congest&#227;o pulmonar n&#227;o verificada nas infartadas treinadas (IMmod-TR: 80&#177;0,6%; IMgr-TR: 79&#177;0,7%). CONCLUS&#195;O: Os aumentos da massa card&#237;aca e teor de &#225;gua pulmonar em animais IMgr-SED foram atenuados em animais submetidos a treinamento f&#237;sico por nata&#231;&#227;o, sugerindo que a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico pode atenuar os indicadores de IC e contribuir para remodelamento card&#237;aco favor&#225;vel.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>nata&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>teor de &#225;gua do pulm&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O Treinamento f&#237;sico por nata&#231;&#227;o atenua o remodelamento mioc&#225;rdico e congest&#227;o pulmonar em ratas wistar com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca secund&#225;ria a infarto do mioc&#225;rdio </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Leslie Andrews Portes; Paulo Jos&#233; Ferreira Tucci</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo e Centro Universit&#225;rio Adventista de S&#227;o Paulo - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar os efeitos da nata&#231;&#227;o sobre teor de &#225;gua pulmonar de ratas com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Ap&#243;s oclus&#227;o coron&#225;ria, animais com 20%&lt;IM&lt;40% do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) foram considerados IM moderados e os <underline>&gt;</underline> 40% do VE grandes. Os animais treinados (TR) nadaram durante 60 min/dia, 5 dias/semana, durante 8 semanas. Foram determinados os pesos &#250;midos do pulm&#227;o direito, lobo direito do f&#237;gado, &#225;trios, VE e ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) e os pesos secos do f&#237;gado e pulm&#227;o. Utilizou-se ANOVA e teste de Tukey para as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Verificou-se aumento da rela&#231;&#227;o massa dos &#225;trios/peso corp&#243;reo nos animais sedent&#225;rios com IM moderados (IMmod-SED: n=8) e grandes (IMgr-SED: n=10) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s ratas controles sedent&#225;rias (C-SED: n=14) e treinadas (C-TR: n=16). Aumento da rela&#231;&#227;o VD/peso corp&#243;reo e VE/peso corp&#243;reo nos animais IMgr-SED em rela&#231;&#227;o aos controles. A rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o/peso corp&#243;reo foi maior nos IMgr-SED do que nos demais. Os animais infartados treinados exibiram atenua&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia. O teor de &#225;gua pulmonar maior (p&lt;0,05) nas ratas IMgr-SED (x&#177;epm: 81&#177;0,4%) do que nas C-SED (79&#177;0,4%) indicou congest&#227;o pulmonar n&#227;o verificada nas infartadas treinadas (IMmod-TR: 80&#177;0,6%; IMgr-TR: 79&#177;0,7%). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Os aumentos da massa card&#237;aca e teor de &#225;gua pulmonar em animais IMgr-SED foram atenuados em animais submetidos a treinamento f&#237;sico por nata&#231;&#227;o, sugerindo que a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico pode atenuar os indicadores de IC e contribuir para remodelamento card&#237;aco favor&#225;vel.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Ratos, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, nata&#231;&#227;o, teor de &#225;gua do pulm&#227;o, hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade para realizar exerc&#237;cios em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC) est&#225; diretamente relacionada com as altera&#231;&#245;es pulmonares decorrentes da congest&#227;o pulmonar: redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade vital e dos fluxos de ar e preju&#237;zo das trocas gasosas<sup>1-4</sup>. Em geral, a congest&#227;o pulmonar que ocorre nos cardiopatas depende de eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o venosa pulmonar como resultado de aumento da press&#227;o de enchimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), conseq&#252;ente &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica do VE. Em ratos que desenvolvem ICC ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM), tal como em humanos, o aumento da press&#227;o de enchimento do VE &#233; secund&#225;rio &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica desta c&#226;mara<sup>5-8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Classicamente, a prescri&#231;&#227;o de repouso &#233; tradicional no elenco de medidas recomendadas aos pacientes com ICC<sup>9</sup>. A influ&#234;ncia do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico sobre o remodelamento mioc&#225;rdico &#233; motivo freq&#252;ente de investiga&#231;&#245;es<sup>5,10-14</sup>. Por&#233;m, poucos estudos investigaram os efeitos do treinamento f&#237;sico sobre a congest&#227;o pulmonar da ICC que se instala ap&#243;s IM. Bech e cols.<sup>15</sup> observaram melhora da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e redu&#231;&#227;o da congest&#227;o pulmonar em ratos infartados tratados com captopril e coenzima Q10, mas n&#227;o avaliaram a influ&#234;ncia isolada do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. Libonati<sup>16</sup> verificou que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico em esteira melhorou a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica de cora&#231;&#245;es isolados p&#243;s-IM e considerou que essa influ&#234;ncia pode possibilitar a preven&#231;&#227;o da congest&#227;o pulmonar. Contudo, esse autor n&#227;o avaliou o conte&#250;do h&#237;drico dos pulm&#245;es.