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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">TmY4f3LFwhZtbPhPpxKL8xB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001400005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700105</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001400005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise de marcadores de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica ap&#243;s evento coronariano agudo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mouco</surname>
            <given-names>Osana Maria Coelho Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nicolau</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana da Rocha e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maia</surname>
            <given-names>Lilia Nigro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Franchini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>28</fpage>
      <lpage>36</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar o tempo para a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica nas s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA) utilizando-se marcadores inflamat&#243;rios. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo prospectivo, quarenta pacientes com SCA sem supradesnivelamento de ST versus quarenta indiv&#237;duos sem doen&#231;a coronariana. Prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR), fibrinog&#234;nio, fator VIIIc, interleucina-6 e TNF (fator de necrose tumoral)-alfa foram coletados na interna&#231;&#227;o, na alta hospitalar e ap&#243;s tr&#234;s e seis meses. RESULTADOS: Comparada ao controle, a PCR foi significativamente maior na interna&#231;&#227;o e na alta, mas n&#227;o ap&#243;s tr&#234;s e seis meses. Os n&#237;veis de fibrinog&#234;nio n&#227;o apresentaram varia&#231;&#245;es, exceto aos seis meses, quando foi significativamente menor que o controle. O fator VIIIc n&#227;o diferiu do controle na interna&#231;&#227;o, mas foi significativamente maior na alta, e sem diferen&#231;as aos tr&#234;s e seis meses. A IL-6 foi significativamente maior que o controle em todos os per&#237;odos. Entretanto, houve queda significativa dos seus n&#237;veis entre a alta e tr&#234;s meses. O TNF-alfa n&#227;o foi significativamente diferente do controle em nenhum momento. Somente a IL-6 se correlacionou significativa e independentemente com eventos cardiovasculares futuros. CONCLUS&#195;O: Quanto a PCR e fator VIIIc, sugere-se estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da placa em at&#233; tr&#234;s meses; a an&#225;lise da IL-6 sugere estabiliza&#231;&#227;o a partir do terceiro m&#234;s, apesar de permanecer elevada em rela&#231;&#227;o ao controle em at&#233; seis meses. Apenas a IL-6 mostrou valor progn&#243;stico de eventos futuros em um ano.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Marcadores inflamat&#243;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>angina inst&#225;vel</kwd>
        <kwd>infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento de ST</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>An&#225;lise de marcadores de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica ap&#243;s evento coronariano agudo </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Osana Maria Coelho Costa Mouco; Jos&#233; Carlos Nicolau; Tatiana da Rocha e Souza; Lilia Nigro Maia; Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Franchini Ramires</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital de Base da Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto &#151; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#151; FMUSP - S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar o tempo para a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica nas s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA) utilizando-se marcadores inflamat&#243;rios. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Estudo prospectivo, quarenta pacientes com SCA sem supradesnivelamento de ST versus quarenta indiv&#237;duos sem doen&#231;a coronariana. Prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR), fibrinog&#234;nio, fator VIIIc, interleucina-6 e TNF (fator de necrose tumoral)-a foram coletados na interna&#231;&#227;o, na alta hospitalar e ap&#243;s tr&#234;s e seis meses. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Comparada ao controle, a PCR foi significativamente maior na interna&#231;&#227;o e na alta, mas n&#227;o ap&#243;s tr&#234;s e seis meses. Os n&#237;veis de fibrinog&#234;nio n&#227;o apresentaram varia&#231;&#245;es, exceto aos seis meses, quando foi significativamente menor que o controle. O fator VIIIc n&#227;o diferiu do controle na interna&#231;&#227;o, mas foi significativamente maior na alta, e sem diferen&#231;as aos tr&#234;s e seis meses. A IL-6 foi significativamente maior que o controle em todos os per&#237;odos. Entretanto, houve queda significativa dos seus n&#237;veis entre a alta e tr&#234;s meses. O TNF-a n&#227;o foi significativamente diferente do controle em nenhum momento. Somente a IL-6 se correlacionou significativa e independentemente com eventos cardiovasculares futuros. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> Quanto a PCR e fator VIIIc, sugere-se estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da placa em at&#233; tr&#234;s meses; a an&#225;lise da IL-6 sugere estabiliza&#231;&#227;o a partir do terceiro m&#234;s, apesar de permanecer elevada em rela&#231;&#227;o ao controle em at&#233; seis meses. Apenas a IL-6 mostrou valor progn&#243;stico de eventos futuros em um ano. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, angina inst&#225;vel, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento de ST</p>
    <p>As s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA) &#151; angina inst&#225;vel e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio &#151; desenvolvem-se, principalmente, por ruptura ou eros&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica, com forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo associado. A instabilidade da placa &#233; reconhecida, entre outras caracter&#237;sticas, por estar intimamente relacionada ao processo inflamat&#243;rio<sup>1-4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dentre os marcadores inflamat&#243;rios circulantes, a prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR) &#233; a mais estudada; n&#237;veis elevados s&#227;o vistos em pacientes com SCA e est&#227;o associados com mais altas taxas de eventos futuros<sup>5</sup>. Por sua vez, a interleucina-6, o estimulante para a produ&#231;&#227;o de PCR no f&#237;gado, tamb&#233;m est&#225; elevada em pacientes com SCA e associada com pior progn&#243;stico, refor&#231;ando a import&#226;ncia da inflama&#231;&#227;o nessas s&#237;ndromes<sup>6</sup>. O fator de necrose tumoral-a (TNF-a), uma citocina produzida principalmente por macr&#243;fagos ativados, estimula a s&#237;ntese de outras citocinas<sup>7</sup>. A eleva&#231;&#227;o persistente do TNF-a ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) correlaciona-se com pior progn&#243;stico; entretanto, muito pouca informa&#231;&#227;o encontra-se dispon&#237;vel sobre a cin&#233;tica do TNF-a nas SCA sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST<sup>8</sup>. O fibrinog&#234;nio &#233; uma prote&#237;na de fase aguda diretamente envolvida na cascata da coagula&#231;&#227;o; n&#237;veis elevados est&#227;o associados com maior risco de eventos tromb&#243;ticos<sup>9</sup> e um risco aumentado de eventos em pacientes com SCA<sup>10-14</sup>. Finalmente, o fator VIII-c, um cofator enzim&#225;tico procoagulante, tamb&#233;m est&#225; envolvido na inflama&#231;&#227;o<sup>15</sup>, e um marcador de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica<sup>16-18</sup>.</p>
