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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">nJxxYktm3ZdyQQKtt4KHp5S</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000600007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600607</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000600007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valor preditivo de vari&#225;veis ventilat&#243;rias e metab&#243;licas para &#243;bito em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Maria F. Wanderley</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rondon</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Urbana P. B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Negr&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wajngarten</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>451</fpage>
      <lpage>458</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar o valor preditivo de vari&#225;veis respirat&#243;rias, metab&#243;licas e hemodin&#226;micas, no teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar, para &#243;bito em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados 87 pacientes em classe funcional II e III da NYHA, faixa et&#225;ria de 51&#177;0,5 anos, dos quais 26 eram de etiologia chag&#225;sica, 30 isqu&#234;mica e 31 idiop&#225;tica. O teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar consistiu de protocolo em rampa com incremento de 5 a 15W/min, realizado em cicloerg&#244;metro, at&#233; a exaust&#227;o. RESULTADOS: A an&#225;lise dos fatores de controle, realizada com regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla de Cox, mostrou que a idade, estatura, peso, superf&#237;cie corporal e sexo n&#227;o foram estatisticamente significativos. O consumo de oxig&#234;nio, o equivalente ventilat&#243;rio de oxig&#234;nio, o equivalente ventilat&#243;rio de di&#243;xido de carbono, o pulso de oxig&#234;nio, a press&#227;o parcial de di&#243;xido de carbono ao final da expira&#231;&#227;o, no limiar anaer&#243;bio, no ponto de compensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria e no pico do exerc&#237;cio apresentaram-se como importantes preditores de &#243;bito. A rela&#231;&#227;o do aumento de di&#243;xido de carbono como fun&#231;&#227;o da eleva&#231;&#227;o da ventila&#231;&#227;o minuto e a rela&#231;&#227;o do aumento do consumo de oxig&#234;nio e da eleva&#231;&#227;o da carga de trabalho do in&#237;cio do exerc&#237;cio at&#233; o limiar anaer&#243;bio apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com &#243;bito (p&lt;0,05). CONCLUS&#195;O: O teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar possibilita a avalia&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis ventilat&#243;rias, metab&#243;licas e hemodin&#226;micas, que podem ser utilizadas como marcadores importantes do progn&#243;stico de vida, nesses pacientes.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGOS ORIGINAIS </p>
    <p> INSUFICI&#202;NCIA CARD&#205;ACA</p>
    <p>Valor preditivo de vari&#225;veis ventilat&#243;rias e metab&#243;licas para &#243;bito em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ana Maria F. Wanderley Braga; Maria Urbana P. B. Rondon; Carlos Eduardo Negr&#227;o; Maur&#237;cio Wajngarten</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP e Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica da USP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar o valor preditivo de vari&#225;veis respirat&#243;rias, metab&#243;licas e hemodin&#226;micas, no teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar, para &#243;bito em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Foram estudados 87 pacientes em classe funcional II e III da NYHA, faixa et&#225;ria de 51&#177;0,5 anos, dos quais 26 eram de etiologia chag&#225;sica, 30 isqu&#234;mica e 31 idiop&#225;tica. O teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar consistiu de protocolo em rampa com incremento de 5 a 15W/min, realizado em cicloerg&#244;metro, at&#233; a exaust&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> A an&#225;lise dos fatores de controle, realizada com regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla de Cox, mostrou que a idade, estatura, peso, superf&#237;cie corporal e sexo n&#227;o foram estatisticamente significativos. O consumo de oxig&#234;nio, o equivalente ventilat&#243;rio de oxig&#234;nio, o equivalente ventilat&#243;rio de di&#243;xido de carbono, o pulso de oxig&#234;nio, a press&#227;o parcial de di&#243;xido de carbono ao final da expira&#231;&#227;o, no limiar anaer&#243;bio, no ponto de compensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria e no pico do exerc&#237;cio apresentaram-se como importantes preditores de &#243;bito. A rela&#231;&#227;o do aumento de di&#243;xido de carbono como fun&#231;&#227;o da eleva&#231;&#227;o da ventila&#231;&#227;o minuto e a rela&#231;&#227;o do aumento do consumo de oxig&#234;nio e da eleva&#231;&#227;o da carga de trabalho do in&#237;cio do exerc&#237;cio at&#233; o limiar anaer&#243;bio apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com &#243;bito (p&lt;0,05). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar possibilita a avalia&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis ventilat&#243;rias, metab&#243;licas e hemodin&#226;micas, que podem ser utilizadas como marcadores importantes do progn&#243;stico de vida, nesses pacientes.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar, progn&#243;stico, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome caracterizada por dispn&#233;ia e intoler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o. O teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar &#233; um m&#233;todo freq&#252;entemente utilizado para avaliar o grau de intoler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o e a capacidade funcional de pacientes portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Com base nessas informa&#231;&#245;es tem sido poss&#237;vel evidenciar a gravidade e mesmo o progn&#243;stico de pacientes acometidos desta s&#237;ndrome, respons&#225;vel por in&#250;meras mortes, inclusive no Brasil<sup>1-2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Entre as vari&#225;veis obtidas no teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar o consumo de oxig&#234;nio, medido no pico do exerc&#237;cio (VO<sub>2</sub> pico) &#233; a vari&#225;vel mais utilizada, por permitir a determina&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional dos pacientes com v&#225;rios graus de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Isto &#233; fundamental quando temos de tomar decis&#245;es importantes, tais como a indica&#231;&#227;o de transplante card&#237;aco<sup>3-5</sup>, o valor progn&#243;stico de mortalidade<sup>3,6-17</sup>, a estratifica&#231;&#227;o do grau de severidade da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca <sup>3,18-21</sup>, o diagn&#243;stico diferencial entre dispn&#233;ia de origem card&#237;aca ou dispn&#233;ia de origem pulmonar<sup>21-24</sup>, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o com marcapasso card&#237;aco<sup>22,25</sup>, bem como a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos resultados terap&#234;uticos medicamentosos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; capacidade f&#237;sica<sup>21,26-28</sup> ou mesmo a prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos<sup>29</sup>. Adicionalmente, o consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;x.) estimado por meio de equa&#231;&#245;es de regress&#227;o linear &#233; aplic&#225;vel, com maior precis&#227;o, somente para exerc&#237;cios subm&#225;ximos<sup>30</sup>.</p>
