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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vnrvCVzSd6gj4WRNVWD6k5k</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000600009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600609</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000600009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial venosa em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Plentz</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Della M&#233;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Irigoyen</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Claudia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Muller</surname>
            <given-names>Andreia Simone</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Casarini</surname>
            <given-names>Dulce Elena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rubira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Custodio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreno Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Heitor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mady</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ianni</surname>
            <given-names>B&#225;rbara Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Krieger</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Moacir</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Consolim-Colombo</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Cruz Alta</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">IIInstituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>466</fpage>
      <lpage>471</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Analisar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial venosa em pacientes chag&#225;sicos sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. M&#201;TODOS: O grupo Chagas (G1) foi composto por quatorze mulheres e dois homens com idade de 46 &#177; 2,7 anos, e o grupo controle (G0), por sete mulheres e um homem, pareados em idade, peso, altura. A T&#233;cnica de Complac&#234;ncia da Veia Dorsal da M&#227;o foi utilizada para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial venosa. Foram infundidas doses crescentes de fenilefrina para se obter pr&#233;-constri&#231;&#227;o de 70% do basal; a seguir, foram administradas acetilcolina e nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio para avaliar as respostas de venodilata&#231;&#227;o, respectivamente, dependentes e independentes do endot&#233;lio. RESULTADOS: N&#227;o houve varia&#231;&#227;o entre os valores hemodin&#226;micos nos grupos durante o experimento. A dose m&#233;dia de fenilefrina necess&#225;ria para pr&#233;-constri&#231;&#227;o da veia foi significativamente maior no G1 (1116 &#177; 668,2 ng/ml), comparada &#224; do G0 (103 &#177; 28 ng/ml) p = 0,05. A resposta de venodilata&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima dependente do endot&#233;lio foi significativamente menor no grupo G1 (65,5 &#177; 8%), comparada &#224; do G0 (137 &#177; 20 %) p = 0,009. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a nas respostas de venodilata&#231;&#227;o independente do endot&#233;lio entre os grupos. CONCLUS&#195;O: Pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca apresentam disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial venosa.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>sistema venoso</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;a cardiovascular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGOS ORIGINAIS </p>
    <p> INSUFICI&#202;NCIA CARD&#205;ACA</p>
    <p>Disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial venosa em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rodrigo Della M&#233;a Plentz<sup>I, IV</sup>; Maria Claudia Irigoyen<sup>II</sup>; Andreia Simone Muller<sup>I, IV</sup>; Dulce Elena Casarini<sup>I</sup>; Marcelo Custodio Rubira<sup>II</sup>; Heitor Moreno Junior<sup>III</sup>; Charles Mady<sup>II</sup>; B&#225;rbara Maria Ianni<sup>II</sup>; Eduardo Moacir Krieger<sup>II</sup>; Fernanda Consolim-Colombo<sup>II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Universidade Estadual de Campinas </p>
    <p><sup>IV</sup>Universidade de Cruz Alta - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Campinas, SP - Cruz Alta, RS</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Analisar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial venosa em pacientes chag&#225;sicos sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>O grupo Chagas (G1) foi composto por quatorze mulheres e dois homens com idade de 46 &#177; 2,7 anos, e o grupo controle (G0), por sete mulheres e um homem, pareados em idade, peso, altura. A T&#233;cnica de Complac&#234;ncia da Veia Dorsal da M&#227;o foi utilizada para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial venosa. Foram infundidas doses crescentes de fenilefrina para se obter pr&#233;-constri&#231;&#227;o de 70% do basal; a seguir, foram administradas acetilcolina e nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio para avaliar as respostas de venodilata&#231;&#227;o, respectivamente, dependentes e independentes do endot&#233;lio. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>N&#227;o houve varia&#231;&#227;o entre os valores hemodin&#226;micos nos grupos durante o experimento. A dose m&#233;dia de fenilefrina necess&#225;ria para pr&#233;-constri&#231;&#227;o da veia foi significativamente maior no G1 (1116 &#177; 668,2 ng/ml), comparada &#224; do G0 (103 &#177; 28 ng/ml) p = 0,05. A resposta de venodilata&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima dependente do endot&#233;lio foi significativamente menor no grupo G1 (65,5 &#177; 8%), comparada &#224; do G0 (137 &#177; 20 %) p = 0,009. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a nas respostas de venodilata&#231;&#227;o independente do endot&#233;lio entre os grupos. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca apresentam disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial venosa.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Endot&#233;lio, doen&#231;a de Chagas, sistema venoso, doen&#231;a cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas &#233; ainda considerada um importante problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Estima-se que cerca de quatro a seis milh&#245;es de brasileiros sejam acometidos pela doen&#231;a. &#201; uma mol&#233;stia cr&#244;nica debilitante e que provoca incapacidade precoce, sendo uma das principais causas de aposentadoria precoce em nosso meio<sup>1,2</sup>. Diante da consider&#225;vel gravi-dade cl&#237;nica de sua evolu&#231;&#227;o e sua not&#243;ria import&#226;ncia socioecon&#244;mica, a doen&#231;a de Chagas vem sendo alvo do estudo de in&#250;meros e valorosos pesquisadores, visando melhor caracterizar a enfermidade<sup>3-9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Est&#225; bem estabelecido que a doen&#231;a de Chagas se caracteriza por uma enorme heterogeneidade quanto &#224; agress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Ainda que se conhe&#231;am im-portantes aspectos fisiopatol&#243;gicos relacionados &#224; instala&#231;&#227;o e progress&#227;o da cardiopatia chag&#225;sica, diver-sos fatores necessitam ser mais bem compreendidos. V&#225;rios trabalhos demonstraram, em chag&#225;sicos sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a presen&#231;a de les&#245;es na inerva&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o, e outros evidenciaram d&#233;ficits no controle auton&#244;mico da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e press&#227;o arterial<sup>9-12</sup>. Trabalhos mais recentes demonstraram que o controle reflexo da reatividade vascular perif&#233;rica tamb&#233;m est&#225; comprometida em pacientes chag&#225;sicos, com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada<sup>9,12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Temos que considerar que o controle do t&#244;nus e da reatividade perif&#233;ricos depende n&#227;o somente do controle neural, como tamb&#233;m de uma adequada fun&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas endoteliais. A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial tem sido proposta como um dos mecanismos do in&#237;cio, manuten&#231;&#227;o e progress&#227;o de v&#225;rias doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, como hipertens&#227;o arterial, aterosclerose e a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>13-15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Durante o curso da infec&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a de Chagas os parasitas t&#234;m sido observados no endot&#233;lio microvascular da aorta e da coron&#225;ria antes que a parasitemia seja detectada<sup>10,16,17</sup>. Cultura de c&#233;lulas endoteliais infectadas com <italic>T. cruzi</italic> mostram altera&#231;&#245;es complexas em mecanismos que s&#227;o cr&#237;ticos na manuten&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o vascular normal<sup>18-20</sup>. Nesse sentido, a disfun&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas endoteliais das coron&#225;rias tem sido apontada como um dos primeiros mecanismos, possivelmente relacionados &#224; les&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, observada em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial por meio da dosagem de subst&#226;ncias produzidas pelo endot&#233;lio e de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios sugere a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em chag&#225;sicos com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada<sup>21-24</sup>.</p>
    <p>Existem poucos trabalhos na literatura que avaliaram a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial perif&#233;rica em portadores de doen&#231;a de Chagas por meio da an&#225;lise da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio. Dois estudos realizados em pacientes chag&#225;sicos sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca s&#227;o controversos quanto &#224; presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial no territ&#243;rio arterial perif&#233;rico (art&#233;ria braquial)<sup>4,5</sup> e n&#227;o existem relatos da presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial no territ&#243;rio venoso de pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas.</p>
    <p>O objetivo do presente trabalho &#233; investigar a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial venosa em paciente chag&#225;sico, com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#150; Unifesp e do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - InCor (Protocolo 0425/02).</p>
