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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">y9VqHLGFygLMtsxbnzYYnwR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001400006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700106</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001400006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Determinantes de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em escolares</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monego</surname>
            <given-names>Estelamaris T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo C&#233;sar Brand&#227;o Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Secretarias Estadual e Municipal de Sa&#250;de de Goi&#225;s </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Secretarias Estadual e Municipal de Educa&#231;&#227;o de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>37</fpage>
      <lpage>45</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Conhecer a ocorr&#234;ncia e associa&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o arterial com algumas vari&#225;veis relacionadas ao estilo de vida. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo transversal, base populacional, amostra aleat&#243;ria em indiv&#237;duos (7 a 14 anos) de escolas (rede p&#250;blica e particular). Investigados o estado nutricional, press&#227;o arterial e h&#225;bitos de vida (tabaco, &#225;lcool, atividade f&#237;sica e h&#225;bito alimentar). RESULTADOS: Dos 3.169 escolares avaliados, destacaram-se 5,0% de hipertens&#227;o arterial e 6,2% de press&#227;o normal-alta. A categoriza&#231;&#227;o por sexo mostra 6,4% meninos e 6,0% meninas com press&#227;o normal-alta e 4,3% meninos e 5,7% meninas com hipertens&#227;o arterial. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) identificou 16,0% com excesso de peso, dos quais 4,9% j&#225; obesos. Houve associa&#231;&#227;o significante (p = 0,01) entre hipertens&#227;o arterial e excesso de peso. Dentre os investigados, 11,6% n&#227;o faziam aulas de educa&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica e 37,8% eram sedent&#225;rios no lazer. O tabagismo foi informado por vinte 0,6% escolares, e a experimenta&#231;&#227;o de bebida alco&#243;lica por 32,7%. Nenhuma dessas vari&#225;veis apresentou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores press&#243;ricos e estado nutricional. CONCLUS&#195;O: Diante do encontro de escolares com valores m&#233;dios de press&#227;o arterial e IMC com freq&#252;&#234;ncia acima da esperada, associado a h&#225;bitos de vida que tendem a favorecer o desenvolvimento das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, sugere-se a proposi&#231;&#227;o de medidas de interven&#231;&#227;o cujo foco seja o escolar, como elemento capaz de disseminar as informa&#231;&#245;es no n&#250;cleo familiar. Essa possibilidade nos mobiliza para uma proposta de atua&#231;&#227;o nas escolas como parceiras na promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
        <kwd>epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>antropometria</kwd>
        <kwd>press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>sa&#250;de escolar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Determinantes de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em escolares </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estelamaris T. Monego; Paulo C&#233;sar Brand&#227;o Veiga Jardim</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Secretarias Estadual e Municipal de Sa&#250;de de Goi&#225;s, Secretarias Estadual e Municipal de Educa&#231;&#227;o de Goi&#225;s - Goi&#226;nia, GO</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Conhecer a ocorr&#234;ncia e associa&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o arterial com algumas vari&#225;veis relacionadas ao estilo de vida. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Estudo transversal, base populacional, amostra aleat&#243;ria em indiv&#237;duos (7 a 14 anos) de escolas (rede p&#250;blica e particular). Investigados o estado nutricional, press&#227;o arterial e h&#225;bitos de vida (tabaco, &#225;lcool, atividade f&#237;sica e h&#225;bito alimentar). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Dos 3.169 escolares avaliados, destacaram-se 5,0% de hipertens&#227;o arterial e 6,2% de press&#227;o normal-alta. A categoriza&#231;&#227;o por sexo mostra 6,4% meninos e 6,0% meninas com press&#227;o normal-alta e 4,3% meninos e 5,7% meninas com hipertens&#227;o arterial. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) identificou 16,0% com excesso de peso, dos quais 4,9% j&#225; obesos. Houve associa&#231;&#227;o significante (p = 0,01) entre hipertens&#227;o arterial e excesso de peso. Dentre os investigados, 11,6% n&#227;o faziam aulas de educa&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica e 37,8% eram sedent&#225;rios no lazer. O tabagismo foi informado por vinte 0,6% escolares, e a experimenta&#231;&#227;o de bebida alco&#243;lica por 32,7%. Nenhuma dessas vari&#225;veis apresentou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores press&#243;ricos e estado nutricional. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> Diante do encontro de escolares com valores m&#233;dios de press&#227;o arterial e IMC com freq&#252;&#234;ncia acima da esperada, associado a h&#225;bitos de vida que tendem a favorecer o desenvolvimento das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, sugere-se a proposi&#231;&#227;o de medidas de interven&#231;&#227;o cujo foco seja o escolar, como elemento capaz de disseminar as informa&#231;&#245;es no n&#250;cleo familiar. Essa possibilidade nos mobiliza para uma proposta de atua&#231;&#227;o nas escolas como parceiras na promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Preven&#231;&#227;o e controle, epidemiologia, antropometria, press&#227;o arterial, sa&#250;de escolar.</p>
    <p>As &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas t&#234;m representado um per&#237;odo de mudan&#231;as importantes nas condi&#231;&#245;es de vida e de sa&#250;de da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. A popula&#231;&#227;o est&#225; mais velha, com um padr&#227;o de trabalho e lazer modificado, al&#233;m de ter promovido profundas transforma&#231;&#245;es na qualidade e quantidade dos alimentos ingeridos<sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>Essas transforma&#231;&#245;es, inter-relacionadas, t&#234;m produzido um padr&#227;o de sa&#250;de e doen&#231;a desafiador para os gestores da sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, pela concomit&#226;ncia de r&#225;pidas transi&#231;&#245;es demogr&#225;ficas, nutricionais e epidemiol&#243;gicas que se traduzem em um aumento das doen&#231;as e agravos n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>As explica&#231;&#245;es para essa transi&#231;&#227;o no perfil de sa&#250;de da popula&#231;&#227;o t&#234;m sido procuradas em estudos cuja popula&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia s&#227;o os adultos, tendo uma representatividade bem menor aqueles que deslocam seu foco de aten&#231;&#227;o &#224;s crian&#231;as. Considerando-se que as altera&#231;&#245;es biol&#243;gicas ocorrem mais rapidamente na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia do que em qualquer outro per&#237;odo do ciclo de vida, &#233; poss&#237;vel supor que esse momento biol&#243;gico represente importante fonte de estudo na determina&#231;&#227;o de risco adicional, fundamental no estudo das doen&#231;as<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial e os chamados fatores ambientais t&#234;m sido identificados como vari&#225;veis relacionadas a essa mudan&#231;a epidemiol&#243;gica. A hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica, definida pela persist&#234;ncia de n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial acima dos valores arbitrariamente definidos como limite de normalidade. &#201; o mais comum fator de risco para a doen&#231;a cardiovascular, sendo considerada um grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica em todos os extratos socioecon&#244;micos<sup>2,4</sup>.</p>
    <p>A determina&#231;&#227;o de seu aparecimento se d&#225; a partir de fatores desencadeados na inf&#226;ncia. Um estudo cl&#225;ssico na detec&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular em crian&#231;as, o <italic>Bogalusa Heart Study</italic> evidenciou que n&#227;o s&#243; a etiologia de grande parte de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares t&#234;m sua raiz na inf&#226;ncia, podendo ser identificados precocemente, como tamb&#233;m os fatores ambientais tais como dieta, cigarro e atividade f&#237;sica influenciam significantemente o aparecimento da hipertens&#227;o arterial e da obesidade. Como conclus&#227;o, salienta que o estilo de vida e h&#225;bitos pessoais que influenciam no aparecimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o aprendidos e iniciam em fases precoces da vida<sup>5-7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Por essa raz&#227;o, as interven&#231;&#245;es realizadas na inf&#226;ncia e na adolesc&#234;ncia, per&#237;odos cr&#237;ticos para o desenvolvimento de v&#225;rios fatores de risco, t&#234;m sido recomendadas como forma de evitar os desfechos desfavor&#225;veis na idade adulta<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para Goi&#226;nia, os &#250;nicos estudos de preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco para enfermidades n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis foram o <italic>Carment</italic><sup>9</sup> e o Estudo Centro-Oeste<sup>10</sup>. O <italic>Carment</italic> investigou indiv&#237;duos maiores de quinze anos encontrando uma preval&#234;ncia de 35,4% de hipertens&#227;o arterial; 44,1% de excesso de peso; 22,9% de tabagismo e 66,2% de sedentarismo. J&#225; o Estudo Centro-Oeste evidenciou uma preval&#234;ncia de 36,4% de hipertens&#227;o arterial; 42% de excesso de peso e 65% de sedentarismo, em maiores de dezoito anos.</p>