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo avaliou os efeitos do treinamento f&#237;sico por nata&#231;&#227;o sobre o teor de &#225;gua pulmonar de animais com ICC p&#243;s-IM. Foi analisado o teor de &#225;gua dos pulm&#245;es de animais com infartos moderados e grandes acompanhados durante per&#237;odo prolongado de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico por nata&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Animais estudados</italic> - Foram utilizadas ratas jovens da linhagem Wistar-EPM (Nomenclatura atual do "International Index of Laboratory Animals", 6<sup>th</sup> Ed., 1993. Lion Litho Ltd.: Carshalton, Surrey (U.K.)) com dez semanas de vida, pesando entre 170 e 190 gramas, livres de doen&#231;a, mantidas em caixas com &#225;gua e ra&#231;&#227;o Nuvital <italic>ad libitum</italic>, em ambiente com temperatura controlada em torno de 22&#186;C, 54% de umidade e ciclo claro/escuro de doze horas. Os animais foram distribu&#237;dos por seis grupos experimentais: controle sedent&#225;rio (C-SED, n = 14), controle treinado (C-TR, n = 16), infarto moderado sedent&#225;rio (IMmod-SED, n = 8), infarto grande sedent&#225;rio (IMgr-SED, n = 10), infarto moderado treinado (IMmod-TR, n = 9) e infarto grande treinado (IMgr-TR, n = 8). Os animais controles foram submetidos a todos os procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos, exceto que a coron&#225;ria n&#227;o foi oclu&#237;da. Os animais sedent&#225;rios permaneceram sem se exercitar durante todo o protocolo de estudo.</p>
    <p><italic>Produ&#231;&#227;o do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio - </italic>O m&#233;todo de produ&#231;&#227;o do IM baseou-se no trabalho de Johns &amp; Olson<sup>17</sup> com pequenas adapta&#231;&#245;es. Os animais eram anestesiados pela administra&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal de cetamina (50 mg/kg) e xilazina (10 mg/kg). Seguindo-se &#224; intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal, o animal era submetido a ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica com ventilador Harvard, modelo 683 (freq&#252;&#234;ncia: 90 m/min, volume corrente: 2,0 ml). Ap&#243;s tricotomia, era realizada toracotomia no hemit&#243;rax esquerdo, no espa&#231;o intercostal do <italic>ictus cordis</italic> e o cora&#231;&#227;o era rapidamente exteriorizado. O ramo interventricular anterior da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda era identificado e oclu&#237;do entre as bordas do ap&#234;ndice auricular esquerdo e o tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar com fio Prolene 6-0. Promovia-se hiperinsufla&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e a parede tor&#225;cica era fechada por sutura em bolsa previamente realizada. </p>
    <p>O tamanho do infarto foi definido por planimetria. Ap&#243;s o sacrif&#237;cio dos animais o cora&#231;&#227;o foi dissecado e foram pesados os &#225;trios, o ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) e o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE). A musculatura do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi isolada e uma incis&#227;o na parede posterior permitiu analis&#225;-la em um plano. Para tanto, a massa muscular foi estirada e interposta entre duas l&#226;minas planas de vidro transparente, pr&#243;prias para estudos histol&#243;gicos. A transilumina&#231;&#227;o, por meio de foco luminoso colocado atr&#225;s do conjunto de l&#226;minas, permitiu diferenciar claramente as regi&#245;es da cicatriz fibrosa do IM e da musculatura remanescente. Sobre a l&#226;mina foram tra&#231;adas as silhuetas da cicatriz fibrosa do IM e da massa ventricular total, que incluiu a cicatriz fibrosa. Com aux&#237;lio de <italic>software</italic> SigmaScan Pro 5.0 (Systat Software Inc., Richmond, California, USA), as &#225;reas da cicatriz fibrosa (CF) do IM e da massa ventricular total (MVT) foram determinadas. A dimens&#227;o do IM expressa em porcentagem foi determinada aplicando-se a f&#243;rmula:</p>
    <p>% IM = CF / MVT x 100</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s determina&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do IM, foram considerados pequenos os IM cuja &#225;rea de cicatriz fosse inferior a 20% da &#225;rea do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; moderados os que fossem superiores a 20% e inferiores a 40%; e grandes os IM cuja &#225;rea fosse igual ou maior do que 40% da &#225;rea total do VE.</p>
    <p><italic>Protocolo de treinamento f&#237;sico - </italic>O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico foi iniciado na terceira semana ap&#243;s o IM, por ser o per&#237;odo reconhecido como necess&#225;rio para que a cicatriza&#231;&#227;o do IM se complete<sup>18,19</sup>. O protocolo de exerc&#237;cio colocado em pr&#225;tica utilizou a nata&#231;&#227;o e incluiu duas fases: a de adapta&#231;&#227;o e a de treinamento. A fase de adapta&#231;&#227;o ocorreu durante os seis primeiros dias de treinamento. No primeiro dia os animais exercitaram-se em piscina durante dez minutos, e a cada dia o per&#237;odo de exerc&#237;cio foi prolongado em dez minutos, at&#233; que as ratas nadassem sessenta minutos. A fase de treinamento consistiu de oito semanas, cinco vezes por semana, durante sessenta minutos ao dia. Todos os animais foram capazes de nadar durante os sessenta minutos. A piscina de treinamento consistiu de caixa d&#146;&#225;gua de fibra de vidro com a temperatura da &#225;gua mantida entre 32 e 35&#186;C. Cada grupo de nata&#231;&#227;o foi composto por n&#227;o mais do que oito ratas por metro quadrado de superf&#237;cie da piscina e ratas infartadas e n&#227;o-infartadas n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;das no mesmo grupo de treinamento.</p>
