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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">bPXKjmDyKTMYxjTDZZhgySg</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000500011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600511</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000500011</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>S&#237;ndrome da classe econ&#244;mica ap&#243;s longas viagens de &#244;nibus</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira Jr</surname>
            <given-names>M&#250;cio Tavares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faveri</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farias</surname>
            <given-names>C&#237;ntia Mara Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mansur</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira-Barretto</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>388</fpage>
      <lpage>389</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Homem de 65 anos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca causada por hipertens&#227;o e cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica foi internado com dispn&#233;ia, escarro sanguinolento e dor pleur&#237;tica ap&#243;s uma viagem de &#244;nibus com dura&#231;&#227;o de 52 horas. A avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e laboratorial incluiu tomografia helicoidal do t&#243;rax, que demonstrou um defeito de enchimento do principal ramo da art&#233;ria pulmonar direita e uma opacidade perif&#233;rica regular de formato triangular no lobo inferior da parte inferior do pulm&#227;o. Ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico de tromboembolia pulmonar, foi institu&#237;da terapia com heparina, seguida por varfarina. O paciente recebeu alta hospitalar. O diagn&#243;stico de embolia pulmonar deve ser levado em considera&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com sintomas semelhantes aos deste paciente ap&#243;s longa viagem de &#244;nibus.</p>
      </abstract>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold> RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>S&#237;ndrome da classe econ&#244;mica ap&#243;s longas viagens de &#244;nibus </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#250;cio Tavares de Oliveira Jr; Marcelo de Faveri; C&#237;ntia Mara Rodrigues Farias; Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur; Antonio Carlos Pereira-Barretto</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Homem de 65 anos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca causada por hipertens&#227;o e cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica foi internado com dispn&#233;ia, escarro sanguinolento e dor pleur&#237;tica ap&#243;s uma viagem de &#244;nibus com dura&#231;&#227;o de 52 horas. A avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e laboratorial incluiu tomografia helicoidal do t&#243;rax, que demonstrou um defeito de enchimento do principal ramo da art&#233;ria pulmonar direita e uma opacidade perif&#233;rica regular de formato triangular no lobo inferior da parte inferior do pulm&#227;o. Ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico de tromboembolia pulmonar, foi institu&#237;da terapia com heparina, seguida por varfarina. O paciente recebeu alta hospitalar. O diagn&#243;stico de embolia pulmonar deve ser levado em considera&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com sintomas semelhantes aos deste paciente ap&#243;s longa viagem de &#244;nibus.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>INTRODU&#199;&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em 1954, foi relatado um caso de trombose venosa profunda e embolia pulmonar ap&#243;s um v&#244;o de 14 horas <sup>1</sup>, quadro que mais tarde passou a ser chamado de "s&#237;ndrome da classe econ&#244;mica"<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, essas ocorr&#234;ncias tamb&#233;m foram relatadas ap&#243;s longas viagens por outros meios de transporte, ressaltando a fisiopatologia associada ao fato de ficar sentado por muito tempo numa posi&#231;&#227;o apertada, o que levou alguns autores a denominar esse quadro de "trombose do viajante"<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