    <p>H&#225; escassa informa&#231;&#227;o na literatura a respeito de quanto tempo &#233; necess&#225;rio para que as les&#245;es instabilizadas coronarianas cicatrizem completamente em pacientes com SCA sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Um estudo utilizando mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o celular sugeriu que a atividade inflamat&#243;ria poderia persistir por at&#233; seis meses ap&#243;s o evento coronariano agudo<sup>19</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo principal deste estudo foi avaliar o tempo necess&#225;rio para a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica, de forma indireta, em pacientes com SCA sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST tratadas clinicamente, atrav&#233;s do comportamento dos n&#237;veis de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e de coagula&#231;&#227;o no plasma.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Quarenta dos 64 pacientes internados em nosso hospital entre setembro de 2000 e maio de 2001 com diagn&#243;stico de angina inst&#225;vel e IAM sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo (22 homens; m&#233;dia de idade de 61 &#177; 12 anos). Quarenta volunt&#225;rios sadios com similar sexo e idade agiram como grupo controle. Os pacientes foram seguidos por at&#233; um ano.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram dor tor&#225;cica dentro de 24 horas de dura&#231;&#227;o, sugestiva de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica com padr&#227;o acelerado, ou prolongada (&gt; 20 minutos), ou com epis&#243;dios recorrentes em repouso, ou com m&#237;nimo esfor&#231;o, e pelo menos um dos seguintes: (a) novas ou presumivelmente novas mudan&#231;as no ECG (qualquer das seguintes tr&#234;s caracter&#237;sticas): depress&#227;o do segmento ST de pelo menos 0,5 mm, eleva&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria (&lt; 20 minutos) do segmento ST de pelo menos 1 mm, invers&#227;o de onda T de pelo menos 3 mm em no m&#237;nimo duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas; (b) n&#237;veis elevados de marcadores card&#237;acos (CKMB <underline>&gt;</underline> 2X o limite superior da normalidade).</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram eleva&#231;&#227;o persistente do segmento ST; angina secund&#225;ria; hist&#243;ria de interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica nos &#250;ltimos seis meses, bloqueio de ramo esquerdo ou ritmo de marcapasso; terapia fibrinol&#237;tica nas &#250;ltimas 48 horas; qualquer inflama&#231;&#227;o, infec&#231;&#227;o ou doen&#231;a neopl&#225;sica; uso regular ou cr&#244;nico de antiinflamat&#243;rios nos precedentes dois meses; IAM e acidente vascular cerebral nos &#250;ltimos seis meses; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva grave ou choque cardiog&#234;nico; doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica grave; creatinina s&#233;rica &gt; 2,5 mg/dl; cirurgia ou trauma nos &#250;ltimos trinta dias. Os pacientes tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos se fossem submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ou ICP durante o estudo (nove pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos baseados nesse crit&#233;rio).</p>
    <p><italic>Tratamento cl&#237;nico</italic><bold>- </bold>As medica&#231;&#245;es intra-hospitalares foram utilizadas de acordo com a conduta m&#233;dica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab.1</xref>). O m&#233;dico assistente tamb&#233;m tomou decis&#245;es a respeito da estrat&#233;gia invasiva ou conservadora, e da necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0028-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Amostras sang&#252;&#237;neas</italic><bold>- </bold>Amostras de sangue venoso perif&#233;rico foram coletadas na admiss&#227;o, na alta hospitalar e ap&#243;s tr&#234;s e seis meses. Somente uma medida foi realizada nos controles sadios. Todas as amostras (pacientes e controles) foram centrifugadas, estocadas a -70&#176;C e analisadas para PCR ultra-sens&#237;vel, IL-6, TNF-a, fibrinog&#234;nio e fator VIII-c em uma &#250;nica s&#233;rie no final do estudo. </p>
    <p><italic>Avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial</italic><bold> - </bold>PCR ultra-sens&#237;vel foi determinada por imunoturbidimetria de part&#237;culas (COBAS INTEGRA 700, Roche Diagnostics). IL-6 e TNF-a foram avaliadas por ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay- R&amp;D Systems). Fibrinog&#234;nio foi medido baseado no m&#233;todo automatizado de Clauss (Fibriquik, marca Organon Teknika). A atividade do fator VIII foi medida por meio da determina&#231;&#227;o da habilidade da amostra testada em corrigir o tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o do Plasma Deficiente de Fator VIII, da marca Organon Teknika.</p>
    <p><italic>Objetivos - </italic>O principal objetivo do estudo foi avaliar, indiretamente, em pacientes portadores de SCA (angina inst&#225;vel e IAM sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST), o tempo necess&#225;rio para a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica, por meio da an&#225;lise de marcadores de sua instabiliza&#231;&#227;o (PCR, fibrinog&#234;nio, fator VIII, IL-6 e TNF-a), durante seis meses de seguimento ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. A meta secund&#225;ria foi correlacionar os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos desses marcadores com o progn&#243;stico (risco de eventos cardiovasculares futuros) em pacientes com SCA sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em at&#233; um ano de seguimento.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas - </italic>A estimativa do tamanho amostral de quarenta pacientes foi realizada em raz&#227;o de propriedades probabil&#237;sticas de estimadores de propor&#231;&#245;es e de m&#233;dias, uma vez que n&#227;o h&#225; informa&#231;&#227;o <italic>a priori</italic> utiliz&#225;vel para uma estimativa que leve em conta a precis&#227;o final dos resultados. Como a maioria dos valores dos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios n&#227;o foi distribu&#237;da normalmente, os dados foram apresentados em mediana (percentil 25-75), e quando havia distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, os valores foram apresentados em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Para compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos, utilizou-se o teste de Mann-Whitney (n&#227;o-param&#233;trico) quando os valores n&#227;o apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. O teste t n&#227;o-pareado com corre&#231;&#227;o por Welch foi utilizado quando os valores apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas em n&#250;mero e porcentual. Para as compara&#231;&#245;es entre essas vari&#225;veis, utilizou-se o teste exato de Fisher. </p>
    <p>Para compara&#231;&#227;o entre os diferentes per&#237;odos analisados, quando o paciente foi controle dele mesmo, portanto comportando-se como grupos pareados, foi utilizado o teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico de Wilcoxon pareado. Para as mesmas compara&#231;&#245;es nos diferentes per&#237;odos analisados utilizou-se o teste <italic>t</italic> pareado, quando os marcadores apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o normal.</p>
