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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">RRSBYVcRBkBrbCNht5ks8zq</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006001400002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08700102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006001400002</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos do exerc&#237;cio agudo na lipemia p&#243;s-prandial em homens sedent&#225;rios</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>M&#244;nica</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kasinski</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Novazzi</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Leonor Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tufik</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Tur&#237;bio Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Antonio Helfenstein</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>87</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>3</fpage>
      <lpage>11</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Examinar os efeitos de uma sess&#227;o isolada de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico isom&#233;trico na trigliceridemia p&#243;s-prandial em homens sedent&#225;rios com valores de triglic&#233;rides em jejum &lt; 150 mg/dl (NTG) ou &gt; 150 mg/dl (TG ALT). M&#201;TODOS: Foram avaliados 27 indiv&#237;duos (10 NTG e 17 TG ALT), com idade entre trinta e 55 anos. Os triglic&#233;rides foram determinados no in&#237;cio, e ap&#243;s duas, quatro e seis horas da ingest&#227;o oral de uma solu&#231;&#227;o com 50g/m&#178; de gordura em duas oportunidades, em repouso e ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio isom&#233;trico em esteira. RESULTADOS: O exerc&#237;cio agudo n&#227;o modificou os n&#237;veis p&#243;s-prandiais de triglic&#233;rides, ou a &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC) de triglic&#233;rides. Entretanto, o padr&#227;o anormal da curva de lipemia p&#243;s-prandial associou-se a maior trigliceridemia basal com exerc&#237;cio (TG basais: 147 &#177; 90 versus 238 &#177; 89 mg/dl, p = 0,02) e sem exerc&#237;cio (TG basais: 168 &#177; 93 versus 265 &#177; 140 mg/dl, p = 0,04). A an&#225;lise das curvas ROC (receive operating characteristics) mostrou valores de corte de triglic&#233;rides basais com atividade f&#237;sica de 166,5 mg/dl (sensibilidade: 0,78; especificidade: 0,72) e AUC de 0,772 [IC 95%: 0,588-0,955], e sem atividade f&#237;sica de 172 mg/dl (sensibilidade: 0,78; especificidade: 0,61) e AUC de 0,722 [IC 95%: 0,530-0,914]. CONCLUS&#195;O: A trigliceridemia p&#243;s-prandial em homens sedent&#225;rios n&#227;o foi modificada pelo exerc&#237;cio agudo, sendo os valores basais de triglic&#233;rides preditores de uma resposta anormal dos triglic&#233;rides p&#243;s-prandiais.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio agudo</kwd>
        <kwd>triglic&#233;rides</kwd>
        <kwd>lipemia p&#243;s-prandial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Efeitos do exerc&#237;cio agudo na lipemia p&#243;s-prandial em homens sedent&#225;rios </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#244;nica Teixeira; Nelson Kasinski; Maria Cristina de Oliveira Izar; Luiz Alberto Barbosa; Jos&#233; Paulo Novazzi; Leonor Almeida Pinto; S&#233;rgio Tufik; Tur&#237;bio Ferreira Leite; Francisco Antonio Helfenstein Fonseca</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#151; Escola Paulista de Medicina - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Examinar os efeitos de uma sess&#227;o isolada de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico isom&#233;trico na trigliceridemia p&#243;s-prandial em homens sedent&#225;rios com valores de triglic&#233;rides em jejum &lt; 150 mg/dl (NTG) ou <underline>&gt;</underline> 150 mg/dl (TG<sub>ALT</sub>). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Foram avaliados 27 indiv&#237;duos (10 NTG e 17 TG<sub>ALT</sub>), com idade entre trinta e 55 anos. Os triglic&#233;rides foram determinados no in&#237;cio, e ap&#243;s duas, quatro e seis horas da ingest&#227;o oral de uma solu&#231;&#227;o com 50g/m<sup>2</sup> de gordura em duas oportunidades, em repouso e ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio isom&#233;trico em esteira. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>O exerc&#237;cio agudo n&#227;o modificou os n&#237;veis p&#243;s-prandiais de triglic&#233;rides, ou a &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC) de triglic&#233;rides. Entretanto, o padr&#227;o anormal da curva de lipemia p&#243;s-prandial associou-se a maior trigliceridemia basal com exerc&#237;cio (TG basais: 147 &#177; 90 <italic>versus</italic> 238 &#177; 89 mg/dl, p = 0,02) e sem exerc&#237;cio (TG basais: 168 &#177; 93 <italic>versus</italic> 265 &#177; 140 mg/dl, p = 0,04). A an&#225;lise das curvas ROC (<italic>receive operating characteristics</italic>) mostrou valores de corte de triglic&#233;rides basais com atividade f&#237;sica de 166,5 mg/dl (sensibilidade: 0,78; especificidade: 0,72) e AUC de 0,772 [IC 95%: 0,588-0,955], e sem atividade f&#237;sica de 172 mg/dl (sensibilidade: 0,78; especificidade: 0,61) e AUC de 0,722 [IC 95%: 0,530-0,914]. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> A trigliceridemia p&#243;s-prandial em homens sedent&#225;rios n&#227;o foi modificada pelo exerc&#237;cio agudo, sendo os valores basais de triglic&#233;rides preditores de uma resposta anormal dos triglic&#233;rides p&#243;s-prandiais. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Exerc&#237;cio agudo, triglic&#233;rides, lipemia p&#243;s-prandial.</p>
    <p>O conceito de que o processo ateroscler&#243;tico &#233; um fen&#244;meno p&#243;s-prandial foi evidenciado h&#225; mais de vinte anos por Zilversmit<sup>1</sup>, ao demonstrar em animais e em humanos que remanescentes de quilomicrons e lipoprote&#237;nas de baixa densidade (LDL) s&#227;o captados por c&#233;lulas endoteliais. </p>
    <p>Estudos cl&#237;nicos mostraram que a magnitude da lipemia p&#243;s-prandial ou mesmo n&#237;veis aumentados de triglic&#233;rides (TG) p&#243;s-prandiais podem predizer aterosclerose sintom&#225;tica ou assintom&#225;tica, independentemente dos fatores de risco avaliados em jejum<sup>2-5</sup>. </p>
