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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">FtcdXTXwzspgJMyKbBxWWXH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000600004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600604</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000600004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influ&#234;ncia da redu&#231;&#227;o da pr&#233;-carga sobre o &#237;ndice de desempenho mioc&#225;rdico (&#237;ndice de Tei) e outros par&#226;metros Doppler ecocardiogr&#225;ficos da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barberato</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pecoits Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Paran&#225;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas e da Sa&#250;de </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>425</fpage>
      <lpage>431</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da redu&#231;&#227;o da pr&#233;-carga induzida por uma sess&#227;o de hemodi&#225;lise sobre o &#237;ndice de desempenho mioc&#225;rdico (Tei) e outros par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. M&#201;TODOS: Estimamos o &#237;ndice de Tei e par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), antes e depois de uma sess&#227;o de hemodi&#225;lise. Inclu&#237;mos no estudo indiv&#237;duos em ritmo sinusal e sem antecedentes de insufici&#234;ncia coronariana ou evid&#234;ncias de valvopatia e derrame peric&#225;rdico. RESULTADOS: 15 pacientes (8 homens, idade 53 &#177; 14 anos) completaram o estudo. Ap&#243;s ultrafiltra&#231;&#227;o de 2,2 &#177; 1,1 litros, a onda E diminuiu (p &lt; 0,05) e a onda A permaneceu inalterada (p = ns), resultando em decr&#233;scimo de E/A (p &lt; 0,01). O &#237;ndice de Tei aumentou (0,57 &#177; 0,07 para 0,65 &#177; 0,09, p &lt; 0,01) atrav&#233;s do prolongamento do TRIV (101 &#177; 14 para 113 &#177; 17 ms, p &lt; 0,01) e encurtamento do TEJ (271 &#177; 22 para 252 &#177; 22 ms, p &lt; 0,05). O TCIV n&#227;o variou (p = ns). Os par&#226;metros diast&#243;licos ao Doppler tecidual n&#227;o mudaram (p = ns), enquanto a velocidade sist&#243;lica (S) aumentou (p &lt; 0,05). CONCLUS&#195;O: O &#237;ndice de Tei foi afetado pela altera&#231;&#227;o da pr&#233;-carga induzida pela hemodi&#225;lise, assim como outros par&#226;metros derivados do Doppler transvalvar mitral. Os par&#226;metros diast&#243;licos do Doppler tecidual do anel mitral foram independentes da pr&#233;-carga, enquanto a velocidade sist&#243;lica sugeriu melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE ap&#243;s o procedimento.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Di&#225;lise renal</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGOS ORIGINAIS </p>
    <p> ECOCARDIOGRAFIA</p>
    <p>Influ&#234;ncia da redu&#231;&#227;o da pr&#233;-carga sobre o &#237;ndice de desempenho mioc&#225;rdico (&#237;ndice de Tei) e outros par&#226;metros Doppler ecocardiogr&#225;ficos da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Silvio Henrique Barberato; Roberto Pecoits Filho</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Centro de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas e da Sa&#250;de e Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; - Curitiba, PR</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar os efeitos da redu&#231;&#227;o da pr&#233;-carga induzida por uma sess&#227;o de hemodi&#225;lise sobre o &#237;ndice de desempenho mioc&#225;rdico (Tei) e outros par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Estimamos o &#237;ndice de Tei e par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), antes e depois de uma sess&#227;o de hemodi&#225;lise. Inclu&#237;mos no estudo indiv&#237;duos em ritmo sinusal e sem antecedentes de insufici&#234;ncia coronariana ou evid&#234;ncias de valvopatia e derrame peric&#225;rdico. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> 15 pacientes (8 homens, idade 53 &#177; 14 anos) completaram o estudo. Ap&#243;s ultrafiltra&#231;&#227;o de 2,2 &#177; 1,1 litros, a onda E diminuiu (p &lt; 0,05) e a onda A permaneceu inalterada (p = ns), resultando em decr&#233;scimo de E/A (p &lt; 0,01). O &#237;ndice de Tei aumentou (0,57 &#177; 0,07 para 0,65 &#177; 0,09, p &lt; 0,01) atrav&#233;s do prolongamento do TRIV (101 &#177; 14 para 113 &#177; 17 ms, p &lt; 0,01) e encurtamento do TEJ (271 &#177; 22 para 252 &#177; 22 ms, p &lt; 0,05). O TCIV n&#227;o variou (p = ns). Os par&#226;metros diast&#243;licos ao Doppler tecidual n&#227;o mudaram (p = ns), enquanto a velocidade sist&#243;lica (S) aumentou (p &lt; 0,05). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>O &#237;ndice de Tei foi afetado pela altera&#231;&#227;o da pr&#233;-carga induzida pela hemodi&#225;lise, assim como outros par&#226;metros derivados do Doppler transvalvar mitral. Os par&#226;metros diast&#243;licos do Doppler tecidual do anel mitral foram independentes da pr&#233;-carga, enquanto a velocidade sist&#243;lica sugeriu melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE ap&#243;s o procedimento.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Di&#225;lise renal, ecocardiografia, fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda.</p>
    <p>Portadores de insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica (IRC) em hemodi&#225;lise (HD) de manuten&#231;&#227;o sofrem uma s&#233;rie de mudan&#231;as metab&#243;licas e hemodin&#226;micas que predisp&#245;e a altera&#231;&#245;es na anatomia e fun&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>1</sup>. Assim, a hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), altera&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica que &#233; preditora independente de mortalidade<sup>2,3</sup>, acompanha-se habitualmente de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. A disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE parece ser menos freq&#252;ente<sup>4,5</sup>, embora acrescente tamb&#233;m valor progn&#243;stico<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Tei e cols. descreveram um &#237;ndice Doppler ecocar-diogr&#225;fico de desempenho mioc&#225;rdico que engloba intervalos de tempo relacionados &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, refletindo a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca global<sup>7</sup>. O &#237;ndice de Tei &#233; definido pela soma do tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trico (TCIV) com o tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico (TRIV), divididos pelo tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o (TEJ). Numerosos estudos demonstraram seu valor cl&#237;nico como sens&#237;vel indicador da gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica<sup>8-10</sup> e preditor progn&#243;stico em diversas afec&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas<sup>11-14</sup>. Teoricamente, esse &#237;ndice tem uma s&#233;rie de vantagens que podem ser bem aproveitadas na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca de pacientes com IRC em HD. &#201; de simples aquisi&#231;&#227;o, reprodut&#237;vel, independentemente da geometria da cavidade ventricular<sup>15</sup>, e n&#227;o influenciado pela freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e press&#227;o arterial<sup>8</sup>. Entretanto, estudos experimentais em humanos<sup>16,17</sup> e animais<sup>18,19</sup> t&#234;m demonstrado a suscetibilidade do &#237;ndice &#224;s manipula&#231;&#245;es de carga. Durante a sess&#227;o de HD, ocorre uma diminui&#231;&#227;o abrupta do volume plasm&#225;tico secund&#225;ria &#224; ultrafiltra&#231;&#227;o, constituindo um modelo cl&#237;nico interessante de redu&#231;&#227;o da pr&#233;-carga.