    <p>A correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores das citocinas e prote&#237;nas de fase aguda foi efetuada utilizando-se a correla&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-param&#233;trica de Spearman. </p>
    <p>Cada marcador foi comparado ao desfecho composto de angina recorrente, reinterna&#231;&#227;o por angina, reinfarto ou &#243;bito por causa cardiovascular, ao final de um ano de seguimento. Nessas an&#225;lises foram utilizados o teste de Mann-Whitney (compara&#231;&#245;es univariadas) e an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica (an&#225;lise multivariada).</p>
    <p>As diferen&#231;as entre os grupos foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas quando o valor de <italic>p</italic> fosse <underline>&lt;</underline> a 0,05 (bicaudal).</p>
    <p><italic>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas - </italic>O projeto foi aprovado pelos Comit&#234;s de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto-SP (Famerp) e da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (FMUSP). O consentimento p&#243;s-informa&#231;&#227;o livre e esclarecido foi obtido de todos os pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. Como pode ser visto, os grupos foram pareados de acordo com idade e sexo. Como esperado, o grupo caso mostrou maior propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com fatores de risco e pr&#233;-tratamentos espec&#237;ficos.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref> mostra que os n&#237;veis medianos da PCR foram significativamente maiores em pacientes com SCA, comparados com os controles na interna&#231;&#227;o e na alta hospitalar, mas n&#227;o em tr&#234;s e seis meses. Os n&#237;veis medianos da IL-6 diminu&#237;ram significativamente entre a alta e tr&#234;s meses. Entretanto, as incid&#234;ncias permaneceram significativamente maiores que os n&#237;veis dos controles por at&#233; seis meses (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). Os n&#237;veis medianos do TNF-a diminu&#237;ram significativamente entre tr&#234;s e seis meses Entretanto, os n&#237;veis, comparados com os controles, n&#227;o alcan&#231;aram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica em nenhum momento do segmento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>). Os padr&#245;es de mudan&#231;as de acordo com o tempo tamb&#233;m foram encontrados com o fibrinog&#234;nio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>), embora os n&#237;veis n&#227;o tenham aumentado significativamente comparados com controles durante o segmento. Os n&#237;veis do fator VIII-c foram significativamente maiores na alta hospitalar, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles, mas n&#227;o em tr&#234;s e seis meses (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">fig. 5</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0028-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0028-00005-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0028-00005-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0028-00005-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0028-00005-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Correla&#231;&#245;es entre prote&#237;nas de fase aguda e citocinas - </italic>Houve correla&#231;&#245;es significativas entre os n&#237;veis de PCR e IL-6 coletadas na interna&#231;&#227;o (r = 0,5; p &lt; 0,001), na alta hospitalar (r = 0,6; p &lt; 0,001), e em tr&#234;s meses (r = 0,4; p &lt; 0,007); entre os n&#237;veis de PCR e fibrinog&#234;nio coletados na interna&#231;&#227;o (r = 0,4; p = 0,003), e pela ocasi&#227;o da alta (r = 0,4; p = 0,003); e entre os n&#237;veis de PCR e TNF-a coletados na interna&#231;&#227;o (r = 0,3; p = 0,024), e na alta hospitalar (r = 0,4; p = 0,009). N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#245;es significativas entre os n&#237;veis de PCR e fator VIIIc em nenhum momento do segmento.</p>
    <p><italic>Eventos cl&#237;nicos e n&#237;veis dos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios em um ano de seguimento - </italic>No final de um ano de seguimento, houve 45 eventos cardiovasculares (32 casos de angina recorrente sem hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, quatro mortes, oito re-hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por angina, um IAM n&#227;o-fatal). Dos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios analisados, somente os n&#237;veis de IL-6 na interna&#231;&#227;o correlacionaram-se significativa e independentemente com a meta composta, como pode ser visto nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabelas 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">3</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0028-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0028-00005-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>PCR - </italic>Demonstrou-se no presente estudo que os n&#237;veis de PCR estavam elevados em pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel ou IAM sem supradesnivelamento de ST dentro de 24 horas de evolu&#231;&#227;o. Liuzzo e cols.<sup>20</sup> demonstraram que 65% dos pacientes apresentaram n&#237;veis de PCR <underline>&gt;</underline> 3 mg/L na interna&#231;&#227;o, sendo similar aos nossos resultados, no qual 62,5% dos pacientes apresentaram n&#237;veis de PCR <underline>&gt;</underline> 4 mg/L (mediana da PCR dos controles) na interna&#231;&#227;o. Por sua vez, n&#237;veis de PCR elevados na alta estavam presentes em 65% de nossos pacientes, maior que o descrito por Biasucci e cols.<sup>21</sup>, (49%), que pode sugerir uma popula&#231;&#227;o de maior risco no presente estudo.</p>
    <p>Seguindo-se &#224; fase hospitalar, O&#146;Malley e cols.<sup>22</sup> n&#227;o demonstraram diferen&#231;as significativas dos n&#237;veis de PCR de pacientes e controles ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses de seguimento, similar aos nossos resultados. Em nosso conhecimento, n&#227;o h&#225; dados comparativos na literatura que analisaram n&#237;veis de PCR ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses de seguimento em pacientes com SCA sem supradesnivelamento de ST.</p>
    <p>Diferentes estudos t&#234;m enfatizado, em pacientes com SCA, o valor da PCR analisada na fase aguda como marcador de eventos card&#237;acos futuros<sup>12,20,23,24</sup>. Entretanto, essa correla&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi encontrada por outros<sup>22,25-28</sup>, similarmente aos nossos resultados.</p>
    <p><italic>IL-6 - </italic>Biasucci e cols.<sup>6</sup> mediram os n&#237;veis de IL-6 em 38 pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel e em 29 pacientes com angina est&#225;vel. Os n&#237;veis medianos de IL-6 foram de 5,25 pg/ml em pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel, e abaixo do limite de detec&#231;&#227;o (&lt; 3 pg/ml) na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com angina est&#225;vel. De maneira similar, com a mesma metodologia, encontramos um n&#237;vel mediano de IL-6 na interna&#231;&#227;o de 6,15 pg/ml no grupo casos, com SCA sem supradesnivelamento de ST, e no grupo controle de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis os n&#237;veis medianos tamb&#233;m foram abaixo do limite de detec&#231;&#227;o. Esses achados ap&#243;iam a hip&#243;tese que n&#237;veis detect&#225;veis de IL-6 est&#227;o relacionados &#224; instabiliza&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica, sugerindo tamb&#233;m que isso ocorre de maneira independente da necrose mioc&#225;rdica, j&#225; que essa citocina tamb&#233;m &#233; detect&#225;vel na aus&#234;ncia de aumento dos n&#237;veis de creatino-kinase ou troponina T<sup>6</sup>. </p>
