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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">bz4947jbJqdtxtqYYKZWBBM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001400003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001400003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos da redu&#231;&#227;o de peso superior a 5% nos perfis hemodin&#226;mico, metab&#243;lico e neuroend&#243;crino de obesos grau I</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbato</surname>
            <given-names>Kelly Biancardini Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Rita de C&#225;ssia Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Maria de Lourdes Guimar&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ueleres</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Francischetti</surname>
            <given-names>Em&#237;lio Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Genelhu</surname>
            <given-names>Virginia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">CLINEX </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiopatologia Cl&#237;nica e Experimental</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>12</fpage>
      <lpage>21</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da redu&#231;&#227;o de peso superior a 5% nos perfis hemodin&#226;mico, metab&#243;lico e neuroend&#243;crino de obesos grau I. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo observacional com 47 obesos grau I, m&#233;dia de idade de 33 anos, submetidos a orienta&#231;&#227;o mensal quanto a dieta, exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e comportamento alimentar, durante quatro meses. A press&#227;o arterial, pelo m&#233;todo auscultat&#243;rio, e a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, pelo m&#233;todo palpat&#243;rio, foram avaliadas mensalmente, enquanto as seguintes vari&#225;veis (e respectivos m&#233;todos) foram medidas no in&#237;cio e final do estudo: colesterol total, triglicer&#237;deos, HDL-colesterol (enzim&#225;tico), LDL-colesterol (f&#243;rmula de Friedwald), glicemia (enzim&#225;tico hexoquinase), leptina, adiponectina, renina, aldosterona, insulina (radioimunoensaio) e &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina (HOMA). RESULTADOS: Observamos, ap&#243;s ajuste para outras vari&#225;veis, redu&#231;&#245;es significativas de 6 mmHg na press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, 7 pg/ml na renina, 13 mg/dl no colesterol total e 12 mg/dl no LDL-colesterol, no grupo com redu&#231;&#227;o de peso superior a 5%. Notamos, tamb&#233;m nesse grupo, tend&#234;ncia ao aumento de maior magnitude da adiponectina ao final do estudo, bem como diminui&#231;&#227;o tr&#234;s vezes maior dos n&#237;veis de glicemia, insulina e HOMA, e seis vezes maior da leptina. CONCLUS&#195;O: Medidas n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gicas capazes de promover redu&#231;&#227;o de peso superior a 5% produzem efeitos hemodin&#226;micos, metab&#243;licos e neuroend&#243;crinos que melhoram o risco cardiovascular de obesos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>perda de peso</kwd>
        <kwd>adipocitocinas</kwd>
        <kwd>lipidograma</kwd>
        <kwd>renina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Efeitos da redu&#231;&#227;o de peso superior a 5% nos perfis hemodin&#226;mico, metab&#243;lico e neuroend&#243;crino de obesos grau I </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Kelly Biancardini Gomes Barbato; Rita de C&#225;ssia Vieira Martins; Maria de Lourdes Guimar&#227;es Rodrigues; Jos&#233; Ueleres Braga; Em&#237;lio Antonio Francischetti; Virginia Genelhu</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cl&#237;nica de Hipertens&#227;o do Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiopatologia Cl&#237;nica e Experimental &#151; CLINEX/UERJ - Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar os efeitos da redu&#231;&#227;o de peso superior a 5% nos perfis hemodin&#226;mico, metab&#243;lico e neuroend&#243;crino de obesos grau I. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Estudo observacional com 47 obesos grau I, m&#233;dia de idade de 33 anos, submetidos a orienta&#231;&#227;o mensal quanto a dieta, exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e comportamento alimentar, durante quatro meses. A press&#227;o arterial, pelo m&#233;todo auscultat&#243;rio, e a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, pelo m&#233;todo palpat&#243;rio, foram avaliadas mensalmente, enquanto as seguintes vari&#225;veis (e respectivos m&#233;todos) foram medidas no in&#237;cio e final do estudo: colesterol total, triglicer&#237;deos, HDL-colesterol (enzim&#225;tico), LDL-colesterol (f&#243;rmula de Friedwald), glicemia (enzim&#225;tico hexoquinase), leptina, adiponectina, renina, aldosterona, insulina (radioimunoensaio) e &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina (HOMA). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Observamos, ap&#243;s ajuste para outras vari&#225;veis, redu&#231;&#245;es significativas de 6 mmHg na press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, 7 pg/ml na renina, 13 mg/dl no colesterol total e 12 mg/dl no LDL-colesterol, no grupo com redu&#231;&#227;o de peso superior a 5%. Notamos, tamb&#233;m nesse grupo, tend&#234;ncia ao aumento de maior magnitude da adiponectina ao final do estudo, bem como diminui&#231;&#227;o tr&#234;s vezes maior dos n&#237;veis de glicemia, insulina e HOMA, e seis vezes maior da leptina. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Medidas n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gicas capazes de promover redu&#231;&#227;o de peso superior a 5% produzem efeitos hemodin&#226;micos, metab&#243;licos e neuroend&#243;crinos que melhoram o risco cardiovascular de obesos. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Obesidade, perda de peso, adipocitocinas, lipidograma, renina.</p>
    <p>Estimativas da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) alertam para uma preval&#234;ncia mundial de mais de um bilh&#227;o de adultos com excesso de peso, dos quais pelo menos trezentos milh&#245;es s&#227;o obesos<sup>1</sup>. No Brasil, dados da Pesquisa de Or&#231;amentos Familiares, realizada entre 2002 e 2003, mostram que 40,6% da popula&#231;&#227;o total de adultos apresentam sobrepeso, sendo 11% considerados obesos, com preval&#234;ncia maior entre as mulheres<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>A obesidade est&#225; associada a maior risco de diabete melito tipo 2<sup>3-5</sup>, dislipidemia<sup>6,7</sup>, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica<sup>8,9</sup> e mortalidade geral e cardiovascular<sup>10,11</sup>. Dados do INTERHEART, estudo caso-controle que avaliou os fatores de risco associados ao infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, mostraram que a obesidade abdominal &#233; um dos cinco mais importantes fatores de risco para infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, em 52 pa&#237;ses, incluindo o Brasil<sup>12</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, a obesidade se correlaciona positiva e fortemente com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>13</sup>, morte s&#250;bita<sup>14</sup> e acidente vascular encef&#225;lico<sup>15</sup>. </p>
    <p>Indiv&#237;duos que associam restri&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica e exerc&#237;cio com tratamento comportamental podem perder 5% a 10% de seu peso basal em um per&#237;odo de quatro a seis meses. Ainda que esse porcentual de perda ponderal esteja, muitas vezes, aqu&#233;m do desejado pelo paciente, j&#225; &#233; capaz de modificar favoravelmente diversas condi&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; obesidade<sup>16</sup>. A redu&#231;&#227;o de peso melhora a toler&#226;ncia a glicose<sup>17-19</sup> e o perfil lip&#237;dico<sup>20</sup>, al&#233;m de reduzir os n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial<sup>21,22</sup> e os sintomas associados a doen&#231;as degenerativas articulares, depress&#227;o e apn&#233;ia do sono<sup>23</sup>. A perda de peso pode, tamb&#233;m, melhorar os escores que avaliam a qualidade de vida<sup>24</sup>. </p>
    <p>Sabe-se que a obesidade tem impacto relevante na longevidade<sup>25</sup>, e qualquer iniciativa com vistas &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de peso traz benef&#237;cios que podem ser observados em longo prazo, e que tendem a ser maiores quanto mais precoce for essa interven&#231;&#227;o. E isso n&#227;o apenas para os graus maiores de obesidade, mas inclusive para os que se encontram na faixa de sobrepeso. A maior parte dos estudos de interven&#231;&#227;o que promove perda de peso inclui pacientes com doen&#231;as associadas &#224; obesidade, especialmente hipertens&#227;o arterial, dislipidemia e intoler&#226;ncia a glicose, em que a perda ponderal pode atuar na revers&#227;o do quadro<sup>17,19,26</sup>. Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre as repercuss&#245;es de mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida em popula&#231;&#245;es mais jovens e sem comorbidades associadas s&#227;o infreq&#252;entes na literatura. Ademais, em revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, n&#227;o encontramos nenhum estudo que tenha avaliado conjuntamente os efeitos da redu&#231;&#227;o de peso sobre os perfis hemodin&#226;mico, metab&#243;lico e neuroend&#243;crino. O objetivo do nosso estudo foi avaliar poss&#237;veis benef&#237;cios da redu&#231;&#227;o de peso superior a 5%, em um grupo de adultos jovens com obesidade grau I, sobre fatores intermedi&#225;rios de risco cardiometab&#243;lico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo foi iniciado ap&#243;s aprova&#231;&#227;o pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica M&#233;dica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto e obten&#231;&#227;o de consentimento por escrito de todos os pacientes. Os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram observados: idade entre dezoito e 45 anos e IMC entre 30 e 34,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, excluindo-se os tabagistas e aqueles que apresentavam qualquer outra comorbidade, com exce&#231;&#227;o de intoler&#226;ncia a glicose e hipertens&#227;o arterial est&#225;gio I. Exclu&#237;ram-se, tamb&#233;m, os que estivessem em uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva e/ou sensibilizadores de insulina. Os pacientes foram avaliados quanto &#224; capacidade para perder peso durante a fase I do estudo, sendo inclu&#237;dos apenas aqueles que tivessem alcan&#231;ado redu&#231;&#227;o ponderal de 2%, em um m&#234;s.</p>