    <p><italic>Vari&#225;veis analisadas - </italic>Foram determinados o peso corporal antes e ap&#243;s aplica&#231;&#227;o do protocolo, as massas card&#237;acas e o teor de &#225;gua dos pulm&#245;es e do f&#237;gado. O conte&#250;do h&#237;drico dos &#243;rg&#227;os foi obtido a partir dos seus pesos &#250;midos e secos. Ap&#243;s obten&#231;&#227;o do peso &#250;mido, esses tecidos foram colocados em estufa e mantidos durante 72 horas &#224; temperatura de 80&#186;C. Obtidos os pesos secos do pulm&#227;o e do f&#237;gado, o teor de &#225;gua (%H<sub>2</sub>O) de cada &#243;rg&#227;o foi definido pela equa&#231;&#227;o:</p>
    <p>%H<sub>2</sub>O = (peso &#250;mido &#151; peso seco) / peso &#250;mido x 100</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica - </italic>Os resultados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dias &#177; erros-padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia. Utilizou-se a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia uma via para a compara&#231;&#227;o dos dados entre os seis grupos de animais. Quando foram encontradas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes (p &lt; 0,05), aplicou-se o teste <italic>post hoc</italic> de Tukey para se identificar entre que grupos ocorriam essas diferen&#231;as. Toda a an&#225;lise foi realizada por meio do programa estat&#237;stico SPSS 12.0 (Systat Software Inc., Richmond, California, USA).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Animais - </italic>Trinta ratas sofreram a cirurgia falsa e nenhuma delas faleceu (quatorze controles sedent&#225;rias e dezesseis controles treinadas). Dos 85 animais operados para a produ&#231;&#227;o do IM, onze (10%) faleceram durante ou nas primeiras 48 horas ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Trinta e quatro animais foram descartados por apresentarem infarto de tamanho inferior a 20%. Das quarenta ratas restantes, 21 foram inclu&#237;das no grupo infartado sedent&#225;rio e dezenove no grupo infartado treinado. Tr&#234;s animais infartados sedent&#225;rios e dois infartados treinados faleceram durante o per&#237;odo de treinamento. As tr&#234;s ratas sedent&#225;rias que faleceram tinham tamanhos de infarto entre 46% a 57%. As duas ratas em treinamento tinham tamanhos de infarto que abrangiam 58% do VE.</p>
    <p><italic>Peso corporal - </italic>A ANOVA n&#227;o identificou diferen&#231;as significantes entre os pesos iniciais das ratas dos seis grupos. Ao final das doze semanas do protocolo, os animais C-TR (245 &#177; 4 gramas) e IMgr-TR (244 &#177; 7 gramas) foram significantemente mais pesados (p &lt; 0,05) que os animais C-SED (224 &#177; 8 gramas), IMmod-SED (224 &#177; 8 gramas) e IMgr-SED (223 &#177; 7 gramas). Os valores de IMmod-TR (239 &#177; 9 gramas) n&#227;o diferiram dos demais grupos.</p>
    <p><italic>Tamanho do infarto - </italic>Ap&#243;s a determina&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do IM por meio da planimetria, verificou-se que o tamanho do IM foi de 31 &#177; 2% nos animais IMmod-SED, de 31 &#177; 1% nos IMmod-TR, de 47 &#177; 2% nos IMgr-SED e de 49 &#177; 4% nos IMgr-TR. Somente as diferen&#231;as entre infartos moderados e grandes foram estatisticamente significantes (p &lt; 0,05). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significantes entre os tamanhos dos infartos quando as compara&#231;&#245;es confrontaram IMmod-SED x IMmod-TR e IMgr-SED x IMgr-TR.</p>
    <p><italic>Massa card&#237;aca - </italic>Os dados de peso das estruturas card&#237;acas referidas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao peso corporal s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> e na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0054-00008-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0054-00008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os dados relativos &#224;s massas mioc&#225;rdicas oferecem informa&#231;&#245;es esclarecedoras sobre as repercuss&#245;es funcionais da oclus&#227;o coronariana e sobre os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. Ficam n&#237;tidas a tend&#234;ncia a aumento da massa mioc&#225;rdica nos animais infartados e a atenua&#231;&#227;o do crescimento card&#237;aco em ratas que foram submetidas a treinamento. Esse comportamento &#233;, sobretudo, destacado nos portadores de grandes infartos. Exemplo claro &#233; a raz&#227;o peso card&#237;aco/peso corp&#243;reo, que foi significantemente maior nos animais IMgr-SED do que nos demais grupos (p &lt; 0,05). Esse aumento foi prevenido pelo exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. As modifica&#231;&#245;es experimentadas pela musculatura atrial e ventricular direita chamam a aten&#231;&#227;o para as repercuss&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas subjacentes ao infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. O acr&#233;scimo de massa mioc&#225;rdica identificado, de forma expressiva, no grupo IMgr-SED e n&#227;o manifestado no grupo IMgr-Tr, aponta para a presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar nos animais sedent&#225;rios, prevenida ou atenuada nas ratas que se exercitaram.</p>
    <p><italic>Conte&#250;do h&#237;drico pulmonar e hep&#225;tico - </italic>Os resultados relativos ao conte&#250;do h&#237;drico do pulm&#227;o e do f&#237;gado est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figura 2</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0054-00008-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Encontrou-se maior teor de &#225;gua no pulm&#227;o dos animais IMgr-SED (81 &#177; 0,4%) do que nos C-SED (79 &#177; 0,4%). Nas demais compara&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o foram identificadas diferen&#231;as significantes (C-TR: 79 &#177; 0,4%; IMmod-SED: 80 &#177; 0,3%; IMmod-TR: 80 &#177; 0,6%; IMgr-TR: 79 &#177; 0,7%). Em s&#237;ntese, animais sedent&#225;rios com grandes infartos exibiram ac&#250;mulo de &#225;gua &#151; edema &#151; nos pulm&#245;es, enquanto os animais que se submeteram a treinamento f&#237;sico n&#227;o tiveram o teor de &#225;gua aumentado no