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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">x6sk7J84m9zsYR5kQYvk8Yy</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000600005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600605</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000600005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Crit&#233;rios ecocardiogr&#225;ficos para defini&#231;&#227;o de graus de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular em ratos portadores de estenose a&#243;rtica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Val&#233;ria Barros de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yaegaschi</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelle Yumi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cicogna</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Politi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aragon</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio Ferrari</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bruno</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio Batista</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Padovani</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Katashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto de Bioci&#234;ncias de Botucatu</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>432</fpage>
      <lpage>438</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas que definam graus de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em ratos com estenose a&#243;rtica (EAo). M&#201;TODOS: Ratos Wistar (n = 23), machos (90-100 g), foram submetidos a cirurgia para indu&#231;&#227;o de EAo. As vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas analisadas foram: di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE) e sist&#243;lico do &#225;trio esquerdo em valores absolutos e normalizados para o peso corporal; di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do VE (DSVE); tr&#234;s &#237;ndices de encurtamento do VE (% de encurtamento endoc&#225;rdico, %Enc.Endo; % de encurtamento mioc&#225;rdico, %Enc.Mio; e velocidade de encurtamento da parede posterior do VE, VEPP); e &#237;ndice de massa do VE (IMVE). Essas vari&#225;veis foram utilizadas para a an&#225;lise de agrupamento ("cluster analysis"). RESULTADOS: A an&#225;lise de agrupamento possibilitou separar os ratos com EAo em dois grupos: disfun&#231;&#227;o leve (n = 13) e disfun&#231;&#227;o severa (n = 9). Os intervalos de confian&#231;a das seguintes vari&#225;veis n&#227;o apresentaram superposi&#231;&#227;o dos seus valores: DDVE, DSVE, %Enc.Endo, %Enc.Mio, IMVE e VEPP. CONCLUS&#195;O: A utiliza&#231;&#227;o conjunta dos intervalos de confian&#231;a dessas vari&#225;veis permite identificar dois grupos de ratos com estenose a&#243;rtica e diferentes graus de comprometimento card&#237;aco, possibilitando a realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos longitudinais com grupos homog&#234;neos de animais.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Ecocardiograma</kwd>
        <kwd>estenose a&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>an&#225;lise de agrupamento</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGOS ORIGINAIS </p>
    <p> ECOCARDIOGRAFIA</p>
    <p>Crit&#233;rios ecocardiogr&#225;ficos para defini&#231;&#227;o de graus de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular em ratos portadores de estenose a&#243;rtica</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vanessa Oliveira Moreira; Ana Val&#233;ria Barros de Castro; Marcelle Yumi Yaegaschi; Antonio Carlos Cicogna; Marina Politi Okoshi; Camila Alves Pereira; Fl&#225;vio Ferrari Aragon; M&#225;rio Batista Bruno; Carlos Roberto Padovani; Katashi Okoshi</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu e Instituto de Bioci&#234;ncias de Botucatu &#150; Unesp - Botucatu, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas que definam graus de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em ratos com estenose a&#243;rtica (EAo). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Ratos Wistar (n = 23), machos (90-100 g), foram submetidos a cirurgia para indu&#231;&#227;o de EAo. As vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas analisadas foram: di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE) e sist&#243;lico do &#225;trio esquerdo em valores absolutos e normalizados para o peso corporal; di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do VE (DSVE); tr&#234;s &#237;ndices de encurtamento do VE (% de encurtamento endoc&#225;rdico, %Enc.Endo; % de encurtamento mioc&#225;rdico, %Enc.Mio; e velocidade de encurtamento da parede posterior do VE, VEPP); e &#237;ndice de massa do VE (IMVE). Essas vari&#225;veis foram utilizadas para a an&#225;lise de agrupamento ("cluster analysis"). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> A an&#225;lise de agrupamento possibilitou separar os ratos com EAo em dois grupos: disfun&#231;&#227;o leve (n = 13) e disfun&#231;&#227;o severa (n = 9). Os intervalos de confian&#231;a das seguintes vari&#225;veis n&#227;o apresentaram superposi&#231;&#227;o dos seus valores: DDVE, DSVE, %Enc.Endo, %Enc.Mio, IMVE e VEPP. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o conjunta dos intervalos de confian&#231;a dessas vari&#225;veis permite identificar dois grupos de ratos com estenose a&#243;rtica e diferentes graus de comprometimento card&#237;aco, possibilitando a realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos longitudinais com grupos homog&#234;neos de animais.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Ecocardiograma, estenose a&#243;rtica, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, ratos, an&#225;lise de agrupamento.</p>
    <p>Em modelos experimentais de agress&#227;o card&#237;aca, a dificuldade de estabelecer uma classifica&#231;&#227;o <italic>in vivo</italic> do grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular tem restringido a realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos longitudinais com o intuito de verificar o efeito de interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas. A obten&#231;&#227;o de grupos homog&#234;neos de animais quanto ao grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; de fundamental import&#226;ncia, uma vez que efeitos ben&#233;ficos ou mal&#233;ficos de um tratamento podem ser observados de acordo com o comprometimento pr&#233;vio da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