    <p>Buscando ampliar o conhecimento em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; situa&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de e do risco em crian&#231;as e adolescentes que freq&#252;entam a rede de ensino, este trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer a ocorr&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial e excesso de peso, estudando a associa&#231;&#227;o entre ambos e com algumas vari&#225;veis relacionadas ao estilo de vida. Os resultados permitiram propor medidas de interven&#231;&#227;o sobre os eventos identificados, utilizando o espa&#231;o escolar como foco irradiador de a&#231;&#245;es de promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O <italic>Projeto Carminho</italic>, base para nosso estudo<italic>, </italic>integra linha de pesquisa sobre press&#227;o arterial e fatores de risco cardiovascular (FRCV) em crian&#231;as e jovens que vem sendo desenvolvida no munic&#237;pio de Goi&#226;nia desde 2001. Esse projeto foi financiado parcialmente pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Pan-americana da Sa&#250;de, Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, Secretaria de Estado da Sa&#250;de de Goi&#225;s e Funda&#231;&#227;o de Apoio &#224; Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s. Tem ainda o apoio log&#237;stico da Secretaria de Estado da Educa&#231;&#227;o de Goi&#225;s e Secretarias Municipais de Sa&#250;de e de Educa&#231;&#227;o de Goi&#226;nia. </p>
    <p>O Carminho foi estudo transversal de base populacional, realizado em amostra de crian&#231;as e adolescentes com idade entre sete e quatorze anos, g&#234;neros masculino e feminino, que freq&#252;entavam escolas da regi&#227;o Leste de Goi&#226;nia, capital do Estado de Goi&#225;s, no per&#237;odo de mar&#231;o de 2001 a junho de 2002. A amostra foi selecionada mediante sorteio entre as 41 escolas da regi&#227;o Leste (dezessete municipais, 21 estaduais e tr&#234;s particulares), e incluiu turmas do ensino fundamental e m&#233;dio. Participaram dezessete escolas, representando proporcionalmente o quantitativo de escolares das redes de ensino p&#250;blico e privado, cuja vincula&#231;&#227;o administrativa &#233; feita com a Unidade Regional Central da Secretaria Municipal de Educa&#231;&#227;o e regi&#227;o Leste da Secretaria de Estado da Educa&#231;&#227;o. A partir da soma do total de alunos das escolas sorteadas e da verifica&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de alunos por s&#233;rie foi feita a proporcionalidade da amostra a ser colhida em cada escola. A amostra de 3.388 crian&#231;as e adolescentes, cujas idades situavam-se entre sete e quinze anos, foi calculada para um erro de 0,3 e um desvio padr&#227;o de 2,985, sendo estratificada por sexo e idade, em quatro faixas et&#225;rias, cada uma delas contando com 847 escolares. </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis analisadas foram: idade, medidas antropom&#233;tricas, press&#227;o arterial e h&#225;bitos de vida. O <italic>peso</italic> foi verificado em balan&#231;a eletr&#244;nica digital port&#225;til marca Kratos com capacidade para 150 quilogramas e precis&#227;o de 50 gramas, calibrada pelo Inmetro, e a <italic>estatura</italic> com antrop&#244;metro marca Secca fixado &#224; parede, graduado com uma precis&#227;o de 0,1 cm. Os valores encontrados foram registrados em quilogramas e metros<sup>11,12</sup>. Para a obten&#231;&#227;o do percentil de estatura, foram utilizadas as tabelas de altura por idade e sexo do National Center of Health Statistics atrav&#233;s do software Epi-Info<sup>13</sup>. O &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal [IMC = peso (kg)/estatura (m)<sup>2</sup>] classificou e categorizou em percentil 85 (P85&#186;) aqueles com sobrepeso e no percentil 95 ou acima (P95&#186;) os obesos, uma vez que esses valores correspondem ao IMC 25 e 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, respectivamente, ajustados para idade e sexo (NHANES I)<sup>14</sup>. Na discuss&#227;o dos resultados essas categorias (P85&#186; + P95&#186;) foram agrupadas com a terminologia <italic>excesso </italic>de peso.</p>
    <p>A <italic>press&#227;o arterial</italic> foi obtida por esfigmoman&#244;metro aner&#243;ide com manguito pr&#233;-escolar, adolescente e adulto e estetosc&#243;pio adulto. Foram obtidas duas medidas da press&#227;o arterial em posi&#231;&#227;o sentado; bra&#231;o direito; repouso por dois minutos antes da obten&#231;&#227;o da primeira medida e intervalo de dois minutos para a segunda medida, com valores estimados a partir da 1&#170; e 5&#170; fases dos sons de Korotkoff. A primeira medida foi desprezada e a hipertens&#227;o arterial foi identificada quando a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e/ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) apresentava-se no percentil 95 ou acima (&#179; P95) e a press&#227;o normal alta quando a PAS e/ou PAD situava-se entre os percentis 90 e 95 (&#179; P90 por&#233;m inferior a P95), considerando o sexo, a idade e a altura da crian&#231;a/adolescente<sup>15,16</sup>. </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis relativas aos <italic>h&#225;bitos de vida</italic> foram o tabagismo (fuma; nunca fumou ou ex-fumante); bebida alco&#243;lica (experimenta&#231;&#227;o e local); atividade f&#237;sica na escola (n&#250;mero de aulas de educa&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica na semana) e no lazer (<italic>sedent&#225;rio</italic>, quando a maior parte de seu tempo livre era usado em atividades com pouco gasto cal&#243;rico, tais como assistir &#224; televis&#227;o, jogar videogame, utilizar computador etc.; <italic>atividade leve</italic>, quando na maior parte do tempo realizava atividades do tipo andar de bicicleta, jogar bola, correr ou realizar algum esporte e <italic>atividade moderada/intensa</italic>, quando identificava um esportista, cujo tempo livre era utilizado em treinos para competi&#231;&#227;o. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia de consumo de alimentos no &#250;ltimo ano (di&#225;rio, semanal, de vez em quando ou raro/nunca) foi investigada, por&#233;m n&#227;o ser&#225; objeto de an&#225;lise neste trabalho. </p>
    <p>Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se instrumento modificado a partir daquele proposto pelo Projeto <italic>Carmen</italic><sup>17</sup>. As equipes dispunham de um Manual do Entrevistador, com a padroniza&#231;&#227;o das informa&#231;&#245;es a serem coletadas.</p>
    <p>As crian&#231;as e adolescentes foram entrevistados e avaliados na pr&#243;pria escola, em momento posterior a uma reuni&#227;o com os professores, onde era feita a apresenta&#231;&#227;o do projeto, o sorteio das turmas e definido o cronograma de trabalho. No dia marcado, as atividades eram iniciadas com uma conversa informal na sala de aula, com a finalidade de explicar os procedimentos a serem realizados e garantir a normalidade das a&#231;&#245;es educativas do professor. Houve a preocupa&#231;&#227;o de estabelecer como momento para medi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial o per&#237;odo escolar anterior ao recreio e n&#227;o concomitante a qualquer atividade relacionada &#224; pr&#225;tica da educa&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica. </p>
    <p>Os dados coletados foram codificados e analisados considerando-se a preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco isolados ou associados. A associa&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis press&#227;o arterial, IMC, atividade f&#237;sica, uso de cigarros e de bebida alco&#243;lica foi verificada atrav&#233;s de an&#225;lise univariada, e para a compara&#231;&#227;o de propor&#231;&#245;es foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado (c2), considerando-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% ou p &lt; 0,05. </p>
    <p>A investiga&#231;&#227;o foi antecedida por apresenta&#231;&#227;o da proposta, em reuni&#227;o coletiva com as Secretarias de Educa&#231;&#227;o e de Sa&#250;de do munic&#237;pio de Goi&#226;nia e do Estado de Goi&#225;s, cujas delibera&#231;&#245;es encaminharam &#224; posterior assinatura com a concord&#226;ncia do aceite pelos diretores das escolas participantes. O Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido foi entregue aos pais das crian&#231;as, em reuni&#227;o realizada com a mesma finalidade. O projeto dessa investiga&#231;&#227;o foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa M&#233;dica Humana e Animal do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Das 3.169 crian&#231;as e adolescentes estudados (95,3% da amostra), 1.600 (50,5%) eram do sexo masculino, com faixa et&#225;ria de sete a quatorze anos. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> descreve os achados mais relevantes, destacando-se a preval&#234;ncia de 158 casos (5,0%) de hipertens&#227;o arterial e 196 casos (6,2%) de press&#227;o normal alta. A categoriza&#231;&#227;o por sexo mostra 102 meninos (6,4%) e 94 meninas (6,0%) com press&#227;o normal-alta e 69 meninos (4,3%) e 89 meninas (5,7%) com hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0037-00006-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O agrupamento desses valores (P 90 + P 95) evidencia 171 (10,7%) meninos e 183 (11,2%) meninas com press&#227;o arterial alterada em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores normais, com diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes (p &lt; 0,00) aos 9/10 e 8/9 anos, para meninos e meninas, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabs. 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0037-00006-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0037-00006-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os resultados identificam que a PAS alta (isolada) ocorreu em 198 (6,2%), PAD alta (isolada) em oitenta (2,5%) e em ambas (PAS e PAD altas) em 76 (2,4%) escolares, n&#227;o apresentando diferen&#231;as significantes entre os sexos. </p>
    <p>O IMC evidenciou que 228 (7,2%) t&#234;m baixo peso, 2.435 (76,8%) est&#227;o eutr&#243;ficos, 350 (11,0%) t&#234;m sobrepeso e 156 (4,9%) est&#227;o obesos. O conjunto dos dois &#250;ltimos valores indica 506 (16,0%) da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada com excesso de peso (<xref ref-type="table" rid="fig04">tab. 4</xref>). A distribui&#231;&#227;o do IMC decresce de forma estatisticamente significante (p &lt; 0,01) a partir dos doze anos para os meninos, e de forma menos acelerada entre as meninas, tendendo, entretanto, para o excesso de peso (sobrepeso + obesidade), em ambos os sexos, em todas as idades (dados n&#227;o-mostrados).</p>
