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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">VqQpSmGVgLb7QvCsQvR5srn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000600008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600608</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000600008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Exerc&#237;cio resistido na avalia&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Tavares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luis Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Romano</surname>
            <given-names>&#194;ngela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kopel</surname>
            <given-names>Liliane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lage</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>459</fpage>
      <lpage>465</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar o uso de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico resistido no estudo da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca comparativamente &#224; hiperemia reativa (HR). M&#201;TODOS: Dezoito portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) e 15 volunt&#225;rios realizaram esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico manual de preens&#227;o intermitente em bolsa pneum&#225;tica com intensidade correspondente a 75% da carga m&#225;xima previamente avaliada. Foram avaliados por ultra-sonografia vascular de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o para an&#225;lise dos di&#226;metros da art&#233;ria braquial e fluxos bem como determina&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco em repouso, ap&#243;s HR e ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio. Foram calculados o &#237;ndice de fluxo sist&#243;lico na art&#233;ria braquial e o &#237;ndice card&#237;aco. RESULTADOS: Houve aumento do &#237;ndice de fluxo sist&#243;lico na art&#233;ria braquial nas condi&#231;&#245;es HR e exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico sendo maior nessa &#250;ltima. Houve aumento do &#237;ndice card&#237;aco nas condi&#231;&#245;es de estudo comparativamente ao repouso. CONCLUS&#195;O: O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico resistido, na carga avaliada, aumenta o fluxo sangu&#237;neo local de forma mais intensa que a HR, constituindo-se numa op&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial na IC .</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGOS ORIGINAIS </p>
    <p> INSUFICI&#202;NCIA CARD&#205;ACA</p>
    <p>Exerc&#237;cio resistido na avalia&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ricardo Tavares de Carvalho; Marcelo Luis Campos Vieira; &#194;ngela Romano; Liliane Kopel; Silvia G. Lage</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar o uso de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico resistido no estudo da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca comparativamente &#224; hiperemia reativa (HR). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>: Dezoito portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) e 15 volunt&#225;rios realizaram esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico manual de preens&#227;o intermitente em bolsa pneum&#225;tica com intensidade correspondente a 75% da carga m&#225;xima previamente avaliada. Foram avaliados por ultra-sonografia vascular de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o para an&#225;lise dos di&#226;metros da art&#233;ria braquial e fluxos bem como determina&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco em repouso, ap&#243;s HR e ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio. Foram calculados o &#237;ndice de fluxo sist&#243;lico na art&#233;ria braquial e o &#237;ndice card&#237;aco. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Houve aumento do &#237;ndice de fluxo sist&#243;lico na art&#233;ria braquial nas condi&#231;&#245;es HR e exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico sendo maior nessa &#250;ltima. Houve aumento do &#237;ndice card&#237;aco nas condi&#231;&#245;es de estudo comparativamente ao repouso. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico resistido, na carga avaliada, aumenta o fluxo sangu&#237;neo local de forma mais intensa que a HR, constituindo-se numa op&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial na IC .</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, exerc&#237;cio.</p>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) caracteriza-se pelo comprometimento do desempenho ventricular com limita&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica progressiva dos indiv&#237;duos acometidos &#224; medida que a doen&#231;a evolui. Entretanto, um dos dados mais interessantes dessa s&#237;ndrome &#233; que o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular n&#227;o est&#225; relacionado com a capacidade funcional avaliada pela toler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico<sup>1-3</sup>. Embora as altera&#231;&#245;es centrais (card&#237;acas) iniciem e perpetuem a IC, a maior limita&#231;&#227;o ao exerc&#237;cio &#233; perif&#233;rica, envolvendo altera&#231;&#245;es no transporte e consumo de oxig&#234;nio<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>A base fisiopatol&#243;gica desse dado consiste na presen&#231;a de modifica&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gicas e metab&#243;licas nas fibras musculares esquel&#233;ticas<sup>5,6</sup>, bem como na capacidade dos vasos distribu&#237;rem o fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo aos m&#250;sculos em atividade.</p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas funcionais dos vasos perif&#233;ricos s&#227;o importantes determinantes do desempenho do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na IC e est&#227;o sujeitas a a&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncias liberadas pelo endot&#233;lio em resposta ao fluxo local<sup>7</sup>. Entre elas destaca-se o &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO). Al&#233;m disso, a resposta vascular n&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio pode tamb&#233;m estar alterada nesses pacientes<sup>8-10</sup>.</p>