    <p>Tradicionalmente, o diagn&#243;stico de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em animais &#233; baseado na medida da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), que requer cateteriza&#231;&#227;o ventricular incorrendo no risco de les&#245;es de valvas card&#237;acas e conseq&#252;ente altera&#231;&#227;o do desempenho card&#237;aco<sup>1</sup>. Outros crit&#233;rios para o diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) baseiam-se na presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e anat&#244;micas, tais como taquipn&#233;ia, derrame pleural, ascite, trombo no &#225;trio esquerdo e hipertrofia ventricular direita, sendo a maioria delas identificadas ap&#243;s o sacrif&#237;cio do animal<sup>2-5</sup>.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma &#233; um importante exame auxiliar no diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de IC, que permite avaliar: 1) morfologia e fun&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o; 2) evolu&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca causada por diferentes tipos de agress&#227;o<sup>6-8</sup>; 3) efeitos card&#237;acos de interven&#231;&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicas<strike><sup>4</sup></strike> .</p>
    <p>Em pequenos animais, o ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico &#233; um dos m&#233;todos mais freq&#252;entemente utilizados para avaliar a dimens&#227;o das estruturas card&#237;acas e o desempenho contr&#225;til do VE<sup>4-10</sup>. Habitualmente, a identifica&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular &#233; realizada comparando-se os &#237;ndices de encurtamento muscular com aqueles obtidos no grupo controle.</p>
    <p>Recentemente, Sjaastad e cols.<sup>1</sup> identificaram as vari&#225;veis mais importantes para o diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico de IC em ratos infartados, utilizando o m&#233;todo estat&#237;stico de an&#225;lise de agrupamento. Esse m&#233;todo foi utilizado tamb&#233;m para determinar a evolu&#231;&#227;o funcional card&#237;aca durante a remodela&#231;&#227;o induzida pela ligadura da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria<sup>2</sup>. Entretanto, n&#227;o h&#225; relatos na literatura de estudos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos em modelos experimentais de estenose a&#243;rtica (EAo) que tenham enfocado os graus de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. O modelo de EAo em ratos &#233; largamente utilizado por induzir hipertrofia ventricular gradual evoluindo para disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Nesse modelo, um clipe &#233; colocado na aorta ascendente e a estenose se desenvolve de maneira proporcional ao crescimento corporal do animal.</p>
    <p>Postulamos a hip&#243;tese de que a an&#225;lise de agrupamento tamb&#233;m permitir&#225; identificar crit&#233;rios que possam distinguir os diferentes graus de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca a partir do momento de aparecimento de taquipn&#233;ia, em um modelo de sobrecarga press&#243;rica induzida por clampeamento da raiz da aorta que, habitualmente, evolui com hipertrofia do VE e IC progressiva<sup>11,12</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi, portanto, identificar as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas que definam os graus de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular na fase de hipertrofia compensada &#224; descompensa&#231;&#227;o, em ratos portadores de EAo. A identifica&#231;&#227;o dessas vari&#225;veis permitir&#225; estabelecer os est&#225;gios da remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca induzida pela sobrecarga press&#243;rica e avaliar os efeitos card&#237;acos de interven&#231;&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicas em diferentes momentos do processo progressivo da disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Animais e protocolo experimental</italic> - Os procedimentos experimentais foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa Animal da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Unesp.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, foram utilizados ratos Wistar, machos, com peso corporal de 90 a 100 g, provenientes do Biot&#233;rio Central &#150; Unesp, Botucatu. Os animais foram mantidos em gaiolas individuais, &#224; temperatura de 23&#186;C e com ciclos de luminosidade de doze horas. Os animais foram alimentados durante todo o per&#237;odo experimental com ra&#231;&#227;o Labina&#174; e &#225;gua <italic>ad libitum</italic>. Foram utilizados 35 animais, sendo doze controles e 23 com EAo.</p>
    <p><italic>Indu&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pela estenose a&#243;rtica</italic> - A estenose a&#243;rtica foi induzida de acordo com o m&#233;todo previamente descrito em nosso laborat&#243;rio<sup>5,13,14</sup>. Em resumo, os animais foram submetidos a tricotomia e toracotomia mediana, ap&#243;s anestesia com cloridrato de cetamina (50 mg/kg intraperitoneal) e cloridrato de xilidino (10 mg/kg intraperitoneal). A seguir, a aorta ascendente foi dissecada e um clipe de prata, com 0,6 mm de di&#226;metro interno, foi colocado a aproximadamente 3 mm de sua raiz. Durante a cirurgia, os ratos receberam ventila&#231;&#227;o manual com press&#227;o positiva e 1 ml de soro fisiol&#243;gico aquecido, intraperitonealmente. Os animais controle foram submetidos &#224; mesma cirurgia, por&#233;m sem a coloca&#231;&#227;o do clipe.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s dezenove semanas da indu&#231;&#227;o de EAo, os animais foram observados diariamente para a detec&#231;&#227;o de taquipn&#233;ia, que &#233; um sinal de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p><italic>Estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico</italic> - O ecocardiograma foi realizado ap&#243;s a detec&#231;&#227;o de taquipn&#233;ia, que &#233; observada geralmente ap&#243;s 28 semanas de EAo.</p>