    <p>A lipemia p&#243;s-prandial reflete uma medida integrada da capacidade individual de remo&#231;&#227;o de triglic&#233;rides. Dietas ou tratamentos que diminuam os n&#237;veis de lipoprote&#237;nas ricas em triglic&#233;rides em jejum tamb&#233;m podem promover melhora nos n&#237;veis de lipoprote&#237;nas ricas em triglic&#233;rides p&#243;s-prandiais. Assim, o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico, a redu&#231;&#227;o do peso corp&#243;reo e certos f&#225;rmacos reduzem a trigliceridemia p&#243;s-prandial e t&#234;m o potencial de reduzir os n&#237;veis de lipoprote&#237;nas remanescentes<sup>6</sup>. </p>
    <p>A lipemia p&#243;s-prandial &#233; caracterizada por um estado hipertriglicerid&#234;mico transit&#243;rio, mas as concentra&#231;&#245;es de triglic&#233;rides no jejum relacionam-se ao tamanho da part&#237;cula de LDL<sup>7</sup>. Essa resposta pode estar condicionada a maior mobiliza&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos, aumento de s&#237;ntese e retardo de remo&#231;&#227;o de VLDL, propiciando maior intera&#231;&#227;o entre lipoprote&#237;nas que contribuem para a forma&#231;&#227;o de part&#237;culas pequenas e densas de LDL, extremamente aterog&#234;nicas<sup>7-10</sup>.</p>
    <p>A magnitude da resposta p&#243;s-prandial &#233; determinada por v&#225;rios fatores. A resposta p&#243;s-prandial &#233; maior nos homens<sup>11,12</sup>, tende a aumentar com a idade<sup>13</sup>, diferindo ainda entre normo e hipertriglicerid&#234;micos<sup>1,14</sup> de acordo com os valores lip&#237;dicos s&#233;ricos no jejum.</p>
    <p>O exerc&#237;cio regular est&#225; associado com redu&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, diabete melito e obesidade<sup>15-18</sup>. A maior parte da vida ocorre em estado p&#243;s-prandial, sendo de particular import&#226;ncia interven&#231;&#245;es que possam atenuar efeitos aterog&#234;nicos da hiperlipemia p&#243;s-prandial<sup>19</sup>.</p>
    <p> Embora o exerc&#237;cio possa se acompanhar de mudan&#231;as favor&#225;veis no perfil lip&#237;dico p&#243;s-prandial, s&#227;o menos conhecidos os seus efeitos agudos, especialmente comparando indiv&#237;duos com valores normais ou alterados de triglic&#233;rides em jejum<sup>20-22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Tendo em vista o consider&#225;vel aumento na preval&#234;ncia de sedentarismo, obesidade e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina na sociedade moderna, o presente estudo foi delineado para examinar os efeitos de uma sess&#227;o isolada de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico na trigliceridemia p&#243;s-prandial, em indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios com ou sem hipertrigliceridemia em jejum.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#151; Escola Paulista de Medicina, e todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. </p>
    <p>Participaram da pesquisa 27 homens sedent&#225;rios, com idades entre trinta e 55 anos, sendo dez normotriglicerid&#234;micos, NTG (TG basal &lt; 150 mg/dl) e dezessete indiv&#237;duos com valores de triglic&#233;rides basais alterados, TG<sub>ALT</sub> (TG <underline>&gt;</underline> 150)<sup>23,24</sup>, sendo exclu&#237;dos indiv&#237;duos com TG &gt; 400 mg/dl. </p>
    <p>Foram tamb&#233;m exclu&#237;dos indiv&#237;duos cujo &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea fosse <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana sintom&#225;tica, por meio de crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, registrados em repouso ou durante o teste de esfor&#231;o. Al&#233;m disso, foram exclu&#237;dos os portadores de hepatopatias, nefropatias graves, os diab&#233;ticos, pacientes em vig&#234;ncia de processos infecciosos e com neoplasias.</p>
    <p><italic>Desenho do estudo - </italic>O protocolo constou de avalia&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas, testes laboratoriais, ergoespirometria, avalia&#231;&#227;o nutricional e estudo da lipemia p&#243;s-prandial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). A prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio foi precedida por teste ergoespirom&#233;trico.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0003-00002-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o nutricional constou de duas etapas. Foram obtidos dados antropom&#233;tricos dos pacientes selecionados na condi&#231;&#227;o basal, al&#233;m do registro alimentar de tr&#234;s dias<sup>25</sup>. Com base nos dados informados realizou-se o c&#225;lculo da dieta habitual. O c&#225;lculo da ingest&#227;o diet&#233;tica de cada nutriente foi realizado utilizando-se o programa de Apoio &#224; Nutri&#231;&#227;o do Centro de Inform&#225;tica aplicada &#224; Sa&#250;de &#151; EPM/ UNIFESP &#151; vers&#227;o 2.5<sup>26</sup>.</p>
    <p>O estudo da lipemia p&#243;s-prandial foi realizado em dois per&#237;odos, sendo os pacientes submetidos a um exerc&#237;cio de trinta minutos em esteira, logo ap&#243;s a ingest&#227;o da dieta, repetindo-se o mesmo estudo sem o exerc&#237;cio em esteira, duas semanas ap&#243;s. </p>
    <p>Foram coletadas amostras de sangue em jejum de doze a quatorze horas e a seguir ap&#243;s duas, quatro e seis horas da ingest&#227;o da dieta padronizada para a an&#225;lise dos triglic&#233;rides (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise laboratorial</italic> - O colesterol total e os triglic&#233;rides foram mensurados por m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico automatizado (Opera, Bayer, Alemanha), a fra&#231;&#227;o HDL-C foi quantificada no sobrenadante, ap&#243;s a precipita&#231;&#227;o de lipoprote&#237;nas contendo apo B, e o LDL-C foi estimado pela f&#243;rmula de Friedewald<sup>27</sup>. An&#225;lises bioqu&#237;micas foram realizadas em aparelho Advia 120 (Bayer, Alemanha).</p>
    <p><italic>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ergoespirom&#233;trica e exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico</italic> - O exerc&#237;cio proposto constou de caminhada, em esteira, sem inclina&#231;&#227;o, pelo per&#237;odo de trinta minutos e em velocidade constante, de acordo com o resultado do teste ergoespirom&#233;trico (limiar anaer&#243;bio). A fase de exerc&#237;cio foi precedida de aquecimento de tr&#234;s minutos, o mesmo ocorrendo ao final de cada per&#237;odo. </p>