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios estudos analisaram a influ&#234;ncia da redu&#231;&#227;o da pr&#233;-carga pela HD nos &#237;ndices Doppler ecocardiogr&#225;ficos isolados de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ou diast&#243;lica, avaliados por diversos par&#226;metros, como a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o<sup>20</sup> e outros &#237;ndices de contratilidade<sup>21</sup>, as velocidades e intervalos do fluxo transvalvar mitral ao Doppler puls&#225;til<sup>22-25</sup>, as velocidades do anel mitral ao Doppler tecidual<sup>26-28</sup> e o volume de &#225;trio esquerdo<sup>29</sup>. Entretanto, poucos dados existem a respeito da influ&#234;ncia da pr&#233;-carga sobre o &#237;ndice de Tei em situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de r&#225;pida varia&#231;&#227;o da volemia. O objetivo deste estudo &#233; avaliar o efeito que a redu&#231;&#227;o aguda da pr&#233;-carga mediada por uma sess&#227;o de HD causa no &#237;ndice de Tei, bem como em outros &#237;ndices de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica proporcionados pela Doppler ecocardiografia, testando se esses par&#226;metros s&#227;o dependentes do volume intravascular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudamos dezenove portadores de IRC encaminhados para ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-transplante renal) que se encontravam em programa de HD de manuten&#231;&#227;o (sess&#245;es de quatro horas, tr&#234;s vezes por semana) durante pelo menos um m&#234;s no servi&#231;o de Nefrologia de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo pacientes clinicamente est&#225;veis que estavam em ritmo sinusal, sem antecedentes de insufici&#234;ncia coronariana (pesquisada atrav&#233;s de revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico e anamnese detalhada), sem evid&#234;ncias de doen&#231;a valvar card&#237;aca significativa (qualquer grau de estenose mitral ou a&#243;rtica; grau maior que discreto de insufici&#234;ncia mitral ou a&#243;rtica), e sem derrame peric&#225;rdico. O projeto foi aprovado pela comiss&#227;o de &#233;tica de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o e consentimento escrito foi obtido dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>A estimativa do "peso seco" (volume a ser retirado por ultrafiltra&#231;&#227;o) foi baseada em sinais cl&#237;nicos de hidrata&#231;&#227;o e comportamento da press&#227;o arterial durante a sess&#227;o, aliados &#224; bioimped&#226;ncia el&#233;trica<sup>30</sup>. Foram usadas m&#225;quinas de di&#225;lise Altra Touch (Althin, Miami, Florida, Fl, USA) com dialisador de acetato celulose regulado com fluxo de sangue de 200 ml/minuto e fluxo do dialisato de 300 a 400 ml/minuto.</p>
    <p>Verificamos press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, altura e peso, antes e depois da HD. O ultrafiltrado foi estimado pela diferen&#231;a de peso antes e depois do procedimento, assumindo 1 kg = 1 litro, como em outros estudos pr&#233;vios com HD<sup>24-26</sup>. A superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea foi calculada de acordo com a equa&#231;&#227;o simplificada de Mosteller (0,20247 x peso<sup>0,425</sup> x altura<sup>0,725</sup>)<sup>31</sup>.O &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea foi calculado pela divis&#227;o do peso (kg) pelo quadrado da altura (m).</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma foi realizado imediatamente antes e aproximadamente trinta minutos ap&#243;s a sess&#227;o de HD. Os exames foram feitos sem conhecimento dos dados cl&#237;nicos do paciente, por um &#250;nico examinador, cardiologista-ecocardiografista com n&#237;vel 3 de treinamento, de acordo com as diretrizes estabelecidas pela for&#231;a-tarefa da "American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association"<sup>32</sup>.Todos os exames foram obtidos com os pacientes posicionados em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo, utilizando-se ecocardi&#243;grafo HDI 3000 (ATL-Philips Ultrasound Systems, Bothell, Washington, EUA) equipado com transdutor de 2,5 MHz, procedendo-se aos cortes ecocardiogr&#225;ficos usuais para se obter um completo estudo aos modos M, bidimensional e Doppler (puls&#225;til, cont&#237;nuo, colorido e tecidual) antes e depois da sess&#227;o. Os seguintes par&#226;metros foram obtidos a partir das aferi&#231;&#245;es ao modo M: dimens&#227;o &#226;ntero-posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo, espessura do septo interventricular e da parede posterior na di&#225;stole, dimens&#227;o diast&#243;lica final e sist&#243;lica final do VE. O &#225;trio esquerdo foi considerado aumentado quando &gt; 40 mm, e o VE foi considerado dilatado quando o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final era &gt; 55 mm. A massa do VE foi obtida por meio da equa&#231;&#227;o de Devereux, utilizando-se a conven&#231;&#227;o de Penn<sup>33</sup> e indexada para a superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea. O diagn&#243;stico de hipertrofia do VE foi feito quando o &#237;ndice de massa do VE era maior do que 134 e 110 g/m<sup>2</sup> de superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea para homens e mulheres, respectivamente<sup>34</sup>. Calculamos o encurtamento porcentual do VE a partir dos di&#226;metros derivados do modo M, bem como a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo do cubo<sup>35</sup>. Consideramos disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE quando a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o era &lt; 65%. Registramos as velocidades do fluxo transvalvar mitral no corte apical de quatro c&#226;maras com a amostra do Doppler puls&#225;til posicionada entre as extremidades das c&#250;spides da valva mitral<sup>36</sup>, solicitando-se ao paciente apn&#233;ia nesse momento. Medimos as velocidades de enchimento r&#225;pido precoce (E) e de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial (A), a rela&#231;&#227;o E/A e o TRIV. O &#237;ndice de Tei foi calculado pela equa&#231;&#227;o a-b/b, onde a = intervalo intermitral (tempo entre o final de um fluxo mitral e o in&#237;cio do subseq&#252;ente); e b = TEJ (medida do intervalo de tempo do fluxo de eje&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtico, obtido em via de sa&#237;da de VE)<sup>8</sup>. O TCIV foi calculado a partir da subtra&#231;&#227;o: a &#150; (TRIV + TEJ).</p>
    <p>As velocidades do anel mitral ao Doppler tecidual foram medidas no corte apical de quatro c&#226;maras com uma amostra de volume de 2 a 4 mm posicionada na jun&#231;&#227;o com a parede lateral<sup>37</sup> do VE. Regulamos filtro e ganho o mais baixo poss&#237;vel para otimizar o registro dos sinais mioc&#225;rdicos de baixa velocidade e alta amplitude<sup>36</sup>. Obtivemos a velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce (E') e tardia (A') do anel, al&#233;m das rela&#231;&#245;es E'/A' e E/E'. Registramos tamb&#233;m a velocidade sist&#243;lica do anel (S) para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til longitudinal. A m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s ciclos card&#237;acos foi calculada para todas as medidas Doppler ecocardiogr&#225;ficas.</p>