    <p>Os ratos foram anestesiados com cloridrato de cetamina (50 mg/kg) e cloridrato de xilidino (1 mg/kg), administrados por via intraperitoneal. Ap&#243;s tricotomia da regi&#227;o anterior do t&#243;rax, os animais foram posicionados em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo e o exame foi realizado com o equipamento modelo Sonos 2000 da Hewlett-Packard Co., equipado com transdutor eletr&#244;nico de 7,5 MHz. Para medir as estruturas do cora&#231;&#227;o foram obtidas imagens em modo monodimensional (modo-M), orientado pelas imagens em modo bidimensional, estando o transdutor em posi&#231;&#227;o paraesternal eixo menor.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do VE foi realizada posicionando o cursor do modo-M logo abaixo do plano da valva mitral no n&#237;vel dos m&#250;sculos papilares<sup>15-17</sup>. A imagem do &#225;trio esquerdo foi obtida posicionando o cursor do modo-M no n&#237;vel do plano da valva a&#243;rtica. As imagens obtidas em modo-M foram registradas em impressora modelo UP-890 da Sony Co.</p>
    <p>Posteriormente, as estruturas card&#237;acas foram medidas, manualmente, com o aux&#237;lio de um paqu&#237;metro de precis&#227;o. As seguintes estruturas card&#237;acas foram medidas: di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico do VE (DDVE e DSVE, respectivamente), di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) e espessura diast&#243;lica do septo interventricular (EDSIV) e da parede posterior do VE (EDPP).</p>
    <p>Os valores de DDVE e AE foram normalizados para o peso corporal. A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE foi avaliada pela porcentagem de encurtamento endoc&#225;rdico, %Enc.Endo [(DDVE &#150; DSVE) / DDVE X 100], porcentagem de encurtamento mioc&#225;rdico, %Enc.Mio, que &#233; a varia&#231;&#227;o entre os valores diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico da f&#243;rmula [(di&#226;metro VE + &#189; espessura do septo interventricular + &#189; espessura da parede posterior) x 100] e a velocidade de encurtamento da parede posterior do VE, VEPP (tangente m&#225;xima do movimento sist&#243;lico da parede posterior).</p>
    <p>A massa do VE (MVE) foi calculada segundo a f&#243;rmula <sup>7,15</sup>: [(DDVE + EDSIV + EDPP)<sup>3</sup> &#150; DDVE<sup>3</sup>] x 1,04; no qual o valor 1,04 indica a densidade espec&#237;fica do mioc&#225;rdio. O &#237;ndice de MVE (IMVE) foi calculado normalizando a MVE para o peso corporal.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise de agrupamento em est&#225;gios de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca</italic> - Considerando isoladamente as vari&#225;veis ecocar-diogr&#225;ficas de 23 animais portadores de EAo, utilizou-se a t&#233;cnica de an&#225;lise de agrupamento ("cluster analysis") para se estabelecer grupos de similaridade quanto &#224; gravidade da doen&#231;a. Utilizamos as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas cujos valores aumentam progressivamente com o avan&#231;ar da doen&#231;a (DDVE, AE e IMVE), al&#233;m de par&#226;metros indicativos de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (%Enc.Endo, %Enc.Mio e VEPP) e o DSVE, que tamb&#233;m est&#225; relacionado com a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE. O procedimento empregado na an&#225;lise dos conglomerados considerou para a forma&#231;&#227;o dos grupos a estrat&#233;gia SAHN (envolve agrupamentos seq&#252;enciais, aglomerativos, hier&#225;rquicos e n&#227;o-superpostos), tendo como m&#233;todo de agrupamento a t&#233;cnica do vizinho mais pr&#243;ximo (SLM: "single linkage method"), e como coeficiente de similaridade a dist&#226;ncia euclideana m&#233;dia<sup>18</sup>. A representa&#231;&#227;o final do agrupamento &#233; descrita pelo dendograma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig.1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0432-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de agrupamento permitiu separar os ratos com EAo em grupos similares, de acordo com a gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Esses grupos foram denominados disfun&#231;&#227;o leve (n = 13) e disfun&#231;&#227;o severa (n = 9). Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel realizar o agrupamento de apenas um animal com EAo nos grupos j&#225; mencionados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig.1</xref>). Esse animal apresentou os menores valores dos &#237;ndices de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE e os maiores valores dos di&#226;metros do VE e &#225;trio esquerdo dos animais com EAo. Esses valores se posicionaram fora dos limites de intervalos de confian&#231;a do grupo de disfun&#231;&#227;o severa. Portanto, no nosso grupo de ratos com EAo um animal apresentou disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular mais grave que o grupo denominado disfun&#231;&#227;o severa.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">tabela 1</xref> mostra os valores m&#233;dios &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e os respectivos limites dos intervalos de 95% de confian&#231;a para as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas analisadas considerando os grupos controle e EAo. Os limites dos intervalos de 95% de confian&#231;a est&#227;o ilustrados nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3</xref>. As vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas que indicam as dimens&#245;es do VE e &#225;trio esquerdo e massa do VE, normalizados para o peso corporal, apresentaram valores mais elevados no grupo EAo-severa em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo EAo-leve. As vari&#225;veis indicativas de encurtamento ventricular esquerdo (%Enc.Endo e %Enc.Mio) apresentaram valores menores no grupo EAo-severa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo EAo-leve. As vari&#225;veis DDVE, DSVE, %Enc.Endo, %Enc.Mio, IMVE e VEPP n&#227;o apresentaram superposi&#231;&#227;o dos seus valores de intervalos de confian&#231;a entre os dois grupos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0432-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0432-00005-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0432-00005-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>As seguintes vari&#225;veis obtidas de ratos sem EAo (controle) mostraram superposi&#231;&#227;o com o grupo EAo-leve: DDVE, DDVE/PC e VEPP. Houve superposi&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos controle e EAo-severa nas vari&#225;veis DSVE, %Enc.Endo e %Enc.Mio. O grupo controle n&#227;o apresentou superposi&#231;&#227;o dos intervalos de confian&#231;a com outros grupos nos valores de AE/PC e IMVE.