    <table-wrap id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0037-00006-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O cruzamento das informa&#231;&#245;es relativas aos valores do IMC com os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos indica que o baixo peso n&#227;o est&#225; associado &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial, quer seja em meninos (p = 0,11) quer em meninas (p = 0,49). Mostra ainda que IMC elevados (sobrepeso e obesidade) est&#227;o estatisticamente associados aos inadequados n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial (p = 0,01), quer se fixe o ponto de corte nos percentis 90 quer nos 95 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0037-00006-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Participam da educa&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica na escola 2.801 (88,4%) entrevistados, dos quais 23,0%, 42,0% e 23,4% em uma, duas e tr&#234;s vezes na semana. Na informa&#231;&#227;o referente &#224; freq&#252;&#234;ncia de atividades f&#237;sicas fora do hor&#225;rio escolar, 1.199 (37,8%) entrevistados s&#227;o sedent&#225;rios, 1.786 (54,0%) realizam atividades leves, e 184 (5,4%) atividades f&#237;sicas moderada a intensa. N&#227;o existe, entretanto, associa&#231;&#227;o significante entre a educa&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica na escola ou lazer e a altera&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos (p = 0,62).</p>
    <p>O estudo investigou o h&#225;bito de fumar cigarros. Agrupando as informa&#231;&#245;es &#224;s vezes ou sempre, vinte (0,6%) escolares afirmaram j&#225; haver feito uso de cigarros. A experimenta&#231;&#227;o de bebida alco&#243;lica foi relatada por 1.036 (32,7%) jovens, com destaque &#224; informa&#231;&#227;o de que a experimenta&#231;&#227;o se deu, freq&#252;entemente, no ambiente familiar, e que 55,0% (571 de 1036) daqueles que j&#225; experimentaram t&#234;m doze anos ou menos de idade. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este trabalho estudou a freq&#252;&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, considerada um fator de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) no adulto. Utilizou a escola como espa&#231;o de investiga&#231;&#227;o tendo em vista seu papel na educa&#231;&#227;o formal, fundamental na forma&#231;&#227;o de h&#225;bitos de vida. Outro foco do estudo foi o &#237;ndice de massa corporal como indicador do estilo de vida dos escolares, explicitado por meio da atividade f&#237;sica, dos h&#225;bitos alimentares, avaliando ainda o uso do fumo e de bebida alco&#243;lica, h&#225;bitos considerados marcadores de risco.</p>
    <p>Dentre os fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares estudados, destacam-se a hipertens&#227;o arterial e o excesso de peso, cuja associa&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica mostrou signific&#226;ncia. </p>
    <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial na amostra estudada foi de 158 casos (5,0%), sendo 69 (2,2%) meninos e 89 (2,8%) meninas. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica dos valores de press&#227;o arterial encontrados no percentil 90 e percentil 95 n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante. Esses achados s&#227;o compat&#237;veis com outros estudos com crian&#231;as e adolescentes de v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses, inclusive o Brasil, que na d&#233;cada de 90 do s&#233;culo XX encontraram entre 1,2% e 13,0%<sup>18</sup>. </p>
    <p>Utilizando como ponto de corte o percentil 95 para determina&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o arterial, o estudo transversal do Rio de Janeiro, com casu&#237;stica semelhante &#224; apresentada identificou 6,9% e 8,4% dos investigados com press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e/ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) acima do percentil 95 em dois momentos diferentes<sup>19</sup>. J&#225; o Estudo de Belo Horizonte<sup>20</sup>, que incluiu crian&#231;as e jovens de seis a dezoito anos, encontrou 3,5% de ocorr&#234;ncia, e o de Macei&#243;<sup>21</sup>, 9,4% na faixa et&#225;ria de sete a dezessete anos.</p>
    <p>Sinaiko e cols.<sup>22</sup>, no Estudo de <italic>Minesota</italic>, encontraram 6,4% de hipertens&#227;o arterial em uma &#250;nica medida. Simionato e cols.<sup>23</sup>, estudando escolares de seis a dezoito anos, identificaram 6,9% de PAS e/ou PAD com um percentil igual ou superior a 95. </p>
    <p>Outros estudos indicam que, mesmo n&#227;o sendo expressiva a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial entre crian&#231;as, a presen&#231;a de fatores de risco relacionados &#224; hereditariedade e aos h&#225;bitos de vida seria determinante da presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o arterial na idade adulta<sup>24-26</sup>. </p>
    <p>Essa evid&#234;ncia parece estar relacionada ao <italic>tracking, </italic>termo que identifica a persist&#234;ncia de determinado fator de risco at&#233; a idade adulta, como os valores de press&#227;o arterial observados na inf&#226;ncia e aqueles medidos na maturidade, indicando que n&#237;veis elevados de PA em crian&#231;as parecem ser potentes preditores de hipertens&#227;o arterial na vida adulta<sup>27</sup>.</p>
    <p>O comportamento da press&#227;o arterial de meninos e meninas na adolesc&#234;ncia identificado nesse estudo tamb&#233;m foi achado por Szklo<sup>28</sup>, que evidenciou PAS semelhante at&#233; os doze anos e mais alta para as meninas, e por Richey<sup>29</sup>, que identificou em meninas uma press&#227;o arterial mais alta que em meninos no inicio da adolesc&#234;ncia, e o contr&#225;rio ocorrendo ao final dessa faixa et&#225;ria. A hip&#243;tese prov&#225;vel seria o inicio mais precoce da puberdade feminina<sup>27</sup>.</p>
    <p>O <italic>Bogalusa Heart Study</italic> mostra que h&#225; uma varia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial medida na mesma crian&#231;a (3,4 mmHg na m&#233;dia da PAS e 6,5 mmHg na PAD) e sugere, como rotina, medidas repetidas que permitam a determina&#231;&#227;o de uma press&#227;o consistente<sup>30</sup>. Como esse procedimento nem sempre &#233; vi&#225;vel em estudos populacionais realizados em escolas, &#233; recomendado o encaminhamento da crian&#231;a com press&#227;o arterial &#179; P95 a um centro de refer&#234;ncia, para diagn&#243;stico definitivo<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo todas as crian&#231;as e adolescentes cuja press&#227;o arterial foi inclu&#237;da em categorias de risco, foram encaminhadas para exame clinico na Liguinha de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, com a finalidade de verificar, em local apropriado, a ocorr&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial. Os casos confirmados v&#234;m sendo acompanhados pela equipe multiprofissional desse servi&#231;o. </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao estado nutricional, observaram-se 506 (16,0%) casos de excesso de peso (sobrepeso + obesidade), tend&#234;ncia que se mant&#234;m em ambos os sexos, em todas as idades (16,0% de meninos e 15,8% de meninas com excesso de peso), dos quais cerca de 5,0% j&#225; obesos (5,3% de meninos e 4,5% de meninas). </p>
    <p>Esses resultados s&#227;o menores do que aqueles encontrados no estudo americano US <italic>National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys</italic> (NHANES III), que identificou 11,0% de obesidade entre quatro e doze anos de idade<sup>31</sup>, e no <italic>Bogalusa Heart Study</italic> foram identificados 16,3% e 20,1% de excesso de peso entre as faixas et&#225;rias de cinco a dez anos e onze a dezessete anos, respectivamente<sup>32</sup>. Mant&#234;m, contudo, coer&#234;ncia com outros estudos brasileiros. </p>
    <p>A Pesquisa sobre Padr&#227;o de Vida (1996/1997), entre crian&#231;as e adolescentes de seis a dezoito anos, encontrou 13,9% de excesso de peso, e a an&#225;lise da tend&#234;ncia temporal do estado nutricional dos brasileiros jovens [seis a dezoito anos] mostra um aumento do excesso de peso de 4,1% (1974) para 13,9% (1997), evidenciando que essa condi&#231;&#227;o triplicou no per&#237;odo. Os autores sugerem ainda que o r&#225;pido aumento do excesso de peso em crian&#231;as e adolescentes identifica uma tend&#234;ncia que deve ser monitorada<sup>8</sup>. </p>
    <p>Crian&#231;as cujo IMC &#233; superior ao percentil 75 identificam um <italic>tracking </italic>de peso, fen&#244;meno pelo qual h&#225; uma tend&#234;ncia de manuten&#231;&#227;o do IMC em percentis maiores que aqueles considerados saud&#225;veis na vida adulta<sup>33</sup>. Esse achado est&#225; descrito no Estudo de <italic>Bogalusa</italic>, onde 77,0% das crian&#231;as obesas (percentil 95) assim se mantiveram na idade adulta (percentil &#179; 30)<sup>34</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo a tend&#234;ncia ao excesso de peso evidenciada em ambos os sexos e em todas as idades confere uma informa&#231;&#227;o adicional aos prop&#243;sitos de interven&#231;&#227;o que dar&#227;o seq&#252;&#234;ncia ao nosso projeto. Em um estado de forte influ&#234;ncia rural, com h&#225;bitos e costumes ainda medianamente distantes daqueles considerados de risco, &#233; fundamental conhecer causas e intervir nesse processo de deteriora&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de. </p>
    <p>A obesidade pode ser considerada como o mais importante problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica entre crian&#231;as e adolescentes. Essa afirmativa baseia-se na magnitude e curva temporal ascendente de sua preval&#234;ncia; na determina&#231;&#227;o social e na intera&#231;&#227;o com outras doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o-transmiss&#237;veis<sup>31</sup>. Adicione-se a isso a informa&#231;&#227;o de que a hipertens&#227;o arterial aumenta progressivamente com o &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal, com uma preval&#234;ncia de 2,0% quando no percentil 5 (P5&#186;) a 11,0% no percentil 95 (P 95&#186;) do IMC<sup>35</sup>. </p>