    <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial &#233; um fen&#244;meno sist&#234;mico. Ela pode ser avaliada por m&#233;todos celulares e moleculares<sup>11,12</sup> em animais. Em seres humanos destaca-se a avalia&#231;&#227;o da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo em territ&#243;rio perif&#233;rico<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Com a descri&#231;&#227;o do uso da HR como m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial dependente de fluxo<sup>14</sup>, passou-se a utilizar amplamente esse recurso. Entretanto, apenas recentemente houve padroniza&#231;&#227;o dessa t&#233;cnica<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico tamb&#233;m pode ser utilizado na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. A base dessa observa&#231;&#227;o est&#225; no aumento do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo nos territ&#243;rios em atividade<sup>16,17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Sess&#245;es di&#225;rias de exerc&#237;cios t&#234;m se mostrado ben&#233;ficas em aumentar a express&#227;o de NO em indiv&#237;duos normais e aumentar a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio nos pacientes com IC<sup>18,19</sup>. Uma revis&#227;o de estudos randomizados e controlados corrobora o efeito ben&#233;fico do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico na IC<sup>20</sup>. O aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco que ocorre durante o exerc&#237;cio aumentaria a for&#231;a de cisalhamento sobre o endot&#233;lio e, assim, a express&#227;o de NO. N&#227;o &#233; consenso que a isquemia relativa produzida durante a atividade muscular localizada seja um est&#237;mulo suficiente para causar vasodilata&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Dessa forma, testamos a hip&#243;tese de que o exerc&#237;cio resistido possa ser eficaz na avalia&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial na IC e seja compar&#225;vel &#224; hiperemia reativa (HR).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudados 33 indiv&#237;duos com idade entre 18 e 65 anos, divididos em dois grupos: 18 pacientes portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (grupo ICC) e 15 volunt&#225;rios normais (grupo NL) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab.1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0459-00008-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>No grupo ICC, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ao ecocardiograma, para inclus&#227;o no estudo, foi menor do que 40%.</p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo pacientes portadores de insufici&#234;ncia coron&#225;ria, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, marcapasso definitivo, arritmias card&#237;acas incluindo extra-s&#237;stoles supraventriculares e ventriculares freq&#252;entes, <italic>flutter</italic> e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atriais, bloqueio atrioventricular do II e III grau. Al&#233;m disso, foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, diabete melito, insufici&#234;ncia renal, insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica, gestantes, dislipid&#234;micos e tabagistas.</p>
    <p>A medica&#231;&#227;o habitual foi suspensa em todos os pacientes antes do estudo em intervalo m&#237;nimo de doze horas.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes estavam clinicamente compensados e sem edema perif&#233;rico.</p>
    <p>A causa da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi cardiomiopatia dilatada em sete casos, cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica em nove casos, cardiomiopatia alco&#243;lica em um caso e cardiomiopatia secund&#225;ria ao uso de quimioter&#225;picos em um caso.</p>
    <p>A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo avaliada pelo ecocardiograma em repouso foi de 0,31 &#177; 0,05.</p>
    <p>Baseado na classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional da <italic>NYHA</italic>, nove pacientes encontravam-se em classe funcional II, cinco em classe funcional III, e quatro pacientes em classe funcional IV.</p>
    <p><italic>Protocolo de estudo</italic> - O estudo foi realizado com os pacientes em posi&#231;&#227;o supina e iniciado ap&#243;s pelo menos vinte minutos de repouso em ambiente silencioso, pouco iluminado e com temperatura controlada (21&#186;C).</p>
    <p>Antes do in&#237;cio do estudo, foi avaliada a capacidade m&#225;xima de preens&#227;o com a m&#227;o esquerda por meio de dinam&#244;metro manual com escala em quilogramas (kg) e, depois, em uma bolsa pneum&#225;tica acoplada a uma escala de press&#227;o em mil&#237;metros de merc&#250;rio (mmHg). Foi solicitado a cada indiv&#237;duo que realizasse tr&#234;s preens&#245;es m&#225;ximas. O valor considerado como for&#231;a m&#225;xima foi a m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica da for&#231;a nas tr&#234;s preens&#245;es realizadas na bolsa pneum&#225;tica<sup>21</sup>. Esse dado foi usado para o c&#225;lculo da carga de exerc&#237;cio a ser aplicada.</p>
    <p>Foi feita a correla&#231;&#227;o entre as duas medidas (r = 0,90, p &lt; 0,01 n = 33). Foram utilizadas, no estudo, apenas as medidas feitas com a bolsa pneum&#225;tica, pois somente dessa forma era poss&#237;vel que o indiv&#237;duo conseguisse adequar a for&#231;a realizada pela visualiza&#231;&#227;o da coluna na qual se encontrava marcado o ponto at&#233; onde deveria elevar o merc&#250;rio.</p>
    <p>O ritmo card&#237;aco foi monitorado com eletrocardiograma para realiza&#231;&#227;o da ecocardiografia.</p>
    <p>Ultra-sonografia vascular de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o foi realizada para a capta&#231;&#227;o de imagens das curvas de velocidade de fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo, por Doppler, na art&#233;ria braquial, bem como imagens em corte longitudinal desse vaso, simultaneamente ao registro de eletrocardiograma, para medida do di&#226;metro arterial.</p>
    <p>Dentro do protocolo de estudo foram avaliados inicialmente, em repouso, o di&#226;metro arterial e a curva de velocidade de fluxo (condi&#231;&#227;o B1). Em seguida, foi avaliada a resposta vascular pela HR ap&#243;s cinco minutos de oclus&#227;o com manguito em antebra&#231;o esquerdo, insuflado com press&#227;o de 200 mmHg (condi&#231;&#227;o HR). Ap&#243;s trinta minutos de repouso, os par&#226;metros de di&#226;metro e velocidade de fluxo na art&#233;ria braquial foram reavaliados como uma nova condi&#231;&#227;o basal (condi&#231;&#227;o B2). Em seguida, foi fornecida a cada indiv&#237;duo a mesma bolsa pneum&#225;tica com a qual realizaram a avalia&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a de preens&#227;o m&#225;xima, e foi solicitado que efetuassem movimentos repetidos de preens&#227;o e relaxamento, com a m&#227;o esquerda, com 75% da carga m&#225;xima (condi&#231;&#227;o EX75), em adapta&#231;&#227;o de protocolo desenvolvido para esse fim<sup>21</sup>. Ap&#243;s o primeiro minuto de exerc&#237;cio foram avaliados os par&#226;metros j&#225; descritos em territ&#243;rio braquial.</p>