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O surgimento e o desenvolvimento do ecocardiograma representou um grande avan&#231;o na avalia&#231;&#227;o <italic>in vivo</italic> do cora&#231;&#227;o. Em pequenos animais utilizados em laborat&#243;rios experimentais, esse m&#233;todo tornou poss&#237;vel o acompanhamento do efeito de agress&#245;es e/ou tratamentos sobre o cora&#231;&#227;o, de maneira ilimitada quanto ao n&#250;mero de repeti&#231;&#245;es do exame. Em ratos com EAo, os sinais cl&#237;nicos para identificar a gravidade da IC <italic>in vivo</italic> s&#227;o limitados. Al&#233;m disso, o tempo de surgimento dos primeiros sinais de IC &#233; vari&#225;vel; em nosso laborat&#243;rio &#233; habitualmente observado intervalo de 29 a 37 semanas entre a indu&#231;&#227;o de EAo e o aparecimento de taquipn&#233;ia.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, o ecocardiograma mostrou que os ratos estavam em diferentes graus de comprometimento card&#237;aco no momento em que foi identificada a taquipn&#233;ia. Tradicionalmente, nos estudos experimentais, os f&#225;rmacos s&#227;o introduzidos em momento pr&#233;-determinado ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o de EAo<sup>11,19</sup>. Portanto, &#233; poss&#237;vel que os animais n&#227;o apresentassem uniformidade quanto ao comprometimento do cora&#231;&#227;o no momento da introdu&#231;&#227;o do tratamento. Esta heterogeneidade &#233; um fator importante que pode levar &#224; obten&#231;&#227;o de resultados discrepantes. Diante dessa considera&#231;&#227;o, &#233; de fundamental import&#226;ncia a procura de crit&#233;rios ecocardiogr&#225;ficos para classificar os animais quanto &#224; gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, permitindo, dessa forma, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de animais que apresentem comprometimento estrutural e funcional do cora&#231;&#227;o o mais homog&#234;neo poss&#237;vel.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de agrupamento &#233; uma t&#233;cnica freq&#252;entemente utilizada para agrupar o objeto do estudo de acordo com a semelhan&#231;a de suas caracter&#237;sticas<sup>1,20,21</sup>. Sjaastad e cols.<sup>1</sup> estabeleceram crit&#233;rios ecocardiogr&#225;ficos para a detec&#231;&#227;o de IC em ratos, ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, utilizando a t&#233;cnica da an&#225;lise de agrupamento. Em nosso estudo, com o aux&#237;lio dessa an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica procuramos classificar o comprometimento card&#237;aco dos animais com EAo e que apresentavam taquipn&#233;ia. Com o n&#250;mero de ratos utilizados no presente estudo, a an&#225;lise de agrupamento permitiu separar os ratos com EAo em dois grupos de animais que compartilharam caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas semelhantes (EAo-leve e EAo-severa).</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis DDVE, DSVE, % Enc.Endo, % Enc.Mio, IMVE e VEPP n&#227;o apresentaram superposi&#231;&#227;o dos valores dos intervalos de confian&#231;a entre os dois grupos. As vari&#225;veis DDVE/PC, AE e AE/PC apresentaram superposi&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos EAo-leve e EAo-severa. Como os di&#226;metros do VE e AE sofrem influ&#234;ncia da varia&#231;&#227;o do peso corporal (PC), torna-se necess&#225;ria a normaliza&#231;&#227;o de seus valores para o PC. Entretanto, esse procedimento tamb&#233;m pode causar erros na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados porque os di&#226;metros do VE e AE n&#227;o s&#227;o exatamente proporcionais ao PC. Portanto, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o conjunta das vari&#225;veis que n&#227;o apresentaram superposi&#231;&#227;o, &#224; exce&#231;&#227;o de DDVE e DSVE, permitir&#225; separar ratos com estenose a&#243;rtica em dois graus distintos de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular com extrema seguran&#231;a. Os valores absolutos de DDVE e DSVE devem ser utilizados com cautela porque esses par&#226;metros habitualmente necessitam ser normalizados para o peso corporal dos animais.</p>
    <p>Como j&#225; descrito nos resultados, algumas vari&#225;veis apresentaram superposi&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos controle e EAo. Essa superposi&#231;&#227;o &#233; compreens&#237;vel, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o a remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular que se segue &#224; coloca&#231;&#227;o de clipe na aorta<sup>12</sup>. Nesse modelo de sobrecarga de press&#227;o, &#224; medida que o animal cresce ocorre, progressivamente, a instala&#231;&#227;o de estenose ao fluxo anter&#243;grado do VE com conseq&#252;ente desenvolvimento de hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica. Esse aumento na espessura mioc&#225;rdica &#233; acompanhado por aumento progressivo nos valores dos &#237;ndices de encurtamento ventricular com manuten&#231;&#227;o dos valores do DDVE (hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica) e redu&#231;&#227;o do DSVE.</p>