    <p>No Brasil, um pa&#237;s com dimens&#245;es continentais, viagens de &#244;nibus cobrindo longas dist&#226;ncias s&#227;o bastante comuns. S&#227;o Paulo &#233; um ativo p&#243;lo econ&#244;mico, e uma grande metr&#243;pole (10,6 milh&#245;es de habitantes)<sup>5</sup>. Conseq&#252;entemente, longas viagens de &#244;nibus de cidades distantes para S&#227;o Paulo s&#227;o bastante comuns. A principal rodovi&#225;ria de S&#227;o Paulo serve 21 estados, sete regi&#245;es (norte, nordeste, sul, interior do estado, litoral norte do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, litoral fluminense e litoral capixaba), al&#233;m de quatro pa&#237;ses &#150; Chile, Paraguai, Argentina e Uruguai. Na Esta&#231;&#227;o Rodovi&#225;ria do Tiet&#234;, 65 empresas de &#244;nibus operam 304 rotas que ligam 1.010 cidades<sup>6</sup>. Em 2002, foram registradas mais de 60.800 chegadas e partidas di&#225;rias de &#244;nibus<sup>7</sup>. Muitas com mais de seis horas de dura&#231;&#227;o. Assim, as complica&#231;&#245;es tromb&#243;ticas relacionadas com essas viagens chamaram a aten&#231;&#227;o da classe m&#233;dica.</p>
    <p>Relatamos o caso de um paciente que apresentou embolia pulmonar ap&#243;s extensa viagem de &#244;nibus (cerca de 3.000 km) do estado do Cear&#225;, na regi&#227;o nordeste do pa&#237;s, para S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DO CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Um homem de 65 anos foi internado com grave dispn&#233;ia, escarro sanguinolento e dor pleur&#237;tica.</p>
    <p>Ele tinha viajado de &#244;nibus durante 52 horas, do Cear&#225; para S&#227;o Paulo. Logo ap&#243;s a chegada, desenvolveu dispn&#233;ia, escarro sanguinolento e dor pleur&#237;tica do lado direito do t&#243;rax. A dispn&#233;ia aumentou gradualmente, e o paciente procurou atendimento m&#233;dico, sendo encaminhado ao hospital 15 dias depois do in&#237;cio dos sintomas.</p>
    <p>Sua hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica inclu&#237;a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, angina est&#225;vel e dispn&#233;ia de esfor&#231;o com quatro meses de dura&#231;&#227;o. Ele tomava irregularmente lisinopril e hidroclorotiazida. O paciente era um bebedor inveterado e ex-fumante.</p>
    <p>Ao ser internado, o exame f&#237;sico revelou dispn&#233;ia. Ele pesava 67,4 kg e media 161,7 cm. Foram obtidos os seguintes par&#226;metros: freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria de 52 incurs&#245;es por minuto, pulso regular, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 120 batimentos por minuto, press&#227;o arterial de 160/80 mmHg e temperatura corporal de 36&#186; C. Foi constatado ingurgitamento da veia jugular. O exame tor&#225;cico revelou redu&#231;&#227;o dos sons respirat&#243;rios e estertores sobre os campos inferiores do pulm&#227;o direito. O exame card&#237;aco revelou batimentos prematuros freq&#252;entes. No exame abdominal, o f&#237;gado foi sentido tr&#234;s cent&#237;metros abaixo da margem costal direita.</p>
    <p>Foi feito o diagn&#243;stico de embolia pulmonar associada e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca decorrente de cardiopatia hipertensiva e miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica.</p>
    <p>A radiografia do t&#243;rax mostrou opacidades irregulares nos lobos m&#233;dio e direito.</p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma demonstrou hipertrofia do &#225;trio e ventr&#237;culo esquerdos, ondas Q patol&#243;gicas, indicando antigo infarto lateral e anomalias inespec&#237;ficas do segmento ST-T.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise do sangue revelou: hemoglobina 11 mg/dL; hemat&#243;crito 32%, contagem de leuc&#243;citos 8.500/mm<sup>3</sup> (76% de neutr&#243;filos, 13% de linf&#243;citos e 11% de mon&#243;citos), plaquetas 655.000/ml; creatinina s&#233;rica 0,9 mg/dL, tempo de protrombina 17,4s (normal at&#233; 14,5s); atividade de protrombina 77% (RNI = 1,2); tempo de tromboplastina parcial 36,4s (normal at&#233; 28s / R = 1,3); e tempo de trombina 14,3 s (normal at&#233; 12s).</p>
    <p>A tomografia computadorizada helicoidal do t&#243;rax revelou dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar e de seus principais ramos com defeito de enchimento do principal ramo direito e opacidade perif&#233;rica regular de forma triangular no lobo inferior da parte inferior do pulm&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Foi diagnosticada tromboembolia pulmonar.</p>
    <p>A terapia incluiu repouso no leito, administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de heparina n&#227;o-fraccionada, seguida por varfarina devidamente ajustada para a obten&#231;&#227;o de um RNI entre 2 e 3.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico mostrou disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda global, dilata&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras esquerda e direita (di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 6,8 cm; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda de 34%, di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo de 4,7 cm; n&#227;o foram encontrados trombos card&#237;acos.</p>