    <p>Contudo a avalia&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub> pico em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, pode apresentar limita&#231;&#245;es. A parada precoce do exame por falta de motiva&#231;&#227;o ou mesmo receio do paciente em continuar o esfor&#231;o, assim como o t&#233;rmino precoce do exerc&#237;cio pelo examinador, podem subestimar o VO<sub>2</sub> pico e, com isso, prejudicar uma avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica adequada<sup>11,31</sup>. Adicionalmente, estudo realizado por Chomsky e cols.<sup>32</sup> mostrou que o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco parece ser melhor preditor de mortalidade em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca do que o VO<sub>2</sub> pico. Isto &#233;, esses autores observaram que pacientes com um d&#233;bito card&#237;aco baixo durante o esfor&#231;o apresentavam menor sobrevida, independente do valor de VO<sub>2</sub> pico, comparada &#224; daqueles pacientes com d&#233;bito card&#237;aco normal. Mais recentemente, ainda, Corr&#224; e cols.<sup>6</sup> demonstraram que pacientes com capacidade f&#237;sica intermedi&#225;ria, isto &#233;, com VO<sub>2</sub> pico entre 10 e 18 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min.<sup>-1,</sup> mas com a rela&#231;&#227;o do aumento de di&#243;xido de carbono como fun&#231;&#227;o da eleva&#231;&#227;o da ventila&#231;&#227;o minuto (inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>) maior ou igual &#224; 35, tinham taxa de mortalidade semelhante &#224; daqueles pacientes com VO<sub>2</sub> pico menor ou igual &#224; 10 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min.<sup>&#150;1</sup>, mas com inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> menor que 35. Esses resultados sugerem, portanto, a necessidade de se buscarem informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais, obtidas ao longo do teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar, que possam identificar as limita&#231;&#245;es funcionais e metab&#243;licas nesses pacientes.</p>
    <p>Nesse sentido, alguns autores ocuparam-se em avaliar o valor progn&#243;stico de outras vari&#225;veis metab&#243;licas e respirat&#243;rias, tais como o equivalente ventilat&#243;rio de oxig&#234;nio (VE/VO<sub>2</sub>)<sup>10,33</sup>, o equivalente ventilat&#243;rio de di&#243;xido de carbono (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>)<sup>10,33,34</sup>, o pulso de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>/FC)<sup>7,10</sup>, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC)<sup>34-37</sup> a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><sup>6,11,38-39</sup> e, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o aumento do consumo de oxig&#234;nio e a eleva&#231;&#227;o da carga de trabalho (inclina&#231;&#227;o DVO<sub>2</sub>/DW) <sup>6, 8-11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar de muitos estudos j&#225; terem sido realizados nessa &#225;rea, principalmente relacionando-se o valor progn&#243;stico do VO<sub>2</sub> e da inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>, a maioria desses autores avaliaram o valor progn&#243;stico das vari&#225;veis metab&#243;licas e respirat&#243;rias no pico do exerc&#237;cio<sup>3, 38</sup>.</p>
    <p>Contudo, como muitas vezes o paciente com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca apresenta dificuldades em realizar o esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo, a an&#225;lise do valor progn&#243;stico de mortalidade para o risco de &#243;bito durante a fase subm&#225;xima do exerc&#237;cio, no teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar, passa a ser extremamente interessante. De fato, muitos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o conseguem realizar um teste m&#225;ximo, interrompendo o exerc&#237;cio por limita&#231;&#245;es m&#250;sculo-esquel&#233;ticas<sup>40-42</sup> ou mesmo por apresentarem arritmias card&#237;acas potencialmente letais<sup>43-45</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, a compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis metab&#243;licas em momentos distintos, tais como no limiar anaer&#243;bio e no ponto de compensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria, garante-nos que o estresse metab&#243;lico durante o exerc&#237;cio est&#225; sendo o mesmo em todos os pacientes. Quando se comparam as diferentes vari&#225;veis metab&#243;licas em cargas absolutas, o percentual do esfor&#231;o realizado n&#227;o &#233; necessariamente o mesmo e, com isso, o estresse metab&#243;lico e o impacto hemodin&#226;mico para cada paciente ser&#225; diferente. De fato, num estudo realizado por Gitt e cols.<sup>11</sup> os autores verificaram maior valor progn&#243;stico para o risco de &#243;bito em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com a associa&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub> no limiar anaer&#243;bio &#224; inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>. Contudo, apesar desse importante achado, o estudo do valor progn&#243;stico para risco de &#243;bito das vari&#225;veis metab&#243;licas no momento do exerc&#237;cio em que ocorre a transi&#231;&#227;o do metabolismo predominantemente aer&#243;bio para o metabolismo predominantemente anaer&#243;bio, com instala&#231;&#227;o da acidose metab&#243;lica (ponto de compensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria)<sup>46</sup>, tem sido pouco divulgado em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Outro aspecto interessante a ser considerado &#233; que o valor progn&#243;stico para risco de &#243;bito das vari&#225;veis metab&#243;licas analisadas nos limiares ventilat&#243;rios n&#227;o tem sido devidamente estudado em popula&#231;&#245;es que incluam pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de etiologia chag&#225;sica. Esta &#233; uma caracter&#237;stica peculiar, infelizmente presente na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, a qual tem sido considerada um importante problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica n&#227;o s&#243; no Brasil, mas tamb&#233;m em outros pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica do Sul<sup>47</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dessa forma, foi objetivo deste estudo testar a hip&#243;tese de que o n&#237;vel de respostas respirat&#243;rias, metab&#243;licas e hemodin&#226;micas, durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico progressivo, no limiar anaer&#243;bio, no ponto de compensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria e no pico do exerc&#237;cio podem predizer mortalidade, em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Com base em 400 pacientes que realizaram avalia&#231;&#227;o por meio do teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar, em cicloerg&#244;metro, no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da FMUSP, de 1990 e 1997, selecionou-se uma amostra de 87 portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, segundo a classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional de Weber<sup>18</sup>, constitu&#237;da de 74 homens e 13 mulheres, com m&#233;dia de idade de 51 &#177; 0,5 anos e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt;50%. Entre os pacientes, 62% recebiam digital, 75% furosemida e 70% recebiam inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina (captopril ou enalapril) e todos foram submetidos a estudo ecodopplercardiogr&#225;fico.</p>
    <p>Foram exclusos os pacientes que apresentavam limita&#231;&#245;es ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico em decorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a muscular esquel&#233;tica, arteriopatia perif&#233;rica, caquexia, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica ou qualquer outra raz&#227;o que n&#227;o dispn&#233;ia ou fadiga de origem card&#237;aca. Foram tamb&#233;m exclusos aqueles portadores de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com menos de 2 meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o, aqueles com fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou <italic>flutter</italic> atrial, cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, presen&#231;a de valvopatias como doen&#231;a de base tais como estenose mitral, estenose a&#243;rtica, insufici&#234;ncia mitral e insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar, com protocolo de rampa, caracterizado por um incremento cont&#237;nuo de carga, em cicloerg&#244;metro com frenagem eletromagn&#233;tica (<italic>Medifit</italic> 400 I, <italic>Medical Fitness Equipment Maarn</italic>, Holanda). O fluxo respirat&#243;rio e as fra&#231;&#245;es expiradas de oxig&#234;nio e do di&#243;xido de carbono foram coletados a cada ciclo respirat&#243;rio, utilizando-se em an&#225;lise posterior a m&#233;dia de sessenta segundos. Essa avalia&#231;&#227;o foi realizada num sistema computadorizado (modelo CAD/NET 2001, <italic>Medical Graphics Corporation</italic>, Estados Unidos).</p>