    <p>Mesmo antes de atingir o pico dos valores de encurtamento sist&#243;lico, o animal passa a apresentar taquipn&#233;ia em raz&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE decorrente do comprometimento do relaxamento e da complac&#234;ncia ventricular. A partir do momento em que o mecanismo de hipertrofia n&#227;o mais consegue compensar o excesso de carga inicia-se a dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular, e os &#237;ndices de encurtamento ventricular come&#231;am a diminuir pela instala&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica com manifesta&#231;&#227;o mais exuberante de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, embora haja dificuldade de caracterizar a gravidade da EAo baseada na taquipn&#233;ia que &#233; o sinal comumente observado nessa fase da EAo. Portanto, mesmo com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica evidente os valores dos &#237;ndices de encurtamento ventricular estar&#227;o elevados em rela&#231;&#227;o aos animais controles. Com a progress&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica aqueles &#237;ndices passar&#227;o a ser semelhantes aos controles e posteriormente menores. Pelos motivos expostos acima os &#237;ndices de encurtamento muscular n&#227;o apresentam superposi&#231;&#227;o de seus valores entre os grupos controle e EAo-leve e apresentam-se superpostos nos grupos controle e EAo-severa.</p>
    <p>Na tentativa de minimizar o efeito da hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica sobre o aumento na porcentagem de encurtamento entre o endoc&#225;rdio do septo interventricular e da parede posterior do VE (%Enc.Endo), calculamos tamb&#233;m a porcentagem de encurtamento entre os pontos centrais daquelas paredes (%Enc.Mio)<sup>9,22</sup>. No entanto, as conclus&#245;es n&#227;o diferiram do &#237;ndice %Enc.Endo, provavelmente pelo intenso grau de hipertrofia ventricular. O &#237;ndice de massa do VE foi a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel que n&#227;o apresentou superposi&#231;&#227;o entre os tr&#234;s grupos. Em nosso estudo, a distin&#231;&#227;o entre grupos controle e com EAo p&#244;de ser feita tamb&#233;m pela medida da espessura da parede do VE (dados n&#227;o apresentados).</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, a an&#225;lise de agrupamento permite classificar ratos com EAo em grupos com graus distintos de comprometimento card&#237;aco. A quantifica&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e, conseq&#252;entemente, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de grupos de animais com comprometimento homog&#234;neo do cora&#231;&#227;o ter&#227;o papel importante em estudos experimentais sobre fisiopatologia e tratamento da hipertrofia ventricular e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os autores agradecem &#224; Fundunesp (processo n.00758/04) e a Novo Nordisk&#226; o apoio financeiro ao desenvolvimento parcial deste estudo. Os autores agradecem tamb&#233;m a contribui&#231;&#227;o de Mirella Oliveira Silva na realiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Katashi Okoshi </p>
        <p> Travessa Cyro Targa, 115 </p>
        <p> 18610-250 &#150; Botucatu, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="okoshi@cardiol.br">okoshi@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Recebido em 05/08/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 11/11/05</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Echocardiographic criteria for the definition of ventricular dysfunction severity in aortic banded rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify echocar-diographic parameters that allow distinguishing different levels of cardiac dysfunction in aortic banded rats. METHODS: Wistar male rats (90-100 g) were subjected to aortic banding (n=23) or a sham operation (n=12). The following echocardiographic parameters were evaluated and used to group rats into groups with similar characteristics using cluster analysis: absolute values and after normalization to body weight of left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVDD) and left atrial systolic diameter; left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVSD); LV weight to body weight ratio (LVW/BW); three indexes of left ventricular shortening (endocardial fractional shortening, EFS; midwall FS, MFS; and posterior wall shortening velocity, (PWSV). RESULTS: The cluster analysis could group aortic banded rats into two groups: mild (n=13) and severe (n=9) stage of heart failure. There was no overlapping among the values of the 95% confidence interval of the following parameters between the two groups: LVDD, LVSD, EFS, MFS, LVW/BW, and PWSV. CONCLUSION: It is feasible to distinguish two groups of aortic banded rats according to the level of cardiac dysfunction using those echocardiographic parameters. This allows to perform longitudinal studies in homogeneous groups of rats with aortic banding and cardiac dysfunction.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Echocardiogram</kwd>
        <kwd>aortic stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>ventricular dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>rats</kwd>
        <kwd>cluster analysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Echocardiographic criteria for the definition of ventricular dysfunction severity in aortic banded rats</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Vanessa Oliveira Moreira; Ana Val&#233;ria Barros de Castro; Marcelle Yumi Yaegaschi; Antonio Carlos Cicogna; Marina Politi Okoshi; Camila Alves Pereira; Fl&#225;vio Ferrari Aragon; M&#225;rio Batista Bruno; Carlos Roberto Padovani; Katashi Okoshi</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu and Instituto de Bioci&#234;ncias de Botucatu &#150; Unesp - Botucatu, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailind Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>The purpose of this study was to identify echocar-diographic parameters that allow distinguishing different levels of cardiac dysfunction in aortic banded rats.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold> Wistar male rats (90-100 g) were subjected to aortic banding (n=23) or a sham operation (n=12). The following echocardiographic parameters were evaluated and used to group rats into groups with similar characteristics using cluster analysis: absolute values and after normalization to body weight of left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVDD) and left atrial systolic diameter; left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVSD); LV weight to body weight ratio (LVW/BW); three indexes of left ventricular shortening (endocardial fractional shortening, EFS; midwall FS, MFS; and posterior wall shortening velocity, (PWSV).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold> The cluster analysis could group aortic banded rats into two groups: mild (n=13) and severe (n=9) stage of heart failure. There was no overlapping among the values of the 95% confidence interval of the following parameters between the two groups: LVDD, LVSD, EFS, MFS, LVW/BW, and PWSV.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> It is feasible to distinguish two groups of aortic banded rats according to the level of cardiac dysfunction using those echocardiographic parameters. This allows to perform longitudinal studies in homogeneous groups of rats with aortic banding and cardiac dysfunction.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Echocardiogram, aortic stenosis, ventricular dys-function, rats, cluster analysis.</p>