    <p>Nesse mesmo estudo<sup>6</sup> foi encontrada correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os n&#237;veis de IL-6 e PCR (p = 0,013) obtidos na interna&#231;&#227;o. No presente estudo, correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre esses dois marcadores foi obtida n&#227;o somente na interna&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,001), mas tamb&#233;m na alta e tr&#234;s meses de seguimento. Esses achados ap&#243;iam a hip&#243;tese de que, nas SCA, os n&#237;veis elevados de prote&#237;nas de fase aguda resultam das vias inflamat&#243;rias das citocinas.</p>
    <p>Relativamente &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o da IL-6 ap&#243;s a alta, O&#146;Malley e cols.<sup>22</sup> encontraram que pacientes inst&#225;veis, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles, mostraram n&#237;veis significativamente maiores de IL-6 na interna&#231;&#227;o, seguidos por queda em tr&#234;s meses, quando os n&#237;veis de IL-6 em ambos os grupos tornaram-se similares. Em nossos resultados, a despeito do fato de que houve no grupo caso uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa na incid&#234;ncia de pacientes com n&#237;veis de IL-6 elevados entre a alta e tr&#234;s meses de seguimento, essa incid&#234;ncia permaneceu significativamente maior que aquela obtida pelo controle, em at&#233; seis meses de seguimento. Talvez essas diferen&#231;as pudessem ser explicadas pelo fato de que no estudo anterior a popula&#231;&#227;o com angina inst&#225;vel era de mais baixo risco, se levarmos em conta que o n&#237;vel mediano da IL-6 na interna&#231;&#227;o (3&#177;3 pg/ml<sup>-1</sup>) foi a metade do valor da IL-6 coletada na interna&#231;&#227;o do atual estudo. Podemos tamb&#233;m especular que os n&#237;veis persistentemente elevados em nossos pacientes poderiam estar relacionados &#224; reativa&#231;&#227;o do processo inflamat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>Quanto ao progn&#243;stico, foi demonstrado recentemente que n&#237;veis elevados de IL-6 na interna&#231;&#227;o, em pacientes com SCA sem supradesnivelamento de ST, &#233; um bom marcador de eventos futuros<sup>7,29,30</sup>. De acordo, no presente estudo, encontramos correla&#231;&#227;o significante e independente entre n&#237;veis de IL-6 na interna&#231;&#227;o e eventos cardiovasculares em at&#233; um ano de seguimento.</p>
    <p><italic>TNF-</italic>a<italic> - </italic>Muito pouca informa&#231;&#227;o est&#225; dispon&#237;vel a respeito dos n&#237;veis de TNF-a a SCA sem supradesnivelamento de ST. Simon e cols.<sup>31</sup> comparam pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel e indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, e nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa foi encontrada entre ambos os grupos. Similarmente, no atual estudo, os n&#237;veis de TNF-a no grupo casos n&#227;o foi diferente significativamente, em nenhum dos per&#237;odos analisados, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. Isso seria justificado pelos achados de Bazaran e cols., que demonstraram que os valores de pico de TNF-a, em pacientes com IAM e angina inst&#225;vel, ocorreram dentro de seis horas e desapareceram ap&#243;s 24 horas do in&#237;cio dos sintomas. Em nossa an&#225;lise, os n&#237;veis de TNF-a na interna&#231;&#227;o foram mais altos em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle, embora n&#227;o significativamente. De fato, a meia-vida plasm&#225;tica do TNF-a &#233; curta, e os n&#237;veis basais s&#227;o baixos na maioria dos pacientes<sup>32</sup>.</p>
    <p> Assim como os n&#237;veis de TNF-a n&#227;o se elevaram, de maneira significativa, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle em nenhum momento do seguimento, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o se demonstrou, no presente estudo, correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de TNF-a e eventos futuros. Similarmente, Cusack e cols.<sup>30</sup> n&#227;o encontraram nenhuma diferen&#231;a nos n&#237;veis desse marcador entre pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel que subseq&#252;entemente sofreram um evento coronariano maior.</p>
    <p> Ridker e cols.<sup>33</sup>, por sua vez, analisando uma amostra de pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo CARE (Cholesterol And Recurrent Events), demonstraram que os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de TNF-a estavam aumentados v&#225;rios meses ap&#243;s IAM entre indiv&#237;duos com risco elevado para eventos coronarianos recorrentes. O fato de que as amostras sang&#252;&#237;neas foram obtidas em m&#233;dia de nove meses ap&#243;s o IAM sugere que o risco elevado de eventos coronarianos recorrentes associados ao TNF-a n&#227;o &#233;, simplesmente, o resultado de aumento transit&#243;rio do marcador, ap&#243;s oclus&#227;o coronariana. Os achados tamb&#233;m sugerem que instabilidade persistente subcl&#237;nica pode ser detectada pela presen&#231;a de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, como o TNF-a. Entretanto, &#233; importante salientar que a origem dos n&#237;veis persistentemente elevados de TNF-a entre indiv&#237;duos de risco (p&#243;s-IAM) permanece desconhecido<sup>33</sup>.</p>
    <p><italic>Fibrinog&#234;nio - </italic>Becker e cols.<sup>34</sup> demonstraram queda inicial nos n&#237;veis de fibrinog&#234;nio nas primeiras doze a 24 horas, excedendo os valores basais em 96 horas. Esse resultado &#233; compat&#237;vel com os n&#237;veis de fibrinog&#234;nio coletados na interna&#231;&#227;o no atual estudo, quando demonstraram-se valores menores de fibrinog&#234;nio comparados ao grupo controle, aumentando at&#233; a alta. Em resumo, o pico de eleva&#231;&#227;o de fibrinog&#234;nio durante a fase aguda parece ocorrer em torno de tr&#234;s a cinco dias, retornando gradualmente aos n&#237;veis basais ap&#243;s a resolu&#231;&#227;o da inflama&#231;&#227;o<sup>35</sup>.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, os n&#237;veis de fibrinog&#234;nio no grupo casos n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes dos controles durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ou ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses de seguimento; entretanto, em seis meses de seguimento, o n&#237;vel m&#233;dio no grupo casos foi significativamente mais baixo que no grupo controle, sugerindo um efeito rebote negativo, talvez relacionado a uma exacerba&#231;&#227;o do consumo de fibrinog&#234;nio ap&#243;s o epis&#243;dio agudo. Em nosso conhecimento n&#227;o h&#225; dados analisando o perfil do fibrinog&#234;nio at&#233; seis meses de seguimento.</p>
    <p>Sobre o valor progn&#243;stico dos n&#237;veis de fibrinog&#234;nio ap&#243;s o evento coronariano agudo, alguns autores descreveram o marcador como &#250;til<sup>10-14,34</sup>, e outros n&#227;o<sup>36-38</sup>, como neste estudo.</p>
    <p><italic>Fator VIII-c - </italic>Olinic e cols.<sup>17</sup> encontraram atividade do fator VIIIc mais elevada significativamente (p &lt; 0,01) em dezessete pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel, em compara&#231;&#227;o com dez indiv&#237;duos controles saud&#225;veis. Em nossa an&#225;lise, a atividade do fator VIIIc, no grupo casos, foi similar ao grupo controle na interna&#231;&#227;o, e significativamente maior na alta, retornando ao n&#237;vel normal em tr&#234;s meses de seguimento. De maneira similar, al-Nozha e cols.<sup>16</sup> demonstraram que a atividade do fator VIIIc, em pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel, apresentaram progressiva e significante eleva&#231;&#227;o entre oito horas e cinco dias de evolu&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Na presente an&#225;lise, n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre fator VIIIc e eventos futuros nas SCA. De fato, n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias na literatura a respeito do valor progn&#243;stico do fator VIIIc elevado nas SCA.</p>