    <p>Nosso estudo mostrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva (p &lt; 0,001) entre IMC aumentado (sobrepeso e obesidade) e n&#237;veis de press&#227;o aumentados, quer se fixe o ponto de corte para essa nos percentis P &#179; 90 quer em P &#179; 95.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante entre o baixo peso e o aumento da press&#227;o arterial, o que est&#225; de acordo com os achados de outros estudos<sup>21,31,36</sup>. Brand&#227;o<sup>37</sup>, estudando crian&#231;as de um sub&#250;rbio do Rio de Janeiro, concluiu que a eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial com a idade &#233; dependente do aumento do peso corporal.</p>
    <p>Os resultados da presente investiga&#231;&#227;o evidenciam que, embora a pr&#225;tica de educa&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica na escola atinja 2.801 (88,4%) dos alunos, sua freq&#252;&#234;ncia n&#227;o se associa a um IMC satisfat&#243;rio, talvez pelo fato de que 23,0% e 42,0% dos investigados a realizem apenas uma ou duas vezes na semana, respectivamente, e apenas 23,4% desses com at&#233; tr&#234;s vezes na semana. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia de atividades f&#237;sicas fora da escola evidencia que as atividades sedent&#225;rias s&#227;o as preferidas por 37,9%, o que identifica mais de um ter&#231;o dos estudados sob os riscos decorrentes da inatividade f&#237;sica e pouco mais da metade (56,3%) na pr&#225;tica de atividades de leve gasto cal&#243;rico. N&#227;o foi encontrada associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante entre nenhuma das atividades f&#237;sicas investigadas, n&#237;veis elevados de press&#227;o arterial e excesso de peso. O que talvez explique esse resultado &#233; a metodologia utilizada em estudo de abrang&#234;ncia populacional, onde n&#227;o houve avalia&#231;&#227;o do tipo, intensidade ou dura&#231;&#227;o da atividade f&#237;sica desenvolvida.</p>
    <p>O acr&#233;scimo de atividade f&#237;sica, seja no lazer seja em atividades formais, tem sido associado a uma melhor expectativa de vida e decr&#233;scimo do risco cardiovascular. Isso se d&#225; pela preven&#231;&#227;o do desenvolvimento da obesidade, evita a eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, melhora a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e tamb&#233;m evita a eleva&#231;&#227;o do colesterol, freq&#252;entemente presentes em crian&#231;as e adolescentes<sup>5,38</sup>. </p>
    <p>De forma semelhante, estudo realizado na Argentina, com jovens de quinze anos, evidenciou que 61,0% tinham uma pr&#225;tica insuficiente de atividade f&#237;sica, por&#233;m isso n&#227;o se correlacionava positivamente com a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial detectada<sup>39</sup>.</p>
    <p>Tamb&#233;m o <italic>Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance</italic> mostrou que apenas 29,1% dos escolares americanos estudados afirmaram realizar algum tipo de educa&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica na escola. As raz&#245;es relatadas para esse comportamento foram excesso de peso, gravidez e uso de cigarros<sup>40</sup>. </p>
    <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico com a dieta &#233; recomend&#225;vel no manejo da obesidade em crian&#231;as. Entretanto, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de modalidades de atividade f&#237;sica que exigem pouco esfor&#231;o (televis&#227;o, computador, videogame) nos hor&#225;rios fora da escola reflete um comportamento comum em crian&#231;as e jovens, que independentemente da classe social est&#225; bastante vinculado &#224; seguran&#231;a, ao pequeno esfor&#231;o exigido e ao grande prazer que essas atividades proporcionam<sup>41</sup>.</p>
    <p>Muitos dos fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares que se desenvolvem no adulto t&#234;m as ra&#237;zes em h&#225;bitos adquiridos na inf&#226;ncia. N&#227;o s&#243; o estilo de vida relacionado a h&#225;bitos alimentares e atividade f&#237;sica s&#227;o estabelecidos nessa fase da vida, como tamb&#233;m o h&#225;bito de fumar<sup>42-44</sup>.</p>
    <p>O fator preponderante para que o jovem se torne fumante &#233; a experimenta&#231;&#227;o, tanto do ponto de vista de sua magnitude quanto da precocidade. Em estudo realizado em doze capitais do Brasil, tanto a preval&#234;ncia de experimenta&#231;&#227;o quanto a de tabagismo regular observada entre jovens foi elevada. Isso justifica a prem&#234;ncia de campanhas onde essa faixa et&#225;ria seja o principal alvo de interven&#231;&#245;es que visam interromper o processo de experimenta&#231;&#227;o de cigarros e, conseq&#252;entemente, a instala&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo regular. Nessa linha de a&#231;&#227;o, a escola representa um espa&#231;o privilegiado para preven&#231;&#227;o<sup>42</sup>.</p>
    <p>O tabagismo representa um dos maiores desafios da sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, n&#227;o apenas por tratar-se de potente fator de risco cardiovascular, como tamb&#233;m pela constata&#231;&#227;o de que a maioria dos fumantes adquire esse h&#225;bito na pr&#233;-adolesc&#234;ncia ou adolesc&#234;ncia<sup>43</sup>. Em nosso estudo a informa&#231;&#227;o sobre o uso de fumo e de bebidas alco&#243;licas pelos escolares foi avaliada pelo risco cardiovascular potencialmente reconhecido, tendo sido referido por apenas vinte escolares (0,6%), n&#227;o evidenciando nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante. </p>
    <p>Diferentemente do encontrado, Achutti e cols.<sup>43</sup>, analisando informa&#231;&#245;es do <italic>Global Youth Tobacco Survey</italic>, que investigou jovens de doze pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, dentre eles o Brasil, encontraram uma freq&#252;&#234;ncia de tabagismo de 8,7% entre jovens de treze a quinze anos de idade. Informa&#231;&#245;es mais recentes da pesquisa mundial sobre tabagismo entre jovens, que inclui algumas cidades brasileiras, mostram que 14,6% dos jovens entre treze e quinze anos de idade, residentes em Goi&#226;nia, relatam fumar regularmente, e 37,2% est&#227;o expostos &#224; fuma&#231;a de tabagismo no lar. </p>
    <p>Da mesma forma, o alcoolismo na inf&#226;ncia &#233; um problema social que deve ser discutido amplamente. Muito embora se saiba que a grande maioria dos casos ocorra por influ&#234;ncia de amigos e colegas de escola, a influ&#234;ncia do ambiente familiar &#233; fundamental, uma vez que o uso abusivo do &#225;lcool pelos familiares &#233; capaz de levar uma crian&#231;a a ter despertado o interesse pela bebida<sup>45</sup>. </p>
    <p>O alcoolismo pode ser definido como a ingest&#227;o habitual de bebidas alco&#243;licas com freq&#252;&#234;ncia, repartidas ao longo do dia em v&#225;rias doses, que v&#227;o mantendo uma alcooliza&#231;&#227;o permanente do organismo. A maioria dos indiv&#237;duos tem o seu primeiro contacto com o &#225;lcool na adolesc&#234;ncia, por volta dos quinze anos de idade<sup>45</sup>.</p>
    <p>Respondeu afirmativamente ao quesito experimenta&#231;&#227;o de bebida alco&#243;lica cerca de um ter&#231;o dos entrevistados (32,7%). A an&#225;lise por faixa et&#225;ria mostra uma distribui&#231;&#227;o crescente, o que permite supor que, &#224; medida que o jovem fica mais velho, h&#225; uma maior permissividade. Ingerir bebida alco&#243;lica n&#227;o pode ser associado ao aumento da press&#227;o arterial, por se tratar de uma popula&#231;&#227;o muito jovem e cuja informa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o encaminha para nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o. Chama a aten&#231;&#227;o, entretanto, o fato de as fam&#237;lias oportunizarem a experimenta&#231;&#227;o da bebida alco&#243;lica em crian&#231;as e jovens, com maior evid&#234;ncia para os menores de doze anos (55,0%). </p>
    <p>A experimenta&#231;&#227;o, ainda que em pequenas quantidades, abre espa&#231;o para a forma&#231;&#227;o do h&#225;bito, a permissividade e a valora&#231;&#227;o equivocada desse h&#225;bito de consumo. A identifica&#231;&#227;o desse contingente de escolares j&#225; apresentados ao sabor e uso da bebida alco&#243;lica, aliada a resultados de estudo<sup>44</sup> que evidencia, 3,0% a 9,0% dos adultos nas grandes cidades brasileiras como dependentes do &#225;lcool refor&#231;am a necessidade de a&#231;&#245;es preventivas. </p>
    <p>De forma semelhante, pesquisa feita pelo Centro Brasileiro de Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre Drogas Psicotr&#243;picas (CEBRID) com estudantes entre dez e doze anos, em dez capitais, mostra que o &#225;lcool &#233; a droga preferida entre esses jovens: cerca de 50,0% dos pesquisados j&#225; consumiram bebidas alco&#243;licas; 28,6% beberam pela primeira vez em casa, e em 21,8% dos casos as bebidas foram oferecidas pelos pais<sup>45</sup>.</p>
    <p>As crian&#231;as est&#227;o consumindo bebidas alco&#243;licas cada vez mais precocemente. De acordo com o I Levantamento Domiciliar sobre o Uso de Drogas Psicotr&#243;picas no Brasil (2001), a preval&#234;ncia de uso de bebida alco&#243;lica era de 33,0% entre jovens de doze a dezessete anos, e entre os nove e doze anos, 67,0% das crian&#231;as brasileiras j&#225; tiveram algum contato com o &#225;lcool<sup>42</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nosso trabalho constituiu-se no primeiro inqu&#233;rito de base populacional que retrata a presen&#231;a de determinantes de risco cardiovascular em jovens da regi&#227;o Leste de Goi&#226;nia. Os resultados que encontramos delineiam um perfil de sa&#250;de em que a press&#227;o arterial apresenta valores acima do esperado para as idades; o perfil nutricional &#233; nitidamente inclinado para o excesso de peso; com pr&#225;tica de atividades f&#237;sicas que n&#227;o se d&#225; na totalidade quando na escola e que indica pouco gasto cal&#243;rico quando no lazer; com experimenta&#231;&#227;o de bebida alco&#243;lica se dando em fase muito precoce da vida.</p>