    <p>O d&#233;bito card&#237;aco foi avaliado pelo ecocardiograma, modo bidimensional, durante cada fase do estudo imediatamente ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise dos par&#226;metros perif&#233;ricos. Isso foi feito para avaliar se existia rela&#231;&#227;o entre o aumento de fluxo local e o aumento de d&#233;bito que poderia ocorrer com o exerc&#237;cio.</p>
    <p><italic>Aquisi&#231;&#227;o dos di&#226;metros arteriais</italic> - Equipamento de ultra-sonografia (Apogee 800 plus, ATL Inc., Bothell WA, USA) com transdutor plano de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o vascular de 5-10MHz, foco autom&#225;tico, foi utilizado para aquisi&#231;&#227;o da imagem bidimensional, em corte longitudinal, da art&#233;ria braquial, a aproximadamente 5 cm distal &#224; prega do cotovelo. O transdutor foi posicionado a 90 graus do vaso, de tal forma que se pudesse ver as paredes do vaso. A aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens do di&#226;metro vascular na condi&#231;&#227;o HR foi feita ao t&#233;rmino do primeiro minuto ap&#243;s a libera&#231;&#227;o do manguito de press&#227;o e, nas condi&#231;&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio, ao t&#233;rmino do primeiro minuto ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do exerc&#237;cio. A obten&#231;&#227;o das imagens arteriais foi realizada sempre pelo mesmo observador, acoplada ao registro simult&#226;neo do sinal eletrocardiogr&#225;fico. Foram gravadas em fitas de videocassete para posterior determina&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro arterial.</p>
    <p>A grava&#231;&#227;o em videocassete foi utilizada para que, baseado no registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico, as imagens fossem selecionadas no momento da expans&#227;o sist&#243;lica, correspondente aos primeiros 60 milissegundos da onda T. Para a determina&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro arterial foi utilizado um programa de computador especialmente desenvolvido para essa finalidade<sup>22</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig.1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0459-00008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Fluxo arterial perif&#233;rico</italic> - Um equipamento de ultra-sonografia (Apogee -800 plus, ATL Inc., Bothell Wa, USA), com transdutor plano de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o vascular de 5,0&#150;10,0 MHz, foi empregado para avalia&#231;&#227;o da velocidade de fluxo na art&#233;ria braquial, utilizando-se o Doppler pulsado.</p>
    <p>As imagens das curvas de velocidade de fluxo arterial, acopladas ao registro simult&#226;neo do eletrocardiograma, foram adquiridas sempre pelo mesmo observador e gravadas em fitas de videocassete. Cinco imagens foram selecionadas e gravadas em computador equipado com videoframe grabber (Willow PublishersVGA, Willow Peripherals, Inc., Bronx, NY, USA<italic>)</italic>, para posterior an&#225;lise. A seguir, assinalava-se o ponto da curva referente a velocidade sist&#243;lica m&#225;xima (*) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig.2</xref>). A quantifica&#231;&#227;o da velocidade sist&#243;lica m&#225;xima de fluxo arterial foi realizada empregando-se um programa de computador desenvolvido para essa finalidade.</p>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0459-00008-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Na condi&#231;&#227;o HR foi analisada sempre a curva de velocidade de fluxo do primeiro batimento ap&#243;s a libera&#231;&#227;o do manguito de press&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">fig.3</xref>). Na condi&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio foram analisadas sempre as curvas de velocidade do quinto batimento da fase de relaxamento muscular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">fig. 4</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0459-00008-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0459-00008-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Uma vez mensuradas as velocidades de fluxo e os di&#226;metros arteriais em s&#237;stole, calculou-se o &#237;ndice de fluxo sist&#243;lico (IFS) pela f&#243;rmula:</p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0459-00008-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>onde: AST (&#225;rea da se&#231;&#227;o transversa do vaso)= p.raio<sup>2</sup>, Vsi: velocidade de pico sist&#243;lico (m/s), SC: superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea (m<sup>2</sup>) e 0,06 &#233; o fator de corre&#231;&#227;o necess&#225;rio para convers&#227;o das unidades para l/min.</p>
    <p><italic>Avalia&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca</italic> - A avalia&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foi feita utilizando-se equipamento de ultra-sonografia (Apogee-800 plus, ATL Inc., Bothell Wa, USA), com transdutor setorial mec&#226;nico de 3 MHz. Foram realizados, sempre pelo mesmo observador, o ecocardiograma modo M e o bidimensional, al&#233;m do estudo dos fluxos intracard&#237;acos com Doppler puls&#225;til. O ecocardiograma Doppler foi gravado em fitas de videocassete. Todas as quantifica&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas a partir das imagens gravadas em tr&#234;s a cinco batimentos, sendo o valor m&#233;dio dessas medidas considerado para a an&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>As imagens do ecocardiograma bidimensional foram adquiridas segundo as normas da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>O corte longitudinal paraesternal esquerdo ao modo bidimensional foi utilizado para a mensura&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro do anel a&#243;rtico, necess&#225;ria para o c&#225;lculo do volume sist&#243;lico. O fluxo sist&#243;lico da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi obtido a partir do corte apical, sendo a integral de velocidade de fluxo determinada por <italic>software</italic> pr&#243;prio do equipamento de ultra-som. O volume sist&#243;lico (VS) foi ent&#227;o calculado com a seguinte f&#243;rmula:</p>
    <p>VS = IVF . AST</p>
    <p>onde: IVT: integral da velocidade de fluxo e AST: &#225;rea da sec&#231;&#227;o transversa do anel a&#243;rtico.</p>