    <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE foi categorizada a partir da interpreta&#231;&#227;o conjunta dos &#237;ndices derivados do Doppler transvalvar mitral e Doppler tecidual em quatro padr&#245;es: normal (grau 0), altera&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento (grau 1), pseudonormal (grau 2) e restritivo (grau 3)<sup>38</sup>. Com a rela&#231;&#227;o E/A &lt; 1, foi classificado como grau 1. Com a rela&#231;&#227;o E/A &gt; 2, foi considerado grau 3. Na distin&#231;&#227;o entre o padr&#227;o normal verdadeiro e o pseudonormalizado, utilizamos a presen&#231;a simult&#226;nea da rela&#231;&#227;o E'/A'&lt; 1 e rela&#231;&#227;o E/E' &gt; 10 para definir eleva&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es de enchimento do VE<sup>37,39</sup>. A onda S foi considerada anormal quando abaixo de 9 cm/s<sup>39</sup>.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram testadas para o tipo de distribui&#231;&#227;o e tiveram seus resultados expressos como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o (distribui&#231;&#227;o param&#233;trica) ou como mediana (distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-param&#233;trica). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em porcentagem. As compara&#231;&#245;es feitas antes e depois da HD foram realizadas pelo teste t-Student pareado. Utilizamos o programa estat&#237;stico JMP 5.0 (SAS Institute Inc, USA) para as an&#225;lises, e o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definido como p &lt; 0,05. A variabilidade intra-observador foi calculada em sete pacientes da amostra (7,5 &#177; 2 dias ap&#243;s primeira medida) e apresentada em porcentual para os principais par&#226;metros (diferen&#231;a absoluta entre duas medidas dividida pela m&#233;dia das duas observa&#231;&#245;es).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Quinze pacientes completaram o estudo (dois foram exclu&#237;dos por taquicardia sinusal, um por estenose a&#243;rtica, e um por refluxo mitral de grau moderado). Nenhum paciente tinha altera&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade segmentar do VE em repouso. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela 1</xref> lista as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e as altera&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas diagnosticadas pelo ecocardiograma nos pacientes estudados. Em condi&#231;&#245;es basais (pr&#233;-HD), oito pacientes apresentavam altera&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento (disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica grau 1), seis tinham crit&#233;rios para pseudonormaliza&#231;&#227;o do fluxo mitral pela an&#225;lise concomitante ao Doppler tecidual do anel mitral (disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica grau 2) e um apresentava rela&#231;&#227;o E/A 2,5 (disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica grau 3). Tr&#234;s pacientes tinham disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE pelo c&#225;lculo fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; e em quatro indiv&#237;duos demonstrou-se diminui&#231;&#227;o da velocidade anular sist&#243;lica ao Doppler tecidual.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0425-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Ap&#243;s obtermos uma perda de peso m&#233;dia de 2,2 &#177; 1,1 kg com a ultrafiltra&#231;&#227;o, houve mudan&#231;a expressiva na dimens&#227;o diast&#243;lica (de 5,1 &#177; 0,6 para 4,7 &#177; 0,6 cm, p &lt; 0,001) e dimens&#227;o sist&#243;lica (de 3,4 &#177; 0,5 para 2,9 &#177; 0,4 cm, p &lt; 0,001) do VE, apontando para uma redu&#231;&#227;o da pr&#233;-carga. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (de 83 &#177; 12 para 80 &#177; 13 batimentos/minuto, p = 0,4), a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (de 163 &#177; 28 para 158 &#177; 24 mmHg, p = 0,3) e a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (de 87 &#177; 14 para 87 &#177; 17 mmHg, p = 0,98) n&#227;o variaram significativamente depois da di&#225;lise. Nenhum paciente apresentou hipotens&#227;o intradial&#237;tica necessitando interrup&#231;&#227;o do procedimento ou mudan&#231;a na terapia.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref> demonstra as m&#233;dias dos diversos &#237;ndices Doppler ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, incluindo o &#237;ndice de Tei e seus componentes, antes e depois da sess&#227;o de HD, e as altera&#231;&#245;es porcentuais a partir das condi&#231;&#245;es basais. Depois da ultrafiltra&#231;&#227;o, a onda E do fluxo mitral diminuiu (de 94 &#177; 22 para 78 &#177; 26 cm/s, p &lt; 0,05), por&#233;m a onda A permaneceu inalterada (100 &#177; 34 para 103 &#177; 30 cm/s, p = 0,6), resultando em um significante decr&#233;scimo da rela&#231;&#227;o E/A (de 1,1 &#177; 0,5 para 0,8 &#177; 0,3, p &lt; 0,01). O &#237;ndice de Tei aumentou (de 0,57 &#177; 0,07 para 0,65 &#177; 0,09, p &lt; 0,01) &#224; custa do prolongamento do TRIV (de 101 &#177; 14 para 113 &#177; 17 ms, p &lt; 0,01) e encurtamento do TEJ (de 271 &#177; 22 para 252 &#177; 22, p&lt; 0,05). O TCIV n&#227;o variou (53 &#177; 9 para 50 &#177; 13 ms, p = 0,3).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0425-00004-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Os par&#226;metros diast&#243;licos derivados do Doppler tecidual n&#227;o mudaram significativamente depois da HD: E' (de 8,5 &#177; 0,9 para 8,0 &#177; 2 cm/s, p = 0,3), A' (de 12,4 &#177; 2 para 11,9 &#177; 2 cm/s, p = 0,5), E'/A' (de 0,73 &#177; 0,2 para 0,70 &#177; 0,2, p = 0,7) e E/E' (de 11 &#177; 2,6 para 10 &#177; 4,9, p = 0,8). Entretanto, a onda S aumentou (de 10,5 &#177; 2 para 11,4 &#177; 2 cm/s, p&lt;0,05). Observamos tamb&#233;m um acr&#233;scimo do encurtamento porcentual e da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (de 34 &#177; 5 para 37 &#177; 3%, p &lt; 0,05; e 71 &#177; 7% para 75 &#177; 4%, p &lt; 0,01, respectivamente). A variabilidade intra-observador, expressa em porcentual, para as principais vari&#225;veis do estudo foi: TCIV + TRIV= 0,8 &#177; 1,1; TEJ = 2,2 &#177; 2,5; &#237;ndice de Tei = 8&#177;2; E = 1,4 &#177; 1; A = 0,1 &#177; 0,8; E' = 0,4 &#177; 0,9; A' = 0 &#177; 0,4.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes em terapia hemodial&#237;tica constituem um grupo interessante para a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos da diminui&#231;&#227;o da pr&#233;-carga sobre os par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca avaliados pelo Doppler ecocardiograma. O presente estudo investigou os efeitos desencadeados pela HD na determina&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de Tei, representativo da fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica global, e nos &#237;ndices isolados de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, em um grupo de pacientes com IRC em espera para transplante renal. A remo&#231;&#227;o de fluido resultou em redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de peso de 2,2 kg (ou 2,2 litros de &#225;gua corporal), provocando decr&#233;scimo do volume intravascular e queda da pr&#233;-carga, como se infere pela diminui&#231;&#227;o das dimens&#245;es do VE<sup>25</sup>. A modifica&#231;&#227;o no volume plasm&#225;tico circulante provocou mudan&#231;as no &#237;ndice de Tei, demonstrando sua suscetibilidade &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es de carga.</p>
    <p>Os &#237;ndices diast&#243;licos derivados do fluxo transvalvar mitral, incluindo onda E, rela&#231;&#227;o E/A e TRIV variaram significativamente, de forma semelhante a outros estudos que utilizaram a HD como modelo cl&#237;nico de redu&#231;&#227;o da pr&#233;-carga<sup>24-26,29</sup>. Sabe-se que as velocidades derivadas do Doppler puls&#225;til mitral s&#227;o extremamente volume-dependentes<sup>40</sup>, e a r&#225;pida queda das press&#245;es de enchimento provocada pela HD &#233; capaz de expor a pseudonormaliza&#231;&#227;o do fluxo mitral<sup>27,41</sup>. Observamos crit&#233;rios para pseudonormaliza&#231;&#227;o do fluxo mitral antes da HD em seis pacientes do nosso grupo, dos quais cinco evidenciaram relaxamento alterado ao Doppler convencional ap&#243;s a sess&#227;o. Ratificamos, assim, que a HD n&#227;o induz piora real da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda, mas sim altera&#231;&#245;es dependentes da suscetibilidade dos par&#226;metros do Doppler mitral &#224;s varia&#231;&#245;es da pr&#233;-carga, "desmascarando" a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica previamente existente em alguns casos.</p>