    <p>As corre&#231;&#245;es dos volumes gasosos das vari&#225;veis analisadas nas condi&#231;&#245;es de BTPS (<italic>body temperature, ambient pressure, satured with water vapor</italic>) s&#227;o feitas com a temperatura corporal de 37&#186; C e press&#227;o que corresponde &#224; press&#227;o barom&#233;trica. Essas corre&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o realizadas quando queremos saber o volume de ar ventilado pelos pulm&#245;es. Por esse motivo, a ventila&#231;&#227;o, produto da freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria e do volume corrente, &#233; analisada na presen&#231;a de BTPS. J&#225; as corre&#231;&#245;es dos volumes gasosos analisados em STPD (<italic>Standard temperature and pressure, dry</italic>), que corresponde &#224; temperatura padronizada de 0&#186; C, press&#227;o barom&#233;trica de 760 mmHg ao n&#237;vel do mar, com o volume ocupado pelas mol&#233;culas de vapor d'&#225;gua corrigido, ou seja, a seco. Essas corre&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o feitas quando queremos conhecer a quantidade de consumo de oxig&#234;nio e a quantidade de g&#225;s carb&#244;nico<sup>48</sup>.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a adapta&#231;&#227;o do paciente ao ambiente e &#224; aparelhagem, foram realizadas avalia&#231;&#245;es no repouso por 2 minutos, seguidos de 3 minutos de aquecimento sem carga, numa velocidade de 60 rota&#231;&#245;es por minuto (rpm). A partir do quinto minuto iniciou-se o aumento progressivo e constante de carga, e o incremento foi individualizado para cada paciente. A escolha do incremento de carga baseou-se no c&#225;lculo de carga m&#225;xima predita para adultos normais, seguindo-se as f&#243;rmulas estabelecidas para cada sexo, em que se consideram a idade e as caracter&#237;sticas antroprom&#233;tricas<sup>49-50</sup>. Nos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, calcularam-se 80% da pot&#234;ncia m&#225;xima predita para os indiv&#237;duos normais e, para determinar-se a varia&#231;&#227;o de carga, dividiu-se esse valor predito por 10. O incremento de carga no protocolo de rampa utilizado nos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca variou entre 5 e 15 W/min. Todos os pacientes foram encorajados a realizar o exerc&#237;cio progressivo at&#233; que sintomas como dispn&#233;ia, fadiga ou aqueles sintomas que representassem risco para os pacientes os tornassem in&#225;beis para continuar o teste. O per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o foi de 4 minutos; no primeiro minuto foi mantida carga equivalente a 50% e no segundo minuto a 25% da carga m&#225;xima atingida no teste. No terceiro minuto, a carga foi retirada, mas manteve-se a velocidade de 60 rpm e, no quarto minuto, o indiv&#237;duo permaneceu sentado e parado no cicloerg&#244;metro. Determinou-se o limiar anaer&#243;bio pelo m&#233;todo do V-slope, que consiste no ponto de inflex&#227;o no qual a produ&#231;&#227;o do g&#225;s carb&#244;nico se eleva mais rapidamente do que o consumo de oxig&#234;nio<sup>51</sup> ou no ponto em que se observam os menores valores e posterior eleva&#231;&#227;o das curvas do equivalente ventilat&#243;rio de oxig&#234;nio e da press&#227;o parcial de oxig&#234;nio<sup>52</sup>. O ponto de compensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria foi determinado por meio do ponto mais baixo do equivalente ventilat&#243;rio para o di&#243;xido de carbono antes do seu aumento cont&#237;nuo e pelo maior valor da press&#227;o parcial de di&#243;xido de carbono, precedendo a sua queda abrupta<sup>46</sup>. Tanto o limiar anaer&#243;bio como o ponto de compensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria foram determinados por dois observadores experientes. Em caso de diverg&#234;ncia entre ambos, um terceiro observador foi consultado para se chegar a um consenso.</p>
    <p>A press&#227;o arterial (PA) foi aferida pelo m&#233;todo auscultat&#243;rio, utilizando-se uma coluna de merc&#250;rio no repouso, a cada dois minutos de exerc&#237;cio e no primeiro, segundo e quarto minutos do per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) foi continuamente monitorizada pelo sinal eletrocardiogr&#225;fico (Tecnologia Eletr&#244;nica do Brasil, SM, ou Apex 2000) e registrada ao final de cada minuto, durante todo o teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar. Os pacientes abstiveram-se da ingest&#227;o de bebidas cafeinadas e do uso do fumo no dia do teste.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> - Para compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas da amostra, a idade, estatura, peso, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea, superf&#237;cie corporal e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, foi utilizada a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia de 1 caminho. Em caso de signific&#226;ncia, foi utilizado o teste de post hoc de Scheff&#233;. Foi considerado &#237;ndice de signific&#226;ncia p&lt;0,05.</p>
    <p>A inclus&#227;o dos fatores progn&#243;sticos para o tempo entre o teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar e o evento de interesse, considerando o &#243;bito, no per&#237;odo de 1.060 &#177; 90 dias, foi realizada por meio de modelos de riscos proporcionais de Cox multivariados<sup>53</sup>, considerando-se a amostra estratificada por etiologia. Verificamos a necessidade de se utilizarem poss&#237;veis fatores de controle que foram: idade, estatura, peso, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea, superf&#237;cie corporal e sexo. Em seguida, cada um dos poss&#237;veis fatores progn&#243;sticos foi avaliado separadamente, com a inclus&#227;o dos fatores de controle que se mostraram importantes na an&#225;lise anterior. Os fatores progn&#243;sticos considerados foram: VO<sub>2</sub>, em ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>, VE/VO<sub>2</sub>, VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>, VO<sub>2</sub>/FC em ml.bat<sup>-1</sup>, a press&#227;o parcial de di&#243;xido de carbono ao final da expira&#231;&#227;o (PetCO<sub>2</sub>) em mmHg, a FC em batimentos por minuto (bpm) e a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), em mil&#237;metros de merc&#250;rio (mmHg). Todas essas vari&#225;veis foram analisadas no limiar anaer&#243;bio, no ponto de compensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria e no pico do esfor&#231;o.</p>
    <p>A percentagem da FC m&#225;xima obtida no teste foi analisada no limiar anaer&#243;bio e no ponto de compensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria. A do limiar anaer&#243;bio foi calculada com base na FC obtida no limiar anaer&#243;bio e dividida pela FC m&#225;xima obtida no teste. A do ponto de compensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria foi calculada com base na FC obtida no ponto de compensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria, dividida pela FC m&#225;xima obtida no teste.</p>
    <p>A inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> foi calculada por meio da equa&#231;&#227;o de regress&#227;o linear, do in&#237;cio do exame at&#233; o limiar anaer&#243;bio, usando-se os valores da eleva&#231;&#227;o da ventila&#231;&#227;o minuto em rela&#231;&#227;o a produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono. A inclina&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o DVO<sub>2</sub>/DW foi calculada pela equa&#231;&#227;o de regress&#227;o linear, do in&#237;cio do exame at&#233; o limiar anaer&#243;bio, usando-se os valores do aumento de consumo de oxig&#234;nio (DVO<sub>2</sub>) em rela&#231;&#227;o a eleva&#231;&#227;o da carga de trabalho (DW).</p>