    <p>A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi obtida com base no intervalo RR do eletrocardiograma. O d&#233;bito card&#237;aco foi calculado como produto do volume sist&#243;lico pela freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Dividindo-se o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco pela superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea obteve-se o &#237;ndice card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> - Para averiguar o comportamento dos grupos consi-derando as condi&#231;&#245;es estudadas fez-se uso da t&#233;cnica de an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia com medidas repetidas (TIMM, 1975). A t&#233;cnica de an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia com medidas repetidas pressup&#245;e distribui&#231;&#227;o normal dos dados. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia utilizado para os testes foi de 5%. Os c&#225;lculos foram realizados pelo sistema SAS (Statistical Analysis System) (SAS, 1989).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para o grupo normal, os valores das m&#233;dias dos &#237;ndices de fluxo sist&#243;lico na art&#233;ria braquial foram, para as condi&#231;&#245;es basais (B1e B2) e para as condi&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-HR e esfor&#231;o com 75% da carga m&#225;xima (EX75), respectivamente: 0,25 &#177; 0,08 l/min/m<sup>2</sup>; 0,20 &#177; 0,06 l/min/m<sup>2</sup>; 0,48 &#177; 0,17 l/min/m<sup>2</sup> e 0,60 &#177; 0,24 l/mim/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para o grupo ICC, as m&#233;dias dos &#237;ndices do fluxo sist&#243;lico na art&#233;ria braquial nas condi&#231;&#245;es basais (B1, B2) foram, respectivamente: 0,19 &#177; 0,08 l/min/m<sup>2</sup> e 0,21 &#177; 0,09 l/min/m<sup>2</sup>. Nas condi&#231;&#245;es HR e exerc&#237;cio com 75% da carga m&#225;xima (EX75), as m&#233;dias dos &#237;ndices de fluxo sist&#243;lico em territ&#243;rio braquial foram, respectivamente: 0,43 &#177; 0,14 l/min/m<sup>2</sup> e 0,45 &#177; 0,18 l/min/m<sup>2</sup> .</p>
    <p>Houve correla&#231;&#227;o positiva e significante entre os &#237;ndices de fluxo sist&#243;lico nas condi&#231;&#245;es HR e EX75 (r = 0,66, p = 0,005)</p>
    <p>Os grupos n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a significante de comportamento ao longo das avalia&#231;&#245;es realizadas (p = NS). Os grupos n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a significante entre suas m&#233;dias em cada um dos momentos avaliados (p = NS). Houve altera&#231;&#227;o desse par&#226;metro ao longo das avalia&#231;&#245;es (p &lt; 0,001) para os dois grupos.</p>
    <p>Analisando as m&#233;dias dos &#237;ndices de fluxo sist&#243;lico nas condi&#231;&#245;es de est&#237;mulo (HR, EX75) observamos que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significante entre elas (p = NS).</p>
    <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os basais e as condi&#231;&#245;es que os sucederam (B1xHR e B2xEX75) houve diferen&#231;a significante em todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es realizadas, para os dois grupos (p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">fig.5</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0459-00008-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Para o grupo ICC, as m&#233;dias dos &#237;ndices card&#237;acos nas condi&#231;&#245;es basal e ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio com 75% da carga m&#225;xima foram, respectivamente, 1,93 &#177; 0,35 L/min/m<sup>2</sup> e 2,01 &#177; 0,39 L/min/m<sup>2</sup> (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise das varia&#231;&#245;es percentuais dos par&#226;metros foi feita avaliando-se o dado em uma condi&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-est&#237;mulo, considerado-o relativamente ao seu respectivo basal. Dessa forma, chamamos de delta 1 (D1) aquele observado entre as condi&#231;&#245;es B1 e HR, e delta 2 (D2) aquele observado entre as condi&#231;&#245;es B2 e EX75.</p>
    <p>As varia&#231;&#245;es percentuais das m&#233;dias dos &#237;ndices de fluxo sist&#243;lico da art&#233;ria braquial (D1 e D2) para o grupo ICC foram, respectivamente: 134,1 &#177; 48,5% e 208,3 &#177; 96,5%. Para o grupo normal os mesmos par&#226;metros foram, respectivamente: 94,5 &#177; 56,8% e 193,3 &#177; 90,1%. Os grupos n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a de comportamento (p = NS) e nem entre as m&#233;dias, tanto no D1 como no D2 (p = NS). Houve diferen&#231;a entre as condi&#231;&#245;es 1 (B1 e HR) e 2 (B2 e EX75) para os dois grupos (p &lt; 0,001). O D1 apresentou diferen&#231;a significante com o D2 (p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">fig.6</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig6">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0459-00008-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo traz a proposta de uma nova metodologia na avalia&#231;&#227;o da reatividade vascular dependente de endot&#233;lio.</p>
    <p>A pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos tem sido cada vez mais difundida na IC<sup>24,25</sup>. Apesar disso, s&#227;o poucos os estudos que associam essa pr&#225;tica &#224; resposta hemodin&#226;mica perif&#233;rica nesses pacientes<sup>18,26</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudamos pacientes clinicamente compensados, principalmente no que diz respeito &#224; presen&#231;a de edema perif&#233;rico. Esse fator pode interferir na resposta vasodilatadora em raz&#227;o do aumento da rigidez vascular<sup>27</sup>, relacionada ao aumento da taxa de s&#243;dio na parede do vaso. Al&#233;m disso, o edema pode levar a aumento de press&#227;o tecidual com compress&#227;o mec&#226;nica dos capilares da microcircula&#231;&#227;o<sup>28</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na condi&#231;&#227;o EX75, a escolha do quinto batimento na fase de relaxamento foi feita de forma a facilitar a padroniza&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise das curvas de velocidade de fluxo, j&#225; que esta apresenta decaimento r&#225;pido e progressivo at&#233; a sua normaliza&#231;&#227;o, no decorrer do tempo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">fig. 4</xref>).</p>
    <p>A escolha do esfor&#231;o manual envolvendo pequena massa muscular, em vez de exerc&#237;cio utilizando os membros inferiores, pareceu-nos uma interven&#231;&#227;o fisiologicamente mais interessante. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da resposta vascular a um esfor&#231;o subm&#225;ximo estaria mais compat&#237;vel com a realidade dos pacientes limitados para atividade f&#237;sica e que desempenhem tarefas dom&#233;sticas que exijam maior resist&#234;ncia muscular do que condicionamento aer&#243;bio.</p>