    <p><italic>Desenho do estudo</italic> - Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo e controlado, em que os pacientes foram acompanhados por um per&#237;odo de quatro meses, durante o qual receberam orienta&#231;&#227;o mensal em rela&#231;&#227;o a dieta, exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e comportamento alimentar. Os pacientes foram classificados em dois grupos, de acordo com a perda ponderal alcan&#231;ada no per&#237;odo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). Inicialmente, foram realizados anamnese e exame f&#237;sico na consulta m&#233;dica, para avalia&#231;&#227;o da condi&#231;&#227;o de elegibilidade dos pacientes. A avalia&#231;&#227;o nutricional inicial englobou um question&#225;rio de freq&#252;&#234;ncia alimentar e um recordat&#243;rio do consumo de nutrientes de 24 horas, al&#233;m de avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica. Todos os pacientes receberam prescri&#231;&#227;o de dieta hipocal&#243;rica, com composi&#231;&#227;o de carboidratos, prote&#237;nas e lip&#237;dios de 50%-55%, 15%-25% e 25%-30%, respectivamente, sendo o d&#233;ficit cal&#243;rico de aproximadamente 500 a 1.000 kcal/dia<sup>23</sup>. A orienta&#231;&#227;o e a motiva&#231;&#227;o &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico regular foram executadas pelas profissionais envolvidas no estudo, dando-se &#234;nfase &#224; recomenda&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos trinta minutos de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico, de moderada intensidade, na maioria dos dias da semana<sup>27</sup>. Nas consultas mensais, os pacientes receberam, tamb&#233;m, orienta&#231;&#227;o para mudar seu comportamento alimentar e foram motivados para que atingissem perda ponderal superior a 5% no per&#237;odo.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0012-00003-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O desenho do estudo compreendeu duas fases. A fase I avaliou a capacidade de perder 2% do peso durante um m&#234;s. Aqueles que obtiveram &#234;xito e preencheram os outros crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade foram inclu&#237;dos na fase II, com dura&#231;&#227;o de quatro meses. A avalia&#231;&#227;o mediconutricional, com monitoramento do perfil hemodin&#226;mico e realiza&#231;&#227;o de medidas antropom&#233;tricas, foi feita mensalmente, e os exames complementares, para avalia&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos laboratoriais do estudo, foram realizados no in&#237;cio e no final dessa fase.</p>
    <p><italic>Avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica</italic> - O &#205;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado atrav&#233;s da divis&#227;o do peso (em kg) pela estatura (em m) ao quadrado. As mensura&#231;&#245;es de peso (precis&#227;o de 0,1 kg) e estatura (precis&#227;o de 0,5 cm) foram realizadas em balan&#231;a antropom&#233;trica eletr&#244;nica da marca Toledo, aferida pelo INMETRO, com os pacientes em jejum, sem sapatos e vestindo roupas leves. As circunfer&#234;ncias de cintura (CC) e de quadril (CQ) foram medidas em cent&#237;metros, nos pacientes de p&#233;, com o aux&#237;lio de uma fita m&#233;trica met&#225;lica. A circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura foi determinada no ponto m&#233;dio entre a crista il&#237;aca e a borda inferior do &#250;ltimo arco costal. A circunfer&#234;ncia de quadril foi medida na maior circunfer&#234;ncia da extens&#227;o posterior das n&#225;degas. A rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril (RCQ) foi obtida pela divis&#227;o da circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura pela circunfer&#234;ncia de quadril.</p>
    <p><italic>Avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica</italic> - A press&#227;o arterial foi medida indiretamente, pela t&#233;cnica auscultat&#243;ria, com esfigmoman&#244;metro de coluna de merc&#250;rio e estetosc&#243;pio, no membro superior n&#227;o-dominante, com o paciente sentado, ap&#243;s pelo menos cinco minutos de consulta, utilizando-se sempre manguitos adequados ao di&#226;metro do bra&#231;o. A cada consulta cl&#237;nica foram realizadas v&#225;rias medidas, com intervalos de um a dois minutos entre as aferi&#231;&#245;es, at&#233; que n&#227;o houvesse diferen&#231;a maior que 5 mmHg entre os valores consecutivos de press&#227;o sist&#243;lica ou diast&#243;lica, sendo utilizada a m&#233;dia entre as duas &#250;ltimas medidas. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi avaliada por meio da palpa&#231;&#227;o do pulso radial, durante as consultas mensais.</p>
    <p><italic>Avalia&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica e neuroend&#243;crina</italic> - As amostras foram coletadas ap&#243;s 12 horas de jejum. O colesterol total foi dosado pelo m&#233;todo de Huang modificado, o HDL-colesterol pelo sistema enzim&#225;tico COD-ANA, Lab Test e os triglicer&#237;deos, ap&#243;s saponifica&#231;&#227;o, pela rea&#231;&#227;o de Hantzch, usando o m&#233;todo de Soloni modificado. O LDL-colesterol foi estimado usando-se a f&#243;rmula de Friedwald. A glicemia de jejum foi dosada por m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico-hexoquinase. A insulina s&#233;rica de jejum foi medida pela t&#233;cnica de radioimunoensaio, usando reagentes da LINCO Research, St Louis, USA, espec&#237;ficos para insulina humana. A resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica foi estimada pela f&#243;rmula da Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Modelo Homeost&#225;tico (HOMA), em que a resist&#234;ncia &#233; determinada pelo produto da insulinemia de jejum (em &#181;U/ml) com a glicemia de jejum (em mmol/l), dividido por 22,5. Esse &#237;ndice possui alta correla&#231;&#227;o com o "clamping" euglic&#234;mico hiperinsulin&#234;mico<sup>28,29</sup>. Foram medidas por radioimunoensaio a leptina s&#233;rica (solid phase double antibody enzyme immunoassay &#151; Linco Research St Charles, Missouri, USA), a adiponectina plasm&#225;tica (solid phase double antibody enzyme immunoassay &#151; Linco Research St Charles, Missouri, USA), a renina plasm&#225;tica (kit DSL 25100 Active) e a aldosterona s&#233;rica (kit da DSL 8600 Active). </p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> - Para a descri&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas utilizou-se a m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica, com seu respectivo desvio-padr&#227;o, e para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, o n&#250;mero absoluto e a freq&#252;&#234;ncia relativa. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias dos desfechos entre os grupos empregou-se o teste t de Student, n&#227;o-pareado, e o Qui-quadrado para a compara&#231;&#227;o das propor&#231;&#245;es. Em seguida &#224; an&#225;lise univariada dos desfechos do estudo, utilizou-se a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) e a regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla para identificar as associa&#231;&#245;es entre as exposi&#231;&#245;es e os desfechos de interesse. Tamb&#233;m foram utilizadas a diferen&#231;a de m&#233;dia e a diferen&#231;a de redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia como medida de associa&#231;&#227;o e seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas usaram 5% para n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia. Os dados foram armazenados no <italic>software</italic> de dom&#237;nio p&#250;blico EpiData 3.0 e a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica realizada no STATA 8.0.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Casu&#237;stica e caracter&#237;sticas iniciais</italic> - Um total de cem pacientes participou da fase I do estudo. Desses, 53 perderam pelo menos 2% do peso corporal e foram inclu&#237;dos na fase II, com 47 pacientes completando essa fase do estudo (89%). Das seis perdas que ocorreram na fase II do estudo, uma foi por gravidez, duas por intercorr&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas diagnosticadas durante o estudo, e tr&#234;s por desist&#234;ncia volunt&#225;ria do estudo. </p>