    <p><italic>Lipemia p&#243;s-prandial</italic> - Os indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos a dois testes de lipemia p&#243;s-prandial. Para o preparo da lipemia p&#243;s-prandial solicitou-se suspens&#227;o pr&#233;via de atividade f&#237;sica por 48 horas, abstin&#234;ncia de &#225;lcool e cafe&#237;na num per&#237;odo de 24 horas, al&#233;m de dieta orientada para o jantar da noite anterior ao exame<sup>29-33</sup>. </p>
    <p>Para as coletas das amostras de sangue utilizou-se um cateter pl&#225;stico (Vialon<sup>R </sup>n&#250;mero 20, Becton Dickinson), sendo desprezados 5 ml de sangue a cada nova coleta para garantir a exatid&#227;o dos resultados dos exames. Realizaram-se quatro coletas de sangue (jejum, duas, quatro e seis horas). Ap&#243;s a coleta basal, os participantes ingeriram uma solu&#231;&#227;o com alta concentra&#231;&#227;o de gordura, em quinze minutos.</p>
    <p>A solu&#231;&#227;o foi constitu&#237;da por: um litro de leite integral, uma lata de creme de leite, 50 gramas de ovo de galinha desidratado, 100 gramas de chocolate em p&#243;, uma colher de sopa de manteiga sem sal, seis unidades de castanha do Par&#225;, duas unidades de banana nanica, 150 ml de leite de coco. O valor nutricional do total da receita foi de 2.655 calorias, constitu&#237;do por 81 g de prote&#237;nas (11,6%), 151 g de carboidratos (21,4%) e 209 g de lip&#237;dios (67,0%).</p>
    <p>Foi fornecido a cada participante o equivalente a 50 gramas de gordura por metro quadrado de superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea. O rendimento da receita relativo a 50 gramas de gordura foi de 365 ml que, multiplicado pela superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea, resultou na quantidade ingerida da solu&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> - As vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas no per&#237;odo basal s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dias e desvio-padr&#227;o das m&#233;dias e foram comparadas entre os grupos NTG e TG<sub>ALT</sub> pelo teste t de Student, para amostras n&#227;o relacionadas. Para a an&#225;lise dos triglic&#233;rides nas condi&#231;&#245;es de jejum, duas, quatro e seis horas, foi utilizada an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncias com medidas repetidas. A &#225;rea sob a curva foi calculada utilizando-se a regra trapezoidal. Utilizou-se o teste t de Student para amostras relacionadas para compara&#231;&#227;o das &#225;reas sob as curvas com e sem atividade f&#237;sica. Foram constru&#237;das curvas ROC para avaliar a efici&#234;ncia dos valores basais de triglic&#233;rides em predizer altera&#231;&#227;o na resposta da trigliceridemia p&#243;s-prandial. Foram considerados significantes valores de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas basais dos participantes s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. As vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e os par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos n&#227;o diferiram entre os participantes NTG e TG<sub>ALT</sub>, com exce&#231;&#227;o da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, que foi maior nos TG<sub>ALT</sub>. Al&#233;m de maiores valores basais de TG, os pacientes TG<sub>ALT</sub> apresentaram menores valores de HDL-C, quando comparados aos NTG, n&#227;o diferindo com rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores de glicemia.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0003-00002-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre os grupos quanto ao consumo cal&#243;rico total da dieta, ao conte&#250;do de prote&#237;nas, carboidratos e de lip&#237;dios; entretanto, os indiv&#237;duos NTG apresentaram maior consumo de &#225;cidos graxos poliinsaturados do que os TG<sub>ALT</sub> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0003-00002-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Lipemia p&#243;s-prandial e efeito do exerc&#237;cio agudo - </italic>A trigliceridemia p&#243;s-prandial apresentou um pico em quatro horas, n&#227;o diferindo com e sem a prescri&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio agudo (p = 0,098), com uma raz&#227;o entre os valores de triglic&#233;rides no pico de 0,95 (IC 95%: 0,74;1,15) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). Os valores m&#233;dios obtidos para as &#225;reas sob a curva de triglic&#233;rides (seis horas) tamb&#233;m n&#227;o diferiram (AUC: 632 &#177; 422 vs. 751 &#177; 427 mg/dl, com e sem atividade f&#237;sica, respectivamente; p = 0,133, teste t de Student para amostras relacionadas), sendo a raz&#227;o das &#225;reas sob as curvas de 0,97 (IC 95%:0,75;1,19) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0003-00002-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0003-00002-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>As curvas de triglic&#233;rides p&#243;s-prandiais s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref> e na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">figura 4</xref>. N&#227;o houve efeito do exerc&#237;cio agudo na curva de triglic&#233;rides p&#243;s-prandiais (p = 0,40; ANOVA com medidas repetidas). Entretanto, houve associa&#231;&#227;o dos valores de triglic&#233;rides basais com o comportamento da curva de triglic&#233;rides dos indiv&#237;duos ao longo do tempo (p = 0,026).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0003-00002-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0003-00002-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Analisando o comportamento da curva de triglic&#233;rides p&#243;s-prandiais dos participantes do estudo observou-se que dezoito indiv&#237;duos apresentaram um comportamento t&#237;pico de uma curva normal; ou seja, na sexta hora da ingest&#227;o da solu&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica havia um retorno da trigliceridemia a valores pr&#243;ximos aos basais, enquanto nove sujeitos apresentaram curvas com comportamento anormal. Os perfis individuais da resposta da lipemia p&#243;s-prandial com e sem atividade f&#237;sica s&#227;o apresentados nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">figuras 5</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06">6</xref>, respectivamente. Os valores basais de triglic&#233;rides foram ent&#227;o comparados de acordo com o comportamento da curva de triglic&#233;rides p&#243;s-prandial normal ou anormal com e sem atividade f&#237;sica, havendo maiores valores basais de triglic&#233;rides nos indiv&#237;duos com comportamento anormal da curva de lipemia p&#243;s-prandial com atividade f&#237;sica (TG basais: 147 &#177; 90 <italic>versus</italic> 238 &#177; 89 mg/dl, p = 0,02, teste t de Student) e sem atividade f&#237;sica (TG basais: 168 &#177; 93 <italic>versus</italic> 265 &#177; 140 mg/dl, p = 0,04, teste t de Student) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig07">fig. 7</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig08">8</xref>). Houve concord&#226;ncia das respostas da trigliceridemia p&#243;s-prandial em dezessete indiv&#237;duos com e sem a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio agudo (treze normais com e sem atividade f&#237;sica e quatro anormais com e sem atividade f&#237;sica).