    <p>Foi considerado n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia p&lt;0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas da amostra estudada s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">tabela 1</xref>. Na an&#225;lise de sobrevida, pelo modelo de Cox multivariado, a idade (p=0,4), estatura (p=0,9), peso (p=0,1), superf&#237;cie corporal (p=0,3) e sexo (p=0,6) n&#227;o foram vari&#225;veis que influenciaram no tempo at&#233; o &#243;bito. Entretanto o &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (p=0,05) apresentou um valor progn&#243;stico significativo quanto ao tempo de &#243;bito. Essa vari&#225;vel foi considerada como o &#250;nico fator de controle na an&#225;lise multivariada realizada para os fatores progn&#243;sticos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0451-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foi significantemente menor nos pacientes de etiologia idiop&#225;tica, quando comparada com a dos chag&#225;sicos (p&lt;0,05).</p>
    <p>Nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">tabelas 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">4</xref> s&#227;o apresentadas as vari&#225;veis metab&#243;licas, respirat&#243;rias e hemodin&#226;micas com seus valores preditivos de risco para &#243;bito, no limiar anaer&#243;bio, no ponto de compensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria e no pico do exerc&#237;cio, respectivamente.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0451-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0451-00007-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0451-00007-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>O VO<sub>2</sub>, o VE/VO<sub>2</sub>, o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>, a PetCO<sub>2</sub> e o VO<sub>2</sub>/FC, apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com risco de &#243;bito no limiar anaer&#243;bio, no ponto de compensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria e no pico do exerc&#237;cio.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; FC, esta n&#227;o apresentou valor progn&#243;stico estatisticamente significativo em nenhuma das fases do exerc&#237;cio. No entanto a percentagem da FC m&#225;xima apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com risco de &#243;bito, no limiar anaer&#243;bio e no ponto de compensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria. E a PAS apresentou valor progn&#243;stico de &#243;bito no pico do exerc&#237;cio.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos coeficientes angulares das vari&#225;veis metab&#243;licas durante o teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar analisados at&#233; o limiar anaer&#243;bio, ambos, a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> e a inclina&#231;&#227;o DVO<sub>2</sub>/DW, apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa quanto ao risco de &#243;bito.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os principais resultados do presente estudo s&#227;o: 1) As vari&#225;veis metab&#243;licas e respirat&#243;rias VO<sub>2</sub>, VE/VO<sub>2,</sub> VE/CO<sub>2,</sub> PetCO<sub>2</sub> e, VO<sub>2</sub>/FC, no limiar anaer&#243;bio, no ponto de compensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria e no pico do exerc&#237;cio, obtidos durante o teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar, podem predizer o risco relativo de mortalidade, em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; 2) o grau de inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> e DVO<sub>2</sub> /DW at&#233; o limiar anaer&#243;bio, durante um teste de esfor&#231;o cadiopulmonar progressivo, pode predizer o risco relativo de mortalidade, em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; 3) as percentagens da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima obtidas no limiar anaer&#243;bio e no ponto de compensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria foram preditores de mortalidade durante um teste de esfor&#231;o cadiopulmonar progressivo, nos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e 4) a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, no pico do exerc&#237;cio, pode predizer o risco relativo de mortalidade, em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Os resultados do presente estudo ampliam nossos conhecimentos, &#224; medida que eles evidenciam que outras vari&#225;veis respirat&#243;rias e metab&#243;licas obtidas durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o do teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar podem estimar o risco de mortalidade em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, n&#227;o s&#243; no pico do exerc&#237;cio, mas tamb&#233;m durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico subm&#225;ximo, no limiar anaer&#243;bio e no ponto de compensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria, momentos metab&#243;licos importantes do exerc&#237;cio. Estes resultados, al&#233;m de implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, t&#234;m um cunho pr&#225;tico de import&#226;ncia: eles apontam para o fato de que &#233; poss&#237;vel se obterem informa&#231;&#245;es a respeito do risco de mortalidade, tanto no pico do exerc&#237;cio como durante o exerc&#237;cio subm&#225;ximo, sem necessariamente expor o paciente a um esfor&#231;o muito intenso, j&#225; que muitos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca podem terminar o procedimento devido &#224; isquemia e/ou arritmias<sup>10</sup> ou mesmo por apresentarem limita&#231;&#227;o funcional importante, prejudicando, assim, sua avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da PetCO<sub>2</sub> tem sido foco de interesse durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o do teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar, em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>54-55</sup>. Por&#233;m, at&#233; onde n&#243;s temos conhecimento, esta &#233; a primeira vez que se demonstra o valor progn&#243;stico dessa vari&#225;vel no limiar anaer&#243;bio, no ponto de compensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria e no pico do exerc&#237;cio. Esse fato &#233; extremamente importante devido a que, recentemente, a PetCO<sub>2</sub> tem sido correlacionada com o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, durante o exerc&#237;cio, em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>54-55</sup>. Isto &#233;, em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em quem se observa uma resposta deprimida do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco durante o exerc&#237;cio, a PetCO<sub>2</sub> apresenta-se tamb&#233;m com seus valores diminu&#237;dos.</p>
    <p>O n&#237;vel de respostas metab&#243;licas e respirat&#243;rias e mesmo a rela&#231;&#227;o alterada entre elas, que levam a um valor progn&#243;stico preditivo de mortalidade nesses pacientes, nos traz &#224; tona a pergunta sobre quais mecanismos que norteiam a resposta ventilat&#243;ria exagerada durante o exerc&#237;cio na presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Uma perfus&#227;o diminu&#237;da na musculatura esquel&#233;tica, em decorr&#234;ncia de um baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, em associa&#231;&#227;o com uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na capacidade oxidativa muscular e mesmo de caquexia levam a uma acidose metab&#243;lica precoce. Em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, em quem a sensibilidade dos quimiorreceptores musculares j&#225; se encontra hipersens&#237;vel<sup>56-58</sup>, um aumento prematuro da acidose metab&#243;lica pode potencializar, sobremaneira, o <italic>drive</italic> ventilat&#243;rio durante o exerc&#237;cio. Os nossos resultados evidenciam claramente este comportamento ventilat&#243;rio na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Enquanto em indiv&#237;duos normais o equivalente ventilat&#243;rio para di&#243;xido de carbono<sub>,</sub> no pico do exerc&#237;cio &#233; de aproximadamente 37&#177;0,2, em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; de 47&#177;0,2.</p>