    <p>O estudo de cateteriza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca revelou hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar de 60 mmHg). O angiograma demonstrou dilata&#231;&#227;o moderada do &#225;trio e ventr&#237;culo direitos. A angiografia coronariana revelou 80% de estenose dos ramos diagonal anterior e circunflexo da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s uma recupera&#231;&#227;o sem intercorr&#234;ncias, o paciente recebeu alta 32 dias ap&#243;s a interna&#231;&#227;o. Oito meses depois da alta, ele est&#225; bem.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O caso desse paciente revela que longas viagens de &#244;nibus podem causar trombose venosa profunda. Como as viagens de longas dist&#226;ncias s&#227;o muito comuns no Brasil, essa pode ser uma quest&#227;o relevante de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Existem controv&#233;rsias, entretanto, pois a maior parte dos ind&#237;cios de associa&#231;&#227;o entre viagens e trombose venosa profunda baseia-se em dados retrospectivos, e outros autores n&#227;o encontraram essa associa&#231;&#227;o<sup>8-10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Curiosamente, dois estudos prospectivos abordaram o assunto<sup>11,12</sup> e detectaram incid&#234;ncia de trombose venosa profunda assintom&#225;tica em at&#233; 10% das pessoas que fazem viagens a&#233;reas de longa dist&#226;ncia, que pode ser evitada com o uso de meias compressivas, embora os autores possam ter inclu&#237;do predominantemente popula&#231;&#245;es de risco moderado a alto. N&#227;o existem dados, entretanto, sobre o significado cl&#237;nico desses achados, e foram levantadas quest&#245;es at&#233; mesmo sobre as poss&#237;veis conseq&#252;&#234;ncias de uma superestima&#231;&#227;o desse risco<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o conseguimos identificar casos publicados sobre a popula&#231;&#227;o que percorre longas dist&#226;ncias de &#244;nibus em nosso pa&#237;s. Outro paciente apresentou contagem de plaquetas sem doen&#231;a hematol&#243;gica aparente; ele tamb&#233;m era ex-fumante. Portanto, embora a associa&#231;&#227;o causal de trombose venosa profunda com longas viagens de &#244;nibus na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral possa ser question&#225;vel, pacientes com alto risco de trombose venosa profunda podem se beneficiar com medidas preventivas<sup>14</sup>. &#201; preciso tomar algumas precau&#231;&#245;es com rela&#231;&#227;o a outros fatores de risco de trombose venosa profunda em pessoas que viajam durante mais de dez horas<sup>15</sup>, como evitar ficar sentado durante muito tempo em espa&#231;o muito restrito.</p>
    <p>3. Nissen PI. The so-called "economy class" syndrome or travel thrombosis &#150; [abstract]. Vasa .1997; 26: 239-46.</p>
    <p>7. Funda&#231;&#227;o Sistema Estadual de An&#225;lise de Dados:produtos. [home page on the Internet] [cited 2004 Dec 11].Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.seade.gov.br/produtos/msp">www.seade.gov.br/produtos/msp</ext-link></p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> C&#237;ntia Mara Rodrigues Farias </p>
        <p>Alameda Eduardo Prado, 596/183 </p>
        <p>01218-010 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="cintiamrfarias@cardiol.br">cintiamrfarias@cardiol.br</email> / </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="cintiamrfarias@ig.com.br">cintiamrfarias@ig.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 20/10/04 </p>
    <p>Aceito em 12/08/05</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Economy class syndrome after long duration bus travel</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>A 65 year-old man with heart failure due to hypertensive and ischemic heart disease was admitted to the hospital with dyspnea, bloody sputum and pleuritic chest pain after a 52-hour bus trip. Clinical and laboratory evaluation included chest helical tomography that demonstrated a filling defect of the right main branch of the pulmonary artery and a regular peripheral opacity of triangular shape in the inferior lobe of the lower lung. The diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism was made and therapy with heparin, followed by warfarin was introduced. The patient was discharged from the hospital. The diagnosis of pulmonary embolism should be considered in patients with complaints like this patient after long-distance bus travel.