</p>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0003-00002-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0003-00002-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig07">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0003-00002-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig08">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0003-00002-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>As curvas ROC mostraram que os valores basais de triglic&#233;rides foram preditores da resposta alterada da trigliceridemia p&#243;s-prandial com e sem atividade f&#237;sica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig09">fig. 9</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig10">10</xref>). A efici&#234;ncia dos valores de triglic&#233;rides basais em predizer uma resposta p&#243;s-prandial alterada dos triglic&#233;rides foi de 0,793 (IC 95%: 0,622-0,964), com atividade f&#237;sica e de 0,722 (IC 95%: 0,530-0,914) sem atividade f&#237;sica.</p>
    <fig id="fig09">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0003-00002-gf09.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig10">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0003-00002-gf10.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O ponto de corte dos valores basais de triglic&#233;rides capaz de predizer uma resposta anormal da trigliceridemia p&#243;s-prandial foi de 166,5 mg/dl (sensibilidade = 0,77 e especificidade = 0,72) com atividade f&#237;sica e 172 mg/dl (sensibilidade = 0,78 e especificidade = 0,61) sem atividade f&#237;sica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A principal contribui&#231;&#227;o deste estudo foi mostrar que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico agudo foi incapaz de modificar a trigliceridemia p&#243;s-prandial em homens sedent&#225;rios e, especialmente, de valorizar os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos em jejum dos triglic&#233;rides como preditores da lipemia p&#243;s-prandial. Al&#233;m disso, identificou quais valores basais de triglic&#233;rides est&#227;o associados com a trigliceridemia p&#243;s-prandial anormal. </p>
    <p>O estudo ainda mostrou que indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios com triglic&#233;rides em jejum alterados (TG<sub>ALT</sub>) apresentavam maior circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e HDL-C mais baixo, apesar de valores m&#233;dios de IMC semelhantes &#224;queles encontrados em normotriglicerid&#234;micos.</p>
    <p>Embora a avalia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-prandial dos triglic&#233;rides n&#227;o mostrasse efeito da atividade f&#237;sica na lipemia p&#243;s-prandial, foi observado que um grupo de indiv&#237;duos exibia um padr&#227;o anormal de resposta dos triglic&#233;rides p&#243;s-prandiais, com ou sem atividade f&#237;sica, caracterizando um comportamento anormal da curva, e que esse padr&#227;o p&#244;de ser predito com base nos valores de triglic&#233;rides basais. Valores basais de triglic&#233;rides acima de 166,5 e 172,0 mg/dl, com e sem atividade f&#237;sica, respectivamente, foram eficientes em predizer uma resposta alterada dos triglic&#233;rides p&#243;s-prandiais em indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>As lipoprote&#237;nas ricas em triglic&#233;rides de origem intestinal e as de origem hep&#225;tica contribuem para a trigliceridemia encontrada ap&#243;s a ingest&#227;o de uma solu&#231;&#227;o rica em gorduras<sup>2,10</sup>. A quantifica&#231;&#227;o da lipemia baseou-se nas concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de triglic&#233;rides, que refletem o balan&#231;o entre a taxa de aparecimento e desaparecimento na circula&#231;&#227;o de lipoprote&#237;nas ricas nesse lip&#237;dio<sup>29</sup>, sendo o pico da curva de lipemia obtido quatro horas ap&#243;s a ingest&#227;o da solu&#231;&#227;o de gordura<sup>14</sup>, e sua normaliza&#231;&#227;o a partir da sexta hora<sup>31</sup>.</p>
    <p>Est&#225; bem estabelecido que durante um estado prolongado e acentuado de lipemia p&#243;s-prandial ocorrem trocas de l&#237;pides neutros entre part&#237;culas ricas em triglic&#233;rides, LDL e HDL, levando &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de part&#237;culas de LDL pequenas e densas e a uma menor concentra&#231;&#227;o de HDL-C<sup>34</sup>. Mais recentemente, foi relatado que a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial est&#225; alterada no estado p&#243;s-prandial, relacionando-se &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o dos triglic&#233;rides p&#243;s-prandiais<sup>35</sup>. Outros estudos mostraram ainda que, em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, as concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias e mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o estavam elevadas ap&#243;s ingest&#227;o de dietas ricas em gorduras, mas n&#227;o em carboidratos<sup>36</sup>, causando um estado pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio transit&#243;rio. Esses mecanismos est&#227;o implicados no processo aterog&#234;nico e se associam a um maior risco cardiovascular<sup>37.</sup></p>