pulm&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A conduta cardiol&#243;gica tradicional estabelece como ben&#233;fico, ou mesmo necess&#225;rio, recomendar repouso f&#237;sico para portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>9</sup>. A proced&#234;ncia dessa proposta &#233; intuitiva: reduzir as demandas sist&#234;micas que possam sobrecarregar o cora&#231;&#227;o. Conflita com esse conceito a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico regular como medida que possa favorecer o cora&#231;&#227;o. Os resultados verificados neste estudo indicam que a n&#227;o-observ&#226;ncia da conduta tradicional n&#227;o s&#243; n&#227;o prejudica, mas, ainda, abranda o remodelamento mioc&#225;rdico e sua conseq&#252;&#234;ncia fisiopatol&#243;gica mais destacada: a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Em nossos resultados, dois indicadores se destacam como convincentes do benef&#237;cio promovido pelo exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico nos animais infartados: o teor de &#225;gua do pulm&#227;o e a massa mioc&#225;rdica dos &#225;trios e do ventr&#237;culo direito. </p>
    <p>O teor de &#225;gua tecidual &#233; uma vari&#225;vel extremamente constante em &#243;rg&#227;os normais. Os nossos resultados, referentes aos animais sedent&#225;rios n&#227;o-infartados, configuram a m&#237;nima variabilidade do teor de &#225;gua do pulm&#227;o na situa&#231;&#227;o de normalidade: 78,8 &#177; 0,4%. &#201; consistente admitir o aumento do teor de &#225;gua do pulm&#227;o, verificado em animais sedent&#225;rios portadores de grandes infartos, como indicativo de congest&#227;o pulmonar<sup>1,20-23</sup>. Contrariamente ao que ocorreu com as ratas do grupo IMgr-SED, os animais treinados &#151; mesmo aqueles com grandes infartos &#151; n&#227;o tiveram aumento do conte&#250;do h&#237;drico nos pulm&#245;es, sugerindo o benef&#237;cio funcional possibilitado por protocolos de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico adequadamente programados. Da mesma forma, os indicadores de massa mioc&#225;rdica dos &#225;trios e do ventr&#237;culo direito constituem-se em referenciais que documentam a a&#231;&#227;o ben&#233;fica do exerc&#237;cio. As altera&#231;&#245;es de massa dessas estruturas sinalizam para a import&#226;ncia da disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e conseq&#252;ente eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE, do &#225;trio esquerdo, da circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e das c&#226;maras direitas. </p>
    <p>Foi poss&#237;vel verificar apenas duas refer&#234;ncias na literatura<sup>15,16</sup> que consideraram as intera&#231;&#245;es entre infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em ratos, teor de &#225;gua dos pulm&#245;es e exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. Ambos consideraram que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico pode ser ben&#233;fico na preven&#231;&#227;o ou atenua&#231;&#227;o da congest&#227;o pulmonar; contudo, nenhum deles avaliou esse par&#226;metro. </p>
    <p>A interpreta&#231;&#227;o menos atenta dos resultados que indicaram redu&#231;&#227;o do remodelamento mioc&#225;rdico e da congest&#227;o pulmonar pode conduzir ao entendimento equivocado de que &#233; improcedente recomendar cautela na pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico para os cardiopatas. A compreens&#227;o adequada desses dados inclui a percep&#231;&#227;o de que a sobrecarga card&#237;aca, e todos os seus inconvenientes e riscos moment&#226;neos, n&#227;o deixa de existir durante o per&#237;odo de realiza&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio, dada a sobrecarga cardiocirculat&#243;ria que ocorre. Os benef&#237;cios gerados pela pr&#225;tica regular, repetida e adequadamente intensificada do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico resultam das interfer&#234;ncias neuro-humorais que s&#227;o despertadas durante a atividade f&#237;sica e que se sustentam durante parte, ou todo o per&#237;odo, dos intervalos das sess&#245;es de treinamento.</p>
    <p>H&#225; dados consistentes indicando que da pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico decorrem modifica&#231;&#245;es favor&#225;veis para o sistema circulat&#243;rio relacionadas com a atividade simp&#225;tica<sup>24-28</sup> e parassimp&#225;tica<sup>29</sup>, com o sistema renina-angiotensina<sup>24,27,30</sup>, com a redu&#231;&#227;o da p&#243;s-carga<sup>31</sup>, com a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial<sup>32,33</sup>, com as concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de aldosterona<sup>30,34</sup>, endotelina<sup>35-38</sup>, arginina-vasopressina<sup>30,34</sup> e ANP<sup>34</sup>. Adicionalmente, interfer&#234;ncias do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico sobre o cora&#231;&#227;o promovem aprimoramento da fun&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica mioc&#225;rdica por a&#231;&#227;o, entre outras, sobre os canais de c&#225;lcio do sarcolema<sup>39</sup>, o conte&#250;do de c&#225;lcio do ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico<sup>12</sup>, a bomba de c&#225;lcio do ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico<sup>13,40</sup>, a fosfolambam<sup>14</sup>, a prote&#237;na trocadora s&#243;dio-c&#225;lcio<sup>13,40</sup> e a responsividade dos miofilamentos ao c&#225;lcio<sup>41</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos anteriores<sup>42</sup> documentaram dados neuro-humorais indicativos de agravamento tempor&#225;rio do estado congestivo durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. As modifica&#231;&#245;es neuro-humorais relatadas guardaram rela&#231;&#227;o com a intensidade do exerc&#237;cio. Adicionalmente, em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, Braith e cols.<sup>30,34</sup> relataram redu&#231;&#227;o da hiper-reatividade neuroend&#243;crina verificada em repouso, ap&#243;s dezesseis semanas de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico. Essas informa&#231;&#245;es destacam a import&#226;ncia de dois aspectos relacionados &#224; intera&#231;&#227;o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico/cora&#231;&#227;o: a intensidade da carga de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e a import&#226;ncia da sua pr&#225;tica regular.</p>