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold> CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Economy class syndrome after long duration bus travel</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#250;cio Tavares de Oliveira Jr; Marcelo de Faveri; C&#237;ntia Mara Rodrigues Farias; Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur; Antonio Carlos Pereira-Barretto</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A 65 year-old man with heart failure due to hypertensive and ischemic heart disease was admitted to the hospital with dyspnea, bloody sputum and pleuritic chest pain after a 52-hour bus trip. Clinical and laboratory evaluation included chest helical tomography that demonstrated a filling defect of the right main branch of the pulmonary artery and a regular peripheral opacity of triangular shape in the inferior lobe of the lower lung. The diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism was made and therapy with heparin, followed by warfarin was introduced. The patient was discharged from the hospital. The diagnosis of pulmonary embolism should be considered in patients with complaints like this patient after long-distance bus travel.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>INTRODUCTION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism after a 14 hour flight was reported in 1954<sup>1</sup>, a condition that has later been referred to as the "economy class syndrome"<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>In addition, such occurrences were also reported after long duration travels by other means of transportation, which further emphasized the pathophysiology of prolonged sitting in a tight position, which led some authors to call this condition "traveler's thrombosis" <sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, a country with continental dimensions, long distance travels by bus are fairly common. S&#227;o Paulo City is an active economic pole in the country and a very large city (10,6 millions of habitants)<sup>5</sup>. As a result, long distance bus travels from distant cities to S&#227;o Paulo are fairly common. The main bus station in S&#227;o Paulo serves 21 states, 7 regions (North, Northeastern, South, Countryside, North coast of S&#227;o Paulo State, Fluminense Coast and Capixaba Coast), besides four countries - Chile, Paraguay, Argentina and Uruguay. In the bus station Tiet&#234; there are 65 companies, 304 bus routes that serve 1,010 cities <sup>6</sup>. In 2002 there were in average over 60,800 daily bus arrivals and departures<sup>7</sup>. Many departures are to travels longer than 6 hours. Thus, thrombotic complications related to these travels may come to clinical attention.</p>
      <p>We report the case of a patient who developed pulmonary embolism after a very long distance bus travel (about 3,000 km) from Cear&#225; state in the northeast of the country to S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A 65 year-old man was admitted to the hospital with severe dyspnea, bloody sputum and pleuritic chest pain.</p>
      <p>He had traveled by bus for 52 hours from the state of Cear&#225; to S&#227;o Paulo City. Soon after arrival, he developed dyspnea, bloody sputum and pleuritic right chest pain. The dyspnea gradually increased and the patient eventual sought medical care, and was referred to the hospital 15 days after the onset of symptoms.</p>
      <p>His past medical history included systemic arterial hypertension, stable angina pectoris and exertional dyspnea since four months before. He was on irregular treatment with lisinopril and hydrochlorothiazide. The patient was a former smoker and a heavy drinker.</p>
      <p>On admission, the physical examination reveled dyspnea, a weight of 67.4 kg, and a height of 161.7 cm. The respiratory rate was 52/minute, the pulse was regular, the pulse rate 120 beats per minute, the blood pressure 160/80 mmHg, and the temperature was 36&#186;C. There was jugular venous engorgement. The chest examination revealed decreased respiratory sounds and rales over the lower right lung fields. The heart examination revealed frequent premature beats. On the examination of the abdomen, the liver was felt 3 cm below the right costal margin.</p>
      <p>The diagnoses of pulmonary embolism associated and heart failure due to hypertensive heart disease and ischemic cardiomyopathy were made.</p>
      <p>The chest X-ray showed irregular opacities in the middle and right lower lobes.</p>