    <p>A inten&#231;&#227;o de preencher uma lacuna no conhecimento faz que tenhamos a possibilidade n&#227;o s&#243; de identificar os fatores de risco, como propor estrat&#233;gias de enfrentamento dos agravos encontrados. </p>
    <p>Barreto e cols.<sup>46</sup> ressaltam aspectos importantes na promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de e mostram que a maioria dos fatores de risco opera durante o curso de vida dos indiv&#237;duos e em intensidades vari&#225;veis; que mudan&#231;as positivas no estilo de vida t&#234;m retornos diretos sobre a sa&#250;de em qualquer est&#225;gio da vida ou condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de preexistente; que a simples difus&#227;o de conhecimento &#233; um fator insuficiente para mudan&#231;as sustent&#225;veis no estilo de vida e h&#225;bitos da popula&#231;&#227;o e dos setores envolvidos com a presta&#231;&#227;o de servi&#231;os em sa&#250;de no pa&#237;s; e que o comportamento e o estilo de vida dos indiv&#237;duos e grupos sociais s&#227;o largamente determinados pelo ambiente f&#237;sico, socioecon&#244;mico e cultural.</p>
    <p>Nessa perspectiva, a proposi&#231;&#227;o de um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel parece ser uma boa alternativa para a garantia da sa&#250;de individual e coletiva. Programas individuais e coletivos de apoio &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de fatores modific&#225;veis, com a proposi&#231;&#227;o de programas preventivos de sa&#250;de em que o autocuidado e a sustentabilidade estejam presentes s&#227;o altamente recomend&#225;veis<sup>47,48</sup>. </p>
    <p>Defendemos que, se os fatores de risco se instalam na inf&#226;ncia, sua abordagem tamb&#233;m deve come&#231;ar l&#225;, tendo a fam&#237;lia como grupo social fim na proposi&#231;&#227;o de uma transforma&#231;&#227;o que envolva conhecimentos, pr&#225;ticas e atitudes e o ambiente escolar saud&#225;vel como oportunizador de pr&#225;ticas cotidianas saud&#225;veis. Tendo como pano de fundo a promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de e os temas transversais como estrat&#233;gia, &#233; poss&#237;vel afirmar que o monitoramento da situa&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de na escola &#233; um potente aferidor da efic&#225;cia e efetividade das medidas propostas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Aos pesquisadores Ana Lucia I. Oliveira (SPAIS-SES/GO); Magna M. Carvalho (SPAIS-SES/GO); Maria de F&#225;tima Gil (FANUT/UFG); Maria Lucia Carnelosso (SPAIS-SES/GO); Maria Madalena L. S. Sousa (DEME &#150; SEE/GO); Maria do Ros&#225;rio G. Peixoto (FANUT/Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial/UFG); Nelma Maria Pereira (Secretaria Municipal de Educa&#231;&#227;o/Goi&#226;nia); Petronor C. Fonseca (SPAIS - SES/GO); T&#226;nia M. C. Reis (SME/Goi&#226;nia); Ten&#243;rio M. Neto (SUPEF &#150; SEE/GO); V&#226;nia M. Balestra (Distrito Sanit&#225;rio Leste &#150; Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Estelamaris T. Monego </p>
        <p> Av. Jo&#227;o Leite, 360 casa 27 </p>
        <p> 74670-040 &#150; Goi&#226;nia, GO </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="emonego@fanut.ufg.br">emonego@fanut.ufg.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Recebido em 27/09/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 30/09/05</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Determinants of risk of cardiovascular diseases in schoolchildren</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To investigate the occurrence and association of arterial hypertension with several lifestyle variables. METHODS: Transversal population-based study with a random sample of students (7 to 14 years of age) of public and private schools. Variables investigated were nutritional status, blood pressure, and lifestyle (tobacco use, alcohol intake, physical activity and eating habits). RESULTS: Out of the 3,169 schoolchildren assessed, 5.0% had arterial hypertension and 6.2% had normal-high blood pressure. Classification by gender shows boys 6.4% and girls 6.0% with normal-high blood pressure, and boys 4.3% and girls 5.7% with arterial hypertension. Body mass index (BMI) measurements identified 16.0% excess weight students, 4.9% of whom were obese. A significant association (p = 0.01) between arterial hypertension and excess weight was observed. Among the students participating in the study, 11.6% did not attend physical education classes and 37.8% had sedentary leisure habits. Twenty students (0.6%) were smokers and 32.7% had already experimented with alcohol. None of these variables showed statistical significance as to blood pressure values and nutritional status. CONCLUSION: In light of the findings in this study which show schoolchildren with a higher than expected frequency of mean blood pressure and BMI values, associated with a lifestyle that tends to favour the development of cardiovascular diseases, we felt led to propose interventional measures focused on the school as an agent of change and capable of conveying information to family units. This possibility encourages us to propose that schools be partners in promoting health.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Prevention and control</kwd>
        <kwd>epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>anthropometry</kwd>
        <kwd>arterial blood pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>student health</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Determinants of risk of cardiovascular diseases in schoolchildren</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Estelamaris T. Monego; Paulo C&#233;sar Brand&#227;o Veiga Jardim</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Secretaria de Estado de Sa&#250;de de Goi&#225;s, Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de, Secretaria de Estado da Educa&#231;&#227;o de Goi&#225;s e Secretaria Municipal de Educa&#231;&#227;o - Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To investigate the occurrence and association of arterial hypertension with several lifestyle variables.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Transversal population-based study with a random sample of students (7 to 14 years of age) of public and private schools. Variables investigated were nutritional status, blood pressure, and lifestyle (tobacco use, alcohol intake, physical activity and eating habits).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold> Out of the 3,169 schoolchildren assessed, 5.0% had arterial hypertension and 6.2% had normal-high blood pressure. Classification by gender shows boys 6.4% and girls 6.0% with normal-high blood pressure, and boys 4.3% and girls 5.7% with arterial hypertension. Body mass index (BMI) measurements identified 16.0% excess weight students, 4.9% of whom were obese. A significant association (p = 0.01) between arterial hypertension and excess weight was observed. Among the students participating in the study, 11.6% did not attend physical education classes and 37.8% had sedentary leisure habits. Twenty students (0.6%) were smokers and 32.7% had already experimented with alcohol. None of these variables showed statistical significance as to blood pressure values and nutritional status.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>In light of the findings in this study which show schoolchildren with a higher than expected frequency of mean blood pressure and BMI values, associated with a lifestyle that tends to favour the development of cardiovascular diseases, we felt led to propose interventional measures focused on the school as an agent of change and capable of conveying information to family units. This possibility encourages us to propose that schools be partners in promoting health. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Prevention and control, epidemiology, anthropometry, arterial blood pressure, student health</p>
      <p>The past decades have witnessed important changes in living and health conditions of Brazilians. Not only has the population aged, it has also adopted new working and leisure standards, and undergone significant changes as to the quality and quantity of the food consumed<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>These interrelated changes have produced a shift in health and disease conditions that challenges public health authorities. Concomitant and rapidly- occurring demographic, nutritional, and epidemiological transitions translate into increased rates of non-transmissible diseases and injuries<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Explanations for this transition in the population health profile have been sought in studies conducted with adults, but the number of studies focusing on children is much smaller. Considering that biological changes take place more rapidly during childhood and adolescence than in any other period of life, it is easy to suppose that this biological moment represents an important area of investigation for determining additional risks, central to the study of diseases<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Arterial hypertension and the so-called environmental factors have been identified as variables associated with this change in epidemiology. Arterial hypertension is a chronic disease, characterized by the persistence of arterial pressure levels above those arbitrarily defined as limits of normalcy [reference values]. It is the most common risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and is considered a severe public health problem for all socioeconomic groups<sup>2,4</sup>.</p>
      <p>The determination of its onset is based on factors triggered during childhood. A classic study on the detection of cardiovascular risk in children, the <italic>Bogalusa Heart Study</italic>, disclosed that not only does the etiology of most cardiovascular diseases has its roots in the early years of life, and as such can be identified at a very early stage, but environmental factors such as eating habits, tobacco use and physical activity also greatly influence the inception of arterial hypertension and obesity. The study concludes by highlighting the fact that lifestyle and personal habits that influence the onset of cardiovascular diseases are learned and begin at very early stages of life<sup>5-7</sup>.</p>