    <p>Outro dado interessante do nosso estudo foi o de que n&#227;o observamos valor preditivo de mortalidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nesses pacientes. Contudo, quando se fez a correla&#231;&#227;o da percentagem da FC m&#225;xima atingida no pico do esfor&#231;o, observamos valor progn&#243;stico significativo tanto no limiar anaer&#243;bio como no ponto de compensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria. O fato de a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no pico de esfor&#231;o n&#227;o ter apresentado valor preditivo de mortalidade, poderia ser explicado pela pr&#243;pria incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica observada na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>37, 59</sup>. Sabe-se que os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca t&#234;m um aumento na atividade simp&#225;tica, decorrente de n&#237;veis elevados de catecolaminas ciculantes<sup>60</sup>, que parece estar associada &#224; dessensibiliza&#231;&#227;o, redu&#231;&#227;o dos receptores b adren&#233;rgicos e <italic>downregulation</italic> dos receptores card&#237;acos<sup>61</sup> e resposta inotr&#243;pica e cronotr&#243;pica deprimidas<sup>35,37, 62</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em indiv&#237;duos normais, a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica aumenta progressivamente com o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico progressivo, fornecendo, de maneira indireta, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da resposta inotr&#243;pica do cora&#231;&#227;o. O fato de o seu aumento inadequado ser considerado um fator de risco para &#243;bito nos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; evidenciado, tamb&#233;m, nos nossos resultados.</p>
    <p>Finalmente, vale a pena ressaltar, na presente investiga&#231;&#227;o, o aspecto relacionado &#224; amostra estudada. Diferentemente dos outros estudos que tamb&#233;m avaliaram o valor progn&#243;stico de mortalidade nas vari&#225;veis metab&#243;licas obtidas durante o teste ergoespirom&#233;trico, a miscigena&#231;&#227;o racial, caracter&#237;stica em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, t&#234;m sido sugerida como fator que pode influenciar o VO<sub>2</sub> durante o exerc&#237;cio<sup>63</sup>.</p>
    <p><italic>Limita&#231;&#245;es</italic><bold>-</bold> Reconhecemos v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es neste estudo. O teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar foi realizado em cicloerg&#244;metro; n&#227;o sabemos se estes resultados se reproduzem em esteira. Entretanto o teste em cicloerg&#244;metro, em protocolo em rampa, tem-se mostrado de grande aplicabilidade em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, inclusive para fins de acompanhamento de tratamento farmacol&#243;gico e n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gico<sup>64-65</sup>. No per&#237;odo em que este estudo foi realizado, a indica&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueadores no tratamento de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o era ainda conduta determinante. Hoje, o tratamento com betabloqueadores &#233; uma conduta mandat&#243;ria. Assim, n&#227;o sabemos qual &#233; a import&#226;ncia dessas vari&#225;veis metab&#243;licas e respirat&#243;rias como preditoras de risco relativo de mortalidade, em uso de betabloqueadores.</p>
    <p><italic>Perspectivas</italic> - Uma continuidade natural deste estudo seria a an&#225;lise do valor preditivo das vari&#225;veis respirat&#243;rias, metab&#243;licas e hemodin&#226;micas de exerc&#237;cio para o risco relativo de mortalidade em uso de betabloqueadores. Somando-se a isto, seria de interesse verificar se o tipo de erg&#244;metro pode influenciar os resultados alcan&#231;ados neste estudo.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, o teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar, al&#233;m de seguro e de possibilitar a avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional, pode fornecer, com base em respostas respirat&#243;rias, metab&#243;licas e hemodin&#226;micas, informa&#231;&#245;es importantes quanto ao risco relativo de mortalidade, em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Ana Maria F. Wanderley Braga </p>
        <p> InCor </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 </p>
        <p> 05403-000 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="cndbraga@incor.usp.br">cndbraga@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 19/04/04 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 17/03/06</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Predictive value of ventilatory and metabolic variables for risk of death in patients with cardiac failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To analyze the predictive value of respiratory, metabolic, and hemodynamic variables obtained during the cardiopulmonary stress test for the risk of death in patients with heart failure. METHODS: Eighty-seven NYHA Functional Class II and III patients were analyzed, ages 51 &#177; 0.5 years, 26 of them with Chagas' disease, 30 with coronary ischemia, and 31 with idiopathic etiology. The cardiopulmonary stress test consisted of a ramp-protocol with 5 to 15 W/min workload increments performed on a bicycle-ergonometer until exhaustion. RESULTS: In this study, the multiple Cox regression analysis of age, height, weight, body surface, and gender showed that these parameters were not statistically significant control factors. Oxygen uptake, ventilatory equivalent of oxygen, ventilatory equivalent of carbon dioxide production, oxygen pulse, and end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide at the anaerobic threshold, respiratory compensation point, and peak exercise proved to be important death predictors in heart failure patients. The relationship between the increase in carbon dioxide output as a function of the increase in minute ventilation, and the association between the oxygen uptake increase and the elevation of the workload from the beginning of exercise to the anaerobic threshold were statistically significant predictors of death in heart failure patients (p&lt;0.05). CONCLUSION: The cardiopulmonary stress test makes it possible to evaluate ventilatory, metabolic, and hemodynamic variables that may be utilized as important markers of life prognosis in these patients.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiopulmonary stress test</kwd>
        <kwd>prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>heart failure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Predictive value of ventilatory and metabolic variables for risk of death in patients with cardiac failure</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ana Maria F. Wanderley Braga; Maria Urbana P. B. Rondon; Carlos Eduardo Negr&#227;o; Maur&#237;cio Wajngarten</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP e Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica da USP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To analyze the predictive value of respiratory, metabolic, and hemodynamic variables obtained during the cardiopulmonary stress test for the risk of death in patients with heart failure.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Eighty-seven NYHA Functional Class II and III patients were analyzed, ages 51 &#177; 0.5 years, 26 of them with Chagas' disease, 30 with coronary ischemia, and 31 with idiopathic etiology. The cardiopulmonary stress test consisted of a ramp-protocol with 5 to 15 W/min workload increments performed on a bicycle-ergonometer until exhaustion.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> In this study, the multiple Cox regression analysis of age, height, weight, body surface, and gender showed that these parameters were not statistically significant control factors. Oxygen uptake, ventilatory equivalent of oxygen, ventilatory equivalent of carbon dioxide production, oxygen pulse, and end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide at the anaerobic threshold, respiratory compensation point, and peak exercise proved to be important death predictors in heart failure patients. The relationship between the increase in carbon dioxide output as a function of the increase in minute ventilation, and the association between the oxygen uptake increase and the elevation of the workload from the beginning of exercise to the anaerobic threshold were statistically significant predictors of death in heart failure patients (p&lt;0.05).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The cardiopulmonary stress test makes it possible to evaluate ventilatory, metabolic, and hemodynamic variables that may be utilized as important markers of life prognosis in these patients.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Cardiopulmonary stress test, prognosis, heart failure.</p>