      <p>The electrocardiogram demonstrated left atrial and left ventricular hypertrophy, pathologic Q waves, suggestive of an old lateral infarct, and nonspecific ST-T segment abnormalities.</p>
      <p>Blood analysis revealed hemoglobin 11 mg/dL, hematocrit 32%, leukocyte count 8,500 / mm<sup>3</sup> (76% neutrophils, 13% lymphocytes, 11% monocytes), 655,000 platelets / ml, serum creatinine 0.9 mg/dl, prothrombin time of 17.4s (normal up to 14.5s) with prothrombin activity of 77% (INR=1.2), partial thromboplastin time 36.4 s (normal up to 28s / R=1.3) and a thrombin time of 14.3 s (normal up to 12s).</p>
      <p>A chest helical CT revealed a dilation of the pulmonary artery and its main branches with a filling defect of the right main branch and a regular peripheral opacity of triangular shape in the inferior lobe of the lower lung.</p>
      <p>The diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism was made.</p>
      <p>Therapy included bed rest, intravenous unfractionated heparin, followed by warfarin properly tailored to achieve an INR between 2 and 3.</p>
      <p>A transthoracic echocardiogram showed global left ventricular dysfunction, left and right chambers dilation (left ventricular end diastolic diameter of 6.8cm; left ventricular ejection fraction 34%, left atrium diameter 4.7cm); cardiac thrombi were not found.</p>
      <p>Cardiac catheterization study revealed pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary artery systolic pressure 60mmHg). The angiogram demonstrated moderate right atrial and right ventricular enlargement. Coronary angiography revealed 80% stenosis of the anterior diagonalis and the circumflex artery branch of the left coronary artery.</p>
      <p>The patient recovery smoothly and was discharged 32 days after admission.</p>
      <p>The patient is well 8 months after discharge.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The case of this patient demonstrate that deep vein thrombosis may occur after long duration bus travel. Since long distance bus travels are fairly common, the issue may as well have public health relevance. Controversy has been raised though, due to the fact that most of the evidence of the association between travel and deep vein thrombosis is based on retrospective data and that other authors have not found such an association <sup>8-10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Interestingly, two prospective studies addressed the subject<sup>11,12</sup> and detected an incidence of asymptomatic deep vein thrombosis in up to 10% of long distance air travelers, which also may be prevented by compressive stockings<sup>11</sup>, although they may had included mostly moderate to high risk populations. No data is available, though, on the clinical significance of these findings, and even questions have been raised on the possible consequences of an overestimation of such risk<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>We were not able to identify reported cases in this population that travel for long distances by bus in our country. In addition in this patient there was also a high platelet count without apparent hematologic disease; he had also been a smoker. Therefore, although a causal association of deep vein thrombosis and long distance bus traveling in the general population may be debatable, patients with higher risks for deep vein thrombosis might benefit of preventive interventions<sup>14</sup>, precautions must be increased before other risk factors for deep vein thrombosis in passengers who travel more than 10 hours <sup>15</sup> as avoiding prolonged sitting in a tight position.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>3. Nissen PI. The so-called "economy class" syndrome or travel thrombosis &#150; [abstract]. Vasa .1997; 26: 239-46.</p>
      <p>7. Funda&#231;&#227;o Sistema Estadual de An&#225;lise de Dados:produtos. [home page on the Internet] [cited 2004 Dec 11].Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.seade.gov.br/produtos/msp">www.seade.gov.br/produtos/msp</ext-link></p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> C&#237;ntia Mara Rodrigues Farias </p>
          <p> Alameda Eduardo Prado, 596/183 </p>
          <p> 01218-010 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="cintiamrfarias@cardiol.br">cintiamrfarias@cardiol.br</email> / </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="cintiamrfarias@ig.com.br">cintiamrfarias@ig.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 10/28/04 </p>
      <p> Accepted on 08/12/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