    <p>No estudo em quest&#227;o n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel observar diferen&#231;a no fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo local, mesmo sob carga elevada, entre a HR e o exerc&#237;cio localizado. Entretanto, em termos porcentuais, a varia&#231;&#227;o de fluxo p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio foi mais intensa que p&#243;s-HR, principalmente levando-se em conta que a an&#225;lise p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio foi feita no quinto batimento ap&#243;s interrup&#231;&#227;o desse, e n&#227;o no primeiro batimento como na condi&#231;&#227;o HR.</p>
    <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o do fluxo em panturrilha e em antebra&#231;o, ap&#243;s cinco minutos de isquemia local, em pacientes com IC compensados, sem edemas, e em indiv&#237;duos normais de idade semelhante observou-se diminui&#231;&#227;o do fluxo, comparativamente aos volunt&#225;rios normais, apenas na panturrilha<sup>29</sup>. Neste estudo tamb&#233;m n&#227;o ocorreu diferen&#231;a do fluxo em antebra&#231;o entre os dois grupos.</p>
    <p>Assim, sugere-se que as anormalidades vasculares na ICC sejam regionalmente espec&#237;ficas n&#227;o s&#243; pelas diferen&#231;as de fluxo observadas em territ&#243;rios distintos, mas tamb&#233;m pela distribui&#231;&#227;o do fluxo dentro do pr&#243;prio m&#250;sculo, favorecendo fibras oxidativas<sup>30</sup>.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, &#233; poss&#237;vel que, hierarquicamente, &#224; medida que a ICC progrida, as altera&#231;&#245;es inicialmente evidentes em membros inferiores passem a ocorrer tamb&#233;m em membros superiores. Dessa forma, parece que a disparidade entre os estudos que avaliam reatividade vascular na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diante de exerc&#237;cio se deve &#224; diferencia&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; gravidade, ao estado de compensa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada e ao tipo de est&#237;mulo empregado (aer&#243;bio, exerc&#237;cio contra resist&#234;ncia, cargas distintas e do territ&#243;rio muscular avaliado).</p>
    <p>Salientamos que, do ponto de vista metodol&#243;gico, os estudos n&#227;o-invasivos utilizando ultra-som arterial s&#227;o mais apropriados e acurados para a an&#225;lise em membros superiores do que para os inferiores.</p>
    <p>Conclu&#237;mos que o estudo de um territ&#243;rio muscular menor, que mimetiza as atividades di&#225;rias tanto pelo tipo de trabalho como pela carga, demonstrou que o exerc&#237;cio com 75% da carga m&#225;xima aumentou o fluxo perif&#233;rico de forma mais intensa que a HR, em termos porcentuais. Assim, &#233; poss&#237;vel afirmar que a avalia&#231;&#227;o da reatividade vascular utilizando exerc&#237;cio resistido seja uma op&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica, mais confort&#225;vel, de f&#225;cil realiza&#231;&#227;o e compar&#225;vel &#224; HR no estudo da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo endot&#233;lio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>Ricardo Tavares de Carvalho </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 </p>
        <p> 05403-900 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ricardo.carvalho@incor.usp.br">ricardo.carvalho@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Recebido em 10/03/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 08/12/05</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Resistive exercise in the evaluation of endothelial dysfunction in heart failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of resistive exercise in the study of endothelial dysfunction in heart failure (HF) comparatively to reactive hyperemia (RH). METHODS: Eighteen patients with heart failure and 15 normal volunteers were submitted to intermittent handgrip exercise in a pneumatic bag, at an intensity that corresponds to 75% of the previously assessed maximum load. Patients underwent high-resolution vascular ultrasonography for brachial artery diameter and flow evaluation as well as cardiac output determination at rest, RH and after exercise. The systolic flow index in the brachial artery and cardiac index were calculated. RESULTS: Systolic flow index increase in the brachial artery was observed after RH and physical exercise, with the latter presenting the highest increase. There was an increase in the cardiac index after the study conditions in comparison to resting conditions. CONCLUSION: Resistive exercise, performed at the assessed load, increases blood flow more intensively than RH, constituting a physiological option for the evaluation of endothelial function in HF.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Endothelial dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>exercise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Resistive exercise in the evaluation of endothelial dysfunction in heart failure</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ricardo Tavares de Carvalho; Marcelo Luis Campos Vieira; &#194;ngela Romano; Liliane Kopel; Silvia G. Lage</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To evaluate the use of resistive exercise in the study of endothelial dysfunction in heart failure (HF) comparatively to reactive hyperemia (RH).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Eighteen patients with heart failure and 15 normal volunteers were submitted to intermittent handgrip exercise in a pneumatic bag, at an intensity that corresponds to 75% of the previously assessed maximum load. Patients underwent high-resolution vascular ultrasonography for brachial artery diameter and flow evaluation as well as cardiac output determination at rest, RH and after exercise. The systolic flow index in the brachial artery and cardiac index were calculated.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Systolic flow index increase in the brachial artery was observed after RH and physical exercise, with the latter presenting the highest increase. There was an increase in the cardiac index after the study conditions in comparison to resting conditions.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Resistive exercise, performed at the assessed load, increases blood flow more intensively than RH, constituting a physiological option for the evaluation of endothelial function in HF.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Endothelial dysfunction, heart failure, exercise.</p>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) is characterized by the impairment of the ventricular function, with progressive physical limitation of affected individuals as the disease advances. However, one of the most remarkable facts regarding this syndrome is that the severity of ventricular dysfunction is not related to the functional capacity assessed by exercise tolerance<sup>1-3</sup>. Although the central (cardiac) alterations start and perpetuate the HF, the main limitation to exercise is of peripheral origin, involving alterations in oxygen transportation and consumption<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>The physiopathological basis of this fact consists in the presence of histological and metabolic modifications in the skeletal muscle fibers<sup>5,6</sup>, as well as alterations in the capacity of the vessels to distribute flow to muscles.</p>