    <p>Os indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a de Chagas foram selecionados entre os pacientes do ambulat&#243;rio da Unidade de Cardiomiopatia do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, no per&#237;odo de fevereiro de 2003 a fevereiro de 2005. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foi realizada no Laborat&#243;rio de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica da Unidade de Hipertens&#227;o do InCor. Todos os participantes da pesquisa foram informados a respeito da natureza do estudo e assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes classificados como chag&#225;sicos apresentavam sorologia positiva para doen&#231;a de Chagas (hemaglutina&#231;&#227;o e imunofluoresc&#234;ncia indireta) e eram procedentes de zona end&#234;mica da doen&#231;a. Foram selecionados dezesseis pacientes que preenchessem os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: aus&#234;ncia de sintomas relacionados &#224; manifesta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ou gastrointestinal da doen&#231;a de Chagas ou de qualquer outra doen&#231;a; n&#227;o estivessem em uso de medica&#231;&#227;o; exame cl&#237;nico normal; fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda acima de 60% de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o no exame de ecocardiograma Doppler (m&#233;todo de Teichholz e cols.<sup>25</sup>); valores de hemograma e de exames bioqu&#237;micos (glicose, colesterol e triglicerides s&#233;ricos dentro da normalidade.</p>
    <p>Dos dezesseis pacientes chag&#225;sicos, oito apresentaram eletrocardiograma normal e oito, eletrocardiograma alterado: bloqueio de ramo direito, bradicardia e/ou bloqueio da divis&#227;o &#226;ntero-superior do ramo esquerdo (c&#243;digo de Minnesota modificado para cardiopatia chag&#225;sica<sup>26</sup>).</p>
    <p>Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial venosa foi utiliza a T&#233;cnica de Complac&#234;ncia da Veia do Dorso da M&#227;o (Dorsal Hand Vein)<sup>27-30</sup>, na qual, durante toda avalia&#231;&#227;o, os indiv&#237;duos permaneceram na posi&#231;&#227;o supina com um dos antebra&#231;os em um suporte c&#244;modo, formando um &#226;ngulo de 30 graus em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; horizontal. Uma agulha 23G (<italic>butterfly</italic>) foi inserida em uma veia do dorso da m&#227;o e solu&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica foi infundida por uma bomba de infus&#227;o Harvard (Harvard Apparatus Inc. South Natick, Mass) durante 30 minutos a 0,3 ml/min, para possibilitar a recupera&#231;&#227;o do tono venoso local, ap&#243;s a venoconstri&#231;&#227;o causada pela inser&#231;&#227;o da agulha na veia.</p>
    <p>O transdutor capaz de detectar pequenos deslocamentos lineares (TDLV, Shaevitz Engineering, Pennsauken,NJ) foi colocado sobre a superf&#237;cie dorsal da m&#227;o e fixado firmemente &#224; pele com fita adesiva. O pino met&#225;lico, que desliza atrav&#233;s do transdutor, teve uma de suas extremidades colocadas sobre um ponto da veia a ser estudada a menos de 1 cm da ponta da agulha utilizada para infus&#245;es de agentes.</p>
    <p>O deslocamento vertical do pino de acordo com o grau de dilata&#231;&#227;o ou constri&#231;&#227;o da veia gerou um sinal no transdutor, que foi amplificado e registrado em papel milimetrado.</p>
    <p>Medi&#231;&#245;es do calibre da veia foram realizadas ap&#243;s insufla&#231;&#227;o de um manguito de esfigmoman&#244;metro a 40 mmHg colocado no mesmo bra&#231;o. As varia&#231;&#245;es no calibre da veia foram calculadas pela diferen&#231;a percentual a partir do posicionamento do pino met&#225;lico e registro gr&#225;fico foi gerado antes e depois da insufla&#231;&#227;o do manguito.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o de soro fisiol&#243;gico, foi realizada a infus&#227;o de doses crescentes de fenilefrina para obterem-se 70% de constri&#231;&#227;o (VC70%). Utilizaram-se doses crescentes de fenilefrina (75 a 25.000 ng/ml), com dura&#231;&#227;o da infus&#227;o de sete minutos para cada dose. Uma vez atingida a venoconstri&#231;&#227;o desejada, estabelecendo-se assim uma linha de base para avalia&#231;&#227;o da resposta vascular venosa, a dose de fenilefrina foi mantida e, continuamente, infundida durante o estudo.</p>
    <p>Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da resposta de venodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio foi realizada a infus&#227;o de sete doses crescentes de acetilcolina (ACh) (3,6 a 3.600 ng/ml), na velocidade de infus&#227;o de 0,3 ml/min, e no tempo de tr&#234;s minutos para cada dose. A resposta m&#225;xima de venodilata&#231;&#227;o e as doses relacionadas a esse efeito foram comparadas entre os grupos.</p>
    <p>Terminada essa fase, aguardou-se um per&#237;odo de 30 minutos para o completo desaparecimento do efeito da acetilcolina. A seguir, tr&#234;s doses crescentes (156 a 3.125 ng/ml) de nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio (NTS) foram infundidas, com uma velocidade de infus&#227;o de 0,3 ml/min, tr&#234;s minutos cada dose, sob a mesma condi&#231;&#227;o de pr&#233;-constri&#231;&#227;o utilizada anteriormente (VC70). A resposta m&#225;xima de venodilata&#231;&#227;o e as doses relacionadas a esse efeito foram comparadas entre os grupos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos grupos controles e chag&#225;sicos</italic> - Com rela&#231;&#227;o a idade, peso, altura, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos controle (G0) e chag&#225;sico (G1). Al&#233;m disso, os valores de IMC estavam dentro da faixa considerada ideal.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo, a distribui&#231;&#227;o foi igual entre os grupos de 12,5% homens e 77,5% mulheres no grupo controle (G0) e chag&#225;sico (G1).</p>