    <p>Atletas e indiv&#237;duos que se exercitam regularmente apresentam baixos n&#237;veis de lipemia p&#243;s-prandial<sup>38</sup>. Os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio agudo em indiv&#237;duos normotriglicerid&#234;micos foram recentemente avaliados, n&#227;o se demonstrando diferen&#231;as na resposta dos triglic&#233;rides p&#243;s-prandiais quando a dieta rica em gorduras foi administrada tanto antes como ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio<sup>39</sup>. Indiv&#237;duos treinados em que se avaliou o efeito de uma semana de destreinamento na lipemia p&#243;s-prandial apresentaram, contudo, aumento dos triglic&#233;rides basais e p&#243;s-prandiais e das lipoprote&#237;nas ricas em triglic&#233;rides, sem altera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial no curto per&#237;odo sem exerc&#237;cio<sup>40</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em atletas, diferentes graus de exerc&#237;cio agudo n&#227;o demonstraram modifica&#231;&#245;es nas &#225;reas sob as curvas de triglic&#233;rides p&#243;s-prandiais<sup>41</sup>. N&#227;o encontramos na literatura descri&#231;&#227;o do efeito do exerc&#237;cio agudo na resposta p&#243;s-prandial dos triglic&#233;rides em indiv&#237;duos hipertriglicerid&#234;micos. Em nosso estudo, com indiv&#237;duos destreinados normo e hipertriglicerid&#234;micos n&#227;o observamos efeito de uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio na trigliceridemia p&#243;s-prandial. Entretanto, os valores basais de triglic&#233;rides foram preditores da resposta p&#243;s-prandial com ou sem a administra&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio agudo, refor&#231;ando orienta&#231;&#227;o de diretrizes atuais que valorizam os n&#237;veis dos lip&#237;dios em jejum.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, nosso estudo evidenciou que em homens destreinados, com valores de triglic&#233;rides basais normais ou alterados, o exerc&#237;cio agudo n&#227;o modifica a trigliceridemia p&#243;s-prandial. Valores basais de triglic&#233;rides acima dos desej&#225;veis s&#227;o preditores de uma resposta anormal dos triglic&#233;rides p&#243;s-prandiais. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimento </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Agradecemos ao Prof. Dr. F&#225;bio Tadeu Montesano a assist&#234;ncia nas an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Francisco Antonio Helfenstein Fonseca </p>
        <p> Rua Pedro de Toledo, 458 </p>
        <p> 04039-001 &#151; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="ffonseca@cardiol.br">ffonseca@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="fahfonseca@terra.com.br">fahfonseca@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Recebido em 24/08/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 08/12/05</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of acute exercise on postprandial lipemia in sedentary men</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of a single session of isometric physical exercise on postprandial triglyceridemia in sedentary male individuals with fasting triglycerides values &lt; 150 mg/dl (NTG) or &gt; " 150 mg/dl (TG ALT). METHODS: Twenty-seven individuals (10 NTG and 17 TG ALT), aged between 30-55 years were assessed in the study. Triglycerides were determined in the beginning, and at two, four and six hours after the oral ingestion of a solution with 50g/m&#178; of fat in two occasions: at rest and after treadmill isometric exercise. RESULTS: Acute exercise did not affect the levels of postprandial triglycerides or the area under the curve (AUC) of triglycerides. However, the abnormal pattern of postprandial lipemia curve was associated with higher basal triglyceridemia with exercise (basal TG: 147 &#177; 90 vs. 238 &#177; 89 mg/dl, p = 0.02) and without exercise (basal TG: 168 &#177; 93 vs. 265 &#177; 140 mg/dl, p = 0.04). Analysis of the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves showed cut-off values for basal triglycerides with exercise of 166.5 mg/dl (sensitivity: 0.78; specificity: 0.72) and AUC of 0.772 [CI 95%: 0.588-0.955], and without exercise of 172 mg/dl (sensitivity: 0.78; specificity: 0.61) and AUC: 0.722 [CI 95%: 0.530-0.914]. CONCLUSION: Acute exercise did not affect postprandial triglyceridemia in sedentary male individuals, and basal triglyceride levels are predictors of an abnormal response of postprandial triglycerides.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Acute exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>triglycerides</kwd>
        <kwd>postprandial lipemia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Effects of acute exercise on postprandial lipemia in sedentary men</p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#244;nica Teixeira; Nelson Kasinski; Maria Cristina de Oliveira Izar; Luiz Alberto Barbosa; Jos&#233; Paulo Novazzi; Leonor Almeida Pinto; S&#233;rgio Tufik; Tur&#237;bio Ferreira Leite; Francisco Antonio Helfenstein Fonseca</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#150; Escola Paulista de Medicina - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To examine the effects of a single session of isometric physical exercise on postprandial triglyceridemia in sedentary male individuals with fasting triglycerides values &lt; 150 mg/dl (NTG) or <underline>&gt;</underline> 150 mg/dl (TG<sub>ALT</sub>).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Twenty-seven individuals (10 NTG and 17 TG<sub>ALT</sub>), aged between 30-55 years were assessed in the study. Triglycerides were determined in the beginning, and at two, four and six hours after the oral ingestion of a solution with 50g/m<sup>2</sup> of fat in two occasions: at rest and after treadmill isometric exercise.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold> Acute exercise did not affect the levels of postprandial triglycerides or the area under the curve (AUC) of triglycerides. However, the abnormal pattern of postprandial lipemia curve was associated with higher basal triglyceridemia with exercise (basal TG: 147 &#177; 90 vs. 238 &#177; 89 mg/dl, p = 0.02) and without exercise (basal TG: 168 &#177; 93 vs. 265 &#177; 140 mg/dl, p = 0.04). Analysis of the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves showed cut-off values for basal triglycerides with exercise of 166.5 mg/dl (sensitivity: 0.78; specificity: 0.72) and AUC of 0.772 [CI 95%: 0.588-0.955], and without exercise of 172 mg/dl (sensitivity: 0.78; specificity: 0.61) and AUC: 0.722 [CI 95%: 0.530-0.914].</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Acute exercise did not affect postprandial triglyceridemia in sedentary male individuals, and basal triglyceride levels are predictors of an abnormal response of postprandialtriglycerides.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Acute exercise, triglycerides, postprandial lipemia.</p>