      <p>The characteristics of peripheral vessels are important determinants of left ventricular function in HF and are subject to the action of substances released by the endothelium in response to local flow<sup>7</sup>. Among these substances, nitric oxide (NO) is particularly relevant. Additionally, the endothelial-independent vascular response can also be altered in such patients<sup>8-10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Endothelial dysfunction is a systemic phenomenon and can be assessed by cellular and molecular methods<sup>11-12</sup> in animals. In humans, it is noteworthy the assessment of flow-mediated vasodilation in peripheral sites<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>With the description of RH utilization as an assessment method of flow-dependent endothelial dysfunction<sup>14</sup>, this technique started to be extensively employed; however, only recently this assessment method has been standardized<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Physical exercise can also be utilized for endothelial function assessment. The basis of this observation is in the increase of blood flow in active muscular sites<sup>16,17</sup>.</p>
      <p>Daily exercise sessions has shown to be beneficial for the increase of NO expression in normal individuals and for endothelial-dependent vasodilation increase in HF patients<sup>18,19</sup>. A review of randomized and controlled studies corroborates the beneficial effect of physical exercise in HF<sup>20</sup>. The cardiac output increase that occurs during the exercise would augment shear stress, and thus, NO expression. It is not a consensus that the relative ischemia produced during localized muscular activity is enough stimulation to cause vasodilation.</p>
      <p>Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that resistive exercise can be effective in assessing endothelial dysfunction in HF and it is comparable to reactive hyperemia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Thirty-three individuals aged between 18 and 65 yrs were studied. They were divided in two groups: 18 patients with congestive heart failure (CHF group) and 15 normal volunteers (NL group) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0459-00008-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In the CHF group, left ventricular ejection fraction &lt; 40% at the echocardiogram was the inclusion criterion for the study. Patients with coronary insufficiency, hypertension, permanent pacemaker, cardiac arrhythmias including frequent ventricular and supraventricular extrasystoles, atrial flutter and fibrillation and II-III degree atrioventricular block were excluded from the study.</p>
      <p>The usual medication was withdrawn in all patients before the study for at least twelve hours. Patients were clinically stable with no peripheral edema.</p>
      <p>The cause of heart failure was defined as dilated cardiomyopathy in 7 cases, Chagas' cardiomyopathy in 9 cases, alcoholic cardiomyopathy in 1 case and cardiomyopathy secondary to chemotherapy in 1 case. Left ventricular ejection fraction assessed by echocardiogram at rest was 0.31&#177;0.05. Based on the NYHA functional classification, nine patients were class II, five were class III and 4 patients were class IV.</p>
      <p><italic>Study Protocol</italic> - Each subject was asked out with patients in the supine position and it was started after at least a 20- minute resting period in a quiet, dimly illuminated and temperature-controlled environment (21&#186;C).</p>
      <p>Before the study was started, the maximum left hand grip strength was measured using a kilogram (kg) scale dynamometer and afterward a pneumatic bag coupled to a pressure scale in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). Each individual was asked to perform three maximum handgrip movements. The value considered as maximum handgrip strength was the arithmetical mean of the strength obtained at the three gripping movements performed with the pneumatic bag<sup>21</sup>. This value was used for the calculation of the exercise load to be applied.</p>
      <p>The correlation between the two measurements was carried out (r = 0.90, p &lt; 0.01, n= 33). Only the measurements carried out with the pneumatic bag were utilized in the study, as this was the only way for the individual to control the strength to be applied, according to what had been previously established.</p>
      <p>Cardiac rhythm was monitored by electrocardiogram for the echocardiogram to be performed.</p>
      <p>High-definition vascular ultrasonography was carried out in order to acquire blood flow velocity curves, by Doppler, in the brachial artery, as well as longitudinal-cut images of this vessel simultaneously to the electrocardiogram recording, for arterial diameter measurement.</p>
      <p>In the study protocol, the arterial diameter and flow velocity curve were initially evaluated at rest (B1condition). Afterward, the vascular reactivity was evaluated by reactive hyperemia after a 5-minute cuff occlusion in the left forearm, insufflated with a 200 mmHg pressure (HR condition). After a 30-minute rest, brachial artery diameter and flow velocity parameters were reassessed under a new basal condition (B2 condition). After that, each subject received the same pneumatic bag which was utilized to assess maximum handgrip strength capacity and they were asked to performed repeated gripping and relaxation movements with the left hand, with 75% of the maximum load (EX75 condition), in a protocol adaptation developed for this purpose<sup>21</sup>. After the first minute of exercise, the aforementioned parameters in brachial territory were assessed.</p>
      <p>Cardiac output was evaluated by echocardiogram, using bidimensional mode, during each phase of the study immediately after the analysis of the peripheral parameters. This was performed to verify whether there was a correlation between the increase of local flow and the output increase that could take place because of exercise.</p>