    <p>Os valores de glicemia de jejum, colesterol total, triglic&#233;rides, hemoglobina e hemat&#243;crito n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significante entre os grupos.</p>
    <p>Ambos os grupos alcan&#231;aram um valor semelhante de pr&#233;-constri&#231;&#227;o venosa, ao redor de 70%, que &#233; considerado adequado para os testes posteriores. Entretanto, houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s doses de fenilefrina necess&#225;rias para se obter a venoconstri&#231;&#227;o desejada. Foram utilizadas doses significativamente maiores de fenilefrina para que o chag&#225;sico obtivesse o grau de venoconstri&#231;&#227;o necess&#225;rio, quando comparado ao grupo controle.</p>
    <p>Em resposta &#224; infus&#227;o de acetilcolina, observamos que os pacientes chag&#225;sicos apresentaram valores de venodilata&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima significativamente menor que os do grupo controle, com uma redu&#231;&#227;o de dilata&#231;&#227;o ao redor de 50%. A m&#233;dia das doses de acetilcolina relacionadas &#224; m&#225;xima venodilata&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi diferente entre os grupos.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; venodilata&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima, em resposta &#224; infus&#227;o de nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio (que avalia a dilata&#231;&#227;o independente do endot&#233;lio), n&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos controle e chag&#225;sico, nem quanto &#224;s doses do agente utilizadas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O principal achado do nosso trabalho foi a demonstra&#231;&#227;o de que pacientes com doen&#231;as de Chagas sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca apresentam redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da venodilata&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima, em resposta &#224; infus&#227;o de acetilcolina, associada a uma resposta normal de venodilata&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima ao nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio. Em conjunto, esses dados apontam para a exist&#234;ncia de uma disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial no territ&#243;rio venoso de pacientes chag&#225;sicos, com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada.</p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0466-00009-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0466-00009-e02.jpg"/></p>
    <p>Outro dado que merece destaque foi a observa&#231;&#227;o de que pacientes chag&#225;sicos necessitaram de doses significativamente maiores de fenilefrina para a obten&#231;&#227;o da venoconstri&#231;&#227;o, sugerindo uma menor sensibilidade dos receptores alfa-adren&#233;rgicos no territ&#243;rio venoso desse grupo de pacientes.</p>
    <p>As c&#233;lulas endoteliais produzem o mais potente vasodilatador j&#225; descoberto, o &#243;xido n&#237;trico (ON), que foi descrito por Furchgott e Zawadzki em 1980 e identificado como uma subst&#226;ncia n&#227;o-prostan&#243;ide, l&#225;bil e difus&#237;vel, mediadora do relaxamento dependente do endot&#233;lio. A forma&#231;&#227;o do ON pelo endot&#233;lio desempenha um papel cr&#237;tico na manuten&#231;&#227;o do balan&#231;o entre vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o e vasodilata&#231;&#227;o, no processo de homeostase arterial e venosa<sup>31</sup>.</p>
    <p>Existem in&#250;meros trabalhos, descrevendo altera&#231;&#245;es nas respostas de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o da veia do dorso da m&#227;o, ap&#243;s infus&#227;o local de acetilcolina ou bradicinina em pacientes com fator de risco cardiovascular, que reconhecidamente afetam o endot&#233;lio arterial<sup>27-30</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, tratamentos que melhoram a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial no lado arterial tamb&#233;m melhoram a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial no territ&#243;rio venoso<sup>29</sup>. Estudar o endot&#233;lio venoso nos permite entender melhor o processo de regula&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o, bem como verificar o efeito de tratamentos na modula&#231;&#227;o da regula&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica.</p>
    <p>O sistema venoso representa, funcionalmente, um importante papel na homeostase do sistema circulat&#243;rio, e altera&#231;&#245;es nesse sistema podem levar ao comprometimento do retorno venoso, como da circula&#231;&#227;o em geral, uma vez que o ajuste vascular ter&#225; potencial implica&#231;&#227;o na regula&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, bem como na evolu&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ndrome de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>32</sup>. At&#233; o presente momento, nenhum trabalho havia detectado altera&#231;&#245;es no sistema venoso perif&#233;rico em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas e, em especial, nas respostas endoteliais venosas.</p>