    <p>Cumpre ressaltar o papel do Doppler tecidual do anel mitral como m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica relativamente independente da pr&#233;-carga<sup>37</sup>, tamb&#233;m evidenciado por n&#243;s neste estudo. Com o montante m&#233;dio retirado pela ultrafiltra&#231;&#227;o em nosso grupo, n&#227;o observamos mudan&#231;a na velocidade de E' e A', similarmente a publica&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias<sup>27,29</sup>. Outros autores, que utilizaram HD de alto fluxo e/ou maior perda vol&#234;mica<sup>28</sup>, ou que inclu&#237;ram portadores de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica<sup>26</sup>, obtiveram varia&#231;&#245;es das velocidades anulares ap&#243;s a HD. Parece razo&#225;vel afirmar que E' &#233; pouco afetado pela HD comparado &#224; E. O efeito da HD em E' pode ser ignorado se a quantidade de fluido removido n&#227;o &#233; excessiva.</p>
    <p>Nos &#237;ndices sist&#243;licos derivados do Doppler puls&#225;til mitral observamos que o TCIV ficou inalterado e o TEJ apresentou encurtamento expressivo. Em raz&#227;o da combina&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es nos intervalos do fluxo mitral (prolongamento do TRIV e encurtamento do TEJ), houve varia&#231;&#227;o significativa do &#237;ndice de Tei, que aumentou com a redu&#231;&#227;o da pr&#233;-carga. Uma an&#225;lise alternativa poderia propor uma piora do desempenho mioc&#225;rdico ap&#243;s a sess&#227;o de HD por deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, como se pode sugerir pelo encurtamento da eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
    <p>Algumas pondera&#231;&#245;es podem ser feitas contra essa hip&#243;tese. Em primeiro lugar, procuramos excluir fatores que pudessem levar a uma piora aguda do desempenho mioc&#225;rdico, como a presen&#231;a de valvopatias, pericardiopatia ou isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Embora a possibilidade de insufici&#234;ncia coronariana n&#227;o tenha sido pesquisada com a realiza&#231;&#227;o de outros testes n&#227;o-invasivos ou invasivos, o grau de deple&#231;&#227;o do volume plasm&#225;tico durante nosso experimento esteve provavelmente dentro de certos limites "fisiol&#243;gicos", uma vez que n&#227;o foi seguido de altera&#231;&#245;es significativas da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e press&#227;o arterial. A ocorr&#234;ncia de hipotens&#227;o arterial poderia ter levado a taquicardia reflexa, subseq&#252;ente isquemia e piora dos par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o do VE.</p>
    <p>Em segundo lugar, &#224; suposi&#231;&#227;o de que a diminui&#231;&#227;o do TEJ pudesse indicar piora da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica op&#245;e-se o aumento observado na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til radial do mioc&#225;rdio) e, principalmente, na velocidade da onda S do Doppler tecidual do anel mitral (fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til longitudinal). O prov&#225;vel mecanismo de encurtamento do TEJ est&#225; relacionado &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o do volume sang&#252;&#237;neo ap&#243;s a HD, o que reduz o volume diast&#243;lico final e o volume sist&#243;lico ejetado pelo VE<sup>21</sup>. Sabe-se que a HD pode induzir uma dissocia&#231;&#227;o entre as altera&#231;&#245;es do enchimento ventricular e do estado contr&#225;til<sup>20</sup>. Desse modo, embora tenha ocorrido abrevia&#231;&#227;o do TEJ decorrente de um reduzido enchimento ventricular esquerdo, a fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til aparentemente aumentou, provavelmente pela retirada das toxinas ur&#234;micas. Esse efeito n&#227;o &#233; obtido quando se faz ultrafiltra&#231;&#227;o isolada, a qual antagoniza o mecanismo de Frank-Starling e n&#227;o remove as toxinas depressoras da fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica<sup>20</sup>. Portanto, apesar da melhora que observamos nos &#237;ndices de fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til, houve um paradoxal prolongamento do &#237;ndice de Tei.</p>
    <p>Tais achados v&#234;m corroborar a conhecida suscetibilidade dos intervalos sist&#243;licos &#224;s varia&#231;&#245;es da pr&#233;-carga, incluindo o TEJ<sup>21,42</sup>. Os efeitos da HD no desempenho sist&#243;lico do VE s&#227;o vari&#225;veis e parecem depender em parte dos volumes ventriculares e fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til pr&#233;vios &#224; di&#225;lise. Alpert e cols. sugeriram que a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE melhora ap&#243;s sess&#227;o de HD somente naqueles pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica pr&#233;via, n&#227;o se alterando significativamente em indiv&#237;duos com fun&#231;&#227;o normal<sup>43</sup>. Vale ressaltar que esse estudo utilizou a velocidade m&#233;dia de encurtamento circunferencial das fibras (derivada do modo M) como &#237;ndice de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, e n&#227;o a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. De outro modo, um estudo pequeno (dez pacientes) que empregou o mesmo m&#233;todo para avaliar uma popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica em HD, sugeriu um aumento real da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til mioc&#225;rdica nesse grupo<sup>44</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em outro estudo mais recente, realizado em 128 renais cr&#244;nicos com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica basal normal, n&#227;o se verificou varia&#231;&#227;o do encurtamento porcentual e da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o com a HD<sup>28</sup>, por&#233;m o objetivo prim&#225;rio do artigo era pesquisar a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, e a presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia coronariana n&#227;o foi crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o. Nosso grupo mostrou melhora tanto na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o quanto na velocidade anular sist&#243;lica ao Doppler tecidual. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, tal melhora poderia ser aventada pela pr&#243;pria influ&#234;ncia da pr&#233;-carga sobre o &#237;ndice, j&#225; anteriormente demonstrada. Alternativamente, a inclus&#227;o de tr&#234;s pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica reduzida em condi&#231;&#227;o basal, subgrupo cujo aumento porcentual m&#233;dio da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o depois da di&#225;lise foi de 17%, poderia teoricamente ter criado um vi&#233;s para o resultado geral do grupo. Obtivemos, todavia, tamb&#233;m um aumento significativo e uniforme na onda S, o que est&#225; em concord&#226;ncia com publica&#231;&#227;o anterior que apontou melhora das velocidades sist&#243;licas do mioc&#225;rdio de renais cr&#244;nicos ap&#243;s HD<sup>45</sup>.</p>
    <p>Parece razo&#225;vel inferir que o aumento da onda S deva representar melhora real da contratilidade das fibras mioc&#225;rdicas longitudinais, uma vez que o Doppler tecidual &#233; um m&#233;todo relativamente independente da pr&#233;-carga, e o montante da varia&#231;&#227;o vol&#234;mica induzida em nosso grupo n&#227;o foi capaz de gerar mudan&#231;a nas velocidades diast&#243;licas do anel mitral. Com a possibilidade de se pesquisar n&#227;o s&#243; a contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica radial, mas tamb&#233;m a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica longitudinal mediante novas t&#233;cnicas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, como o Doppler tecidual e o "strain" mioc&#225;rdico, um novo caminho se abre para a pesquisa e entendimento do comportamento do desempenho card&#237;aco em situa&#231;&#245;es de varia&#231;&#227;o da carga.</p>