    <p>Em resumo, os aumentos da massa card&#237;aca e do teor de &#225;gua pulmonar verificados em animais sedent&#225;rios com grandes infartos foram atenuados em animais submetidos a treinamento f&#237;sico por nata&#231;&#227;o. Esses dados sugerem que os protocolos de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico regular, no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, podem atenuar os indicadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e contribuir para remodelamento card&#237;aco favor&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo foi financiado pela Fapesp (Processo 99/04533-4), pelo CNPq (Processo 300.692/80-3 NV), pela Unifesp e pelo Centro Universit&#225;rio Adventista de S&#227;o Paulo (Unasp). Tamb&#233;m somos gratos ao Prof. Dr. Ant&#244;nio Carlos Cicogna, pelo ensino dos m&#233;todos com m&#250;sculo papilar, e a Ednei L. Ant&#244;nio, pelo suporte t&#233;cnico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Paulo Jos&#233; Ferreira Tucci </p>
        <p> Rua Estado de Israel, 181/94 </p>
        <p> 04022-000 &#151; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ptucci@cardiol.br">ptucci@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Recebido em 03/08/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 08/12/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Swim training attenuates myocardial remodeling and the pulmonary congestion in wistar rats with secondary heart failure to myocardial infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of swimming on pulmonary water content in animals with heart failure (HF) after myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS: After coronary occlusion, MI size 20%&lt;MI&lt;40% of the left ventricle (LV) were considered moderate and those &gt; 40% of the LV large. The animals swam for 60 min/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks. The wet weight of lung, liver, atriums, LV and right ventricle (RV) as well as the dry weight of the liver and lung were determined. ANOVA and Tukey test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: An increase in the atrium/body weight ratio was noted in the sedentary animals with moderate (MImod-SED: n=8) and large (MIlg-SED: n=10) infarctions in comparison to the sedentary control (C-SED: n=14) and trained (C-TR: n=16) rats. An increase in the RV/body weight and LV/body weight ratios was noted in the MIlg-SED. The heart/body weight ratio was higher in MIlg-SED when compared to the other groups. The infarcted trained animals presented diminished hypertrophy. The pulmonary water content was higher in MIlg-SED animals (81&#177;0.4%) than in C-SED animals (79&#177;0.4%). No differences were found for the other comparisons (C-TR: 79&#177;0.4%; MImod-SED: 80&#177;0.3%; MImod-TR: 80&#177;0.6%; MIlg-TR: 79&#177;0.7%). CONCLUSION: The increase of cardiac mass and pulmonary water content presented by MIlg-SED was diminished in the trained animals. The results suggest that the practice of physical exercise can diminish HF and contribute to favorable cardiac remodeling.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>swimming pulmonary water content</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial hypertrophy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Swim training attenuates myocardial remodeling and the pulmonary congestion in wistar rats with secondary heart failure to myocardial infarction </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Leslie Andrews Portes; Paulo Jos&#233; Ferreira Tucci</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo e Centro Universit&#225;rio Adventista de S&#227;o Paulo - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the effects of swimming on pulmonary water content in animals with heart failure (HF) after myocardial infarction (MI).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>After coronary occlusion, MI size 20%&lt;MI&lt;40% of the left ventricle (LV) were considered moderate and those &gt; 40% of the LV large. The animals swam for 60 min/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks. The wet weight of lung, liver, atriums, LV and right ventricle (RV) as well as the dry weight of the liver and lung were determined. ANOVA and Tukey test were used for statistical analysis.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>An increase in the atrium/body weight ratio was noted in the sedentary animals with moderate (MImod-SED: n=8) and large (MIlg-SED: n=10) infarctions in comparison to the sedentary control (C-SED: n=14) and trained (C-TR: n=16) rats. An increase in the RV/body weight and LV/body weight ratios was noted in the MIlg-SED. The heart/body weight ratio was higher in MIlg-SED when compared to the other groups. The infarcted trained animals presented diminished hypertrophy. The pulmonary water content was higher in MIlg-SED animals (81&#177;0.4%) than in C-SED animals (79&#177;0.4%). No differences were found for the other comparisons (C-TR: 79&#177;0.4%; MImod-SED: 80&#177;0.3%; MImod-TR: 80&#177;0.6%; MIlg-TR: 79&#177;0.7%).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The increase of cardiac mass and pulmonary water content presented by MIlg-SED was diminished in the trained animals. The results suggest that the practice of physical exercise can diminish HF and contribute to favorable cardiac remodeling.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Rats, myocardial infarction, swimming pulmonary water content, myocardial hypertrophy.</p>