      <p>The concept that the atherosclerotic process is a postprandial phenomenon was evidenced more than twenty years ago by Zilversmit<sup>1</sup>, who demonstrated, in animals and in human subjects, that remnants of chylomicrons and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are captured by endothelial cells. </p>
      <p>Clinical studies have shown that the magnitude of postprandial lipemia or even increased postprandial triglyceride (TG) levels can predict symptomatic or asymptomatic atherosclerosis, regardless of risk factors assessed in the fasting state<sup>2-5</sup>. </p>
      <p>Postprandial lipemia reflects an integrated measure of the individual&#146;s capacity to remove triglycerides. Diets or treatments which reduce the fasting levels of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins may improve the postprandial levels of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Therefore, aerobic exercise, the reduction of body weight and certain medicines reduce postprandial triglyceridemia and can also reduce remnant lipoprotein levels<sup>6</sup>. </p>
      <p>Postprandial lipemia is characterized by transient hypertriglyceridemia, but fasting triglyceride concentrations are related to the size of the LDL particle<sup>7</sup>. This response may be conditioned to the higher mobilization of fatty acids, increase of the synthesis and delay in the removal of VLDL, thus allowing greater interaction between lipoproteins which contribute to the formation of small and dense LDL particles which are extremely atherogenic<sup>7-10</sup>.</p>
      <p>The magnitude of postprandial response is determined by several factors. Postprandial response is greater in men<sup>11,12</sup>, tends to increase with age<sup>13</sup>, is different between normo- and hypertriglyceridemic individuals<sup>1,14</sup> according to fasting serum lipid levels.</p>
      <p>Regular exercise is associated with the reduction of the prevalence of coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus and obesity<sup>15-18</sup>. Most of our life is spent in the postprandial state, and therefore interventions which may mitigate the atherogenic effects of postprandial hyperlipemia are specially important<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although exercise may cause favorable changes in postprandial lipid profile, the acute effects of exercise are less known, especially when individuals with normal or altered fasting triglycerides levels are compared<sup>20-22</sup>.</p>
      <p>In view of the considerable increase in the prevalence of sedentary lifestyle, obesity and insulin resistance in modern society, this study was designed to examine the effects of a single session of physical exercise on postprandial triglyceridemia, in sedentary individuals with or without fasting hypertriglyceridemia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of S&#227;o Paulo &#150; Paulista School of Medicina, and all participants gave their written informed consent. </p>
      <p>Twenty-seven sedentary individuals participated in the study, with ages between 30 and 55, of whom ten were normotriglyceridemic NTG (basal TG &lt; 150 mg/dl) and seventeen had altered basal triglyceride values TG<sub>ALT</sub> (TG <underline>&gt;</underline> 150)<sup>23,24</sup>. Individuals with TG &gt; 400 mg/dl were excluded from the study. </p>
      <p>We also excluded from the study those individuals with body mass index <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, with symptomatic coronary disease, assessed by means of clinical and electrocardiographic criteria, recorded at rest or during the treadmill exercise test. Additionally we excluded individuals with severe liver, severe kidney disease, diabetes, patients with infections or cancer.</p>
      <p><italic>Design of the study - </italic>The protocol comprised medical assessments, laboratory tests, ergospirometry, nutritional assessment and study of postprandial lipemia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). Exercise prescription followed the ergospirometric test.</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0003-00002-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Nutritional assessment comprised two stages. We obtained the anthropometric data of the selected individuals in basal conditions, in addition to a 3-day feeding record<sup>25</sup>. Based on the data informed, we calculated the usual diet. The ingestion of each nutrient in the usual diet was calculated with the Nutrition Support Software Program of the Center of Computers applied to Health &#150; EPM/ UNIFESP &#150; version 2.5<sup>26</sup>.</p>
      <p>The study of postprandial lipemia was carried out in two periods, with patients submitted to thirty minutes of exercise on the treadmill, right after the ingestion of the diet. The study was repeated two weeks later, without the treadmill exercise. </p>
      <p>We collected blood samples after a twelve to fourteen hour fast and at two, four and six hours following the ingestion of the standardized diet for analysis of the triglycerides (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <p><italic>Laboratory analysis</italic> - Total cholesterol and triglycerides were measured using an automated enzymatic method (Opera, Bayer, Germany), the HDL-C fraction being quantified in the supernatant, after the precipitation of lipoproteins containing apo B; LDL-C was estimated using Friedewald&#146;s formula<sup>27</sup>. Biochemical analyses were carried out in an Advia 120 device (Bayer, Germany).</p>
      <p><italic>Ergospirometric assessment and physical exercise </italic>- The ergospirometric test was carried out on a treadmill with a continuous protocol of increasing loads<sup>28</sup>. </p>
      <p>The exercise proposed was walking on the treadmill, with no slope, for thirty minutes at constant speed, according to the result of the ergospirometric test (anaerobic threshold). The exercise phase followed a 3-minute warm up phase, which was repeated at the end of each period. </p>
      <p><italic>Postprandial lipemia</italic> - The individuals were submitted to two tests for postprandial lipemia. As preparation prior to postprandial lipemia, they were asked to suspend physical activity for 48 hours, to refrain from drinking alcohol and caffeine for a period of 24 hours, and to follow the diet prescribed for dinner in the evening before the test<sup>29-33</sup>. </p>