    <p>Estudo semelhante ao presente artigo, realizado por Koga e cols., objetivou tamb&#233;m avaliar o impacto que as altera&#231;&#245;es da pr&#233;-carga induzidas pela HD acarretam na estimativa do &#237;ndice de Tei<sup>46</sup>. Avaliando 32 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 72 &#177; 9 anos, tempo de HD de 40 &#177; 35 meses e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal, encontraram significante redu&#231;&#227;o da velocidade de E e rela&#231;&#227;o E/A, associada a um aumento do &#237;ndice de Tei (&#224; custa do prolongamento de TRIV+TCIV e do encurtamento do TEJ). Interessante destacar que, ao avaliarem dois grupos conforme a magnitude da perda de peso, se &#179;1,5 kg ou &lt;1,5 kg, encontraram mudan&#231;a do &#237;ndice de Tei somente no primeiro grupo. N&#227;o houve varia&#231;&#227;o das dimens&#245;es e volumes do VE quando analisado o grupo geral (perda de peso 1,8 &#177; 0,7 kg), o que resultou em fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o inalterada ap&#243;s a sess&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Nossa popula&#231;&#227;o foi composta em sua totalidade por portadores de hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, al&#233;m de conter tr&#234;s pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. Isso pode explicar as diferen&#231;as no valor basal do &#237;ndice de Tei das popula&#231;&#245;es avaliadas (0,57 &#177; 0,07 contra 0,42 &#177; 0,16 no estudo japon&#234;s). Em nosso grupo obtivemos uma perda de peso maior (2,2 &#177; 1,1 kg), permitindo redu&#231;&#227;o mais expressiva do volume circulante, o que teve como conseq&#252;&#234;ncia um al&#237;vio da sobrecarga de volume e diferente resposta da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, o &#237;ndice de Tei tamb&#233;m se mostrou suscet&#237;vel &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da pr&#233;-carga em uma amostra mista, com portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, como j&#225; havia sido demonstrado na popula&#231;&#227;o com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica normal do estudo japon&#234;s. Esta varia&#231;&#227;o parece depender da quantidade de volume retirado, qualquer que seja a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica basal.</p>
    <p>As principais limita&#231;&#245;es de nosso estudo foram o pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes e o fato de que o ecocardiografista n&#227;o realizou as medidas <italic>off-line</italic> e cego para o momento pr&#233;- ou p&#243;s-HD. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tamanho da amostra, &#233; importante notar que o pequeno "n" deveu-se, em parte, aos rigorosos crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o, e que isso n&#227;o impediu a obten&#231;&#227;o de um alto poder estat&#237;stico para a varia&#231;&#227;o no &#237;ndice de Tei ("power" = 0,99). Fatores log&#237;sticos inerentes &#224; organiza&#231;&#227;o dos servi&#231;os impediu o estudo cego, por&#233;m essa foi uma limita&#231;&#227;o presente em outros estudos com di&#225;lise<sup>26,27</sup>. Al&#233;m do mais, a presen&#231;a de apenas um ecocardiografista realizando todos os exames ajudou a diminuir a variabilidade dos registros.</p>
    <p>Nossos resultados mostraram que o &#237;ndice de Tei &#233; afetado pela diminui&#231;&#227;o do volume circulante induzida pela HD, resultando em um aumento do seu valor, o que poderia ser erroneamente interpretado como piora no desempenho mioc&#225;rdico. Conclu&#237;mos que, assim como outros par&#226;metros derivados do Doppler transvalvar mitral, esse &#237;ndice pode ser afetado por altera&#231;&#245;es da pr&#233;-carga mediadas pela HD. Dentre os demais par&#226;metros avaliados, as velocidades diast&#243;licas do anel mitral ao Doppler tecidual mostraram-se insens&#237;veis &#224; perda vol&#234;mica obtida neste estudo, e o comportamento das velocidades sist&#243;licas sugeriu melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do VE ap&#243;s o procedimento. Ao avaliar o valor absoluto do &#237;ndice de Tei em um dado paciente sob HD de manuten&#231;&#227;o para se estimar o desempenho mioc&#225;rdico global, deve-se interpret&#225;-lo com parcim&#244;nia, correlacionando temporalmente com a sess&#227;o dial&#237;tica. Independentemente da sua suscetibilidade &#224; pr&#233;-carga, seu valor progn&#243;stico necessita ser testado nesse grupo de pacientes, tendo em vista a alta acur&#225;cia preditiva de mortalidade encontrada em outros cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos<sup>11-14</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Silvio Henrique Barberato </p>
        <p> Rua Saint Hilaire, 122/203 </p>
        <p> 80240-140 &#150; Curitiba, PR </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="silviohb@cardiol.br">silviohb@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Recebido em 02/07/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 29/08/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Influence of preload reduction on Tei index and other Doppler echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular function</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of preload reduction by hemodialysis on Doppler Tei Index of myocardial performance and other parameters of cardiac function. METHODS: The Tei index and left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function parameters were estimated, before and after a single hemodialysis session. Only subjects who were in sinus rhythm, without history of coronary artery disease, and no evidence of cardiac valve disease and pericardial effusion were included in the study. RESULTS: Fifteen patients (8 men, mean age 53 &#177; 14 years) completed the study. After an ultrafiltration of 2,2 &#177; 1,1 liters, peak mitral E velocity decreased (p&lt; 0,05) and A velocity remained unchanged (p = ns), resulting in reduction of E/A ratio (p&lt; 0,01). The Tei index increased (from 0,57 &#177; 0,07 to 0,65 &#177; 0,09, p&lt; 0,01) because of significant prolongations in isovolumetric relaxation time (from 101 &#177; 14 to 113 &#177; 17 ms, p&lt; 0,01) and ejection time (from 271 &#177; 22 to 252 &#177; 22, p&lt; 0,05). The isovolumetric contraction time did not vary (p = ns). There was no change in diastolic tissue Doppler parameters, while systolic velocities increased (p&lt; 0,05). CONCLUSION: The Tei index was affected by hemodialysis-induced preload alterations, as well as other mitral inflow Doppler-derived parameters. The diastolic parameters of mitral annulus Doppler tissue were independent of preload, while systolic velocities suggested improved systolic function.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Renal dialysis</kwd>
        <kwd>echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>ventricular function</kwd>
        <kwd>left</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Influence of preload reduction on Tei index and other Doppler echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular function</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Silvio Henrique Barberato; Roberto Pecoits Filho</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Centro de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas e da Sa&#250;de e Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; - Curitiba, PR - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> To assess the influence of preload reduction by hemodialysis on Doppler Tei Index of myocardial performance and other parameters of cardiac function.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold> The Tei index and left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function parameters were estimated, before and after a single hemodialysis session. Only subjects who were in sinus rhythm, without history of coronary artery disease, and no evidence of cardiac valve disease and pericardial effusion were included in the study.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold> Fifteen patients (8 men, mean age 53 &#177; 14 years) completed the study. After an ultrafiltration of 2,2 &#177; 1,1 liters, peak mitral E velocity decreased (p&lt; 0,05) and A velocity remained unchanged (p = ns), resulting in reduction of E/A ratio (p&lt; 0,01). The Tei index increased (from 0,57 &#177; 0,07 to 0,65 &#177; 0,09, p&lt; 0,01) because of significant prolongations in isovolumetric relaxation time (from 101 &#177; 14 to 113 &#177; 17 ms, p&lt; 0,01) and ejection time (from 271 &#177; 22 to 252 &#177; 22, p&lt; 0,05). The isovolumetric contraction time did not vary (p = ns). There was no change in diastolic tissue Doppler parameters, while systolic velocities increased (p&lt; 0,05).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The Tei index was affected by hemodialysis-induced preload alterations, as well as other mitral inflow Doppler-derived parameters. The diastolic parameters of mitral annulus Doppler tissue were independent of preload, while systolic velocities suggested improved systolic function.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Renal dialysis, echocardiography, Doppler, ventricular function, left.</p>