      <p>The reduced exercise capacity of congestive heart failure (CHF) patients is directly related to the pulmonary alterations caused by pulmonary congestion: reduced vital capacity, lower air flow rates and compromised gas transfer<sup>1-4</sup>. Generally speaking, pulmonary congestion related to cardiopathies is a result of an elevation in the pulmonary venous pressure caused by the increased left ventricle (LV) filling pressure which is a consequence of the chronic LV dysfunction. Similar to humans, the increased LV filling pressure in rats who develop CHF after suffering a myocardial infarction (MI) is secondary to the LV systolic and diastolic dysfunction<sup>5-8</sup>.</p>
      <p>The classic indication of bed rest is one of the standard measures recommended to CHF patients<sup>9</sup>. The influence of physical exercise on myocardial remodeling is a common study topic<sup>5,10-14</sup>. Nevertheless, few studies have investigated the effects of physical training on pulmonary congestion associated with CHF that develops after a MI. Bech and associates<sup>15</sup> observed an improvement in physical exercise capacity and diminished pulmonary congestion in rats that had suffered an infarction and were treated with captopril and coenzyme Q10, but did not evaluate the isolated influence of physical exercise. Libonati<sup>16</sup> confirmed that physical exercise on a treadmill improved the diastolic function of isolated hearts after a MI and considered that this influence could enable the prevention of pulmonary congestion. However, he did not evaluate the pulmonary water content.</p>
      <p>The present study evaluated the effects of swim training on pulmonary water content in animals with CHF after suffering a MI. The pulmonary water content in the animals who had suffered moderate and large infarctions was analyzed during a prolonged period of swim training. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Study animals - </italic>Healthy, ten week old Wistar-EPM rats (Current nomenclature of the "International Index of Laboratory Animals", 6<sup>th</sup> Ed., 1993. Lion Litho Ltd.: Carshalton, Surrey, U.K.) weighing between 170 and 190 grams were used in the study. The animals were kept in boxes supplied with water and Nuvital animal feed <italic>ad libitum</italic>, in a controlled ambient with a temperature of roughly 22&#186;C, 54% humidity and a 12-hour light/dark cycle. The animals were distributed into six experimental groups: Sedentary controls (C-SED, n = 14), trained controls (C-TR, n = 16), sedentary with moderate infarction (MImod-SED, n = 8), sedentary with large infarction (MIlg-SED, n = 10), trained with moderate infarction (MImod-TR, n = 9) and trained with large infarction (MIlg-TR, n = 8). The control animals were submitted to all surgical procedures except the coronary occlusion. The sedentary animals did not exercise during the study timeframe.</p>
      <p><italic>Myocardial infarction induction - </italic>The method used to induce the MI was based on the work of Johns &amp; Olson<sup>17</sup> with minor adaptations. The animals were anesthetized with the intraperitoneal administration of cetamine (50 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg). After orotracheal intubation, the animal was submitted to mechanical ventilation using the Harvard model 683 ventilator (frequency: 90 m/min, tidal volume: 2.0 ml). After a trichotomy, a thoracotomy was performed on the left hemithorax in the intercostal space of the <italic>ictus cordis</italic> and the heart was quickly exposed. The anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery was identified and occluded between the edges of the left auricular appendage and pulmonary artery trunk with Prolene 6-0 sutures. Pulmonary hyperinflation was induced and the thoracic wall was closed with a purse string suture that had been made earlier. </p>
      <p>Infarction size was determined by planimetry. After sacrificing the animals, the hearts were dissected. The atriums, left and right ventricles were weighed. The left ventricle musculature was isolated and an incision in the posterior wall enabled analysis in one plane. To this end, the muscle mass was stretched and placed between two flat, transparent, glass slides, appropriate for histological studies. Transillumination, accomplished by placing a light source behind the set of slides, clearly differentiated the regions of MI fibrous scarring from the remaining musculature. The MI fibrous scarring and the total ventricular mass including the fibrous scarring were traced onto the slide. Using the software SigmaScan Pro 5.0 (Systat Software Inc., Richmond, California, USA), the areas of MI fibrous scarring (FS) and total ventricular mass (TVM) were determined. The MI size, expressed as a percentage, was determined using the formula:</p>
      <p>% MI = FS / TVM x 100</p>
      <p>After determining MI size, they were classified as small if the scarring was less than 20% of the total left ventricle area, moderate if the scarring was greater than 20% but less than 40% and large if the scarring was greater than or equal to 40%.</p>