      <p>Blood samples were collected using a plastic catheter (Vialon&#174; n. 20, Becton Dickinson), and 5 ml of blood were discarded at each new sample collection to guarantee the precision of the test results. Four blood samples were collected (fasting, two, four and six hours). After the basal collection, the participants ingested a solution with a high concentration of fats, in fifteen minutes.</p>
      <p>The solution was made up of: one liter of whole milk, one can of milk cream, 50 grams of dehydrated hen egg, 100 grams of powder chocolate, one tablespoon of saltless butter, six Brazil nuts, two dwarf bananas, 150 ml of coconut milk. The total nutritional value of the recipe was 2,655 calories, with 81 g of proteins (11.6%), 151 g of carbohydrates (21.4%) and 209 g of lipids (67.0%).</p>
      <p>Each participant received the equivalent to 50 grams of fat per square meter of body surface. The yield of this recipe relative to 50 grams of fat was 365 ml which, multiplied by the body surface, resulted in the ingested quantity of the solution. </p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - Numerical variables of the basal period are presented as means and standard deviation relative to the means and were compared across the NTG and TG<sub>ALT</sub> groups using Student&#146;s t test, for unrelated samples. For the analysis of triglycerides in fasting, and then at two, four and six hours, we used the repeated measures analysis of variances. The area under the curve was calculated using the trapezoidal rule. We used Student&#146;s t test for related samples to compare the areas under the curves with and without physical activity. We built ROC curves to assess the efficiency of triglyceride basal values in the prediction of alterations in the response of postprandial triglyceridemia. Values of p &lt; 0.05 were considered significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The basal characteristics of the participants are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. There was no difference in demographic variables and anthropometric parameters between NTG and TG<sub>ALT </sub>participants, with the exception of waist circumference, which was larger in TG<sub>ALT</sub> individuals. In addition to higher TG basal values, TG<sub>ALT</sub> individuals presented lower HDL-C values when compared with NTG individuals, with no difference as regards glycemia values.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0003-00002-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>There was no difference across the groups as regards the total calorie consumption of the diet, the content of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids; however, NTG individuals presented greater consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids than TG<sub>ALT</sub> individuals (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0003-00002-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>Postprandial lipemia and the effect of acute exercise - </italic>Postprandial triglyceridemia peaked within four hours, with no difference as regards the prescription of acute exercise or not (p = 0.098), with a ratio between the values of triglycerides at peak of 0.95 (CI 95%: 0.74;1.15) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>). Mean values obtained for the areas under the triglyceride curve (six hours) did not differ (AUC: 632 &#177; 422 vs. 751 &#177; 427 mg/dl, with and without physical activity, respectively; p = 0.133, Student&#146;s <italic>t</italic> test for related samples), with the ratio of the areas under the curve being 0.97 (CI 95%:0.75;1.19) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0003-00002-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0003-00002-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Postprandial triglyceride curves are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref> and in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">figure 4</xref>. There was no effect of acute exercise on the postprandial triglyceride curve (p = 0.40; ANOVA with repeated measures). However, there was an association of the basal triglyceride values with the behavior of the triglyceride curve of individuals in time (p = 0.026).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0003-00002-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0003-00002-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Analyzing the behavior of the postprandial triglyceride curve of the participants of the study we observed that eighteen individuals presented a behavior which was typical of a normal curve, i.e., at hour six after the ingestion of the lipid solution triglyceridemia returned to near basal values, whereas nine subjects presented abnormal curves. Individual profiles of postprandial lipemia response with and without physical activity are presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">figures 5</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06-body2">6</xref>, respectively. Basal triglyceride values were then compared according to the behavior of the normal or abnormal postprandial triglyceride curve, with and without physical activity, with higher basal triglyceride values for individuals who had an abnormal postprandial lipemia curve with physical activity (basal TG: 147 &#177; 90 <italic>vs</italic> 238 &#177; 89 mg/dl, p = 0.02, Student&#146;s <italic>t</italic> test) and without physical activity (basal TG: 168 &#177; 93 <italic>vs</italic> 265 &#177; 140 mg/dl, p = 0.04, Student&#146;s <italic>t</italic> test) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig07-body2">fig. 7</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig08-body2">8</xref>). There was agreement in the response of postprandial triglyceridemia in seventeen individuals with and without acute exercise (thirteen normal with and without physical activity and four abnormal individuals with and without physical activity).</p>