    <p>Entre os 47 pacientes acompanhados durante os quatro meses da fase II, 21 alcan&#231;aram a meta de perda ponderal superior a 5%, compondo o grupo A, que foi comparado ao grupo B, formado pelos demais (26) pacientes que n&#227;o atingiram esta meta (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas iniciais dos pacientes est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>, conforme o grupo de estudo. Comparando ambos os grupos, observamos que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre eles em rela&#231;&#227;o a sexo, idade, avalia&#231;&#245;es iniciais antropom&#233;tricas, hemodin&#226;micas, metab&#243;licas e neuroend&#243;crinas.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0012-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica</italic> - O grupo A perdeu 7,8 kg durante os quatro meses da fase II do estudo, enquanto o grupo B perdeu apenas 0,3 kg (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>), correspondendo a uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 8,5% e 0,4% do peso inicial, respectivamente. A redu&#231;&#227;o da circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura tamb&#233;m foi bastante acentuada no grupo A, com diminui&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 10,1 cm no grupo A e de 2,8 cm no grupo B, ao final do estudo. Encontramos forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre a perda ponderal do per&#237;odo e a redu&#231;&#227;o da circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura dos pacientes (r = 0,75 e p &lt; 0,001). As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">3</xref> mostram a redu&#231;&#227;o, m&#234;s a m&#234;s, do peso e circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura, respectivamente, em cada grupo.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0012-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0012-00003-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0012-00003-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica</italic> - Observamos diminui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-significativa da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, em ambos os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; press&#227;o diast&#243;lica, tamb&#233;m detectamos essa tend&#234;ncia &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de suas m&#233;dias ao final do estudo nos dois grupos. A redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia no grupo A foi o dobro da do grupo B: 4,0 e 1,9 mmHg, respectivamente.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0012-00003-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Avalia&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica </italic>- As caracter&#237;sticas do perfil metab&#243;lico dos pacientes est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabela 4</xref>, conforme o grupo de estudo. Comparando os grupos, detectamos redu&#231;&#227;o da glicemia de jejum em ambos os grupos, tr&#234;s vezes maior no grupo A (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>). Apesar de todos os valores do lipidograma se encontrarem dentro da normalidade, constatamos redu&#231;&#227;o significativa dos n&#237;veis de colesterol total e de LDL-colesterol, no grupo A. Ao final do estudo, as m&#233;dias dos n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deos diminu&#237;ram, e as do HDL-colesterol aumentaram, em ambos os grupos, por&#233;m, sem alcan&#231;ar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre as diferen&#231;as das m&#233;dias.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0012-00003-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0012-00003-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Avalia&#231;&#227;o neuroend&#243;crina </italic>- As caracter&#237;sticas do perfil neuroend&#243;crino dos pacientes est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tabela 5</xref>, conforme o grupo de estudo.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0012-00003-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Ambos os grupos apresentaram eleva&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia de adiponectina ao final do estudo, com tend&#234;ncia de efeito maior no grupo A. O aumento porcentual ao final do estudo foi de 18,4% e 6,7%, respectivamente, nos grupos A e B (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>).</p>
    <p>Observamos redu&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia de renina ao final do estudo, significativamente maior no grupo A, com diferen&#231;a entre in&#237;cio e final do estudo de -8,6 pg/ml (-40%) no grupo A, e de -1,9 pg/ml (-9,7%) no grupo B. O comportamento da aldosterona foi diferente nos grupos, com redu&#231;&#227;o de 4,1% no grupo A, e aumento de 9,9% no grupo B, sem, entretanto, alcan&#231;ar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre os grupos.</p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia da leptina s&#233;rica reduziu em ambos os grupos ao final do estudo, sendo essa redu&#231;&#227;o seis vezes maior no grupo A (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">fig. 5</xref>). Da mesma maneira, encontramos diminui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-significativa das m&#233;dias da insulina s&#233;rica e do HOMA, em ambos os grupos, por&#233;m tr&#234;s vezes maior no grupo A (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06">fig. 6</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0012-00003-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0012-00003-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Efeitos da perda ponderal superior a 5% sobre os desfechos clinicolaboratoriais significativos</italic> - Ap&#243;s ajuste para sexo, idade e valores iniciais de &#237;ndice de massa corporal, circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura, glicemia, colesterol total, triglicer&#237;deos e renina, encontramos redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de 6 mmHg na press&#227;o diast&#243;lica do grupo A (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">tab. 6</xref>). O valor usado da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi obtido pela m&#233;dia das duas &#250;ltimas visitas m&#233;dicas.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0012-00003-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol total, LDL-colesterol e renina apresentaram redu&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dias de 13 mg/dl, 12 mg/dl e 7 pg/ml, respectivamente, maiores no grupo A, ap&#243;s ajuste para sexo, idade e valores iniciais de &#237;ndice de massa corporal, circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura, press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia, glicemia, colesterol total e triglicer&#237;deos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em ambos os grupos do estudo observou-se um predom&#237;nio de mulheres, espelhando a maior preval&#234;ncia da obesidade nesse sexo<sup>2</sup>. As perdas que aconteceram durante o acompanhamento n&#227;o foram seletivas, e a fase II do estudo foi conclu&#237;da com boa taxa de ades&#227;o, embora apenas 45% dos pacientes tenham alcan&#231;ado a meta de perda ponderal superior a 5%, ao final dessa. Considerando o projeto como um todo, em que cem pacientes foram inicialmente avaliados, observamos que apenas 21% alcan&#231;aram a meta, apesar de todo suporte multidisciplinar oferecido, o que ressalta a enorme dificuldade no manejo da obesidade quando se adotam mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida como interven&#231;&#227;o exclusiva. </p>
    <p>Os indiv&#237;duos do grupo A, contudo, alcan&#231;aram m&#233;dia de perda ponderal de 8,5% em quatro meses, sem interven&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica, e apenas com orienta&#231;&#227;o mensal quanto &#224; dieta, exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e comportamento alimentar. Se levarmos em considera&#231;&#227;o a fase I do estudo, esse porcentual de perda ponderal sobe para 12% em cinco meses no grupo A.</p>
    <p>Um estudo multic&#234;ntrico com a sibutramina, um dos poucos f&#225;rmacos aprovados pelo <italic>Food and Drug Administration</italic> (FDA) dos Estados Unidos para tratamento de obesidade, n&#227;o mostrou resultados muito distintos do nosso estudo em termos de perda ponderal. A redu&#231;&#227;o de peso com sibutramina aumentou conforme a dose utilizada do agente e, ap&#243;s seis meses de tratamento, a perda ponderal alcan&#231;ada foi de 7,4%, quando se utilizou a dose de 15 mg/dia. Houve melhora do perfil lip&#237;dico, mas os pacientes apresentaram alguns efeitos adversos, destacando-se entre eles eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos e da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>30</sup>. </p>
    <p>Dados recentemente publicados em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso do rimonabant, um antagonista do receptor endocanabin&#243;ide que vem sendo investigado como um poss&#237;vel agente para o controle da obesidade e fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;licos, demonstraram que dentre os pacientes que fizeram uso de dieta hipocal&#243;rica associada &#224; dose mais alta do agente (20 mg/dia), 51% e 27% atingiram perda ponderal superior a 5%, e 10% ao final de um ano, respectivamente<sup>31</sup>. Comparando os resultados do rimonabant com os nossos, observamos que 45% e 11% dos pacientes do presente estudo perderam 5% e 10% do peso, respectivamente, em quatro meses de interven&#231;&#227;o. Se incluirmos a perda de peso da fase I, 66% e 28% dos pacientes perderam 5% e 10% do peso, respectivamente, ap&#243;s cinco meses. </p>
    <p>Avaliando-se de forma retrospectiva o comportamento dos grupos na fase I do nosso estudo, constatamos que a perda ponderal alcan&#231;ada nesse per&#237;odo inicial de um m&#234;s foi significativamente maior no grupo A, que reduziu 3,6% do peso inicial no per&#237;odo, quando se comparou ao grupo B, que reduziu 2,6% (p = 0,002).</p>
    <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o de peso em pacientes do grupo A se correlacionou fortemente com a diminui&#231;&#227;o da circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura, sugerindo que a perda preponderante de gordura foi do tipo visceral. Mesmo no grupo B, em que a perda de peso foi praticamente desprez&#237;vel, a circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal diminuiu em quase 3,0 cm. Ademais, nesse mesmo grupo, quando comparados os valores do in&#237;cio e do final do estudo, observamos redu&#231;&#227;o significativa das circunfer&#234;ncias de cintura (p = 0,009) e quadril (p = 0,012), o que nos permite concluir que nos pacientes do grupo B, apesar de n&#227;o ter havido perda de peso efetiva, houve redistribui&#231;&#227;o da gordura total, possivelmente por conta de uma orienta&#231;&#227;o nutricional adequada. </p>