      <p>In experimental models of heart injury, the difficulty in establishing an <italic>in vivo</italic> classification severity of ventricular dysfunction has restricted longitudinal studies aimed at verifying the effect of therapeutic interventions. Obtaining homogeneous groups of animals as regards the degree of heart dysfunction is of fundamental importance, since the beneficial or harmful effects of a treatment can be observed according to the prior impairment of the ventricular function.</p>
      <p>The diagnosis of heart dysfunction in animals has traditionally been based on the measurement of left ventricle (LV) diastolic pressure, which requires ventricular catheterization with the risk of lesions to heart valves and the consequent alteration in heart performance<sup>1</sup>. Other criteria to diagnose heart failure (HF) are based on the presence of clinical and anatomical changes such as tachypnea, pleural effusion, ascitis, thrombus in the left atrium and right ventricle hypertrophy; most of these changes are identified after the animal is sacrificed<sup>2-5</sup>.</p>
      <p>The echocardiogram is an important ancillary exam for the clinical diagnosis of HF. It allows the evaluation of: 1) heart morphology and function; 2) progression of heart dysfunction caused by different types of injuries<sup>6-8</sup>; 3) effects of pharmacological interventions on the heart <strike><sup>4</sup></strike> .</p>
      <p>In small animals, the transthoracic echocardiogram is one of the most frequently used methods to assess the size of heart structures, and the contractile performance of the LV<sup>4-10</sup>. The identification of ventricular dysfunction is generally carried out by comparing the muscular shortening indexes with those obtained in the control group.</p>
      <p>Sjaastad et al<sup>1</sup> have recently identified the most important variables for the echocardiographic diagnosis of HF in infarcted rats using the cluster analysis statistical method. This method was also used to determine the progression of heart function during the remodeling induced by the ligation of the coronary artery<sup>2</sup>. However, there are no reports in the literature about echocardiographic studies on experimental models of aortic stenosis (AS) focusing on degrees of ventricular dysfunction. The AS rat model is widely used because it induces gradual ventricular hypertrophy which progresses towards ventricular dysfunction. In this model, a clip is placed in the ascending aorta and stenosis develops in a proportionate fashion according to the growth of the animal's body.</p>
      <p>We hypothesized that cluster analysis will also allow us to identify criteria which can distinguish the different degrees of heart dysfunction as of the occurrence of tachypnea, in a model of pressure overload induced by the clamping of the root of the aorta that usually progresses towards LV hypertrophy and progressive HF<sup>11,12</sup>.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was therefore to identify the echocardiographic variables that define the degrees of ventricular dysfunction from the compensated hypertrophy phase through the uncompensated phase in rats with AS. The identification of these variables will allow us to establish the stages of heart remodeling induced by pressure overload and to assess the effects of pharmacological interventions on the heart at different times of the progression of heart dysfunction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Animals and experimental protocol</italic> - The procedures of the experiment were approved by the Ethics Committee for Research on Animals of the Medical School of Botucatu (Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Unesp).</p>
      <p>In this study, we used Wistar male rats, with body weight between 90 and 100 g, grown in the Central Bioterium &#150; Unesp, Botucatu, Brazil. The animals were kept in individual cages at 23&#186;C room temperature, with 12-hour light/dark cycles. The animals were feed during all the experiment with Labina&#174; chow and water <italic>ad libitum</italic>. The study included 35 animals. 12 were in the control group and 23 had AS.</p>
      <p><italic>Induction of heart failure through aortic stenosis</italic> - Aortic stenosis was induced according to the method previously described in our laboratory<sup>5,13,14</sup>. In summary, the animals were submitted to median thoracotomy and trichotomy after anesthesia with ketamine hydrochloride (50 mg/kg intraperitoneally) and xylazine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg intraperitoneally). Then the ascending aorta was dissected and a silver clip, with an internal diameter of 0.6 mm was placed at approximately 3 mm of the aorta's root. During the surgery, the rats were manually ventilated using positive pressure and given 1 ml of warm saline solution intraperitoneally. The control animals underwent the same surgery, but with no clip placed in the aorta.</p>
      <p>Nineteen weeks after the induction of AS, the animals were observed daily to allow the detection of tachypnea, which is a sign of heart dysfunction.</p>
      <p><italic>Echocardiographic Study</italic> - The echocardiogram was performed after the detection of tachypnea, which is generally observed after 28 weeks of the AS.</p>