      <fig id="fig05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0003-00002-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0003-00002-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig07-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0003-00002-gf07-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig08-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0003-00002-gf08-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>ROC curves showed that triglyceride basal values were predictors of an altered response of postprandial triglyceridemia with and without physical activity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig09-body2">fig. 9</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig10-body2">10</xref>). The efficiency of basal triglycerides in predicting an altered response of postprandial triglycerides was 0.793 (CI 95%: 0.622-0.964), with physical activity and 0.722 (CI 95%: 0.530-0.914) without physical activity.</p>
      <fig id="fig09-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0003-00002-gf09-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig10-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-87-01-0003-00002-gf10-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The cut-off point of triglyceride basal values for predicting an abnormal response of postprandial triglyceridemia was 166.5 mg/dl (sensitivity = 0.77 and specificity = 0.72) with physical activity and 172 mg/dl (sensitivity = 0.78 and specificity = 0.61) without physical activity.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The major contribution of this study was to show that acute physical exercise was unable to modify postprandial triglyceridemia in sedentary men, and especially of valuing fasting triglyceride serum levels as predictors of postprandial lipemia. Additionally, it identified which triglyceride basal values are associated with abnormal postprandial triglyceridemia. </p>
      <p>The study has also shown that sedentary individuals with altered fasting triglyceride levels (TG<sub>ALT</sub>) presented larger waist circumference and lower HDL-C, although their mean BMI was similar to the BMI of normotriglyceridemic individuals.</p>
      <p>Although the postprandial assessment of triglycerides did not evidence the effect of physical exercise on postprandial lipemia, we observed that a group of individuals showed an abnormal pattern of response of postprandial triglyceride, with or without physical activity, which characterized an abnormal behavior of the curve, and that this pattern could be predicted based on basal triglyceride values. Basal triglyceride values above 166.5 and 172.0 mg/dl, with and without physical activity, respectively, efficiently predicted an altered response of postprandial triglycerides in sedentary individuals.</p>
      <p>Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins from the intestine and liver contribute to the triglyceridemia found after the ingestion of a fat-rich solution<sup>2,10</sup>. The quantification of lipemia was based on triglyceride serum concentration, which reflects the balance between the rate of appearance in and disappearance from the circulation, of lipoproteins rich in this lipid<sup>29</sup>, with the peak of the lipemia curve being obtained four hours after the ingestion of the fatty solution<sup>14</sup>, and its normalization occurring as of the sixth hour<sup>31</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is well established that during prolonged and marked postprandial lipemia there is exchange of neutral lipids between triglyceride-rich particles, LDL and HDL, thus leading to the formation of small and dense LDL particles and to a lower concentration of HDL-C<sup>34</sup>. More recently, there were reports stating that endothelial function is altered in the postprandial state and is related to the increase of postprandial triglycerides<sup>35</sup>. Other studies have also shown that, in healthy individuals, serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines and adherence molecules were elevated after the ingestion of diets rich in fat, but not in carbohydrates<sup>36</sup>, which caused a transitory proinflammatory state. These mechanisms are involved in the atherogenic process and are associated with greater cardiovascular risk<sup>37.</sup></p>
      <p>Athletes and individuals who exercise regularly present low levels of postprandial lipemia<sup>38</sup>. The effects of acute exercise in normotriglyceridemic individuals have been recently assessed, and no difference was observed in the response of postprandial triglycerides when the fat-rich diet was administered either before or after the exercise<sup>39</sup>. We assessed the effect of one week of detraining on the postprandial lipemia of trained individuals, and they presented increase in basal and postprandial triglycerides and of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, with no change in the endothelial function in the short period without exercise<sup>40</sup>. </p>
      <p>In athletes, different degrees of acute exercise did not demonstrate changes in the area under the curves of postprandial triglycerides<sup>41</sup>. We did not find in the literature description of the effects of acute exercise on the postprandial response of triglycerides in hypertriglyceridemic individuals. In our study, with untrained normo- and hypertriglyceridemic individuals we did not observe any effect of a single session of exercise on postprandial triglyceridemia. However, basal triglyceride values were predictors of the postprandial response with or without acute exercise, thus reinforcing the orientation provided in current guidelines which emphasize the value of fasting lipid levels.</p>
      <p>To conclude, our study evidenced that in untrained men, with normal or altered basal triglycerides values, acute exercise does not alter postprandial triglyceridemia. Basal triglyceride values above desirable ones are predictors of an abnormal response of postprandial triglycerides. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledge</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We thank Prof. Dr. F&#225;bio Tadeu Montesano for his assistance with the statistical analyses of this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Francisco Antonio Helfenstein Fonseca</p>
          <p> Rua Pedro de Toledo, 458 </p>
          <p> 04039-001 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="ffonseca@cardiol.br">ffonseca@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="fahfonseca@terra.com.br">fahfonseca@terra.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 08/24/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 12/08/05</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