    <p>No presente estudo, apesar de os valores press&#243;ricos terem se mantido sempre dentro dos n&#237;veis normais desde o in&#237;cio, observamos redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, e principalmente da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica, em ambos os grupos, embora de magnitude maior e com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, entre as medidas do in&#237;cio e final do estudo (p = 0,021), no grupo A. As duas etapas do <italic>Trial of Hypertension Prevention</italic> (TOHP) mostraram um efeito bastante semelhante nos n&#237;veis sist&#243;licos/diast&#243;licos em curto prazo, medidos no sexto m&#234;s de interven&#231;&#227;o, com redu&#231;&#227;o de 3,8/2,5 mmHg na etapa I do estudo, e de 3,7/2,7 mmHg na etapa II. A m&#233;dia de perda de peso aos seis meses de ambas as etapas do estudo foi de 5,7 kg<sup>32</sup>. Considerando todos os 47 pacientes do nosso estudo, a redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis sist&#243;licos e diast&#243;licos foi de 0,9/2,8 mmHg, respectivamente, com m&#233;dia de perda de peso aos quatro meses de 3,6 kg, do in&#237;cio ao final da fase II do estudo. </p>
    <p>Como os pacientes, para serem inclu&#237;dos nessa fase, precisavam obrigatoriamente ter perdido pelo menos 2% do peso inicial da fase I, analisamos tamb&#233;m a diferen&#231;a dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos do in&#237;cio da fase I ao t&#233;rmino da fase II, encontrando redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos mais expressiva, com diminui&#231;&#227;o de 5,1/4,3 mmHg, para uma m&#233;dia de redu&#231;&#227;o de peso de 6,5 kg. De acordo com a estimativa de Cook e cols.<sup>33</sup>, realizada na popula&#231;&#227;o norte-americana entre 35 e 64 anos de idade, a redu&#231;&#227;o encontrada de 4,3 mmHg na press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, durante os cinco meses do nosso estudo (somando-se fases I e II), seria capaz de diminuir em mais de 17% a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o diast&#243;lica, em mais de 15% a incid&#234;ncia de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico ou acidente isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio, e em mais de 6% o risco para doen&#231;a coronariana nesses pacientes.</p>
    <p>Quando se analisa a m&#233;dia da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica das duas &#250;ltimas visitas m&#233;dicas, encontramos redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de 6,3 mmHg no grupo A, mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para sexo, idade e valores iniciais de &#237;ndice de massa corporal, circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura, glicemia, colesterol total, triglicer&#237;deos e renina s&#233;rica. Uma explica&#231;&#227;o plaus&#237;vel para esse efeito mais pronunciado da redu&#231;&#227;o do peso sobre a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi a inclus&#227;o de pacientes mais jovens em nosso estudo. Existem evid&#234;ncias de que a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica seria um fator de risco cardiovascular mais importante que a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica para indiv&#237;duos abaixo dos cinq&#252;enta anos de idade<sup>34</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes do presente estudo, apesar de serem obesos, n&#227;o s&#243; apresentavam perfil lip&#237;dico no in&#237;cio do estudo dentro da normalidade, como esses valores estavam dentro da faixa desej&#225;vel ou considerada &#243;tima<sup>20</sup>. Uma avalia&#231;&#227;o de quatorze ensaios cl&#237;nicos com interven&#231;&#227;o de mudan&#231;a de estilo de vida mostrou que, em indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso, a perda ponderal &#233; eficaz em diminuir o n&#237;vel de triglicer&#237;deos e aumentar o de HDL-colesterol e que, geralmente, a redu&#231;&#227;o do peso tamb&#233;m produz alguma redu&#231;&#227;o no colesterol total e LDL-colesterol<sup>23</sup>. Em nosso estudo houve diminui&#231;&#227;o dos triglicer&#237;deos e eleva&#231;&#227;o de HDL-colesterol em ambos os grupos, mas sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre eles. No entanto, quando analisamos os valores do in&#237;cio e do final de cada grupo, observamos redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de triglicer&#237;deos apenas no grupo B (p = 0,025) e aumento significativo de HDL-colesterol nos grupos A (p = 0,005) e B (p &lt; 0,001). </p>
    <p>Sabe-se que os n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deos e HDL-colesterol est&#227;o &#237;ntima e inversamente relacionados entre si<sup>35</sup>, e uma justificativa para n&#227;o ter sido poss&#237;vel evidenciar o efeito da redu&#231;&#227;o de peso descrito na literatura sobre estas vari&#225;veis &#233; o fato de que ambos os grupos tiveram orienta&#231;&#227;o nutricional quanto &#224; dieta e que, mesmo n&#227;o havendo perda ponderal importante no grupo B, provavelmente houve mudan&#231;a na escolha dos alimentos, j&#225; que esse grupo objetivamente apresentou redistribui&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal. Deschenes e cols. conclu&#237;ram que o tecido adiposo visceral &#233; o fator preditor mais fortemente relacionado ao perfil lip&#237;dico<sup>36</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, outro fator que pode ter diminu&#237;do o impacto da redu&#231;&#227;o do peso sobre a trigliceridemia foi que os n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deos apresentavam valores no in&#237;cio do estudo estritamente normais e significativamente menores no grupo A (m&#233;dia de 81 mg/dl). </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s ajuste para sexo, idade e valores iniciais de &#237;ndice de massa corporal, circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura, press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia, glicemia, colesterol total e triglicer&#237;deos, nossos resultados demonstraram redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia signifi cativamente maior de colesterol total e LDL-colesterol no grupo com redu&#231;&#227;o de peso superior a 5%, da ordem de 13 e 12 mg/dl, respectivamente. O estudo <italic>DEW-IT</italic> mostrou que uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 4,9 kg em nove semanas mediante mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida, efetivadas sob condi&#231;&#245;es ideais, gerou diminui&#231;&#227;o de 25 mg/dl no valor do colesterol total no grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle, e de 18 mg/dl no LDL-colesterol<sup>26</sup>.</p>
    <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o para a compara&#231;&#227;o dos nossos dados com os resultados de outros estudos, como o <italic>DEW-IT</italic>, por exemplo, &#233; a forma de expressar a perda ponderal, pois a maioria dos estudos utiliza o peso absoluto perdido e n&#227;o a perda porcentual, a qual nos parece ter maior capacidade de comparabilidade, levando-se em conta a abrangente faixa de IMC que os grandes estudos admitem. Al&#233;m disso, quando se usa a m&#233;dia do peso, esse valor pode omitir a heterogeneidade da amostra. Enfim, embora as redu&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dias do colesterol total e do LDL-colesterol do nosso estudo aparentemente sejam de magnitude menor que os resultados da literatura, a grande maioria dos estudos inclui pacientes com valores mais elevados do perfil lip&#237;dico. O mais importante &#233; que esses efeitos, mesmo de pequena monta, podem apresentar impacto favor&#225;vel no risco coronariano a curto e longo prazo<sup>20,37</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao metabolismo glic&#237;dico, n&#227;o evidenciamos efeito significativo, entre os grupos, da redu&#231;&#227;o de peso superior a 5% em nenhuma das vari&#225;veis: glicemia de jejum, insulina s&#233;rica de jejum e &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia a insulina (HOMA). No entanto, analisando os valores do in&#237;cio e do final do estudo no grupo A, observamos redu&#231;&#227;o significativa das medidas de insulina (p = 0,006) e HOMA (p = 0,004) e, comparando os grupos, &#233; n&#237;tida a tend&#234;ncia de redu&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis do metabolismo glic&#237;dico ao final do estudo, aproximadamente tr&#234;s vezes maior no grupo A. Talvez esses dados sejam justificados pelo fato de termos optado pela inclus&#227;o de pacientes obesos sem comorbidades, com apenas quatro pacientes do total que completou o estudo (8,5%) apresentando intoler&#226;ncia a glicose no in&#237;cio da fase II, diagnosticada pela presen&#231;a de glicemia de jejum entre 100 e 125 mg/dl. Sendo assim, podemos especular que provavelmente t&#237;nhamos um n&#250;mero limitado de pacientes no estudo com resist&#234;ncia a insulina. </p>
    <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo &#233; que a insulina e a glicemia s&#243; foram mensuradas em jejum. Avalia&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s sobrecarga de glicose teriam certamente aumentado a sensibilidade para detec&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es possivelmente presentes<sup>38</sup>. Quando procedemos &#224; an&#225;lise dos pacientes que apresentaram perda ponderal mais acentuada dentro do grupo A (superior a 8%), e comparamos esse subgrupo com o grupo B, evidenciamos um efeito significativo sobre os valores percentuais de insulina, com diminui&#231;&#227;o 32,8% maior nos pacientes que lograram maior perda de peso, quando comparados ao grupo B (p = 0,045). Apesar de nosso estudo n&#227;o ter sido de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, dados consistentes da literatura claramente apontam para uma diminui&#231;&#227;o de mais de 50% na incid&#234;ncia cumulativa de diabetes, em pacientes que alcan&#231;aram redu&#231;&#227;o de 5% do peso, ap&#243;s seis anos de acompanhamento<sup>39</sup>.</p>