      <p>Patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) on maintenance hemodialysis (HD) experience a series of metabolic and hemodynamic abnormalities that predispose to anatomic and functional change in myocardial performance<sup>1</sup>. Thus, left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, a geometric change independently predictive of mortality<sup>2,3</sup>, is usually accompanied by diastolic dysfunction. Left ventricular systolic dysfunction seems to be less frequent<sup>4,5</sup>, although it also adds prognostic value<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Tei et al described a Doppler echocardiographic myocardial performance index combining time intervals related to systolic and diastolic function that reflects global cardiac function<sup>7</sup>. The Tei index is defined as the sum of isovolumetric contraction time (IVCT) with isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT) divided by left ventricular ejection time (ET). Numerous studies have demonstrated its clinical value as a sensitive indicator of the severity of myocardial dysfunction<sup>8-10</sup> and also a prognostic predictor in several heart conditions<sup>11-14</sup>. Theoretically, this index presents a series of advantages that can be effectively used to evaluate cardiac function of CRF patients on hemodialysis. It is easily obtained and reproducible, regardless of ventricular cavity geometry<sup>15</sup>; in addition, it is not affected by heart rate and blood pressure<sup>8</sup>. However, human<sup>16,17</sup> and animal<sup>18,19</sup> studies have shown the sensitivity of the index to loading manipulations. During hemodialysis, there is a sudden decrease in plasma volume secondary to ultrafiltration, thereby constituting an interesting clinical model of preload reduction.</p>
      <p>A number of studies have analyzed the influence of preload reduction by hemodialysis in isolated Doppler echocardiographic indices of systolic or diastolic function, evaluated by several parameters, such as ejection fraction<sup>20</sup> and other contractility indices<sup>21</sup>, mitral inflow velocities and intervals by pulsed Doppler<sup>22-25</sup>, mitral annular velocities by tissue Doppler<sup>26-28</sup>, and left atrial volume<sup>29</sup>. Nevertheless, few data exist about preload influence on the Tei index in a clinical condition of rapid changes in blood volume. This study aims at evaluating the effect of acute preload reduction mediated by a single hemodialysis session on the Tei index, as well as on other systolic and diastolic function indices provided by Doppler echocardiography, investigating whether these parameters depend on intravascular volume.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Nineteen CRF patients referred for transthoracic echocardiography (pre-renal transplantation assessment) were studied. These patients had been on maintenance hemodialysis for at least one month at the Nephrology Service of our institution (four-hour sessions, three times a week). Inclusion criteria were clinically stable patients in sinus rhythm, with no history of coronary artery disease (evaluated by medical chart review and detailed medical history), nor evidence of significant valvular heart disease (any degree of mitral or aortic stenosis; more than mild mitral or aortic insufficiency) or pericardial effusion. The project was approved by the institution's Ethics Committee, and all patients gave a written informed consent to participate in the study.</p>
      <p>Dry weight (volume to be removed by ultrafiltration) was estimated based on clinical signs of hydration and blood pressure behavior during the session, together with electrical bioimpedance<sup>30</sup>. Hemodialysis machines used were Altra Touch (Althin, Miami, Florida, FL, USA) equipped with cellulose-acetate dialyzers regulated to a blood flow rate of 200mL/min and a dialysate flow rate between 300 and 400 mL/min.</p>
      <p>Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, height, and body weight were measured before and after HD. Ultrafiltrate was estimated by the difference between pre- and post-hemodialysis body weight, considering 1 kg = 1 liter, as in previous HD studies<sup>24-26</sup>. Body surface area was calculated according to Mosteller's simplified formula (0.20247 x weight<sup>0,425</sup> x height<sup>0,725</sup>)<sup>31</sup>. The body mass index was calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in meters squared.</p>
      <p>Echocardiograms were performed immediately before and approximately 30 minutes after the HD session by a single level-3 cardiologist-echocardiographer blind to clinical data, in compliance with guidelines established by the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task-force<sup>32</sup>. All examinations were conducted using an HDL 3000 echocardiograph (ATL-Philips Ultrasound Systems, Bothell, Washington, EUA) equipped with a 2.5-MHz transducer, with patients in left lateral decubitus. The usual sections were used to allow a thorough M-mode, two-dimensional, and Doppler echocardiography study (pulsed, continuous, color, and tissue) before and after the session. The following parameters were derived from M-mode measurements: left atrial anteroposterior diameter, interventricular septal and posterior wall thickness during diastole, LV end-diastolic and end-systolic dimensions. Left atrium was considered enlarged when it was &gt; 40 mm, and LV was considered dilated when end-diastolic diameter was &gt; 55 mm. Left ventricular mass was calculated using Devereux's formula according to the Penn convention<sup>33</sup> and indexed to body surface area. Left ventricular hypertrophy was diagnosed when the LV mass index was greater than 134 and 110 g/m<sup>2</sup> of body surface for men and women, respectively. Left ventricular fractional shortening was calculated from M-mode-derived diameters, as well as ejection fraction by the cube method.<sup>35</sup>. Left ventricular systolic dysfunction was diagnosed when ejection fraction was &lt; 65%. Mitral inflow velocities were measured in the apical four-chamber view with pulsed the Doppler sample placed between the leaflet tips of the mitral valve<sup>36</sup>; at this time patients were instructed to hold their breath. Rapid early filling (E) and atrial contraction (A) velocities, as well as the E/A ratio and IVRT, were determined. The Tei index was calculated using the formula a-b/b, where a = mitral closure-to-opening interval (time interval from cessation to onset of mitral inflow); and b = ET (aortic flow ejection time, obtained at the LV outflow tract)<sup>8</sup>. Isovolumetric contraction time (IVCT) was determined from the following subtraction: a &#150; (IVRT + ET).</p>
      <p>Mitral annular velocities measured by tissue Doppler were recorded in the apical four-chamber view, with a 2- to -4 mm sample volume placed at the junction of the LV lateral wall with the mitral annulus<sup>37</sup>. For optimal recording of low-velocity and high-amplitude myocardial signals, both gain and filter were set as low as possible<sup>36</sup>. Both early (E') and late (A') diastolic mitral annular velocities were obtained, in addition to E'/A' and E/E' ratios. Systolic mitral annular velocity (S) was also recorded for longitudinal contractile function. All Doppler echocardiographic measurements represented an average of three heart cycles.</p>