    <p><italic>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo - </italic>Primeiro, a aus&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o entre os v&#225;rios marcadores analisados e eventos futuros, com exce&#231;&#227;o da IL-6, precisa ser visto com cautela, em raz&#227;o do pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes estudados. Al&#233;m disso, neste estudo, os pacientes submetidos a procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o em qualquer &#233;poca do segmento foram exclu&#237;dos, a fim de documentar o curso natural da inflama&#231;&#227;o nas SCA sem supradesnivelamento de ST. A maioria dos estudos inclui esses pacientes nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, o que poderia alterar os resultados obtidos. Sugundo, a rotina laboratorial para a dosagem dos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, especialmente das citocinas, apresenta uma s&#233;rie de dificuldades t&#233;cnicas, parcialmente pelas suas meias-vidas curtas e a presen&#231;a de fatores bloqueadores<sup>39</sup>, resultando em diferen&#231;as na compara&#231;&#227;o entre v&#225;rios estudos. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o h&#225; ainda uma metodologia padronizada e amplamente utilizada, existindo v&#225;rios kits para a dosagem de um s&#243; produto, como a PCR ultra-sens&#237;vel. A import&#226;ncia do assunto foi enfatizada por Roberts e cols.<sup>40</sup>, que analisaram quatro m&#233;todos de mensura&#231;&#245;es da PCR ultra-sens&#237;vel, demonstrando diferen&#231;as entre eles na avalia&#231;&#227;o de uma popula&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel. Finalmente, n&#227;o medimos a troponina T nesses pacientes, porque esse marcador n&#227;o estava dispon&#237;vel quando o estudo foi realizado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>CONCLUS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise temporal indireta da estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da placa, ap&#243;s evento coronariano agudo, varia de acordo com os diversos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios analisados:</p>
    <p>1. Levando-se em conta a PCR e o fator VIII, sugere-se estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da placa em at&#233; tr&#234;s meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>2. A an&#225;lise da IL-6 sugere estabiliza&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis a partir do terceiro m&#234;s de seguimento, permanecendo esses n&#237;veis, entretanto, elevados em rela&#231;&#227;o aos controles em at&#233; seis meses de seguimento.</p>
    <p>3. O fibrinog&#234;nio e o TNF-a n&#227;o foram &#250;teis na avalia&#231;&#227;o da estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da placa, pelo fato de n&#227;o se elevarem significativamente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle.</p>
    <p>Quanto ao progn&#243;stico, dentre os marcadores analisados, somente a IL-6 se correlacionou de maneira significativa e independente com o surgimento de eventos cardiovasculares futuros.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Osana Maria Coelho Costa Mouco </p>
        <p> Rua Tiradentes, 2640/122 </p>
        <p> 15025-050 &#151; S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ocoelho@cardiol.br">ocoelho@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Recebido em 26/07/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 28/12/05</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Inflammatory markers of atherosclerotic plaque stabilization after acute coronary event - temporal trends</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the length of time required for atherosclerotic plaque stabilization in acute coronary syndromes (ACS), using inflammatory markers. METHODS: In this prospective study, C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, factor VIIIc, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels were measured on admission, at discharge, and three and six months post-discharge in 40 patients with non-ST-segment elevation ACS (NSTE-ACS) and 40 healthy subjects. RESULTS: C-reactive protein levels were significantly higher on admission and at discharge, but not at three and six months post-discharge, compared with the control group. Fibrinogen levels remained unchanged, except at six months, when they were significantly lower than in the control group. Factor VIII-c did not differ from that of the control group on admission, but it was significantly higher at discharge, with no differences at three and six months. Interleukin-6 levels were significantly higher than in the control group in all time points. However, they declined significantly between discharge and three months. In no time point was TNF-alpha significantly different from that of the control group. Only IL-6 correlated significantly and independently with future cardiovascular events. CONCLUSION: With respect to CRP and factor VIIIc, plaque stabilization is suggested in up to three months; IL-6 analysis suggests stabilization as from the third month, although it remained higher than that of the control group for up to six months. Only IL-6 showed prognostic value for further events within a year.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Inflammatory markers</kwd>
        <kwd>stable angina</kwd>
        <kwd>non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Inflammatory markers of atherosclerotic plaque stabilization after acute coronary event &#150; temporal trends</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Osana Maria Coelho Costa Mouco; Jos&#233; Carlos Nicolau; Tatiana da Rocha e Souza; Lilia Nigro Maia; Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Franchini Ramires</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital de Base da Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto &#150; SP</p>
      <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To evaluate the length of time required for atherosclerotic plaque stabilization in acute coronary syndromes (ACS), using inflammatory markers.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>In this prospective study, C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, factor VIIIc, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) levels were measured on admission, at discharge, and three and six months post-discharge in 40 patients with non-ST-segment elevation ACS (NSTE-ACS) and 40 healthy subjects.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold> C-reactive protein levels were significantly higher on admission and at discharge, but not at three and six months post-discharge, compared with the control group. Fibrinogen levels remained unchanged, except at six months, when they were significantly lower than in the control group. Factor VIII-c did not differ from that of the control group on admission, but it was significantly higher at discharge, with no differences at three and six months. Interleukin-6 levels were significantly higher than in the control group in all time points. However, they declined significantly between discharge and three months. In no time point was TNF-a significantly different from that of the control group. Only IL-6 correlated significantly and independently with future cardiovascular events.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS: </bold>With respect to CRP and factor VIIIc, plaque stabilization is suggested in up to three months; IL-6 analysis suggests stabilization as from the third month, although it remained higher than that of the control group for up to six months. Only IL-6 showed prognostic value for further events within a year. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Inflammatory markers, stable angina, non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.</p>