      <p>Heart failure is a syndrome characterized by exertional dyspnea and intolerance to exercise. The cardiopulmonary stress test is a method frequently used to evaluate the degree of exercise intolerance and functional capacity of heart failure patients. Based on this information it has been possible to identify the seriousness and even prognosis of patients with this syndrome that is responsible for innumerable deaths, including in Brazil<sup>1-2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Among the variables obtained with the cardiopulmonary exercise test, oxygen uptake, measured at the peak of exercise (peak VO<sub>2</sub>) is the most employed variable since it allows the determination of the functional capacity of patients with several degrees of heart failure. This is vital in important decisions such as heart transplant indications<sup>3-5</sup>, or evaluations of the prognostic value of mortality<sup>3, 6-17</sup>, stratification of the degree of heart failure severity<sup>3,18-21</sup>, differential diagnosis between dyspnea of cardiac origin or dyspnea of pulmonary origin,<sup>21-24</sup>, or an appraisal of an intervention with a cardiac pacemaker<sup>22, 25</sup>. It is also a useful means for assessment of drug therapy results relative to physical capacity <sup>21, 26-28</sup>, or even the prescription of physical exercise<sup>29</sup>. The maximum oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2</sub> max.) estimated by linear regression equations is only precise in its application for submaximal exercise<sup>30</sup>.</p>
      <p>Nevertheless, the evaluation of the VO<sub>2</sub> peak in patients with cardiac failure may have limitations. Early interruption of the test on the part of the patient because of lack of motivation or fear of continuing the exercise, or an early interruption by the examiner may underestimate the peak VO<sub>2</sub> value and hinder an adequate diagnostic evaluation<sup>11,31</sup>. Moreover, a study by Chomsky et al<sup>32</sup> showed that cardiac output seems to be a better predictor of mortality in patients with heart failure than the peak VO<sub>2</sub>. These authors observed that patients with a low cardiac output during exertion had a shorter survival, regardless of the peak VO<sub>2</sub> value, compared to those patients with a normal cardiac output. More recently, Corr&#224; et al<sup>6</sup>, demonstrated that patients with intermediate physical capacity, i.e., peak VO<sub>2</sub> between 10 and 18 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min.<sup>-1</sup> but with a ratio of increased carbon dioxide as a function of an increased minute ventilation (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope) greater than or equal to 35, showed a similar mortality rate as those patients with a peak VO<sub>2</sub> smaller than or equal to 10 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min.<sup>&#150;1</sup>, but a VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope of less than 35. Therefore, these results suggest the need for further information obtained during cardiopulmonary stress tests that may identify functional and metabolic limitations in these patients.</p>
      <p>For this reason, some authors have sought to evaluate the prognostic value of other metabolic and respiratory variables, such as the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VE/VO<sub>2</sub>) <sup>10,33</sup>, the ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>)<sup>10,33,34</sup>, oxygen pulse (VO<sub>2</sub>/HR)<sup>7,10</sup>, heart rate (HR)<sup>34-37</sup>, VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope<sup>6,11,38-39</sup>, and the relationship between the increase in oxygen uptake and the increase of work load (DVO<sub>2</sub>/DW slope) <sup>6, 8-11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Despite the many studies already conducted in this area, especially relating the prognostic value of VO<sub>2</sub> and the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, most of these authors assessed the prognostic value of the metabolic and respiratory variables at the peak of exercise<sup>3, 38</sup>.</p>
      <p>However, since many times the patient with cardiac failure has difficulties in performing at maximal exercise, the analysis of the prognostic value of mortality as to the risk of death during the submaximal phase of exercise in the cardiopulmonary stress test is extremely appealing. In fact, many patients with heart failure cannot perform a maximal test, and must interrupt their exercise because of muscular-skeletal limitations<sup>40,42</sup> or because they experience potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmias<sup>43-45</sup>. Additionally, the comparison of metabolic variables at distinct time points, such as at the anaerobic threshold and the point of respiratory compensation, assure us that the metabolic stress during exercise is proving to be the same in all of the patients. When the different metabolic variables are compared by absolute loads, the percentage of exertion put forth is not necessarily the same and therefore the metabolic stress and the hemodynamic impact will be different for each patient. Actually, in a study carried out by Gitt et al<sup>11</sup> a greater prognostic value was noted for risk of death in patients with heart failure with the association of VO2 at the anaerobic threshold and the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope. Nevertheless, in spite of this important finding, the study of the prognostic value for the risk of death of the metabolic variables at the transition from predominantly aerobic metabolism to predominantly anaerobic metabolism exercise timepoint and the establishment of metabolic acidosis (respiratory compensation point)<sup>46</sup> in patients with heart failure has not been amply divulged.</p>
      <p>Another interesting aspect to be considered is that the prognostic value for risk of death of the metabolic variables analyzed at ventilatory thresholds has not been adequately studied in populations that include patients with cardiac failure of Chagasic etiology. This peculiar and unfortunate characteristic of our population has been considered a significant public health problem not only in Brazil, but in other countries of South America as well<sup>47</sup>.</p>
      <p>Thus, the objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the level of respiratory, metabolic, and hemodynamic responses during progressive physical exercise, at the anaerobic threshold, the point of respiratory compensation, and peak exercise can predict mortality in patients with heart failure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A sample of 87 subjects was selected from 400 patients who were assessed by the cardiopulmonary stress test on a bicycle ergonometer at the Heart Institute of the <italic>Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</italic> between 1990 and 1997. These were individuals with heart failure according to Weber's functional classification<sup>18</sup> and the group consisted of 74 men and 13 women, average age 51 &#177; 0.5 years and ejection fraction of &lt;50%. Among the patients, 62% received digitalis drugs, 75% received furosemide, and 70% received angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (captopril or enalapril), and all were submitted to an echodopplercardiographic study.</p>
      <p>Patients with physical exertion limitations because of muscular-skeletal disease, peripheral arteriopathy, cachexia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or any reason other than dyspnea or fatigue of cardiac origin were excluded from the study. Also excluded were those patients with acute myocardial infarct with less than 2 months of disease progression, those with atrial fibrillation or flutter, congenital cardiopathy, valvulopathy as baseline illness such as mitral stenosis, aortic stenosis, mitral insufficiency, and aortic insufficiency.</p>