      <p>The rats were anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride (50 mg/kg) and xylazine hydrochloride (1 mg/kg), administered intraperitoneally. Following the trichotomy of the anterior part of the thorax, the animals were placed in the left lateral decubitus, and the exam was performed using a Hewlett-Packard Co. Sonos 2000 device, equipped with a 7.5 MHz electronic transducer. In order to measure the heart structures, we obtained monodimensional images (M-mode), guided by the bidimensional mode images, with the transducer in the parasternal short-axis position.</p>
      <p>The LV assessment was performed with the M-mode cursor positioned just below the mitral valve plane at the level of the papillary muscles<sup>15-17</sup>. The image of the left atrium was obtained by positioning the M-mode cursor at the level of the aortic valve plane. The images obtained in M-mode were recorded on a Sony Co. UP-890 printer.</p>
      <p>Later heart structures were measured manually using a caliper. The following heart structures were measured: LV diastolic and systolic diameters (LVDD and LVSD respectively), LA diameter (LA) and the diastolic thickness of the interventricular septum (IST) and of the LV posterior wall (PWT).</p>
      <p>LVDD and LA values were normalized for body weight (BW). LV systolic function was assessed based on the endocardial fractional shortening, EFS [(LVDD &#150; LVSD) / LVDD X 100]; midwall fractional shortening, MFS, which is the variation between the diastolic and systolic values of the formula [(LV + &#189; interventricular septum thickness + &#189; posterior wall thickness) x 100]; and LV posterior wall shortening velocity, PWSV (maximum tangent of posterior wall systolic movement).</p>
      <p>Left ventricle mass (LVM) was calculated using the following formula <sup>7,15</sup>: [(LVDD + IST + PWT)<sup>3</sup> &#150; LVDD<sup>3</sup>] x 1.04 where the value 1.04 indicates the specific density of the myocardium. The LVM index (LVMI) was calculated by normalizing LVM for body weight.</p>
      <p><italic>Cluster analysis at stages of heart dysfunction</italic> - Considering the echocardiographic variables of 23 animals with As separately, we used the cluster analysis technique to establish similarity groups as to the severity of the disease. We used echocardiographic variables whose values increase progressively with the progression of the disease (LVDD, LA and LVMI), in addition to parameters indicative of the systolic function (EFS, MFS and PWSV) and LVSD, which is also related with the LV systolic function. The procedure employed to analyze the conglomerates considered the SAHN strategy for the formation of groups (SAHN involves sequential, agglomerative, hierarchical and non-overlapping clusters); the method of clustering was the closest neighbor technique (SLM: single linkage method), and the similarity coefficient was the median Euclidean distance<sup>18</sup>. The final representation of the cluster is described by the dendogram (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">fig.1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0432-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The cluster analysis allowed us to place rats with AS into similar groups, according to the severity of the ventricular dysfunction. These groups were called mild dysfunction (n = 13) e severe dysfunction (n = 9) groups. In the statistical analysis, it was impossible to include one animal with AS into the groups mentioned above (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">fig.1</xref>). This animal had the lowest values for LV systolic function indexes and the highest values for LV and LA diameters among animals with AS. These values were outside the limits of the confidence intervals of the severe dysfunction group. Therefore, in our group of rats with AS, one animal presented more severe ventricular dysfunction than the group called severe dysfunction.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_29876t01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the mean values &#177; standard deviation and the respective limits of the 95% confidence intervals for the echocardiographic variables analyzed considering the control and AS groups. The limits of the 95% confidence intervals are illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_29876f02-body2">figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_29876f03-body2">3</xref>. The echocardiographic variables which indicate LV and left atrium size and LV mass, normalized for body weight, presented higher values in the severe-AS group as compared with the mild-AS group. The variables indicative of left ventricle shortening (EFS, MFS and %Myoc.Short.) presented lower values in the severe-AS as compared with the mild-AS group. The confidence intervals of the variables LVDD, LVSD, % Endo.Short., % Myoc.Short., LVMI and PWSV did not present overlapping between the two groups.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_29876t01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0432-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_29876f02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0432-00005-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_29876f03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0432-00005-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The following variables obtained for rats without AS (control) showed overlapping with the mild-AS group: LVDD, LVDD/BW and PWSV. There was overlapping between the control groups and the severe-AS group for the variables LVSD, % Endo.Short. and % Myoc.Short. The control group presented no overlapping of confidence intervals with other groups for the values of LA/BW and LVMI.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The emergence and development of the echocardiogram was a great advancement for <italic>in vivo</italic> assessment of the heart. In small animals used in experimental laboratories, this method enabled the follow-up of the effect of injuries and/or treatment on the heart, in an unlimited fashion as regards the number of times the exam is repeated. In rats with AS, the clinical signs that identify HF severity <italic>in vivo</italic> are limited. Additionally, the time elapsed until the first signs of HF appear is variable. In our laboratory, usually from 29 to 37 weeks elapse between the induction of AS and the appearance of tachypnea.</p>