      <p>Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) &#150; unstable angina and myocardial infarction &#150; are caused mainly by rupture or erosion of atherosclerotic plaque, with subsequent thrombus formation. It is known that plaque instability, among other characteristics, is closely related to the inflammatory process<sup>1-4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Of the circulating inflammatory markers, C-reactive protein (CRP) is the most extensively studied; high CRP plasma levels are found in ACS patients and are associated with increased rates of future events<sup>5</sup>. On the other hand, interleukin-6, which prompts C-reactive protein production, is also elevated in ACS patients and is associated with worse prognosis, thereby reinforcing the role of inflammation in these syndromes<sup>6</sup>. Tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), a cytokine produced mostly by activated macrophages, stimulates the synthesis of other cytokines<sup>7</sup>. Persistently increased TNF-a levels after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are correlated with worse prognosis; however, little information is available on TNF-a kinetics in non-ST-segment elevation ACS<sup>8</sup>. Fibrinogen is an acute-phase protein directly involved in the coagulation cascade; increased fibrinogen levels are associated with higher risk of thrombotic events<sup>9</sup> and higher risk of events in ACS patients<sup>10-14</sup>. Finally, factor VIII-c, a procoagulant enzyme cofactor, is also involved in inflamation<sup>15</sup> and is a marker of ischemic heart disease<sup>16-18</sup>.</p>
      <p>Little has been published about how long it takes for stabilized coronary lesions to heal completely in patients with non-ST-segment elevation ACS. A study using cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) suggested that the inflammatory response might persist for up to six months following an acute coronary event<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>The primary focus of this study was to evaluate the length of time required for atherosclerotic plaque to become stabilized in patients with non-ST-segment elevation ACS treated clinically, through the behavior of plasma inflammatory and coagulation markers levels.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Forty out of the 64 patients admitted to our hospital between September 2000 and May 2001 with unstable angina and no-ST-segment elevation AMI were included in the study (22 men; mean age 61 &#177; 12). Forty age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers served as the control group. Patients were followed-up over one year. </p>
      <p>Inclusion criteria were chest pain lasting 24 hours, suggestive of myocardial ischemia of accelerated pattern, or a prolonged one (&gt; 20 minutes), or with recurrent episodes at rest, or at minimal exertion, in addition to at least one of the following: (a) new or presumed new ECG changes (any of the following three characteristics): ST-segment depression <underline>&gt;</underline> 0.5 mm, transient ST-segment elevation (&lt; 20 minutes) <underline>&gt;</underline> 1 mm, T-wave inversion <underline>&gt;</underline> 3 mm in two or more contiguous leads; (b) and raised levels of cardiac markers (CKMB <underline>&gt;</underline> 2X the upper limit of normal). </p>
      <p>Exclusion criteria were persistent ST-segment elevation; secondary angina; history of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) within the previous six months; left bundle branch block (LBBB) or pacemaker rhythm; fibrinolytic therapy in the last 48 hours; any inflammation, infection or neoplasic disease; regular or chronic use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the previous two months; AMI and stroke within the past six months; severe congestive heart failure (CHF) or cardiogenic shock; severe systemic disease; serum creatinine &gt; 2.5 mg/dL; or surgery or trauma within the past thirty days. Patients who underwent CABG or PCI during the study were also excluded (nine patients were excluded on the basis of this criterion).</p>
      <p><italic>Clinical management</italic> - In-hospital medications were used according to the medical approach (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). The assistant doctor also made decisions regarding invasive or conservative strategy and the need of coronary revascularization.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0028-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>Blood samples</italic> - Peripheral venous blood samples were collected on admission, at hospital discharge, and three and six months after discharge. A single measurement was performed in healthy controls. All samples (patients and controls) were centrifuged, stored at -70 &#176;C, and tested for high-sensitivity CRP, IL-6, TNF-a, fibrinogen and factor VIII-c in a single series at the end of the study. </p>
      <p><italic>Laboratory assessment</italic> - High-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) was determined by particle-enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay (COBAS INTEGRA 700; Roche Diagnostics). IL-6 and TNF-a were evaluated by ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay- R&amp;D Systems). Fibrinogen was measured using the automated Clauss method (Fibriquik, manufactured by Organon Teknika). Factor VIII activity was measured by determining the ability of the tested sample to correct the clotting time of factor VIII-deficient plasma (Organon Teknika).</p>
      <p><italic>Purpose - </italic>The primary purpose of this study was to indirectly evaluate the length of time required for atherosclerotic plaque stabilization in ACS patients (unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation AMI), by measuring inflammatory markers (CRP, fibrinogen, factor VIII, IL-6, and TNF-a) during six months after hospital discharge. The secondary purpose was to correlate the plasma concentrations of these markers with the prognosis (risk of future cardiovascular events) in patients with non-ST-segment elevation ACS in up to one year of follow-up. </p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis - </italic>The sample size of forty patients was based on probabilistic properties of means and proportions estimators, because no <italic>a priori</italic> information is available for an estimation that takes into account the accuracy of final results. As the majority of inflammatory marker values were not normally distributed, data were expressed as median (25th-75th percentile); when there was a normal distribution, values were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. </p>
      <p>To compare both groups, the Mann-Whitney test (non-parametric) was used for non-normally distributed values, while Student&#146;s unpaired t-test, Welch-corrected, was used for normally distributed values. </p>
      <p>Categorical variables were expressed as number and percentage. Fisher&#146;s exact test was performed to compare these variables. </p>