      <p><italic>Acquisition of arterial diameters</italic> - An ultrasonography device (Apogee 800 plus, ATL Inc., Bothell WA, USA) equipped with a high-resolution vascular plane transducer of 5-10 MHz with automatic focus adjustment was utilized to acquire the bidimensional images at longitudinal cuts of the brachial artery, at approximately 5 cm distal to the elbow fold. The transducer was positioned at 90&#186; to the vessel, so the vessel walls could be visualized. The image acquisition of the vascular diameter under reactive hyperemia was carried out one minute after cuff-occlusion release, and under the exercise conditions, one minute after exercise beggining. The acquisition of arterial images was carried out by the same observer, coupled to the simultaneous recording of the electrocardiographic signal. They were recorded in VHS tapes for posterior determination of the arterial diameter.</p>
      <p>The VHS recording was utilized so that, based on the electrocardiographic recording, the images could be selected at the moment of systolic expansion, which corresponds to the first 60 milliseconds of the T wave. A computer software, which was specially developed for this purpose, was utilized to determine the arterial diameter<sup>22</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0459-00008-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Peripheral arterial flow</italic> - An ultrasonography device (Apogee.-800 plus, ATL Inc, Bothell Wa, USA), equipped with a high-resolution vascular plane transducer of 5-10 MHz was utilized for the evaluation of the brachial artery blood flow velocity, using a pulsatile Doppler.</p>
      <p>The arterial flow velocity images, coupled to the simultaneous electrocardiogram recording, were always acquired by the same observer and recorded in VHS tapes. Five images were selected and recorded in a computer equipped with video-frame grabber (Willow Publishers VGA, Willow Peripherals, Inc., Bronx, NY, USA), for posterior analysis. Afterward, the curve point that represented the peak systolic velocity (*) was enhanced (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">Fig. 2</xref>). The quantification of the peak systolic velocity of the arterial flow was carried out through the use of a software developed for this purpose.</p>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0459-00008-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In the reactive hyperemia condition, the flow velocity curve of the first heartbeat after cuff-occlusion release was always analyzed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">Fig. 3</xref>). In the exercise condition, the velocity curves of the fifth heartbeat of the muscle relaxation phase were analyzed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4-body2">Fig. 4</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0459-00008-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0459-00008-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>After the flow velocity and arterial diameters during systole are measured, the systolic flow index (SFI) is calculated using the following formula:</p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0459-00008-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>where TSA (transverse sectional area of the vessel) = p.radius<sup>2</sup>, Vsi = peak systolic velocity (m/s), BS= body surface area (m<sup>2</sup>) and 0.06 is the correction factor necessary for the conversion of the units to l/min.</p>
      <p><italic>Cardiac assessment</italic> - Cardiac assessment was carried out using an ultrasonography device (Apogee-800 plus, ATL Inc, Bothell Wa., USA), with a setorial 3 MHz mechanical transducer. The M-mode echocardiogram and the bidimensional echocardiogram were always performed by the same observer, as well as the study of intracardiac flow using pulsatile Doppler device. The Doppler echocardiogram was recorded in VHS tapes. All quantifications were carried out based on the images recorded in 3 to five heartbeats, and the mean value of the measurements was considered for the analysis.</p>
      <p>The bidimensional echocardiogram images were acquired according to the guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>The bidimensional left parasternal longitudinal cut was utilized for the measurement of left ventricular outflow diameter, necessary for the calculation of the systolic volume. The systolic flow of the left ventricle outflow tract was obtained from the apical cut, with the integral of the flow velocity being determined through the use of an adequate software for the ultrasound equipment. The systolic volume (SV) was then calculated based on the following formula:</p>
      <p>SV = FVI .TSA</p>
      <p>where: FVI=flow velocity integral and TSA = transverse sectional area of the aortic ring.</p>
      <p>Heart rate was obtained based on the RR interval of the electrocardiogram. Cardiac output was calculated as the product of the systolic volume and heart rate. The cardiac index was obtained dividing the cardiac output by the body surface area.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - To analyze the behavior of the groups considering the studied conditions, repeated measures analysis of variance was utilized (TIMM, 1975). The use of this technique presumes normal distribution of data. Significance level was set at 5%. The calculations were carried out with the SAS system (Statistical Analysis System) (SAS, 1989).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>For the normal group, the systolic flow index mean values in brachial artery were 0.25 &#177; 0.08 l/min/m<sup>2</sup> for reactive hyperemia; 0.20 &#177; 0.06 l/min/m<sup>2</sup>; 0.48 &#177; 0.17 l/min/m<sup>2</sup> and 0.60 &#177; 0.24 l/mim/m<sup>2</sup>, for basal conditions (B1 and B2), for post-reactive hyperemia (RH) and exercise with 75% of the maximum load (EX75), respectively.</p>
      <p>For the CHF group, the systolic flow index mean values in brachial territory were 0.19 &#177; 0.08 l/min/m<sup>2</sup> and 0.21 &#177; 0.09 l/min/m<sup>2</sup> for basal conditions (B1 and B2), respectively and 0.43 &#177; 0.14 l/min/m<sup>2</sup> and 0.45 &#177; 0.18 l/min/m<sup>2</sup> for post-reactive hyperemia (RH) and exercise with 75% of the maximum load (EX75), respectively.</p>
      <p>There was a positive and significant correlation between the systolic flow indexes in RH and EX75 conditions (r=0.66, p=0.005).</p>