      <p> For this reason, interventions during childhood and adolescence, periods that are critical for the development of several risk factors, have been recommended as a measure to prevent unfavorable outcomes in adult life<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p> The only studies on the prevalence of risk factors for non-transmissible diseases conducted in Goi&#226;nia were <italic>Carment</italic><sup>9</sup> and the <italic>Estudo Centro-Oeste</italic><sup>10</sup>. <italic>Carment</italic> investigated individuals over fifteen years of age and showed a prevalence of 35.4% cases of arterial hypertension; 44.1% of excess weight; 22.9% of tobacco use and 66.2% of sedentarism. On the other hand, the <italic>Estudo Centro-Oeste</italic> showed a prevalence of 36.4% of arterial hypertension, 42% of excess weight, and 65% of sedentarism in individuals over eighteen years of age.</p>
      <p> Seeking to increase knowledge about health status and the risks of children and adolescents attending the school network, this study had the objective of investigating the occurrence of arterial hypertension and excess weight, focusing on the association between the two and with several lifestyle variables. The results allowed a proposal of intervention in the events identified, using the school environment as a propagator of health-promoting measures.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The <italic>Projeto Carminho</italic>, on which our study is based, is part of a research line on arterial pressure and cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) in children and young people being conducted in the city of Goi&#226;nia since 2001. This project was partially funded by the PanAmerican Health Organization, Ministry of Health, State Department of Health of Goi&#225;s and <italic>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Apoio &#224; Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</italic> (Research Sponsorship Foundation of the Federal University of Goi&#225;s). It also has the logistic support of the State Department of Education of Goi&#225;s and Municipal Departments of Health and Education of Goi&#226;nia.</p>
      <p><italic>Carminho</italic> was a transversal population-based study conducted with a sample consisting of children and adolescents between seven and fourteen years of age, boys and girls, who attended schools in the eastern region of Goi&#226;nia, the capital of the State of Goi&#225;s, from March 2001 to June 2002. The sample was selected by allotment among the 41 schools in the East Region (17 municipal schools, 21 state schools, and 3 private schools), and included primary and secondary schoolchildren. Seventeen schools took part, proportionally representing the number of public and private schools that are administratively linked to the Regional Central Unit of the Municipal Department of Education and the East Region of the State Department of Education. Based on the total number of students from the selected schools and the number of students by grade, a proportional sample to be collected in each school was calculated. The sample size consisting of 3,388 children and adolescents, between 7 and 15 years of age, was calculated using a 0.3 error and a 2,985 standard deviation, and stratified by gender and age into four age groups, consisting of 847 students each.</p>
      <p> The variables analyzed were age, anthropometric measurements, arterial pressure, and lifestyle habits. <italic>Body weight</italic> was mesured by a Kratos portable digital electronic weighing scale, with 150 kilogram capacity and 50 gram accuracy, calibrated by Inmetro. <italic>Height </italic>was measured with a Secca anthropometer attached to the wall, with an accuracy level of 0.1 cm. Values obtained were recorded in kilograms and meters<sup>11,12</sup>. To obtain the height percentile, National Center of Health Statistics height tables by age and gender were used from EpiInfo software<sup>13</sup>. The Body Mass Index [BMI = weight (kg)/height (m)<sup>2</sup>] classified and categorized in the 85<sup>th</sup> percentile (P85<sup>th</sup>) those students who were overweight, and in the 95<sup>th</sup> percentile or above (P95<sup> th</sup>) the students who were obese. These values correspond to BMI 25 and 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, respectively, adjusted for age and gender (NHANES I)<sup>14</sup>. For the discussion of the results, these categories (P85<sup> th</sup> + P95<sup> th</sup>) were grouped under the term <italic>excess</italic> weight.</p>
      <p><italic>Arterial pressure</italic> was measured with an aneroid sphygmomanometer, with pre-school, teen, and adult cuff sizes, and an adult stethoscope. Two blood pressure measurements were taken of the right arm in the sitting position - resting for two minutes before the first measurement, and with a two-minute interval before the second measurement; values were estimated based on the first and fifth phases of Korotkoff sounds. The first measurement was ignored and arterial hypertension was identified when the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and/or the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were in the 95<sup>th</sup> percentile or above (&#179; P95). The normal-high blood pressure was identified when the SBP and/or the DBP were in the 90<sup>th</sup> and 95<sup>th</sup> percentiles (&#179; P90 but less than P95), taking into consideration gender, age, and height of the child/adolescent<sup>15,16</sup>.</p>
      <p>Variables referring to <italic>lifestyle habits</italic> were tobacco use (smoker, never smoked, or ex-smoker), alcoholic beverage intake (experimenting with and local<bold>)</bold>, physical activity at school (number of weekly physical education classes), and use of leisure time (<italic>sedentary</italic>, when most of their free time was spent in poor calorie-burning activities, such as watching TV, playing videogame, using the computer, etc.; <italic>light activities</italic>, when most of the time was spent riding a bicycle, playing ball, running, or any kind of sport; and <italic>moderate-intense activity </italic>when the student spent his/her free time training for competitions. The frequency of meals over the last year (daily, weekly, occasionally, or rarely/never) was also investigated, but will not be covered in this study. </p>
      <p> The data collection instrument proposed by the Projeto <italic>Carmen</italic><sup>17</sup> was modified to be used in our study<italic>.</italic> The teams received an Interviewer Manual, with standardization of the information to be collected.</p>
      <p>Children and adolescents were interviewed and evaluated at their own schools, after a meeting held with the teachers to present the project, allocate the groups, and define the working timeline. On the set date, activities began with an informal conversation in the classroom in order to explain the procedures and guarantee normalcy of the teachers&#146; educational activities. The time set for measuring the children&#146;s blood pressure was to be right before the break, and not concomitant with any activity related to physical education.</p>
      <p>Data collected were encoded and analyzed taking into consideration the prevalence of the risk factors individually or combined. The association of arterial pressure, BMI, physical activity, tobacco use, and alcoholic beverage intake variables was verified by means of a univariate analysis. Proportions were compared using the chi-square test (c2), and a 5% level of significance, or p &lt; 0.05. </p>
      <p>Before the investigation began, the proposal was presented during a collective meeting with the State Department of Education of Goi&#225;s and the Municipal Department of Health of Goi&#226;nia. The deliberations were submitted for appreciation &amp; signature corroborating the acceptance by the principals of the participating schools. Informed Consent forms were distributed to the parents of the children in a meeting held for this purpose. The project for this investigation was approved by the Ethics in Human and Animal Medical Research Committee of the <italic>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</italic> of the Federal University of Goi&#225;s.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Out of the 3,169 children and adolescents evaluated (95.3% of the sample), 1,600 (50.5%) were boys between seven and fourteen years of age. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> displays the most important findings and highlights the prevalence of 158 cases (5.0%) of arterial hypertension and 196 cases (6.2%) of normal-high blood pressure. Categorization by gender shows 102 boys (6.4%) and 94 girls (6.0%) with normal-high blood pressure and 69 boys (4.3%) and 89 girls (5.7%) with arterial hypertension.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0037-00006-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The grouping of these values (P 90 + P 95) shows that 171 (10.7%) boys and 183 (11.2%) girls had altered blood pressures relative to the reference values, with statistically significant differences (p &lt; 0.00) at the ages of 9/10 years and 8/9 years for boys and girls, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0037-00006-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0037-00006-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The results indicate that 198 (6.2%) students had (isolated) elevated SBP, 80 (2.5%) students had (isolated) elevated DBP, and 76 (2.4%) students had both (elevated SBP and DBP). No significant gender-related differences were observed.</p>