      <p>When the patient was his own control and thus acted as paired groups do, Wilcoxon&#146;s non-parametric paired test was used to compare the different time points analyzed. The same comparisons in the different time points were performed for normally-distributed markers using the paired t-test.</p>
      <p>Correlation between cytokines and acute phase protein values was performed using a Spearman non-parametric correlation. </p>
      <p>Every marker was compared with the composite endpoint of recurrent angina, readmission for angina, reinfarction or cardiovascular death after a one-year follow-up. In these analyses, the Mann-Whitney test (univariate analysis) and logistic regression (multivariate analysis) were used.</p>
      <p>Group differences were considered statistically significant when p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05 (two-tailed).</p>
      <p><italic>Ethical considerations - </italic>The project was approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Committee of the Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, S&#227;o Paulo (Famerp) and the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (FMUSP). Informed consent was obtained from all patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The characteristics of the study population are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. As may be noted, groups were paired according to age and gender. As expected, the case group showed a larger proportion of patients with specific risk factors and pre-treatments.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows that median CRP levels were significantly higher in ACS patients, compared to control subjects, both on admission and at discharge, but not at three and six months. Median IL-6 levels declined significantly between discharge and three months. However, they remained significantly higher than those of the control group for up to six months (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Fig. 2</xref>). Median TNF-a levels decreased significantly between three and six months after discharge. Yet, the levels compared with the controls did not reach statistical significance at any time of follow-up (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Fig. 3</xref>). Change in patterns over time were also found for fibrinogen (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">Fig. 4</xref>), although no significant increase was found during follow-up compared with controls. Factor VIII-c levels were significantly higher at discharge, compared with controls, but not at three and six months (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">Fig. 5</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0028-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0028-00005-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0028-00005-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0028-00005-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0028-00005-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Correlations between acute-phase proteins and cytokines- </italic>There were significant correlations between CRP and IL-6 levels measured on admission (r = 0.5; p &lt; 0.001), at discharge (r = 0.6; p &lt; 0.001), and after three months (r = 0.4; p &lt; 0.007); between CRP and fibrinogen levels measured on admission (r = 0.4; p = 0.003) and at discharge (r = 0.4; p = 0.003); and between CRP and TNF-a levels measured on admission (r = 0.3; p = 0.024) and at discharge (r = 0.4; p = 0.009).</p>
      <p>No significant correlations between CRP and factor VIIIc were found at any time during follow-up.</p>
      <p><italic>Clinical events and inflammatory marker levels during a one-year follow-up- </italic>At the end of a follow-up period of one year, there were 45 cardiovascular events (32 recurrent cases of angina without hospitalization, four deaths, eight readmissions for angina, and one non-fatal AMI). Of the inflammatory markers analyzed, only IL-6 levels on admission correlated significantly and independently with the composite endpoint, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">3</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0028-00005-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
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      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>CRP - </italic>This study showed that CRP levels were high in patients with unstable angina or non-ST-segment elevation AMI. Liuzzo<italic> et al</italic>.<sup>20</sup> demonstrated that 65% of the patients had CRP levels <underline>&gt;</underline> 3 mg/L on admission, similar therefore to our findings, in which 62.5% of the patients had CRP levels <underline>&gt;</underline> 4 mg/L (median CRP for controls) at the time of admission. On the other hand, elevated CRP plasma levels on admission were found in 65% of the patients, higher than those described by Biasucci et al<sup>21</sup> (49%), which may suggest a higher risk population in the present study.</p>
      <p>Following hospital discharge, O&#146;Malley et al<sup>22</sup> did not find significant differences in the CRP levels of patients and controls after three months of follow-up, which is similar to our findings. To our knowledge, no comparative data is available in the literature that analyzes CRP levels after three months of follow-up in patients with non-ST-segment elevation ACS.</p>
      <p>Different studies have emphasized the usefulness of CRP measurement during acute coronary syndrome as a marker for future cardiac events<sup>12,20,23,24</sup>. However, this correlation has not been found by others<sup>22,25-28</sup>, which is again similar to our results.</p>
      <p><italic>IL-6 - </italic>Biasucci et al<sup>6</sup> measured IL-6 levels in 38 patients with unstable angina and in 29 with stable angina. Median IL-6 levels were 5.25 pg/mL in patients with unstable angina and below the detection limit (&lt; 3 pg/mL) in patients with stable angina. Likewise and using the same methodology, we found median IL-6 levels of 6.15 pg/mL on admission in the case group with non-ST-segment elevation; in the control group, consisting of healthy subjects, median levels were also below detection limit. These findings support the hypothesis that detectable levels of IL-6 are related to atherosclerotic plaque instability, suggesting that this is not independent of myocardial necrosis, since this cytokine is also detectable in the absence of raised levels of creatine kinase or troponin T<sup>6</sup>. </p>
      <p>That study<sup>6</sup> found a significant correlation between IL-6 and CRP levels (p = 0.013) measured on admission. In the present study, a significant correlation between both markers was obtained not only on admission (p = 0.001) but also at discharge and at three months of follow-up. These findings corroborate the hypothesis that, in the presence of ACS, increased levels of acute-phase proteins are a result of cytokine inflammatory pathways.</p>
      <p>With regard to IL-6 evolution after discharge, O&#146;Malley et al<sup>22</sup> found that, compared to controls, unstable patients showed significantly higher IL-6 levels on admission, followed by a drop in three months, at which time IL-6 levels in both groups became similar. In our study, although the number of patients with elevated IL-6 levels in the case group decreased significantly between discharge and at three months, this number remained significantly higher than that of the control group in up to six months of follow-up. These differences may be explained by the fact that, in the O&#146;Malley and et al study, the unstable angina population was at lower risk if we take into account that median IL-6 level on admission (3&#177;3 pg/ml<sup>-1</sup>) was half of that obtained on admission in our study. It could be also speculated that the persistently elevated levels observed in our patients may be related to reactivation of the inflammatory process.</p>