      <p>The groups did not present a statistically significant difference regarding behavior during the evaluations performed (p=NS). The groups did not present a significant difference regarding their mean values at each evaluation moment (p=NS). There was an alteration of this parameter during the evaluations (p&lt;0.001) for both groups.</p>
      <p>When analyzing the means of the systolic flow index under the stimulation conditions (RH and EX75), no significant difference was observed between them.</p>
      <p>The comparison between basal conditions and those that came subsequently (B1XRH and B2XEX75) showed a significant difference in all evaluations performed for both groups (p&lt;0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5-body2">Fig.5</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0459-00008-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>For the CHF group, the means of the cardiac index values under basal conditions and after exercise with 75% of the maximum load were, respectively, 1.93 &#177; 0.35 L/min/m<sup>2</sup> and 2.01 &#177; 0.39 L/min/m<sup>2</sup> (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p>The analysis of percentage variations was carried out by assessing the value at a post-stimulation condition, and relatively taking into account its respective basal value. Thus, we call delta 1 (D1) that value observed between the B1 and RH conditions, and delta 2 (D2) the one observed between B2 and EX75 conditions.</p>
      <p>The percentage variations of the brachial artery systolic flow index means (D1 and D2) for the CHF group were, respectively: 134.1 &#177; 48.5% and 208.3 &#177; 96.5%. For the normal group, the same parameters were, respectively: 94.5 &#177; 56.8% and 193.3 &#177; 90.1%. The groups did not present differences regarding either behavior (p=NS) or difference between the means in D1 as well as in D2 (p=NS). There was a difference between the conditions 1 (B1 and RH) and 2 (B2 and EX75) for both groups (p&lt; 0.001). D1 showed a significant difference compared to D2 (p&lt;0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6-body2">Fig. 6</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig6-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0459-00008-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study proposes a new methodology in the assessment of the endothelium-dependent vascular reactivity. Physical exercises have been increasingly considered in HF<sup>24,25</sup>. Despite that, few studies have associated this practice to the peripheral hemodynamic response in HF patients<sup>18,26</sup>.</p>
      <p>We studied clinically compensated patients, especially regarding the presence of peripheral edema. This factor can interfere in the vasodilating response due to the increase of vascular stiffness<sup>27</sup>, related to the increase amount of sodium levels in the vessel wall. In addition, the edema can lead to an increase in tissue pressure with mechanical compression of the capillaries<sup>28</sup>.</p>
      <p>In EX75 condition, the choice of the fifth heartbeat in the relaxation phase was carried out in order to facilitate the standardization of the analysis of flow velocity curves, as there is a rapid and progressive decrease until their normalization, with time (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4-body2">Fig. 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>The choice of manual stress involving a small muscle mass, instead of exercise utilizing the lower limbs, seemed a more interesting physiologic. The evaluation of the vascular response to a submaximum stress would be more compatible with the reality of patients who present limitations to physical activity and who perform household tasks that demand more muscular resistance than aerobic conditioning.</p>
      <p>It was not possible to observe a difference in local blood flow in our study, even under elevated load, between reactive hyperemia and localized exercise. However, in terms of percentage, the variation of post-exercise flow was more intense than post-reactive hyperemia, especially when considering that the post-exercise analysis was carried out at the fifth heartbeat after exercise interruption, and not in the first heartbeat as under the reactive hyperemia condition.</p>
      <p>At the evaluation of flow in calf and forearm muscles, after five minutes of local ischemia in patients with compensated HF and no edema, and in normal age-matched individuals, a decrease in blood flow was observed, compared to normal volunteers, only in the calf<sup>29</sup>. In this study, there was also no difference regarding the blood flow in the forearm between the two groups.</p>
      <p>Therefore, it is suggested that vascular abnormalities in CHF are regionally specific not only for the flow differences observed in distinct territories but also for the flow distribution inside the muscle itself, favoring oxidative fibers<sup>30</sup>.</p>
      <p>Additionally, it is possible that, as HF advances, the alterations that were initially evident in lower limbs also start to occur in the upper limbs. Thus, it seems that the disparity among the results that assess vascular reactivity in the presence of exercise in heart failure is due to differentiation regarding disease severity, to the state of clinical compensation of the studied population and the type of stimulation employed (aerobic exercise, resistive exercise, distinct loads and muscular site territory evaluated).</p>
      <p>It is noteworthy that, from a methodological point of view, the non-invasive studies utilizing arterial ultrasound are more appropriate and accurate for the analysis in the upper limbs than in the lower limbs.</p>
      <p>We conclude that the study of a smaller muscular site that imitates daily activities regarding the type of work as well as the load, demonstrated that the exercise with 75% of the maximum load increased the peripheral flow more intensively than the reactive hyperemia, in percentage terms.</p>
      <p>Thus, it is possible that the assessment of vascular reactivity, using resistive exercise, is a physiological, more comfortable and easy to perform option, and that it is comparable to reactive hyperemia in the study of endothelium-mediated vasodilation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Ricardo Tavares de Carvalho</p>
          <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44</p>
          <p> 05403-900 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="ricardo.carvalho@incor.usp.br">ricardo.carvalho@incor.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 03/10/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 12/08/05</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