    <p>Recentes trabalhos t&#234;m demonstrado o aumento nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos do fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-a) e interleucina dez (IL -10), mediadores citot&#243;xicos endoteliais, em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos com doen&#231;a de Chagas, sugerindo que uma produ&#231;&#227;o prolongada desses fatores pode estar relacionada &#224; progress&#227;o das miocardiopatias nesses pacientes<sup>21-23</sup>. Tamb&#233;m t&#234;m sido encontrados em pacientes cardiopatas chag&#225;sicos cr&#244;nicos anticorpos circulantes anti-receptores colin&#233;rgicos<sup>33-36</sup>. Considerando esses achados e suas repercuss&#245;es sobre a modula&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus vascular podemos especular uma poss&#237;vel rela&#231;&#227;o entre eles e os resultados em nosso trabalho, uma vez que esses fatores podem levar &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.</p>
    <p>Estudos experimentais abordando a distribui&#231;&#227;o e as diferentes respostas a agentes farmacol&#243;gicos s&#227;o fundamentais para o entendimento da fisiopatologia do sistema venoso. Neste estudo demonstramos que a sensibilidade alfa-adren&#233;rgica avaliada pela infus&#227;o de fenilefrina estava diminu&#237;da nos pacientes chag&#225;sicos, quando comparados ao grupo controle. Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o de receptores e resposta venosa &#224; administra&#231;&#227;o de agentes adren&#233;rgicos, um conjunto de observa&#231;&#245;es comparando a a&#231;&#227;o da noradrenalina (agonista a n&#227;o-seletivo), da fenilefrina (agonista a-1) e do azepexole (agonista a-2) demonstrou que todos os agentes induziram resposta vasoconstritora, sugerindo que as veias expressam todos os tipos de receptores a. Como a resposta &#224; fenilefrina foi a mais marcada, o autor sugeriu que a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos receptores a-1 fosse predominante nas veias<sup>37</sup>. Em humanos com doen&#231;a de Chagas, a inerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica avaliada por meio de cintilografia radiosot&#243;pica para o cora&#231;&#227;o encontra-se diminu&#237;da conforme relato do trabalho de Sim&#245;es e cols.<sup>38</sup>. A inerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica perif&#233;rica, estudada de forma indireta por meio de dosagens de catecolaminas ou por varia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, sugere altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica<sup>39</sup>. Dados anteriores do nosso grupo, estudando uma popula&#231;&#227;o de chag&#225;sicos semelhantes &#224; deste estudo, mostraram uma resposta aumentada no quimiorreflexo perif&#233;rico<sup>9</sup>, sugerindo estar alterada a resposta simp&#225;tica perif&#233;rica nesses pacientes. Essa altera&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica pode estar relacionada com uma redu&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade aos agonistas adren&#233;rgicos, conforme observado neste estudo.</p>
    <p>Com base em nossos achados, podemos concluir que a sensibilidade alfa-adren&#233;rgica venosa est&#225; diminu&#237;da, e que a resposta endotelial mediada pelos receptores muscar&#237;nicos encontra-se diminu&#237;da, caracterizando disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial venosa nos pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas, com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Rodrigo Della Me&#225; Plentz </p>
        <p> Rua Jo&#227;o Manoel, 1352 </p>
        <p> 9810-5170 &#150; Cruz Alta, RS </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="roplentz@yahoo.com.br">roplentz@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 25/07/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 08/12/05</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Venous endothelial dysfunction in Chagas' disease patients without heart failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To analyze the venous endothelial function in Chagas' disease patients without heart failure. METHODS: The Chagas' disease Group (G1) was composed by 14 women and 2 men aged 46 &#177; 2,7 and the Control Group (G0) by 7 women and 1 man matched by age, weight and height. Dorsal Hand Vein Compliance Technique was used to evaluate the venous endothelial function. Crescent doses of phenylephrine were infused to get a 70% pre-constriction of the vein; after that, acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside were respectively administrated to analyze the endothelium-dependent and -independent venodilation. RESULTS: No significant systemic hemodynamic changes were observed in both groups during the experiment. The necessary phenylephrine dose to reach 70% pre-constriction of the vein was significantly higher in the G1 (1116 &#177; 668,2 ng/ml) compared to G0 (103 &#177; 28 ng/ml) p = 0,05. The endothelium-dependent venous dilation was significantly lower in G1 (65,5 &#177; 8%) compared to G0 (137 &#177; 20 %) p = 0,009. No difference was observed in the endothelium-independent venous dilatation between groups. CONCLUSION: Patients with Chagas' disease without heart failure presented venous endothelial dysfunction.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Endothelium</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas' disease</kwd>
        <kwd>system venous</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiovascular disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Venous endothelial dysfunction in Chagas' disease patients without heart failure</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Rodrigo Della M&#233;a Plentz<sup>I, IV</sup>; Maria Claudia Irigoyen<sup>II</sup>; Andreia Simone Muller<sup>I, IV</sup>; Dulce Elena Casarini<sup>I</sup>; Marcelo Custodio Rubira<sup>II</sup>; Heitor Moreno Junior<sup>III</sup>; Charles Mady<sup>II</sup>; B&#225;rbara Maria Ianni<sup>II</sup>; Eduardo Moacir Krieger<sup>II</sup>; Fernanda Consolim-Colombo<sup>II</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Universidade Estadual de Campinas e </p>