      <p>As for the prognosis, it was recently demonstrated that high IL-6 levels on admission in patients with non-ST-segment elevation ACS is a good marker of future events<sup>7,29,30</sup>. Accordingly, in the present study no significant and independent correlation was found between IL-6 levels on admission and cardiovascular events up to one year of follow-up.</p>
      <p><italic>TNF-</italic>a - Little data is available regarding TNF-a levels in non-ST-segment elevation ACS. Simon et al<sup>31</sup> compared patients with unstable angina with healthy subjects and found no significant difference between both groups. Similarly, in the present study TNF-a levels in the case group were not significantly different from those of the control group in any of the periods studied. This might be justified by Bazaran et al findings that demonstrated that plasma TNF-a levels in patients with AMI and unstable angina peaked within six hours and disappeared after 24 hours from symptoms onset. In our analysis, TNF-a levels on admission were higher compared with the control group, although not significantly. Indeed, TNF-a plasma half-life is short, and baseline levels are low in most patients<sup>32</sup>.</p>
      <p> Just as TNF-a levels did not rise significantly compared with the control group at any time point of follow-up, neither was a correlation found between TNF-a levels and future events by the present study. Cusack et al<sup>30</sup> also found no difference regarding inflammatory marker levels among patients with unstable angina who subsequently experienced a major coronary event .</p>
      <p> On the other hand, Ridker et al<sup>33</sup>, analyzing a sample of patients included in the CARE trial (Cholesterol And Recurrent Events), demonstrated that plasma TNF-a levels were elevated several months after AMI among subjects at high risk for recurrent coronary events. Blood samples were collected on an average of nine months after AMI, suggesting that the higher risk for recurrent coronary events associated with TNF-a is not merely the result of a transient marker increase following coronary occlusion. These findings also suggest that subclinical persistent instability can be detected by presence of inflammatory markers, such as TNF-a. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that the origin of persistently elevated TNF-a levels among high risk subjects (post-AMI) remains unknown<sup>33</sup>. </p>
      <p><italic>Fibrinogen - </italic>Becker et al<sup>34</sup> demonstrated an initial drop in fibrinogen levels within the first 12 to 24 hours, exceeding baseline levels in 96 hours. This result is consistent with fibrinogen levels measured on admission in the present study, when lower levels were found, compared to those of the control group, which increased up to discharge. In sum, fibrinogen levels during the acute phase seem to peak between three to five days, returning gradually to baseline values after resolution of the inflammation<sup>35</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the present study, fibrinogen levels in the case group were not significantly different from those of the control group during hospitalization or at three months of follow-up; however, at six months of follow-up, mean fibrinogen level was significantly lower in case subjects than in control subjects, suggesting a negative rebound effect, which may be related to an exacerbation of fibrinogen uptake after the acute episode. To our knowledge, that is no study that analyzes fibrinogen profile up to six months of follow-up.</p>
      <p>With regard to the prognostic value of fibrinogen levels after an acute coronary event, some authors describe this inflammatory marker as useful<sup>10-14,34</sup>, while others do not<sup>36-38</sup>, as is the case of this study.</p>
      <p><italic>Factor VIII-c - </italic>Olinic et al<sup>17</sup> found factor VIIIc activity to be significantly higher (p &lt; 0.01) in 17 patients with unstable angina than in 10 healthy control subjects. In our analysis, factor VIIIc activity in the case group was similar to that of the control group on admission and significantly higher at discharge, returning to normal levels at three months of follow-up. Similarly, al-Nozha et al<sup>16</sup> demonstrated progressive and significant elevation in factor VIIIc activity in patients with unstable angina between eight hours and five days of evolution. </p>
      <p>In the present analysis, no correlation was found between factor VIIIc and future events in ACS. In fact, there is no evidence in the literature regarding the prognostic value of increased factor VIIIc in ACS.</p>
      <p><italic>Study limitations - </italic>Firstly, the lack of correlation between the inflammatory markers analyzed and future events, with the exception of IL-6, should be interpreted cautiously, due to the small number of patients studied. Furthermore, in this study, patients who underwent revascularization procedures at any time during the follow-up period were excluded so that the natural course of inflammation could be documented in non-ST-segment elevation ACS. In most studies, such patients are included in this population, which might affect the results. Secondly, routine laboratory measurements of inflammatory markers, especially cytokines, present a host of technical difficulties, partly due to their short plasma half-lives and the presence of blocking factors<sup>39</sup>, resulting in differences when comparing several studies. Additionally, thus far no standard and widely used methodology is available, and there are several kits to measure a single product, such as high-sensitivity CRP. The relevance of this issue was underscored by Roberts et al<sup>40</sup>, who analyzed four high-sensitivity CRP methods and demonstrated differences among then in assessing a healthy population. Finally, troponin T was not measured in these patients, because this inflammatory marker was not available at the time the study was made.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>CONCLUSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Indirect temporal analysis of plaque stabilization following acute coronary event varies according to the inflammatory markers analyzed:</p>
      <p>1. When taking CRP and factor VIII into account, plaque stabilization is suggested in up to three months. </p>
      <p>2. IL-6 analysis suggests stabilization as from the third month of follow-up, remaining at these levels, though elevated compared to controls in up to six months of follow-up.</p>
      <p>3. Fibrinogen and TNF-a were not useful markers in evaluation of plaque stabilization, since they did not increase significantly compared with the control group.</p>
      <p>As for the prognosis, among the inflammatory markers analyzed, only IL-6 correlated significantly and independently with the development of future cardiovascular events.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Osana Maria Coelho Costa Mouco</p>
          <p> Rua Tiradentes, 2640/122 </p>
          <p> 15025-050 &#150; S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="ocoelho@cardiol.br">ocoelho@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 07/26/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 12/28/05</p>
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