      <p>All patients were submitted to the ramp-protocol cardiopulmonary stress test, characterized by a continuous load increment on a bicycle-ergonometer with electromagnetic brakes (Medifit 400 I, Medical Fitness Equipment Maarn, Holland). The respiratory flow and the fractions of expired oxygen and carbon dioxide were collected at each respiratory cycle using the sixty-second average in the posterior analysis. This evaluation was made on a computed system (CAD/NET 2001 model, Medical Graphics Corporation, United States).</p>
      <p>Corrections of gas volumes of the variables analyzed under BTPS conditions (body temperature, ambient pressure, saturated with water vapor), were made at a 37&#186; C body temperature and pressure that corresponds to the barometric pressure. These corrections are made when we need to know the volume of air ventilated by the lungs. For this reason, ventilation, the product of the breathing rate by tidal volume, is analyzed under BTPS conditions. On the other hand, the corrections of gas volumes analyzed under STPD conditions (standard temperature and pressure, dry), were made at a standardized temperature of 0&#186; C, barometric pressure of 760 mmHg at sea level, with the volume occupied by water vapor molecules corrected, i.e., dry. These corrections are made when we need to know the quantity of oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide output<sup>48</sup>.</p>
      <p>After the patients were adapted to the surroundings and equipment, resting assessments were made for 2 minutes, followed by 3 minutes of warm-up with no load at a speed of 60 rotations per minute (rpm). From the fifth minute on, the load was progressively and constantly increased, and the increment was individualized for each patient. The choice of load increment was based on the predicted maximal load for normal adults according to established formulas for each gender that take into account age and anthropometric characteristics<sup>49-50</sup>. In patients with heart failure, 80% of the predicted maximal potency was calculated for normal individuals; to determine the load variation, this predicted value was divided by 10. The load increment in the ramp-protocol utilized in patients with heart failure varied between 5 and 15 W/min. All patients were encouraged to exert progressive effort until symptoms such as dyspnea, fatigue, or that represented a risk made them incapable of continuing. Recovery period lasted 4 minutes; during the first minute, the load maintained was equivalent to 50% and during the second minute, equivalent to 25% of the maximal load attained in the test. During the third minute, the load was removed, but the 60 rpm speed was maintained, and during the fourth minute, the individual remained seated and still on the bicycle-ergonometer. The anaerobic threshold was determined by the V-slope method that consists of the inflexion point at which the carbon dioxide gas production raises faster than the oxygen uptake<sup>51</sup>, or at the point where the lowest values and posterior elevation of the ventilatory equivalent curves for oxygen and partial pressure of oxygen are observed<sup>52</sup>. The respiratory compensation point was determined through the lowest point of the ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide before its continuous increase, and by the greatest value of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide preceding its abrupt fall<sup>46</sup>. Both the anaerobic threshold and the respiratory compensation point were determined by two experienced observers. When there was divergence between the two, a third observer was consulted in order to reach a consensus.</p>
      <p>The arterial blood pressure (BP) was checked by auscultation using a mercury column while at rest, at every two minutes of exercise, and at the first, second, and fourth minutes of the recovery period. The heart rate (HR) was continually monitored by electrocardiographic signal (Tecnologia Eletr&#244;nica do Brasil, SM, or Apex 2000) and recorded at the end of each minute during the entire cardiopulmonary stress test. Patients refrained from ingesting caffeinated beverages and smoking on the day of the test.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical Analysis</italic> - For comparison of the sample characteristics, age, stature, weight, body mass index, body surface, and ejection fraction the 1 path variance analysis was used. In case of significance, the Scheff&#233; <italic>post-hoc</italic> test was used. A p&lt;0.05 significance level was considered.</p>
      <p>The inclusion of prognostic factors for the time between the cardiopulmonary stress test and the event of interest, considered death, during the period of 1,060 &#177; 90 days, was made through multivariate Cox proportional risk models<sup>53</sup> considering the sample stratified by etiology. We observed the need to use possible control factors such as age, stature, weight, body mass index, body surface, and gender. Next, each one of the possible prognostic factors was evaluated separately, with the inclusion of the control factors that proved to be important in the previous analysis. The prognostic factors considered were: VO<sub>2</sub>, in ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min.<sup>-1</sup>, VE/VO<sub>2</sub>, VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>, VO<sub>2</sub>/HR in ml.bt<sup>-1</sup>, end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PetCO<sub>2</sub>) in mmHg, HR in beats per minute (bpm), and the systolic arterial pressure (SAP) in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). All these variables were analyzed at the anaerobic threshold, respiratory compensation point, and peak exercise.</p>
      <p>The percentage of maximal HR attained on the test was analyzed at the anaerobic threshold and respiratory compensation point. The anaerobic threshold percentage was calculated from the HR obtained at the anaerobic threshold and divided by the maximal HR attained on the test. The respiratory compensation point percentage was calculated from the HR obtained at the respiratory compensation point divided by the maximal HR obtained on the test.</p>
      <p>The VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope was calculated by means of a linear regression equation, from the start of the test to the anaerobic threshold, using the values of the minute ventilation elevation relative to the output of carbon dioxide. The DVO<sub>2</sub>/DW ratio slope was calculated by means of the linear regression equation, from the beginning of the test to the anaerobic threshold, using the oxygen uptake (DVO<sub>2</sub>) values increase relative to the workload (DW) elevation.</p>
      <p>A significance level of p&lt;0.05 was considered.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The characteristics of the sample analyzed are shown on <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_29878t01-body2">Table 1</xref>. In the survival analysis by the Cox multivariate model, age (p=0.4), height (p=0.9), weight (p=0.1), body surface (p=0.3) and gender (p=0.6), were not variables that influenced the time to death. Nevertheless, the body mass index (p=0.05) showed a significant prognostic value as to time to death. This variable was considered the only control factor in the multivariate analysis performed for the prognostic factors.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_29878t01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0451-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The ejection fraction was significantly smaller in patients with idiopathic etiology as compared to those of Chagasic etiology (p&lt;0.05).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_29878t02-body2">Tables 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_29878t03-body2">3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_29878t04-body2">4</xref> show the metabolic, respiratory, and hemodynamic variables with their predictive risk values for death, at the anaerobic threshold, respiratory compensation point, and peak exercise, respectively.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_29878t02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0451-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_29878t03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0451-00007-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_29878t04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0451-00007-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The VO<sub>2</sub>, VE/VO<sub>2</sub>, VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>, PetCO<sub>2,</sub> and VO<sub>2</sub>/HR held a statistically significant correlation with the risk of death at the anaerobic threshold, respiratory compensation point, and peak exercise.</p>