      <p> IVUniversidade de Cruz Alta - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Campinas, SP - Cruz Alta, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To analyze the venous endothelial function in Chagas' disease patients without heart failure.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>The Chagas' disease Group (G1) was composed by 14 women and 2 men aged 46 &#177; 2,7 and the Control Group (G0) by 7 women and 1 man matched by age, weight and height. Dorsal Hand Vein Compliance Technique was used to evaluate the venous endothelial function. Crescent doses of phenylephrine were infused to get a 70% pre-constriction of the vein; after that, acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside were respectively administrated to analyze the endothelium-dependent and -independent venodilation.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>No significant systemic hemodynamic changes were observed in both groups during the experiment. The necessary phenylephrine dose to reach 70% pre-constriction of the vein was significantly higher in the G1 (1116 &#177; 668,2 ng/ml) compared to G0 (103 &#177; 28 ng/ml) p = 0,05. The endothelium-dependent venous dilation was significantly lower in G1 (65,5 &#177; 8%) compared to G0 (137 &#177; 20 %) p = 0,009. No difference was observed in the endothelium-independent venous dilatation between groups.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Patients with Chagas' disease without heart failure presented venous endothelial dysfunction.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Endothelium, Chagas' disease, system venous, cardiovascular disease.</p>
      <p>Chagas disease is still a major public health problem. It is estimated that between four and six million Brazilians have the disease. It is a chronic debilitating disease that provokes premature disability and is one of the main causes of early retirement in Brazil<sup>1,2</sup>. Considering the clinical seriousness of its evolution and the socioeconomic impact, Chagas disease has been targeted as a study topic by numerous, renowned researchers seeking to improve the available information about the disease<sup>3-9</sup>.</p>
      <p>It has been clearly established that Chagas disease is extremely heterogeneous in respect to the severity of the myocardial condition. Even though significant physiopathological aspects related to the onset and progression of the Chagas cardiopathy have been established, there are still many factors that need to be clarified. Various studies on Chagas patients without heart disease have demonstrated the presence of lesions in the area of the heart's innervation and others have indicated deficiencies in the autonomic control of heart rate and blood pressure<sup>9-12</sup>. More recent studies have demonstrated that the reflex control of peripheral vascular reactivity is also compromised in Chagas patients with preserved ventricular function<sup>9,12</sup>.</p>
      <p>We have to consider that the control of peripheral tonus and reactivity does not only depend on neural control but also on adequate endothelial cell function. Endothelial dysfunction has been proposed as one of the mechanisms for the onset, maintenance and progression of various cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, atherosclerosis and heart failure<sup>13-15</sup>.</p>
      <p>During the course of the Chagas disease infection, parasites have been observed in the microvascular endothelia of the aorta and coronary arteries before detection of the parasitemia<sup>10,16,17</sup>. Cultures of endothelial cells infected with <italic>T. cruzi</italic> show complex alterations in mechanisms that are critical to maintain normal vascular function<sup>18-20</sup>. Based on this, endothelium cell dysfunction in the coronary arteries has been determined to be one of the primary mechanisms observed in patients with Chagas disease, and could be related to the myocardial lesion.</p>
      <p>The evaluation of endothelial function using concentrations of endothelium produced substances and inflammatory markers suggests the presence of endothelial dysfunction in Chagas patients with preserved vascular function<sup>21-24</sup>.</p>
      <p>There are few documented studies using endothelium-dependent vasodilation analysis to evaluate peripheral endothelial function in Chagas patients. Two studies conducted on Chagas patients without heart failure are controversial as to whether or not there is endothelial dysfunction in the peripheral artery region (brachial artery)<sup>4,5</sup>. There are no reports that confirm whether or not Chagas patients present venous endothelial dysfunction.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study is to investigate whether or not Chagas patients with preserved ventricular function present venous endothelial dysfunction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the S&#227;o Paulo Federal University &#150; Unifesp and the Heart Institute - InCor (Protocol 0425/02).</p>
      <p>The individuals with Chagas disease were selected from the patients at the outpatient clinic of the Heart Institute's (InCor) Cardiomyopathy Unit of the University of S&#227;o Paulo School of Medicine between February 2003 and February 2005. The endothelial function evaluation was conducted at the Laboratory of Clinical Investigation of InCor's Hypertension Unit. All study participants were briefed on the objectives of the study and signed the free and informed consent form.</p>