      <p>Left ventricular diastolic function was categorized based on the interpretation of both mitral inflow Doppler and tissue Doppler indices in four patterns: normal (grade 0), abnormal relaxation (grade I), pseudonormal (grade 2), and restrictive (grade 3)<sup>38</sup>. With the E/A ratio &lt; 1, it was classified as grade I; while with the E/A ratio &gt; 2 it was considered grade 3. In the discrimination between true normal and pseudonormalized pattern, the concomitant presence of E'/A' ratio &lt; 1 and E/E' ratio &gt; 10 was used to define increased LV filling pressure<sup>37,39</sup>. An S-wave lower than 9 cm/s was considered abnormal<sup>39</sup>.</p>
      <p>Continuous variables were tested for the type of distribution, and their results were expressed as mean and standard deviation (parametric distribution) or median (non-parametric distribution). Categorical variables were expressed as percentages. Paired Student's t test was used for comparisons before and after hemodialysis. Statistical analyses were performed using JMP 5.0 software (SAS Institute Inc, USA), and the significance level was set at 0.05. Intraobserver variability was calculated in seven patients (7.5 &#177; 2 days after the first measurement) and expressed in percentage for the primary parameters (absolute difference between two measurements divided by the mean value of both observations).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Fifteen patients completed the study (two were excluded due to sinus tachycardia, one because of aortic stenosis, and one because of moderate mitral regurgitation). No patient showed abnormal LV segmental contractility at rest. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref> shows clinical characteristics and anatomic changes diagnosed by echocardiogram in the patients studied. At baseline (pre-HD), eight patients showed abnormal relaxation (grade I diastolic dysfunction), six met criteria for mitral inflow pseudonormalization through concomitant analysis by mitral annular tissue Doppler (grade II diastolic dysfunction), and one showed E/A ratio 2.5 (grade III diastolic dysfunction). Three patients had LV systolic dysfunction detected by ejection fraction calculation, while lower systolic mitral annular velocity was shown in four by tissue Doppler imaging</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0425-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>After an average loss of 2.2 &#177; 1.1 kg through ultrafiltration, expressive change was found in LV diastolic dimension (5.1 &#177; 0.6 to 4.7 &#177; 0.6 cm, p &lt; 0.001) and systolic dimension (3.4 &#177; 0.5 to 2.9 &#177; 0.4 cm, p &lt; 0.001), pointing to a preload reduction. No significant changes were found in heart rate (83 &#177; 12 to 80 &#177; 13 beats/minute, p = 0.4), systolic blood pressure (163 &#177; 28 to 158 &#177; 24 mmHg, p = 0.3), and diastolic blood pressure (87 &#177; 14 to 87 &#177; 17 mmHg, p = 0.98) after dialysis. No patient experienced intradialytic hypotension requiring therapy discontinuation or change.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_29875t02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the means of several Doppler echoardiographic indices, including the Tei index and its components, before and after HD session, as well as percentage changes from baseline conditions. After ultrafiltration, mitral flow E-wave decreased (94 &#177; 22 to 78 &#177; 26 cm/s, p &lt; 0.05), but mitral flow A-wave remained unchanged (100 &#177; 34 to 103 &#177; 30 cm/s, p = 0.6), resulting in a significant decrease in the E/A ratio (1.1 &#177; 0.5 to 0.8 &#177; 0.3, p &lt; 0.01). The Tei index increased (0.57 &#177; 0.07 to 0.65 &#177; 0.09, p &lt; 0.01) due to IVRT prolongation (101 &#177; 14 to 113 &#177; 17 ms, p &lt; 0.01) and ET shortening (271 &#177; 22 to 252 &#177; 22, p&lt; 0.05). The IVCT remained unaltered (53 &#177; 9 to 50 &#177; 13 ms, p = 0.3).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_29875t02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-06-0425-00004-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Tissue Doppler-derived diastolic parameters showed no significant change after hemodialysis: E' (8.5 &#177; 0.9 to 8.0 &#177; 2 cm/s, p = 0.3), A' (12.4 &#177; 2 to 11.9 &#177; 2 cm/s, p = 0.5), E'/A' (0.73 &#177; 0.2 to 0.70 &#177; 0.2, p = 0.7) e E/E' (11 &#177; 2.6 to 10 &#177; 4.9, p = 0.8). However, the S-wave increased (10.5 &#177; 2 to11.4 &#177; 2 cm/s, p&lt;0.05), as well as shortening percentage and ejection fraction (34 &#177; 5 to 37 &#177; 3%, p &lt; 0.05; and 71 &#177; 7% to 75 &#177; 4%, p &lt; 0.01, respectively). Intraobserver variability (expressed in percentage) for the study's main variables was: IVCT + IVRT = 0.8 &#177; 1.1; ET = 2.2 &#177; 2.5; Tei index = 8 &#177; 2; E = 1.4 &#177; 1; A = 0.1 &#177; 0.8; E' = 0.4 &#177; 0.9; A' = 0 &#177; 0.4.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hemodialysis patients constitute an interesting group for assessing reduced preload effects on cardiac function parameters by Doppler echocardiogram. This study investigated the effects triggered by HD on the Tei index, which reflects global myocardial function, and on systolic and diastolic function indices separately, in a group of CRF patients waiting for renal transplantation. Fluid removal resulted in a mean weight reduction of 2.2 Kg (or 2.2 liters of body water), causing a decline in intravascular volume and a drop in preload, as may be inferred by reduced LV dimensions<sup>25</sup>. The decrease in circulating plasma volume led to changes in the Tei index, demonstrating that it is affected by load conditions.</p>
      <p>Diastolic indices derived from mitral inflow, including E-wave, E/A ratio, and IVRT varied significantly, similar to other studies using HD as clinical model of preload reduction<sup>24-26,29</sup>. It is known that pulsed Doppler-derived velocities are extremely volume-dependent<sup>40</sup>, and the rapid drop in filling pressure caused by HD may expose to a pseudonormalization of mitral flow<sup>27,41</sup>. Criteria for mitral flow pseudonormalization were followed in six patients before HD, five of whom showed abnormal relaxation on standard Doppler after hemodialysis. We thus confirm that HD does not affect left ventricular diastolic function adversely, but rather induces changes that depend on the sensitivity of mitral Doppler parameters to preload variations, sometimes "unmasking" a preexistent diastolic dysfunction.</p>
      <p>As this study demonstrates, the role of mitral annular tissue Doppler as a method to assess the relatively independent diastolic function of preload should be underscored<sup>37</sup>, as it was also demonstrated in this study. No change in E' and A' velocity was found with the average amount removed by ultrafiltration in our group, a finding similar to that reported in previous publications<sup>27,29</sup>. Other authors who used high-flow HD and/or greater blood volume loss<sup>28</sup>, or who included myocardial ischemia patients<sup>26</sup>, observed variations in mitral annular velocities after HD. It seems reasonable to say that E' is little affected by HD, compared to E. The HD effect on E' may be ignored as long as no excess fluid is removed.</p>
      <p>Pulsed-wave Doppler-derived systolic indices showed that IVCT remained unchanged and ET shortened significantly. Because of the combined changes in mitral flow intervals (prolonged IVRT and shortened ET), there was significant Tei index variation, which increased with preload reduction. An alternative analysis could propose a decrease in myocardial performance after the HD session due to systolic function deterioration, as may be suggested by the reduced ventricular ejection fraction.</p>