      <p> BMI measurements showed that 228 (7.2%) students were underweight, 2,435 (76.8%) were eutrophic, 350 (11.0%) were overweight, and 156 (4.9%) were obese. The combination of the last two values indicates that 506 (16%) subjects of the population were overweight (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>). BMI distribution decreases in a statistically significant fashion (p &lt; 0.01) from the age of twelve years for boys, and in a less accelerated way among girls; nevertheless, there was a tendency towards excess weight (overweight + obesity) for both genders at all ages (data not shown).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0037-00006-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p> Crossing BMI information with blood pressure levels indicates that low body weight is not associated with an elevation of arterial pressure levels, either in boys (p= 0.11) or in girls (p = 0.49). It also shows that high BMI values (overweight and obesity) are statistically associated with abnormal arterial blood pressure levels (p = 0.01), whether the cut-off point is set in the 90<sup>th</sup> percentile or in the 95th percentile (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0037-00006-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Two thousand eight hundred and one (88.4%) students take part in the physical education activities at their schools (of this number, 23.0%, 42.0%, and 23.4% attend classes once, twice and three times during the week, respectively). With regard to information about the frequency of out-of-school physical activities, 1,199 students (37.8%) are sedentary, 1,786 (54.0%) have light physical activities, and 184 (5.4%) engage in moderate-to-intense physical activities. However, there is no significant association between physical education at school or leisure and changes in blood pressure levels (p = 0.62).</p>
      <p>The study investigated the habit of smoking cigarettes. According to pooled data, in some or all cases, 20 (0.6%), students confirmed having smoked cigarettes. One thousand and thirty-six (32.7%) students reported having experimented with alcoholic beverages. It should be highlighted that very often the experimentation took place within family environment, and that 55.0% (571 out of 1,036) of these students were twelve years of age or under.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study focused on the frequency of arterial hypertension in children and adolescents, which is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in adult life. The school environment was chosen as the field for investigation, considering its role in formal education, fundamental for building lifestyle habits. The study also focused on the Body Mass Index as an indicator of the students&#146; lifestyle, as shown by their physical activities and eating habits, and evaluated tobacco use and alcoholic beverage intake as well, since these habits are considered markers of cardiovascular risks.</p>
      <p>Among the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, arterial hypertension and excess weight are the most important ones. The association of both showed statistical significance.</p>
      <p>In our sample, 158 students (5.0%), 69 (2.2%) boys and 89 (2.8%) girls, had arterial hypertension. The statistical analysis of arterial pressure values found in the 90<sup>th</sup> and 95<sup>th</sup> percentiles did not indicate any statistically significant difference. These findings compare with other studies conducted with children and adolescents in several countries, including Brazil. During the 1990s, these values ranged from 1.2% to 13.0%<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>Using the 95<sup>th</sup> percentile as the cut-off point for determining arterial hypertension, the Rio de Janeiro transversal study, with cases similar to those of this study, identified 6.9% and 8.4% of its participants with systolic blood pressure (SBP) and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP), respectively, above the 95<sup>th</sup> percentile in two different time points<sup>19</sup>. On the other hand, the Belo Horizonte Study <sup>20</sup> that included children and adolescents from six to eighteen years of age, found a 3.5% occurrence [of hypertension], whereas the Macei&#243;<sup>21</sup> study identified 9.4% in the group with ages seven-to-seventeen. </p>
      <p>Sinaiko et al<sup>22</sup>, in the Minnesota Study, found 6.4% of arterial hypertension in one single measurement. Simionato et al<sup>23</sup>, analyzing schoolchildren from six to eighteen years of age, found 6.9% of SBP and/or DBP, with a percentile equal to or greater than 95. </p>
      <p>Other studies indicate that, even when the prevalence of arterial hypertension is not expressive among children, the presence of lifestyle- and hereditary-related risk factors would determine the existence of arterial hypertension in adulthood<sup>24-26</sup>. </p>
      <p>This evidence seems to relate to <italic>tracking</italic>, a term that identifies the persistence of a certain risk factor until adulthood, such as blood pressure values observed in childhood and those measured in maturity, indicating that elevated BP levels in children seem to be strong predictors of arterial hypertension in adult life<sup>27</sup>. </p>
      <p>The blood pressure behavior in adolescent boys and girls identified in this study was also observed by Szklo<sup>28</sup>, who reported similar SBP figures for children up to twelve years of age, and higher levels for girls. Richey<sup>29</sup> also identified higher blood pressure levels in girls than in boys at the onset of adolescence, with an inversion of this proportion at the end of this age bracket. The most probably hypothesis would be the role of earlier female puberty<sup>27</sup>.</p>
      <p>The <italic>Bogaluse Heart Study </italic>shows that arterial pressure measured in the same child may vary (3.4 mmHg in the mean SBP and 6.5 mmHg in the mean DBP) and suggests that measurements be repeated, as a routine, allowing the determination of that child&#146;s blood pressure pattern<sup>30</sup>. As it is not always possible to perform this procedure in population studies conducted in schools, it is recommended that any child with arterial pressure _ P95 be referred to a reference center for a definitive diagnosis<sup>15</sup>. </p>
      <p>In our study, all children and adolescents whose arterial pressure was included in risk categories were referred to the <italic>Liguinha de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</italic> of the Federal University of Goi&#225;s for clinical examinations in order to verify the presence of arterial hypertension in a more appropriate setting. The confirmed cases have been followed-up by the multidisciplinary team at the institution.</p>
      <p>As to the nutritional status, we observed 506 (16.0%) cases of excess weight (overweight + obesity), a tendency that is maintained in both genders, at all ages (16.0% of boys and 15.8% of girls with excess weight); of these, around 5.0% were already obese (5.3% of girls and 4.5% of boys).</p>
      <p>These results are lower than the results found by the American <italic>US National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys</italic> (NHANES III) study that identified 11.0% of obesity in children between four and twelve years of age<sup>31</sup>. In the <italic>Bogalusa Heart Study,</italic> 16.3% and 20.1% were recorded, respectively, for excess weight in the five-to-ten and eleven-to-seventeen age groups<sup>32</sup>. However, this is consistent with other Brazilian studies. </p>
      <p>The Investigation on Standard of Living (1996/1997) among children and adolescents between six and eighteen years of age found that 13.9% of the participants had excess weight. Analysis of temporal tendency of the nutritional status among Brazilian young people [six to eighteen years of age] shows an increase in excess weight from 4.1% (1974) to 13.9% (1997), evidencing that this condition tripled during that period of time. The authors further suggest that the rapid weight increase in children and adolescents identifies a tendency that should be monitored<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Children whose BMI is over the 75<sup>th</sup> percentile characterize weight tracking [persistence of relative rankings], a phenomenon in which there is a tendency to maintain the BMI at higher percentiles than those considered healthy in adulthood<sup>33</sup>. This finding is described in the Bogalusa Study in which 77.0 % of the obese children (95<sup>th</sup> percentile) continued as such in adult life (percentile <underline>&gt;</underline> 30)<sup> 34</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our study the tendency towards excess weight, apparent in both genders and at all ages, provides additional information to the interventional measures that will follow our project. In a state with strong rural influence, with habits and customs very close to those considered of risk, it is vital to understand the causes and intervene in this process of health deterioration.</p>
      <p>Obesity can be considered the most important public health problem among children and adolescents. This affirmation is based on the magnitude and ascending temporal curve of its prevalence, on social determination, and on its interaction with other chronic non-transmissible diseases.<sup>31</sup> Additionally, it is known that arterial hypertension progressively increases with Body Mass Index, from a 2.0% prevalence when in the 5<sup>th</sup> percentile (P 5<sup>th</sup>) to 11.0% in the 95<sup>th</sup> percentile (P 95<sup>th</sup>) of the BMI<sup>35</sup>. </p>
      <p>Our study showed a positive association (p &lt; 0.001) between an increased BMI (overweight and obesity) and elevated blood pressure levels, whether the cut-off point is set in P <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 or in P <underline>&gt;</underline> 95. </p>
      <p>There was no statistically significant association between low weight and an increase in blood pressure, which is consistent with the findings of other studies<sup>21,31,36</sup>. Brand&#227;o<sup>37</sup> studied children in a suburb of Rio de Janeiro and concluded that the elevation of blood pressure with age depends on the increase in body weight.</p>