      <p>All the Chagas patients had positive serological tests for Chagas disease (indirect hemaglutination and immunofluorescence) and were from the disease's endemic zone. Sixteen patients were selected based on the following inclusion criteria: did not present symptoms related to the cardiac or gastrointestinal forms of Chagas disease or any other disease; were not using medication; had a clinical examination within normal limits; had left ventricular function greater than 60% of the ejection fraction on the Doppler echocardiogram test (Teichholz and associates method<sup>25</sup>); had CBC and biochemical (glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides) test results within normal ranges.</p>
      <p>From the sixteen Chagas patients, eight presented a normal electrocardiogram and eight presented an altered electrocardiogram: right bundle branch block, bradycardia and/or block of the anterosuperior division of the left bundle branch (Minnesota code modified for Chagas disease<sup>26</sup>).</p>
      <p>Venous endothelial function was evaluated using the dorsal hand vein compliance technique<sup>27-30</sup>. During the evaluation, the individuals remained in the supine position with one of the forearms placed on a support forming an upward 30 degree slope from the horizontal. A 23G butterfly needle was inserted in a vein on the dorsum of the hand and saline solution was administered using a Harvard infusion pump (Harvard Apparatus Inc. South Natick, Mass) for 30 minutes at 0.3 ml/min, to allow the vein to restore its tone following the constriction caused by the insertion of the needle.</p>
      <p>The transducer, sensitive enough to detect minimal linear displacements (TDLV, Shaevitz Engineering, Pennsauken, NJ) was placed on dorsum of the hand and fixed securely to the skin with adhesive tape. One of the ends of the metallic rod that slides through the transducer was placed over the vein to be studied, less than 1 cm from the end of the intravenous needle.</p>
      <p>Vertical displacement of the rod according to the degree of vein dilation or constriction generated a transducer signal that was amplified and recorded on graph paper.</p>
      <p>Measurements of the vein diameter were conducted after inflating a sphygmomanometer cuff to 40 mmHg which was placed on the same arm. The vein diameter variations were calculated by the percentage difference of the metallic rod positioning and graphic recording was generated before and after cuff inflation.</p>
      <p>After the saline infusion, phenylephrine was infused in progressive doses until a 70% constriction was obtained (VC70%). Each of the progressive doses of phenylephrine (75 to 25,000 ng/ml) were administered for seven minutes. Once the desired venoconstriction was obtained, which established the base line for venous vascular response evaluation, the phenylephrine dosage was maintained and administered for the duration of the study.</p>
      <p>To evaluate endothelium-dependent venodilation, seven progressive doses of acetylcholine (3.6 to 3,600 ng/ml) were administered at an infusion rate of 0.3 ml/min, for a period of three minutes each. Maximum venodilation and the required dosages to attain this effect were compared between the groups.</p>
      <p>At the end of this phase, a 30 minute interval was taken for the acetylcholine effect to wear off. Next, three progressive doses (156 to 3,125 ng/ml) of sodium nitroprusside were administered at an infusion rate of 0.3 ml/min, for a period of three minutes each, using the method described earlier to obtain preconstriction (VC70%). Maximum venodilation and the dosages required to achieve this effect were compared between the groups.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Demographic characteristics of the Chagas and control groups</italic> - In relation to age, weight, height and body mass index (BMI) there were no significant differences between the control (G0) and Chagas (G1) groups. Additionally, the BMI values were within the healthy range.</p>
      <p>In relation to gender, the distribution was similar between the groups with 12.5% male and 77.5% female in the control (G0) and Chagas (G1) groups.</p>
      <p>The values of fasting glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, hemoglobin and hematocrit did not present any significant statistical differences between the groups.</p>
      <p>Both groups attained similar venous preconstriction values, in the range of 70%, that was adequate for the subsequent tests. However, there was a significant difference between the groups in relation to the dosages of phenylephrine required to obtain the desired level of venoconstriction. In comparison to the control group, the Chagas patients required significantly higher doses of phenylephrine to obtain the satisfactory degree of venoconstriction.</p>
      <p>In relation to the administration of acetylcholine, it was observed that the maximum venodilation values for the Chagas patients were roughly 50% lower than the control group. The average acetylcholine dosages in relation to maximum venodilation were similar for the two groups.</p>