      <p>The HR did not show a statistically significant prognostic value at any phase of exercise. However, the maximal HR percentage showed a statistically significant correlation with the risk of death at the anaerobic threshold and the respiratory compensation point. In addition, the SAP had a prognostic value for death at peak exercise.</p>
      <p>The angular coefficients of the metabolic variables during the cardiopulmonary stress test were analyzed up to the anaerobic threshold, and both the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope and the DVO<sub>2</sub>/DW slope showed a statistically significant correlation to risk of death.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The principal results of this study are: 1) metabolic and respiratory variables VO<sub>2</sub>, VE/VO<sub>2,</sub> VE/CO<sub>2,</sub> PetCO<sub>2</sub> and VO<sub>2</sub>/HR at the anaerobic threshold, respiratory compensation point, and peak exercise obtained during the cardiopulmonary stress test may predict the relative mortality risk in patients with cardiac failure; 2) the degree of inclination of the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> and DVO<sub>2</sub> /DW slopes up to the anaerobic threshold during a progressive cardiopulmonary stress test may predict the relative mortality risk in patients with cardiac failure; 3) the percentages of maximal heart rate obtained at the anaerobic threshold and the respiratory compensation point were predictors of mortality during a progressive cardiopulmonary stress test in patients with cardiac failure; and 4) the systolic arterial blood pressure at peak exercise may predict the relative mortality risk in patients with cardiac failure.</p>
      <p>The results of this study broaden our knowledge as they show that other respiratory and metabolic variables obtained during the cardiopulmonary stress test evaluation may estimate the mortality risk in patients with cardiac failure, not only at peak exercise, but also during submaximal physical exercise at the anaerobic threshold and at the respiratory compensation point, which are important moments of exercise. Besides clinical implications, these results have a practical importance as they point out the possibility of obtaining information on mortality risks, both at the peak exercise and during submaximal exercise, without necessarily exposing the patient to a very intense exertion. Currently, many heart failure patients may discontinue the procedure because of ischemia and/or arrhythmias<sup>10</sup> or even because of an important functional limitation, hindering a maximal evaluation.</p>
      <p>Additionally, the evaluation of PetCO<sub>2</sub> has been the focus of interest during the cardiopulmonary stress test evaluation in patients with cardiac failure<sup>54-55</sup>. However, as far as we know, this is the first time the prognostic value of this variable at the anaerobic threshold, respiratory compensation point, and peak exercise is demonstrated. This fact is extremely important since PetCO<sub>2</sub> has been recently correlated with cardiac output during exercise in patients with heart failure<sup>54-55</sup>. That is, in patients with cardiac failure in whom a low cardiac output response is seen during exercise, the PetCO<sub>2</sub> has lower values as well.</p>
      <p>The level of metabolic and respiratory responses and even the altered ratio between them that leads to a predictive prognostic value of mortality in these patients raises the question as to which mechanisms direct the exaggerated ventilatory response during exercise in the presence of heart failure. Diminished perfusion in skeletal muscles because of a low cardiac output associated with a decrease in muscular oxidative capacity and even cachexia, leads to early metabolic acidosis. In patients with cardiac failure in whom muscular chemoreceptors are already hypersensitive<sup>56-58</sup>, a premature worsening of metabolic acidosis may enormously potentiate the ventilatory drive during exercise. Our results clearly show this ventilatory behavior in heart failure. While in normal individuals the ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide at peak exercise is approximately 37 &#177; 0.2, in patients with cardiac failure it is 47 &#177; 0.2.</p>
      <p>Another interesting finding in our study is that we did not detect that heart rate has a predictive value for mortality in these patients. However, when a correlation is made of the percentage of maximal HR attained at peak exercise, we observe a significant prognostic value both at the anaerobic threshold and at the respiratory compensation point. The fact that the heart rate at the peak exercise did not show a predictive value for mortality might be explained by the chronotropic incompetence observed in heart failure<sup>37,59</sup>. It is known that patients with heart failure have a greater sympathetic activity as a result of elevated levels of circulating catecholamines<sup>60</sup> that seems to be associated with desensitization, reduction of b-adrenergic receptors and down regulation of cardiac receptors<sup>61</sup>, and depressed inotropic and chronotropic responses<sup>35, 37, 62</sup>.</p>
      <p>In normal individuals, systolic arterial blood pressure increases progressively with progressive physical exercise, indirectly furnishing the evaluation of the inotropic response of the heart. In our results, it is clear that an inadequate increase of SAP is considered a risk factor for death in patients with cardiac failure.</p>
      <p>Finally, we highlight a significant aspect related to the sample analyzed. Contrary to other studies that also evaluated the prognostic value for mortality of the metabolic variables obtained during the ergospirometry test, racial miscegenation, a characteristic of our population, has been suggested as a factor that may influence the VO<sub>2</sub> during exercise<sup>63</sup>.</p>
      <p><italic>Limitations <bold>-</bold></italic> We recognize several limitations in this study. The cardiopulmonary stress test was carried out on a bicycle-ergonometer and we do not know if these results are reproducible on a treadmill. However, the test done on the bicycle-ergonometer with the ramp-protocol has proved to be very applicable in patients with cardiac failure, including for follow-up purposes of drug and non-drug treatments<sup>64-65</sup>. During the period in which this study was conducted, the indication of beta-blockers in the treatment of patients with heart failure was not yet a decisive procedure. Today, treatment with beta-blockers is mandatory. Therefore, we do not know the importance of these metabolic and respiratory variables as predictors of a relative mortality risk while using beta-blockers.</p>
      <p><italic>Perspectives</italic> - A natural continuation of this study would be the analysis of the predictive value of respiratory, metabolic, and hemodynamic variables of exercise for the relative risk of mortality with the use of beta-blockers. Added to this, it would be interesting to verify if the type of ergonometer can influence the results attained in this study.</p>
      <p>In closing, besides being safe and enabling an evaluation of functional capacity, the cardiopulmonary stress test, based on respiratory, metabolic, and hemodynamic responses, can provide important information as to the relative mortality risk in patients with heart failure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing Address:</p>
          <p> Ana Maria F. Wanderley Braga</p>
          <p> InCor</p>
          <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44</p>
          <p> 05403-000 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="cndbraga@incor.usp.br">cndbraga@incor.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 19/04/04</p>
      <p> Accepted on 17/03/06</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