      <p><italic>Physical training protocol - </italic>In accordance with the documented timeframe for completion of MI scarring<sup>18,19</sup>, physical exercise was initiated three weeks after the MI. The exercise protocol used was swim training and included two phases: adaptation and training. The adaptation phase consisted of the first six days of training. On the first day, the animals exercised in the pool for ten minutes. The exercise period was extended by ten minutes each day until the rats were swimming for sixty minutes. The training phase consisted of five sixty minute sessions per week for eight weeks. All the animals were able to swim for the whole sixty minutes. The training pool consisted of a fiberglass water tank and the water temperature was maintained between 32 and 35&#186;C. Each swimming group was comprised of a maximum of eight rats per square meter of pool surface area. The rats that had suffered an infarction were separated from the control animals.</p>
      <p><italic>Variables analyzed</italic> - Body weights before and after the protocol were taken. Cardiac mass and the water content in the lungs and liver were determined. The water content of the organs was obtained based on wet and dry weights. After measuring the wet weight, the tissues were placed in an oven and maintained at a temperature of 80&#186;C for 72 hours. After measuring the dry weight of the lung and liver of each animal, the water content (%H<sub>2</sub>O) of each organ was determined using the following equation:</p>
      <p>%H<sub>2</sub>O = (wet weight &#151; dry weight) / wet weight x 100</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis - </italic>The results are presented as mean &#177; mean standard errors. One way variance analysis was used for data comparison between the six groups of animals. When significant statistical differences were found (p &lt; 0.05) the Tukey post hoc test was used to identify which groups presented differences. All analysis was conducted using the statistical computer program SPSS 12.0 (Systat Software Inc., Richmond, California, USA).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Animals -</italic> Thirty rats underwent the false surgery and all survived (fourteen sedentary controls and sixteen trained controls). From the 85 animals who underwent surgery to induce a MI, eleven (10%) died either during or within 48 hours of the surgery. Thirty-four animals presented an infarction less than 20% and were eliminated from the study. From the remaining forty rats, 21 were included in the sedentary infarction group and nineteen in the training infarction group. Three of the sedentary infarction animals and two of the training infarction animals died during the training protocol. The three sedentary rats that died had infarctions between 46% and 57%. The two rats in training had infarctions in the range of 58% of the LV.</p>
      <p><italic>Body Weight - </italic>ANOVA did not identify significant differences between the initial weights of the rats in the six groups. After the twelve week protocol the C-TR animals (245 &#177; 4 grams) and MIlg-TR animals (244 &#177; 7 grams) were significantly heavier (p &lt; 0.05) than the C-SED (224 &#177; 8 grams), MImod-SED (224 &#177; 8 grams) and MIlg-SED (223 &#177; 7 grams) animals. The weights for the MImod-TR animals (239 &#177; 9 grams) did not differ from the other groups.</p>
      <p><italic>Infarction size - </italic>After determining the MI size using planimetry, it was confirmed that the MI size was 31 &#177; 2% for the MImod-SED animals, 31 &#177; 1% for the MImod-TR animals, 47 &#177; 2% for the MIlg-SED animals and 49 &#177; 4% for the MIlg-TR animals. Only the differences between the moderate and large infarctions were statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05). There were no significant differences between infarction size comparisons for MImod-SED vs MImod-TR and MIlg-SED vs MIlg-TR.</p>
      <p><italic>Cardiac Mass - </italic>The data of the above mentioned cardiac structure weights in relation to body weight are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0054-00008-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0054-00008-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The myocardial mass data clearly demonstrate the functional repercussions of the coronary occlusion and the effects of physical exercise. The data demonstrate a clear tendency in relation to the increase of myocardial mass in the animals who suffered an infarction and the attenuation of the cardiac growth in rats that were submitted to training. This trend is particularly emphasized in the animals with large infarctions. A definite example is the cardiac weight/body weight ratio that was significantly higher in the MIlg-SED animals in comparison to the other groups (p &lt; 0.05). This increase was prevented by the physical exercise. The modifications seen in the atrial musculature and right ventricle emphasize the secondary physiopathological repercussions of a myocardial infarction. The significant increase in myocardial mass identified in the MIlg-SED group which was not seen in the MIlg-TR group, indicates the presence of pulmonary hypertension in the sedentary animals, which was prevented or diminished in the rats that exercised.</p>
      <p><italic>Pulmonary and liver water content - </italic>The pulmonary and liver water content results are summarized in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">figure 2</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0054-00008-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The pulmonary water content was higher in the MIlg-SED animals (81 &#177; 0.4%) than in the C-SED animals (79 &#177; 0.4%). No significant differences were found for the other group comparisons (C-TR: 79 &#177; 0.4%; MImod-SED: 80 &#177; 0.3%; MImod-TR: 80 &#177; 0.6%; MIlg-TR: 79 &#177; 0.7%). In summary, sedentary animals with large infarctions presented water accumulation &#151; edema &#151; in the lungs, while the animals that underwent physical training did not present elevated pulmonary water content.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Traditional cardiology therapy has established that it is beneficial or even necessary to recommend bed rest for patients with left ventricle dysfunction<sup>9</sup>. The basis of this proposal is intuitive: to diminish systemic demands that can overload the heart. This contradicts the concept that the regular practice of physical exercise is beneficial for the heart. The results confirmed in this study indicate that non-observance of traditional therapy methods will not jeopardize and may even alleviate myocardial remodeling and heart failure, the most significant physiopathological outcome.</p>