      <p>The results of this investigation made clear that although 2,801 students (88.4%) attend physical education classes, participation is not associated with a satisfactory BMI. Maybe this is because 23.0% and 42.0% of those assessed participate only once or twice a week, respectively, and only 23.4% of these up to three times a week. Participation in out-of-school physical activities shows that sedentary activities are preferred by 37.9% [of the students], showing that more than one third of those evaluated are at risk as a result of physical inactivity, and a little more than half (56.3%) engage in activities with little calorie-burning potential. No statistically significant correlation was found between any of the investigated physical activities, elevated blood pressure levels, and excess weight. What may possibly explain this result is the methodology used in a study that covers an entire population, which did not include evaluation of type, intensity, or duration of the physical exercise carried out.</p>
      <p>The adoption of physical activity, whether in leisure or formal activities, has been associated with and improvement in life expectancy and reduction of cardiovascular risk. Physical activities help prevent obesity and high blood pressure, improve insulin resistance, and reduce high cholesterol levels, frequently present in children and adolescents<sup>5,38</sup>. </p>
      <p>Similarly, a study conducted in Argentina with fifteen-year-olds showed that 61.0% of them had insufficient physical activity, but this did not positively correlate with the arterial hypertension frequency detected<sup>39</sup>.</p>
      <p>The <italic>Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance </italic>also showed that only 29.1% of the American schoolchildren assessed informed that they participate in any type of physical education at school. The reasons reported for this behavior were excessive weight, pregnancy, and cigarette use<sup>40</sup>.</p>
      <p>The combination of physical exercise and diet is recommended in the management of obesity in children. Nevertheless, participation in types of physical activity that require little effort (watching TV, using the computer or playing video games) is present in all social classes and is directly related to safety issues, to the small effort required, and to the great pleasure these activities provide<sup>41</sup>. </p>
      <p>Many of the cardiovascular disease risk factors that develop in adults have their roots in habits acquired during childhood. Not only a lifestyle related to eating habits and physical activities is established in this phase of life, but the habit of smoking as well<sup>42-44</sup>. </p>
      <p>The main factor for a young person to become a smoker is experimentation, both in terms of magnitude and precocity. In a study carried out in twelve capitals of Brazil, the prevalence of experimentation and regular use observed among young people was very high. This justifies the urgency of anti-tobacco campaigns targeting primarily this age bracket, seeking to interrupt the cigarette experimentation process and, consequently, the establishment of regular smoking habits. Along this line, schools are in a privileged position for promoting prevention.</p>
      <p>Smoking represents one of the greatest public health challenges, not only because it is a strong cardiovascular risk factor, but also because most smokers formed this habit in preadolescence or adolescence<sup>43</sup>. In our study, information about the use of tobacco and alcoholic beverages by schoolchildren was evaluated by its potential cardiovascular risk, having been reported only by twenty school-age youngsters (0.6%) and failing to prove any statistically significant association.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, Achutti et al<sup>43</sup>, in analyzing information from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey that investigated adolescents in twelve developing countries including Brazil, found an 8.7% frequency of tobacco use amongst thirteen-to-fifteen year-old schoolchildren. Newer data from worldwide research on smoking among teens that included some Brazilian cities, show that 14.6% of the children between 13 and fifteen years of age who live in Goi&#226;nia report smoking regularly, and 37.2% are exposed to cigarette smoke at home.</p>
      <p>Similarly, alcoholism in childhood is a social problem that should be thoroughly addressed. Although it is known that most children drink because their friends and schoolmates do, the role of the family environment is fundamental since abusive use of alcohol by family members can stimulate a child&#146;s interest in drinking<sup>45</sup>.</p>
      <p>Alcoholism can be defined as the habitual and frequent intake of alcoholic beverages, divided into several doses during the day, which maintains a permanent alcoholization of the body. Most individuals first experiment with alcohol during their adolescence, approximately at the age of fifteen years<sup>45</sup>. </p>
      <p>About one third of the schoolchildren interviewed responded positively to the question concerning alcohol use (32.7%). The analysis by age bracket shows an upward [slope] distribution, leading us to suppose that, as the youngster grows older, he/she feels greater freedom to drink The intake of alcoholic beverages could not be associated with the increase in blood pressure since it concerns a very young population whose understanding does not associate the two. It is noteworthy, however, to observe that families facilitate experimentation with alcoholic beverages by children and young people, especially those under twelve years of age (55.0%).</p>
      <p>Experimentation, even in small quantities, opens the door to forming habits, and permissiveness, and leads to a mistaken and excessive prominence of this habit. The identification of this group of schoolchildren who have already been introduced to the flavor and use of alcohol, along with the results of a study<sup>44</sup> that shows that 3.0% to 9.0% of the adults in large Brazilian cities are alcohol-dependent confirms the need for implementing preventive measures.</p>
      <p>Similarly, research conducted by the <italic>Centro Brasileiro de Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre Drogas Psicotr&#243;picas </italic>(CEBRID) - Brazilian Center of Information on Psychotropic Drugs - with students between ten and twelve years of age in ten capital cities, shows that alcohol is the drug of choice among these children. Around 50% of those evaluated have already used alcoholic beverages, 28.6% had their first drink at home, and in 21.8% of the cases, the drinks were offered by their parents<sup>45</sup>. </p>
      <p>Onset of drinking among children is taking place at increasingly earlier ages. According to the <italic>I Levantamento Domiciliar sobre o Uso de Drogas Psicotr&#243;picas no Brasil &#150; 2001 </italic>(1<sup>st</sup> Domestic Survey of the Use of Psychotropic Drugs in Brazil), the prevalence of alcohol intake was 33.0% among youngsters twelve to seventeen years of age, and amidst children nine to twelve years of age, 67.0% of Brazilian children have already have some contact with alcoholic beverages<sup>42</sup>.</p>
      <p>Our project was the first population-based survey to portray the presence of cardiovascular risk determinants in young people of the eastern region of Goi&#226;nia. The results we found trace a health profile in which blood pressure reaches levels above those expected for the respective age groups. The nutritional profile clearly tends towards excess weight, with inadequate physical exercise at school, very little calorie-burning during leisure time, and experimentation with alcohol happening at a very early stage of life.</p>
      <p>The endeavor to fill in the gaps of our knowledge makes it possible to not only identify risk factors, but also suggest strategies for addressing the resulting damage.</p>
      <p>Barreto et al<sup>46 </sup>stress important aspects in health promotion and show that most risk factors operate over the course of a person&#146;s life and with varying intensities. They also show that positive changes in lifestyle have a direct effect on health in any phase of life or preexisting health condition, and that the simple dissemination of knowledge is an insufficient factor for sustainable changes in the lifestyle and habits of the population and the sectors of the country involved in health care. Barreto et al further state that behavior and lifestyle of individuals and social groups are largely determined by their physical, socio-economic, and cultural settings.</p>
      <p>From this perspective, the proposition of a healthful lifestyle seems to be a major alternative for guaranteeing community health. Individual and collective programs supporting the reduction of modifiable factors and recommending prevention-oriented health measures with self-care and sustainability characteristics are highly recommended<sup>47,48</sup>. </p>
      <p>It is our strong belief that, if risk factors are established in childhood, their management should begin then as well, with the family as the child&#146;s primary social group and a partner in an approach for transformation involving information, practice, and attitudes, and a healthy school environment as a facilitator of healthful daily habits. With a health-promoting background and a strategy of transversal themes, it is possible to claim that monitoring health status at school is a strong criterion for evaluating the efficacy and effectiveness of the measures recommended.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Researchers: Ana Lucia I. Oliveira (SPAIS-SES/GO); Magna M. Carvalho (SPAIS-SES/GO); Maria de F&#225;tima Gil (FANUT/UFG); Maria Lucia Carnelosso (SPAIS-SES/GO); Maria Madalena L. S. Sousa (DEME &#150; SEE/GO); Maria do Ros&#225;rio G. Peixoto (FANUT/<italic>Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</italic>/UFG); Nelma Maria Pereira (Municipal Department of Education of Goi&#226;nia); Petronor C. Fonseca (SPAIS - SES/GO); T&#226;nia M. C. Reis (SME/Goi&#226;nia); Ten&#243;rio M. Neto (SUPEF &#150; SEE/GO); V&#226;nia M. Balestra (East Sanitary District - Municipal Department of Health).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Estelamaris T. Monego</p>
          <p> Av. Jo&#227;o Leite, 360 casa 27 </p>
          <p> 74670-040 &#150; Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="emonego@fanut.ufg.br">emonego@fanut.ufg.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 09/27/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 09/30/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