      <p>Maximum venodilation values with the administration of sodium nitroprusside (endothelium-independent dilation evaluation) did not reveal any significant differences between the groups or the dosages of agent used.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The major finding of our study was the confirmation that patients with Chagas disease without heart failure present significantly lower maximum venodilation values with the administration of acetylcholine and normal maximum venodilation values with the administration of sodium nitroprusside. Combined analysis of these data indicates venous endothelial dysfunction in Chagas patients with preserved ventricular function.</p>
      <p>Another item that deserves emphasis was the observation that Chagas patients require significantly higher doses of phenylephrine to obtain venoconstriction, suggesting lower alpha-adrenergic receptor sensitivity in the venous system of these patients.</p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0466-00009-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_29880t2-body2">Table 2</xref>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_29880t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0466-00009-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The endothelial cells produce the most potent vasodilator ever discovered, nitric oxide (NO) that was described by Furchgott and Zawadzki in 1980 and identified as a nonprostanoid, labile and diffusible substance that mediates the endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. The formation of NO by endothelium cells performs a critical role in maintaining the balance between vasoconstriction and vasodilation in the arterial and venous homeostasis process<sup>31</sup>.</p>
      <p>Numerous studies describe the vasodilation changes in the dorsal hand vein after local infusion of acetylcholine or bradykinin in patients with cardiovascular risk factors that are known to affect artery endothelium<sup>27-30</sup>. Additionally, treatments that improve artery endothelial function also improve endothelial function in the venous system<sup>29</sup>. Studying the venous endothelia enables a better understanding of the circulatory regulation process and the effect of treatments on the modulation of peripheral regulation.</p>
      <p>The venous system plays an important role in the homeostasis of the circulatory system and alterations in this system can lead to compromised venous return and circulation, since the changes in the vascular system could potentially affect cardiac function regulation and cause heart failure<sup>32</sup>. To date no previous studies had detected peripheral venous system alterations, or more importantly, venous endothelial responses in Chagas disease patients.</p>
      <p>Recent studies have demonstrated increased plasma levels of the cytotoxic endothelial moderators, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) and interleukin 10 (IL -10) in asymptomatic patients with Chagas disease, suggesting that a prolonged production of these factors could be related to the cardiomyopathy progression in these patients<sup>21-23</sup>. Circulating anti-cholinergic receptor antibodies have also been found in chronic Chagas cardiopathy patients<sup>33-36</sup>. Considering these findings and their repercussions on vascular tonus modulation, we can speculate a possible relation between them and the results in our study since these factors can lead to endothelial dysfunction.</p>
      <p>Experimental studies on the distribution and different responses to pharmaceutical agents are fundamental to understand the venous system physiopathology. In this study we demonstrate that the alpha adrenergic sensitivity, evaluated during the administration of phenylephrine, was diminished in the Chagas patients when compared to the control group. Comparisons of receptor distribution and venous response to the administration of adrenergic agents using noradrenaline (non-selective a agonist), phenylephrine (a-1 agonist) and azepexol (a-2 agonist) demonstrated that vasoconstriction was induced by all the agents and suggests that the veins are responsive to all alpha receptors. Since the response to phenylephrine was more accentuated, the author suggested that the distribution of a-1 receptors was prominent in the veins <sup>37</sup>. In humans with Chagas disease the sympathetic innervation of the heart, evaluated using scintigraphy with radio-isotopes, was found to be diminished as reported by Sim&#245;es and associates<sup>38</sup>. An indirect study of peripheral sympathetic innervation using catecholamine concentrations or blood pressure variations indicates alterations in the sympathetic function<sup>39</sup>. Data from an earlier study conducted by our group with a similar population of Chagas patients revealed an increased peripheral chemoreflex response<sup>9</sup>, indicating alterations in the peripheral sympathetic response of these patients. This alteration in sympathetic activity could be related to the reduced sensitivity to adrenergic agonists, as observed in this study.</p>
      <p>Based on our findings, we can conclude that venous alpha adrenergic sensitivity is diminished and that endothelial response mediated by muscarinic receptors is lowered, which is indicative of venous endothelial dysfunction in Chagas patients with preserved ventricular function.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Rodrigo Della Me&#225; Plentz</p>
          <p> Rua Jo&#227;o Manoel, 1352</p>
          <p> 9810-5170 &#150; Cruz Alta, RS - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="roplentz@yahoo.com.br">roplentz@yahoo.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 07/25/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 12/08/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