      <p>In our results, two indicators particularly emphasize the benefit of physical exercise in the animals that suffered an infarction: the pulmonary water content and the myocardial mass of the atriums and right ventricle. </p>
      <p>Tissue water content in healthy organs is an extremely stable variable. Our results for the sedentary animals who did not suffer an infarction, demonstrate minimal pulmonary water content variations in a normal situation: 78.8 &#177; 0.4%. It is logical to presume that the increased pulmonary water content, as seen in the sedentary animals with large infarctions, is indicative of pulmonary congestion<sup>1,20-23</sup>. Contrary to the condition of the MIlg-SED rats, the animals submitted to physical training &#151; even those with large infarctions &#151; did not present an increase in pulmonary water content, indicating the functional benefi t of adequately programmed exercise routines. Similarly, the atrium and right ventricle myocardial mass indicators prove the benefi cial action of exercise. The alterations in the mass of these structures emphasize the importance of left ventricle dysfunction and the consequent elevation of diastolic pressure in the LV, left atrium, pulmonary circulation and right chambers.</p>
      <p>Only two literature references<sup>15,16</sup> were found that considered the interactions between myocardial infarction in rats, pulmonary water content and physical exercise. Both considered that physical exercise could be beneficial in the prevention or attenuation of pulmonary congestion, however, they did not evaluate this parameter. </p>
      <p>An inadvertent interpretation of the results, that indicate reduced myocardial remodeling and pulmonary congestion, could lead to the equivocal understanding that it is invalid to recommend that cardiopathy patients exercise caution in relation to physical training. The correct understanding of these data includes the recognition that the cardiac overload along with all its inconveniences and momentary risks still exist while practicing exercises due to the overload imposed on the heart and circulatory system. The benefits generated by regular and repeated exercise that is adequately intensified are a result of neurohumoral interferences that are activated during the physical exercise and are maintained either partially or for the entire interval between the training sessions.</p>
      <p>There are supporting data indicating that the regular practice of physical exercise results in favorable modifications for the circulatory system related to: sympathetic activity<sup>24-28</sup>; parasympathetic activity<sup>29</sup>; the renin-angiotensin system<sup>24,27,30</sup>; reduced after load<sup>31</sup>; endothelial function<sup>32,33</sup>; and plasmatic concentrations of aldosterone<sup>30,34</sup>, endotheline<sup>35-38</sup>, arginine-vasopressin<sup>30,34</sup> and ANP<sup>34</sup>. Additionally, heart activity caused by physical exercise promotes improved mechanical function in the myocardium and positively affects many functions such as the sarcolemma calcium channels<sup>39</sup>, sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium content<sup>12</sup>, sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium pump<sup>13,40</sup>, phospholamban<sup>14</sup>, sodium-calcium exchange protein<sup>13,40</sup>, and the responsiveness of myofilaments to calcium<sup>41</sup>.</p>
      <p>Previous studies<sup>42</sup> have documented neurohumoral data indicative of temporary deterioration of the congestive stage during physical exercise. The reported neurohumoral modifications are directly related to exercise intensity. Additionally, Braith and associates<sup>30,34</sup> reported reduced neuroendocrine hyperreactivity in heart failure patients who were examined at rest following sixteen weeks of aerobic exercise. This information emphasizes the importance of two aspects related to the physical exercise/heart interaction: the intensity of the physical exercise and the importance of regular practice.</p>
      <p>In summary, the increased cardiac mass and pulmonary water content, confirmed in the sedentary animals that had suffered large infarctions, were attenuated in animals submitted to swim training. These data suggest that regular physical activity routines after a myocardial infarction can diminish heart failure indicators and contribute to favorable cardiac remodeling.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgments </bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was financed by Fapesp (Process 99/04533-4), CNPq (Process 300.692/80-3 NV), Unifesp and the Centro Universit&#225;rio Adventista de S&#227;o Paulo (Unasp). We would also like to express our thanks to Prof. Dr. Ant&#244;nio Carlos Cicogna, for the lessons on papillary muscle methods and to Ednei L. Ant&#244;nio, for the technical support.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Paulo Jos&#233; Ferreira Tucci</p>
          <p> Rua Estado de Israel, 181/94</p>
          <p> 04022-000 &#151; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="ptucci@cardiol.br">ptucci@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Received on 08/03/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 12/08/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