    <p>J&#225; est&#225; bem estabelecido que na obesidade ocorre resist&#234;ncia &#224;s a&#231;&#245;es da leptina com hiperleptinemia, da mesma maneira que a redu&#231;&#227;o de peso se associa &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o dos seus n&#237;veis<sup>40</sup>. Nossos dados corroboram a literatura, pois encontramos uma tend&#234;ncia &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de leptina em ambos os grupos, mais acentuada (seis vezes mais) no grupo A. Comparando-se os valores do in&#237;cio e do final do estudo, observamos redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de seus n&#237;veis no grupo A (p = 0,012). Analisando os pacientes com perda ponderal superior a 8%, e cotejando os mesmos com aqueles do grupo B, torna-se poss&#237;vel evidenciar um efeito significativo sobre a leptina, com diminui&#231;&#227;o de seus n&#237;veis, ao final do estudo, 63,6% maior (p = 0,008). Esse dado possivelmente traduz um aumento da sensibilidade &#224; leptina, com diminui&#231;&#227;o da hiperleptinemia compensat&#243;ria, em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia &#224; perda ponderal mais expressiva. Ap&#243;s ajuste para sexo, idade e valores iniciais de &#237;ndice de massa corporal, circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura, press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia, glicemia, colesterol total e triglicer&#237;deos, a diminui&#231;&#227;o porcentual nesses indiv&#237;duos foi ainda mais acentuada, passando para 86,4%, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo B (p = 0,003).</p>
    <p>Um estudo envolvendo obesos que perderam peso ap&#243;s cirurgia bari&#225;trica, associou a eleva&#231;&#227;o da adiponectina &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do IMC e da circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura<sup>41</sup>. Em ambos os grupos do nosso estudo, detectamos eleva&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-significativa dos n&#237;veis de adiponectina, embora se registrasse aumento de 19% no grupo A. Uma explica&#231;&#227;o poss&#237;vel seria o efeito favor&#225;vel da redu&#231;&#227;o do peso e da gordura visceral, o que seria um est&#237;mulo para a secre&#231;&#227;o desta mol&#233;cula pelo adip&#243;cito. </p>
    <p>Houve redu&#231;&#227;o significativa dos n&#237;veis de renina plasm&#225;tica no grupo A. Esse resultado sugere que uma redu&#231;&#227;o moderada de peso &#233; capaz de provocar mudan&#231;as favor&#225;veis nos componentes do sistema renina-angiotensina, podendo-se especular que isso tamb&#233;m ocorreria no tecido adiposo, contribuindo para a diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis tensionais. O estudo de Engeli et al. aponta para redu&#231;&#227;o de 43% nos n&#237;veis de renina ap&#243;s redu&#231;&#227;o de 5% do peso corporal, o que foi acompanhado de queda significativa de 7 mmHg na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica ambulatorial<sup>42</sup>. Em nosso estudo encontramos, no grupo com perda ponderal superior a 5%, redu&#231;&#227;o semelhante nos n&#237;veis de renina (40%), associada &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o de 6 mmHg na press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica. Quanto ao comportamento da aldosterona, registramos redu&#231;&#227;o de 4,1% ao final do estudo, no grupo A, mas que n&#227;o foi significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo B.</p>
    <p>Concluindo, o presente estudo mostrou que medidas n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gicas capazes de promover redu&#231;&#227;o de peso superior a 5% trouxeram benef&#237;cios aos perfis hemodin&#226;mico, metab&#243;lico e neuroend&#243;crino. Apontou, tamb&#233;m, que a implementa&#231;&#227;o de mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida, mesmo em curto prazo, pode propiciar redu&#231;&#245;es de peso significativas e/ou redistribui&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal, muitas vezes de magnitude maior que a observada na literatura com o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico. Esses efeitos, embora aparentemente modestos do ponto de vista individual, se aplicados para uma parte maior da popula&#231;&#227;o, podem gerar impacto em termos de redu&#231;&#227;o da morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Virginia Genelhu </p>
        <p> Rua Felipe Camar&#227;o, 82 </p>
        <p> 20511-010 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="genelhu@uerj.br">genelhu@uerj.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Recebido em 27/09/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 08/12/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of greater-than-5% weight reduction on hemodynamic, metabolic and neuroendocrine profiles of grade I obese subjects</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of a greater-than-5% weight reduction in hemodynamic, metabolic, and neuroendocrine profiles of grade I obese subjects. METHODS: Observational study with 47 grade I obese subjects, with mean age of 33 years who received monthly orientation regarding diet, physical exercises, and eating behavior for four months. Blood pressure using the auscultatory method and pulse rate were assessed monthly, whereas the following variables (and respective methods) were measured at the beginning and at the end of the study: total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol (enzymatic method), LDL-cholesterol (Friedewald formula), blood glucose (hexokinase method), leptin, adiponectin, renin, aldosterone, insulin (radioimmunoassay) and insulin-resistance index (HOMA). RESULTS: After adjustment for other variables, significant reductions of 6 mmHg in diastolic blood pressure, 7 pg/ml in renin, 13 mg/dl in total cholesterol and 12 mg/dl in LDL-cholesterol were observed in the greater-than-5% weight reduction group. Also, a tendency to a higher increase in adiponectin levels by the end of the study, as well as a three-fold higher reduction in blood glucose, insulin, and HOMA levels, and a six-fold higher reduction in leptin levels were observed in this group. CONCLUSION: Non-pharmacological measures that promote a greater-than-5% weight reduction produce hemodynamic, metabolic, and neuroendocrine effects that improve the cardiovascular risk of obese subjects.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>weight loss</kwd>
        <kwd>dipocytokines</kwd>
        <kwd>lipid profile</kwd>
        <kwd>renin</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Effects of greater-than-5% weight reduction on hemodynamic, metabolic and neuroendocrine profiles of grade I obese subjects</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Kelly Biancardini Gomes Barbato; Rita de C&#225;ssia Vieira Martins; Maria de Lourdes Guimar&#227;es Rodrigues; Jos&#233; Ueleres Braga; Em&#237;lio Antonio Francischetti; Virginia Genelhu</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cl&#237;nica de Hipertens&#227;o do Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiopatologia Cl&#237;nica e Experimental &#150; CLINEX/UERJ - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To evaluate the effects of a greater-than-5% weight reduction in hemodynamic, metabolic, and neuroendocrine profiles of grade I obese subjects.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Observational study with 47 grade I obese subjects, with mean age of 33 years who received monthly orientation regarding diet, physical exercises, and eating behavior for four months. Blood pressure using the auscultatory method and pulse rate were assessed monthly, whereas the following variables (and respective methods) were measured at the beginning and at the end of the study: total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol (enzymatic method), LDL-cholesterol (Friedewald formula), blood glucose (hexokinase method), leptin, adiponectin, renin, aldosterone, insulin (radioimmunoassay) and insulin-resistance index (HOMA).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>After adjustment for other variables, significant reductions of 6 mmHg in diastolic blood pressure, 7 pg/ml in renin, 13 mg/dl in total cholesterol and 12 mg/dl in LDL-cholesterol were observed in the greater-than-5% weight reduction group. Also, a tendency to a higher increase in adiponectin levels by the end of the study, as well as a three-fold higher reduction in blood glucose, insulin, and HOMA levels, and a six-fold higher reduction in leptin levels were observed in this group.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS: </bold>Non-pharmacological measures that promote a greater-than-5% weight reduction produce hemodynamic, metabolic, and neuroendocrine effects that improve the cardiovascular risk of obese subjects. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Obesity, weight loss, adipocytokines, lipid profile, renin.</p>
      <p>The World Health Organization&#146;s (WHO) estimates warn of a world prevalence of more than one billion adults with excess weight, of which at least three hundred million are obese<sup>1</sup>. In Brazil, data from the Survey on Family Budgets conducted between 2002 and 2003 show that 40.6% of the total adult population are overweight, and 11% are considered obese, with a higher prevalence among women<sup>2</sup>. </p>