      <p>In the present study, the echocardiogram showed that the rats had different degrees of heart impairment when tachypnea was observed. Traditionally, in experimental studies, drugs are introduced at a predetermined time after the induction of AS<sup>11,19</sup>. Therefore, it may be that the animals were at different stages of heart impairment when the treatment was started. This heterogeneity is an important factor that may lead to discrepant results. In view of this, it is fundamental to seek echocardiographic criteria to classify the animals as regards the severity of ventricular dysfunction, thus allowing the use of animals with the most homogeneous degree of heart functional and structural impairment.</p>
      <p>The cluster analysis technique is frequently used to group the object of study according to the similarity of its characteristics<sup>1,20,21</sup>. Sjaastad et al<sup>1</sup> established echocardiographic criteria for the detection of HF in rats, following myocardial infarction using the cluster analysis technique. In our study, using this statistical analysis, we aimed at classifying the heart impairment of animals with AS and tachypnea. With the number of rats used in this study, the cluster analysis allowed us to separate the rats with AS into two groups of animals which shared similar echocardiographic characteristics (mild-AS and severe-AS).</p>
      <p>The variables LVDD, LVSD, % Endo.Short., % Myoc.Short., LVMI and PWSV did not present confidence interval values overlapping for the two groups. The variables LVDD/BW, LA and LA/BW presented overlapping between the mild-AS and severe-AS groups. Because LV and LA diameters are subject to the influence of body weight (BW) variation, their values have to be normalized for BW. However, this procedure can also cause errors in the interpretation of the results since the LV and LA diameters are not exactly proportional to BW. Therefore, the joint use of variables which did not present overlapping, with the exception of LVDD and LVSD, will allow an utmost safe distribution of rats with aortic stenosis into two different degrees of ventricular dysfunction. The absolute values of LVDD and LVSD are to be used with caution because these parameters usually require normalization in accordance to the animals' body weight.</p>
      <p>As described in the results section, some variables presented overlapping between the control and AS groups. This overlapping is understandable, if we consider the ventricular remodeling that takes place after the placement of the clip in the aorta<sup>12</sup>. In this model of pressure overload, as the animal grows, progressive stenosis develops in the LV anterograde flow with the consequent development of myocardial hypertrophy. This increase in myocardial thickness occurs concurrently with a progressive increase in ventricular shortening index values while LVDD values (concentric hypertrophy) remain stable and LVSD decreases.</p>
      <p>Even before reaching the peak of systolic shortening values, the animal begins to present tachypnea due to LV diastolic dysfunction resulting from impaired relaxation and ventricular compliance. When the mechanism of hypertrophy becomes unable to compensate the overload, the enlargement of the ventricle begins, and the indexes of ventricular shortening start to decrease as systolic dysfunction develops with a full blown manifestation of heart failure, although it is difficult to characterize AS severity based on tachypnea, which is the sign commonly observed at this stage of AS. Therefore, even with manifest systolic dysfunction, the values of the ventricular shortening indexes will be elevated as compared with the control animals. With the progression of systolic dysfunction, those indexes will converge to the controls and will eventually become lower. Because of the reasons stated above, the values of muscle shortening indexes did not present overlapping between the control and mild-AS groups and presented overlapping between the control and severe-AS groups.</p>
      <p>In an attempt to minimize the effect of myocardial hypertrophy on the increase of the percentage of shortening between the endocardium of the interventricular septum and the LV posterior wall (% Endo.Short.), we also calculated the percentage of shortening between the central points of these walls (% Myoc.Short.)<sup>9,22</sup>. However, the conclusions were not different from the % Endo.Short. index, probably because of the high degree of ventricular hypertrophy. The LV mass index was the only variable which did not present overlapping between the three groups. In our study, the difference between the control and AS groups was also distinguished by using the measure of LV wall thickness (data not presented).</p>
      <p>In conclusion, the cluster analysis allows the classi-fication of rats with AS in groups with different degrees of heart impairment. The quantification of ventricular dysfunction and consequently the use of groups of animals with homogeneous heart impairment will play an important role in experimental studies on physiopathology and treatment of ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgement</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The authors are thankful to Fundunesp (process n.00758/04) and to Novo Nordisk&#226; for the partial funding of this study. The authors are also thankful to Mirella Oliveira Silva for her support in the carrying out of this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailind Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Katashi Okoshi</p>
          <p> Travessa Cyro Targa, 115</p>
          <p> 18610-250 &#150; Botucatu, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="okoshi@cardiol.br">okoshi@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 08/05/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 11/11/05</p>
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  </sub-article>
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