      <p>Some arguments may be presented against this hypothesis. Firstly, we sought to exclude factors that could lead to an acute decrease in myocardial performance, such as valvular heart disease, pericardial disease, or myocardial ischemia. Although the presence of coronary heart disease was not checked by means of other non-invasive or invasive tests, the degree of plasma volume depletion during our experiment was probably within certain "physiological" ranges, since it was not followed by significant change in heart rate and blood pressure. The occurrence of arterial hypotension could have led to reflex tachycardia, subsequent ischemia, and a decrease in LV function parameters.</p>
      <p>Secondly, the assumption that decreased ET may indicate a decline in systolic function is contradicted by the increase observed in ejection fraction (radial myocardial contractile function), and especially in S-wave velocity measured by mitral annular tissue Doppler (longitudinal contractile function). The ET shortening mechanism is likely to be related to the decrease in blood volume after HD, which reduces end-diastolic volume and LV stroke volume<sup>21</sup>. It is known that HD may induce a dissociation between changes in ventricular filling and in contractile state<sup>20</sup>. Thus, despite the ET abbreviation secondary to a decrease in left ventricular filling, contractile function apparently improved, probably due to uremic toxin removal. This effect is achieved by an isolated ultrafiltration that antagonizes the Frank-Starling mechanism and does not remove the toxins that depress myocardial function<sup>20</sup>. Therefore, while contractile function indices improved, there was a paradoxical prolongation of the Tei index.</p>
      <p>These findings corroborate the known sensitivity of systolic intervals to preload variations, including ejection time<sup>21,42</sup>. The HD effects on LV systolic performance vary and seem to depend partly on ventricular volumes and contractile function prior to dialysis. Alpert et al suggested that LV systolic function only improves after HD session in patients with previous systolic dysfunction, and that is does not change significantly in individuals with normal function<sup>43</sup>. It is worth noting that this study used mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (M-mode-derived) as the index for systolic function, rather than ejection fraction. On the other hand, a small study (ten patients) using the same method to evaluate a pediatric HD population suggested a real improvement in myocardial contractile function in that group<sup>44</sup>.</p>
      <p>In a more recent study performed on 128 chronic renal disease patients with normal baseline systolic function, no change was found in percent shortening and ejection fraction with HD<sup>28</sup>, but the primary purpose of the article was to study diastolic function, and presence of coronary artery disease was not an exclusion criterion. Our group showed improvement both in ejection fraction and systolic annular velocity measured by tissue Doppler. With regard to ejection fraction, this improvement could be suggested by the preload influence itself on the index, as demonstrated previously. Alternatively, the inclusion of three patients with reduced systolic dysfunction at baseline, a subgroup in which mean ejection fraction increase after dialysis was 17%, could theoretically have created a bias for the overall result of the group. However, there was also a significant and consistent increase in the S-wave, which is in keeping with a previous publication that pointed to improvement in myocardial systolic velocities of CRF patients after HD<sup>45</sup>.</p>
      <p>It seems reasonable to infer that the S-wave increase should represent a real improvement in contractility of longitudinal myocardial fibers, since tissue Doppler is relatively preload-independent, and the amount of induced-volume variation in our group failed to produce changes in mitral annular diastolic velocities. The possibility of studying not only radial myocardial contractility but also longitudinal systolic function using novel echocardiographic techniques, such as tissue Doppler and myocardial strain, opens a new path to research aimed at understanding heart performance behavior under load variation.</p>
      <p>A similar study performed by Koga et al also sought to evaluate the impact of HD-induced preload alterations on the Tei index<sup>46</sup>. Evaluating 32 patients with mean age of 72 &#177; 9, on HD for 40 &#177; 35 months and showing normal ejection fraction, these authors found a significant decrease in E velocity and E/A ratio, associated with an increase in the Tei index (due to IVRT + IVCT prolongation and ET shortening). It is interesting to note that, in evaluating two groups according to the amount of weight loss, whether <underline>&gt;</underline> 1.5 kg or &lt;1.5 kg, only the first group showed changes in the Tei index. Analysis of the group as a whole revealed no changes in LV dimension and volume (weight loss 1.8 &#177; 0.7 kg), and ejection fraction remained unaltered after hemodialysis.</p>
      <p>Our population consisted only of patients with myocardial hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction, in addition to three patients with systolic dysfunction. This may explain baseline differences in the Tei index of the populations evaluated (0.57 &#177; 0.07 <italic>vs</italic> 0.42 &#177; 0.16 in the Japanese study). In our group, weight loss was greater ((2.2 &#177; 1.1 kg), allowing a more expressive reduction in circulating volume and thus relieving volume overload and resulting in different ejection fraction response. Therefore, the Tei index showed to be affected by preload reduction in a mixed sample as well, in patients with systolic and diastolic dysfunction, as had already been demonstrated in the population with normal systolic function in the Japanese study. This variation seems to depend on the volume removed, regardless of baseline systolic function.</p>
      <p> The main limitations of our study were the small number of patients, the echocardiographer failure to perform off-line measurements, and the fact that he was not blind to pre- or post-HD time. In regard to sample size, it is important to note that the small &#147;n&#148; was partly due to strict selection criteria and that this did not prevent a high statistical power to be achieved for Tei index variation (power = 0.99). Due to logistic issues, a blind study was not possible, but that limitation has been present in other dialysis studies as well<sup>26,27</sup>. Moreover, the fact that all the examinations were performed by a single echocardiographer contributed to reduce record variability.</p>
      <p>Our results showed that the Tei index is affected by reduction in circulating blood volume induced by HD, raising its value, which could be misinterpreted as a decrease in myocardial performance. We concluded that, as with other parameters derived from mitral inflow Doppler, this index may be affected by preload changes mediated by HD. Among the other parameters evaluated, diastolic mitral annular velocities measured by tissue Doppler proved to be unaffected by the volume loss obtained in this study, and systolic velocities behavior suggested improved LV contractile function after the procedure. When evaluating the Tei index's absolute value in a patient on maintenance HD in order to estimate global myocardial performance, one should interpret it with care, correlating it temporally with the dialysis session. Regardless of its sensitivity to preload, its prognostic value needs to be tested in this group of patients, considering its high predictive accuracy of mortality in other clinical scenarios<sup>11-14</sup> .</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Silvio Henrique Barberato</p>
          <p> Rua Saint Hilaire, 122/203</p>
          <p> 80240-140 &#150; Curitiba, PR - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="silviohb@cardiol.br">silviohb@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 07/02/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 08/29/05</p>
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</article>