      <p>Obesity is associated with a higher risk of type-2 diabetes mellitus<sup>3-5</sup>, dyslipidemia<sup>6,7</sup>, systemic hypertension<sup>8,9</sup>, and overall and cardiovascular mortalities<sup>10,11</sup>. Data from INTERHEART, a case-control study which evaluated risk factors associated with myocardial infarction showed that abdominal obesity is one of the five major risk factors for myocardial infarction in 52 countries, including Brazil<sup>12</sup>. Additionally, obesity has a positive and strong correlation with heart failure<sup>13</sup>, sudden death<sup>14</sup>, and stroke<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Individuals who associate calorie restriction and exercises with behavioral treatment can lose 5% to 10% of their baseline weight in a period of four to six months. Although this percentage of weight loss is frequently below that desired by patients, it is enough to favorably change several conditions related to obesity<sup>16</sup>. Weight reduction improves glucose intolerance<sup>17-19</sup> and lipid profile<sup>20</sup>, in addition to reducing blood pressure levels<sup>21,22</sup> and symptoms associated with degenerative joint diseases, depression and sleep apnea<sup>23</sup>. Weight loss can also improve assessment scores of quality of life<sup>24</sup>. </p>
      <p>Obesity is known to have a significant impact on lifespan<sup>25</sup>, and any initiative aiming at reducing weight brings benefits which can be observed in the long term and that tend to be greater the earlier the intervention is made. This is true not only for the highest levels of obesity, but also for those who are overweight. The majority of the intervention studies promoting weight loss include patients with diseases associated with obesity, especially hypertension, dyslipidemia and glucose intolerance, in which weight loss may play a role in reversing the manifestations<sup>17,19,26</sup>. Information on the effects of lifestyle changes in younger populations without comorbidities is not frequent in the literature. Furthermore, in a systematic review, we did not find any study that had simultaneously assessed the effects of weight reduction on hemodynamic, metabolic and neuroendocrine profiles. The objective of our study was to assess possible benefits of greater-than-5% weight reductions on intermediate cardiometabolic risk factors in a group of young adults with grade I obesity. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study started after approval by the Medical Ethics Committee of <italic>Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto </italic>and informed consent from all patients. The following inclusion criteria were observed: age between 18 and 45 years and BMI between 30 and 34.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Smokers and individuals with any other comorbidity, with the exception of glucose intolerance and stage I hypertension, were excluded. Individuals on antihypertensive medication and/or insulin sensitizers were also excluded. The patients were assessed as to their ability to lose weight during the phase I study, and only those who had achieved a 2% weight reduction in one month were included. </p>
      <p><italic>Study design - </italic>This is an observational prospective controlled study in which the patients were followed for a four-month period, during which they were monthly oriented in relation to diet, physical exercises and eating behavior. Patients were classified into two groups according to the weight loss achieved in the period (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). Initially, history taking and physical examination were performed during the medical visit for assessment of patients&#146; eligibility. The baseline nutritional assessment encompassed a questionnaire on eating frequency and a 24-hour diet record on nutrient intake, in addition to an anthropometric assessment. All patients were prescribed a low-calorie diet composed of 50%-55%, 15%-25% and 25%-30% of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, respectively, and the calorie deficit was approximately 500 to 1000 kcal/day<sup>23</sup>. Orientation and encouragement to participate in regular physical activity were given by professionals involved in the study, with emphasis on the recommendation of at least thirty minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercises most days of the week<sup>27</sup>. In the monthly visits the patients were also given orientation to change their eating habits and were encouraged to achieve a greater-than-5% weight loss in the period.</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0012-00003-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The study design comprised two phases. Phase I assessed the ability to lose 2% of the weight for one month. Those who were successful and met the other eligibility criteria were include in phase II which lasted four months. Clinical and nutritional assessment with monitoring of the hemodynamic profile and anthropometric measurement was performed monthly, and laboratory tests to assess laboratory endpoints of the study were performed at the beginning and at the end of this phase.</p>
      <p><italic>Anthropometric assessment - </italic>Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated by dividing weight (in kg) by height (in m) square. Weight (0.1-kg precision) and height (0.5-cm precision) were measured using a Toledo<sup>TM</sup> electronic anthropometric scale calibrated by INMETRO in fasted barefoot patients wearing light clothing. Waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference (HC) were measured in centimeters, with the patients in the standing position and by means of a metallic tape measure. Waist circumference was measured midway between the iliac crest and the lower margin of the lowest rib. Hip circumference was measured at the largest circumference of the posterior portion of the gluteus. Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was obtained by dividing waist circumference by hip circumference. </p>
      <p><italic>Hemodynamic assessment - </italic>Blood pressure was measured using the indirect method with the auscultatory technique by means of a mercury column sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope, in the nondominant upper extremity, with the patient in the sitting position at least five minutes after the beginning of the medical visit, with a cuff that fitted the arm diameter. At each medical visit several measurements were taken at one to two-minute intervals, until a greater-than-5mmHg difference was not observed between consecutive values of systolic and diastolic pressures. The mean of the last two measurements was used. Heart rate was assessed by palpation of the radial pulse in the monthly visits. </p>
      <p><italic>Metabolic and neuroendocrine assessment</italic> - The specimens were collected after a 12-hour fast. Total cholesterol was determined using the modified Huang method, HDL-cholesterol using the COD-ANA Labtest<sup>TM</sup> enzyme system, and triglycerides using the modified Soloni method after saponification with Hantzsch reaction. LDL-cholesterol was estimated using the Friedewald formula. Fasting blood glucose was determined using the enzyme-hexokinase method. Fasting plasma insulin was determined using the radioimmunoassay technique with LINCO Research (St Louis, USA) reagents specific for human insulin. Insulin resistance was estimated using the Homeostatic Model of Assessment (HOMA), in which the resistance is determined by multiplying fasting plasma insulin (expressed in <italic>&#181;</italic>U/ml) by fasting blood glucose (in mmol/l), divided by 22.5. This index has a strong correlation with the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp<sup>8,29</sup>. Radioimmunoassay was used to determine serum leptin, plasma adiponectin (both with Linco Research &#150; St Charles, Missouri, USA &#150; double-antibody solid-phase enzyme immunoassay), plasma renin (DSL 25100 Active kit), and serum aldosterone (DSL 8600 Active kit).</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis - </italic>The arithmetic mean with its respective standard deviation was used to describe continuous variables, and the absolute number and relative frequency were used for categorical variables. The non-paired Student&#146;s t test was used for the comparison of the means of the endpoints between the groups, and the chi-square test was used for the comparison of proportions. Following the univariate analysis of the study endpoints, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple linear regression were used to identify the associations between exposures and endpoints of interest. The difference of means and difference of mean reduction and their respective 95% confidence intervals were also used as association measures. All statistical analyses used a significance level of 5%. Data were stored in the EpiData 3.0 freeware, and the statistical analysis was performed in STATA 8.0. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Patients and baseline characteristics - </italic>A total of 100 patients participated in the study phase I. Of these, 53 had at least a 2% body weight loss and were included in phase II. Forty seven patients completed this study phase (89%). Of the six patients lost to follow-up during study phase II, one was due to pregnancy, two due to clinical events diagnosed during the study, and three dropped voluntarily. </p>
      <p>Of the 47 patients who were followed for the four months of phase II, 21 achieved the goal of a greater-than-5% weight loss, comprising group A, which was compared to group B, comprised of the remaining (26) patients who did not achieve this goal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). </p>
      <p>Patients&#146; baseline characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>, according to the study group. When the two groups were compared, no difference was observed between them as regards gender, age, and baseline anthropometric, hemodynamic and metabolic assessments.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0012-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>Anthropometric assessment - </italic>Group A lost 7.8 kg during the four months of study phase II, whereas group B lost only 0.3 kg (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>), corresponding to a 8.5% and 0.4% reduction, respectively, in relation to baseline weight. Waist circumference reduction was also very significant in group A with a mean 10.1-cm reduction in this group and 2.8 cm in group B at the end of the study. A strong correlation was found between weight loss throughout the period and waist circumference reduction (r = 0.75 and p &lt; 0.001). Monthly weight loss and waist circumference reduction in each group are shown, respectively, in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">3</xref>. <italic>Hemodynamic assessment - </italic>A non-significant reduction in systolic blood pressure was observed in both groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). As regards diastolic blood pressure, a tendency to reduction of mean diastolic pressures was also detected at the end of the study in both groups. Mean reduction in group A was two-fold higher than that of group B: 4.0 and 1.9 mmHg, respectively.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0012-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0012-00003-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0012-00003-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0012-00003-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>Metabolic assessment - </italic>The characteristics of the metabolic profile of the patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>, according to the study group. When the groups were compared, a reduction in fasting blood glucose was observed in both groups, three-fold higher in group A (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref>). Although all lipid profile determinations were within the normal range, a significant reduction in total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels was observed in group A. At the end of the study, mean triglyceride levels decreased and mean HDL-cholesterol levels increased in both groups, however without reaching statistical significance between the differences of means.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0012-00003-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0012-00003-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Neuroendocrine assessment - </italic>The characteristics of the neuroendocrine profile of the patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>, according to the study group.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0012-00003-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>An increase in mean adiponectin was observed at the end of the study in both groups with a tendency of a higher effect in group A. Percentage increase at the end of the study was 18.4% and 6.7%, respectively, in groups A and B (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref>). </p>
      <p>We observed a reduction in mean renin at the end of the study, that was significantly higher in group A, with a difference between the beginning and end of the study of -8.6 pg/ml (-40%) in group A, and -1.9 pg/ml (-9.7%) in group B. Changes in aldosterone were different in the groups, with a 4.1% reduction in group A, and a 9.9% increase in group B, however without reaching statistical significance between the groups. </p>
      <p>A reduction in mean serum leptin was observed in both groups at the end of the study, and was six-fold higher in group A (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">Figure 5</xref>). Likewise, a non-significant reduction in mean serum insulin and HOMA was observed in both groups, although three-fold higher in group A (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06-body2">Figure 6</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0012-00003-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0012-00003-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Effects of a greater-than-5% weight loss on hard clinical and laboratory endpoints</italic> - After adjustment for gender, age, and baseline values of body mass index, waist circumference, blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides and renin, a significant 6-mmHg reduction in diastolic pressure was observed in group A (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2">Table 6</xref>). The value used for diastolic pressure was the mean of the two measurements obtained in the last two medical visits.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0012-00003-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and renin had a mean 13-mg/dl, 12-mg/dl and 7-pg/ml reduction, respectively, and were higher in group A after adjustment for gender, age, baseline values of body mass index, waist circumference, mean blood pressure, blood glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In both study groups a predominance of females was observed, reflecting the higher prevalence of obesity in this gender<sup>2</sup>. The losses to follow-up were not selective, and study phase II was completed with a good compliance rate, although only 45% of the patients had achieved the goal of a greater-than-5% weight loss at the end of this phase. Considering the study as a whole, in which 100 patients were initially assessed, we observed that only 21% achieved the goal despite all the multidisciplinary support offered, which points out the huge difficulty in the management of obesity when changes in lifestyle are adopted as the only intervention measure. </p>
      <p>Group A individuals, however, achieved a mean 8.5% weight loss with no pharmacological intervention, and only with monthly orientation regarding diet, physical activity and eating behavior. If we consider study phase I, this percentage of weight loss increases to 12% in five months in group A.</p>
      <p>The results of a multicenter study with sibutramine, one of the few drugs approved by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration &#150; USA) for the treatment of obesity, were not very different from ours as regards weight loss. Weight reduction with sibutramine was dose-related and after six months of treatment the weight loss achieved was 7.4% when an initial 15mg/day dose was administered. An improvement in lipid profile was observed, but the patients had some adverse effects, among which an elevation in blood pressure levels and heart rate should be pointed out<sup>30</sup>.</p>
      <p>Data recently published on the use of rimonabant, an endocannabinoid receptor antagonist which has been investigated as a possible agent for the control of obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors, demonstrated that among the patients who used a low-calorie diet associated with a higher dose of the drug (20 mg/day), 51% and 27% achieved a weight loss greater than 5%, and 10% by the end of one year, respectively<sup>31</sup>. Comparing the results of the study on rimonabant with ours, we observed that 45% and 11% of the patients of the present study had a 5% and 10% weight loss, respectively, in four months of intervention. If we include weight loss during phase I, 66% and 28% of the patients had a 5% and 10% weight loss, respectively, after five months. </p>
      <p>A retrospective analysis of the behavior of the groups in phase I of our study showed that the weight loss achieved during this initial one-month period was significantly higher in group A, which had a 3.6% reduction of the baseline weight in the period, when compared to group B, which had a 2.6% reduction (p = 0.002). </p>
      <p>Weight loss in patients of group A had a strong correlation with waist circumference reduction, suggesting that the fat loss was mostly of the visceral type. Even in group B, in which weight loss was practically insignificant, abdominal circumference decreased by almost 3.0 cm. Furthermore, in group B, when baseline values were compared to those of the end of the study, we observed a significant reduction in waist (p = 0.009) and hip (p = 0.012) circumference, which allows us to conclude that in group B patients a total fat redistribution occurred possibly thanks to an adequate nutritional orientation, although an effective weight loss was not observed. </p>
      <p>In this study, although pressure levels remained within a normal range from the beginning, we observed a reduction in systolic, and mainly in diastolic blood pressure in both groups, although higher and with statistical significance between the measures from the beginning and end of the study (p = 0.021) in group A. The two phases of the Trial of Hypertension Prevention (TOHP) showed a quite similar effect on systolic/diastolic levels in the short term measured in the sixth month of intervention, with a 3.8/2.5-mmHg reduction in study phase I, and 3.7/2.7 mmHg in phase II. Mean weight loss at six months of both study phases was 5.7 kg<sup>32</sup>. Considering all the 47 patients of our study, reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels were 0.9/2.8 mmHg, respectively from the beginning to the end of study phase II, with a mean 3.6-Kg weight loss at four months. </p>
      <p>Since the patients had necessarily to lose at least 2% of their baseline weight in phase I to be included in this phase, we also analyzed the difference between pressure levels at the beginning of phase I and end of phase II, and found a more significant reduction in pressure levels, with a 5.1/4.3 mmHg decrease, for a mean weight reduction of 6.5 kg. According to Cook et al&#146;s estimates<sup>33</sup> conducted in the North American population between 35 and 64 years of age, the 4.3-mmHg reduction in diastolic blood pressure found during the five months of our study (adding up phases I and II) would be able to reduce the prevalence of diastolic hypertension by more than 17%, the incidence of stroke or transitory ischemic attack by more than 15%, and coronary artery disease risk by more than 6% in these patients. </p>
      <p>When the mean of the diastolic blood pressure taken in the last two visitsis analyzed, we find a significant 6.3-mmHg reduction in group A, even after adjustment for gender, age, and baseline values of body mass index, waist circumference, blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides and serum renin. A plausible explanation for the more significant effect of weight reduction on diastolic blood pressure was the inclusion of younger patients in our study. There are evidences that diastolic blood pressure would be a more important cardiovascular risk factor than systolic blood pressure for individuals younger than fifty years of age<sup>34</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although obese, patients in this study not only had a lipid profile within a normal range in the beginning of the study, but also these values were within a desirable or optimal range<sup>20</sup>. An evaluation of 14 study trials with lifestyle change intervention showed that in overweight individuals weight loss is efficient in reducing triglyceride levels and increasing HDL-cholesterol levels, and that, usually, weight reduction also results in some total and LDL-cholesterol reduction<sup>23</sup>. In our study a reduction in triglycerides and increase in HDL-cholesterol was observed in both groups, although without a significant difference between them. Nonetheless, when baseline and final values of each group were analyzed, we observed a significant reduction of triglycerides only in group B (p = 0.025) and a significant increase in HDL-cholesterol in groups A (p = 0.005) and B (p &lt; 0.001). Triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol levels are known to be close and inversely related to each other<sup>35</sup>, and an explanation for the inability to evidence the effect of weight reduction on these variables, as described in the literature, is the fact that both groups were given nutritional counseling regarding diet, and that even without a significant weight loss in group B, a change in food choice probably occurred, since body fat redistribution was objectively observed in this group. Deschenes et al concluded that visceral adipose tissue is the predictive factor that most strongly correlates with the lipid profile<sup>36</sup>. Additionally, another factor that may have reduced the impact of weight reduction on blood triglyceride was that triglyceride levels were strictly normal at the beginning of the study and significantly lower in group A (mean of 81 mg/dl).</p>
      <p>After adjustment for gender, age and baseline body mass index, waist circumference, mean blood pressure, blood glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides, our results demonstrated a significantly higher mean reduction of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in the group with a greater-than-5% weight reduction, of 13 and 12 mg/dl, respectively. The DEW-IT study showed that a 4.9-kg reduction in nine weeks thanks to changes in lifestyle, carried out under optimal conditions, resulted in a 25-mg/dl reduction in total cholesterol levels of the intervention group in relation to the control group, and in an 18-mg/dl reduction in LDL-cholesterol<sup>26</sup>.</p>
      <p>A limitation for the comparison of our data with results of other studies such as the DEW-IT, for instance, is how weight loss is expressed, because the majority of the studies use the absolute weight lost instead of percentage loss, which seems to have a greater comparability in our opinion, considering the wide range of BMI accepted in the large studies. Additionally, when mean weight is used, this value may omit the sample heterogeneity. Finally, although mean reductions in total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol observed in our study are apparently lower than those of the literature, the great majority of studies include patients with higher levels of lipid profile. Most importantly, these effects, albeit small, may have a favorable impact on coronary risk in the short and long terms<sup>20,37</sup>.</p>
      <p>In relation to glucose metabolism, no significant effect of a greater-than-5% weight reduction was evidenced among the groups on any of the variables: blood glucose, fasting serum insulin, and insulin resistance index (HOMA). However, when baseline and final values in group A were analyzed, we observed a significant reduction in insulin (p = 0.006) and HOMA levels (p = 0.004), and when the groups are compared a clear trend of reduction in glucose metabolism variables is observed at the end of the study, approximately three-fold higher in group A. Perhaps these data are justified by the fact that we chose to include obese patients with no comorbidities, with only four out of the total patients who completed the study (8.5%) showing glucose intolerance at the beginning of phase II, diagnosed by the presence of fasting plasma glucose between 100 and 125 mg/dl. Thus, we can speculate that we probably had a limited number of patients with insulin resistance in the study. </p>
      <p>A limitation of the present study is that insulin and blood glucose were only measured in fasting. Assessments following glucose overload would certainly have increased sensitivity in the detection of alterations possibly present<sup>38</sup>. When we analyzed the patients who had a more significant weight loss within group A (greater than 8%) and compared this subgroup with group B, we observed a significant effect on percentage insulin values, with a 32.8% higher reduction in the patients who had a greater weight loss when compared to group B (p = 0.045). Although this was not a long-duration study, consistent data from the literature clearly point to a reduction of more than 50% in the cumulative incidence of diabetes in patients who achieved a 5% weight reduction after six years of follow-up<sup>39</sup>.</p>
      <p>The occurrence of resistance to the action of leptin with hyperleptinemia in obesity is well established. Likewise, weight reduction is associated with a decrease in leptin levels<sup>40</sup>. Our data corroborate literature because we found a tendency to a reduction in leptin levels in both groups, more significant (six-fold higher) in group A. Comparing baseline and final leptin levels, we observed a significant reduction of these levels in group A (p = 0.012). When patients with a greater-than-8% weight reduction were analyzed and compared with those of group B, a significant effect on leptin could be evidenced, with a 63.6% greater reduction of its levels at the end of the study (p = 0.008). This datum possibly translates as an increase in the sensitivity to leptin, with a reduction of the compensatory hyperleptinemia as a result of a more significant weight loss. After adjustment for gender, age and baseline body mass index, waist circumference, mean blood pressure, blood glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides, the percentage reduction in these individuals was even more significant, reaching 86.4% in relation to group B (p = 0.003).</p>
      <p>A study with obese individuals who lost weight following bariatric surgery associated the increase in adiponectin levels to the reduction in BMI and waist circumference<sup>41</sup>. In both groups of our study a non-significant increase in adiponectin levels was detected, although a 19% increase was recorded in group A. A possible explanation would be a favorable effect of weight and visceral fat reduction, which would stimulate adiponectin secretion by adipocytes. </p>
      <p>A significant reduction in plasma levels of renin was observed in group A. This result suggests that a moderate weight reduction can bring favorable changes in the components of the renin-angiotensin system, and we could hypothesize that this would also occur in the fat tissue, thus contributing for a decrease in pressure levels. Engeli et al&#146;s study points to a 43% reduction in renin levels following a 5% body weight reduction, which was followed by a significant 7-mmHg decrease in ambulatory systolic blood pressure<sup>42</sup>. In our study we found a similar reduction in renin levels (40%) associated with a 6-mmHg decrease in diastolic blood pressure in the group with a greater-than-5% weight loss. Regarding aldosterone, a 4.1% reduction was recorded at the end of the study in group A, but it was not significant in relation to group B. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, the present study showed that non-pharmacological measures able to promote a greater-than-5% weight reduction brought benefits to the hemodynamic, metabolic and neuroendocrine profiles. It also showed that the implementation of changes in lifestyle, albeit in the short term, may provide significant weight reduction and/or body fat redistribution, not frequently greater than that observed in the literature with pharmacological treatment. If applied to a larger part of the population, these effects, although apparently modest from an individual point of view, may create an impact in terms of reduction of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Virginia Genelhu</p>
          <p> Rua Felipe Camar&#227;o, 82 </p>
          <p> 20511-010 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="genelhu@uerj.br">genelhu@uerj.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 09/27/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 12/08/05</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
