<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8tHfdsdnzWqsBTdQBm3HmRK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000500009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600509</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000500009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estenose pulmonar valvar discreta: a poss&#237;vel cura espont&#226;nea na evolu&#231;&#227;o natural do defeito</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Edmar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica Dr. Edmar Atik</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>378</fpage>
      <lpage>381</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Determinar a evolu&#231;&#227;o natural, a longo prazo, de pacientes com estenose pulmonar valvar discreta. M&#201;TODOS: No per&#237;odo evolutivo de 24 anos (1980 a 2004), foram avaliados 83 pacientes com estenose pulmonar valvar, sendo 29 destes em grau discreto. Destes 29, foram acompanhados, a longo prazo, 13 pacientes. A idade m&#233;dia na primeira e na &#250;ltima consulta correspondeu a 34 meses (1 m&#234;s a 15 anos) e 10,5 anos (3 a 24 anos), respectivamente. Avaliaram-se, como elementos evolutivos, os referentes &#224; cl&#237;nica, os aspectos eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e os ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. RESULTADOS: Todos os pacientes mantiveram-se assintom&#225;ticos. Quanto ao gradiente de press&#227;o valvar pulmonar, em 5 (38,4%) houve diminui&#231;&#227;o, manuten&#231;&#227;o em 3 (23%), elimina&#231;&#227;o em 4 (30,7%) e acentua&#231;&#227;o para grau moderado em 1 (7,6%). O gradiente m&#233;dio inicial e final foi de 24,2 mmHg (15 a 30) e de 13,6 mmHg (0-54). Os gradientes iniciais dos 4 pacientes que obtiveram a cura espont&#226;nea eram de 30, 19, 30 e 20 mmHg. O sopro sist&#243;lico e a sobrecarga ventricular direita guardaram rela&#231;&#227;o com o grau do gradiente de press&#227;o, subdividido a cada 10 mmHg. CONCLUS&#195;O: A cura espont&#226;nea da estenose pulmonar valvar discreta &#233; poss&#237;vel, de igual modo que ocorre em outras anomalias acianog&#234;nicas.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Estenose da valva pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold> ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estenose pulmonar valvar discreta: a poss&#237;vel cura espont&#226;nea na evolu&#231;&#227;o natural do defeito</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Edmar Atik</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cl&#237;nica Dr. Edmar Atik - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Determinar a evolu&#231;&#227;o natural, a longo prazo, de pacientes com estenose pulmonar valvar discreta. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> No per&#237;odo evolutivo de 24 anos (1980 a 2004), foram avaliados 83 pacientes com estenose pulmonar valvar, sendo 29 destes em grau discreto. Destes 29, foram acompanhados, a longo prazo, 13 pacientes. A idade m&#233;dia na primeira e na &#250;ltima consulta correspondeu a 34 meses (1 m&#234;s a 15 anos) e 10,5 anos (3 a 24 anos), respectivamente. Avaliaram-se, como elementos evolutivos, os referentes &#224; cl&#237;nica, os aspectos eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e os ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Todos os pacientes mantiveram-se assintom&#225;ticos. Quanto ao gradiente de press&#227;o valvar pulmonar, em 5 (38,4%) houve diminui&#231;&#227;o, manuten&#231;&#227;o em 3 (23%), elimina&#231;&#227;o em 4 (30,7%) e acentua&#231;&#227;o para grau moderado em 1 (7,6%). O gradiente m&#233;dio inicial e final foi de 24,2 mmHg (15 a 30) e de 13,6 mmHg (0-54). Os gradientes iniciais dos 4 pacientes que obtiveram a cura espont&#226;nea eram de 30, 19, 30 e 20 mmHg. O sopro sist&#243;lico e a sobrecarga ventricular direita guardaram rela&#231;&#227;o com o grau do gradiente de press&#227;o, subdividido a cada 10 mmHg. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A cura espont&#226;nea da estenose pulmonar valvar discreta &#233; poss&#237;vel, de igual modo que ocorre em outras anomalias acianog&#234;nicas.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Estenose da valva pulmonar, cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas.</p>
    <p>A longevidade m&#233;dia, seguindo a hist&#243;ria natural, da estenose pulmonar valvar foi estimada por Campbell <sup>1</sup> em 24 &#177; 4,5 anos. Nessa avalia&#231;&#227;o, realizada em 1969, referente a graus moderados e acentuados do defeito, 19 &#177; 7% sobreviviam at&#233; 40 anos de idade. Demonstra-se que, esses defeitos com maior repercuss&#227;o tendem a se agravar, respons&#225;veis por evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel, caso n&#227;o sejam oportunamente aliviados por meio de t&#233;cnicas intervencionistas, por cateter-bal&#227;o ou pela pr&#243;pria cirurgia<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Contrariamente, Samanek<sup>4</sup> posicionou, posteriormente, em 1992, tamb&#233;m sob estudo natural das cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, que a estenose pulmonar seja a anomalia mais benigna de todas, com sobrevida de 94%, at&#233; 15 anos de idade.</p>
    <p>Por seu lado, quando o defeito se mostra discreto em repercuss&#227;o, a evolu&#231;&#227;o natural do mesmo tende a ser mais favor&#225;vel ainda <sup>2-13</sup>, sendo raro, no entanto, a "cura" espont&#226;nea<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Este estudo relata a hist&#243;ria natural da estenose pulmonar discreta em uma pequena s&#233;rie de pacientes observados pelo autor, com alguns apresentando involu&#231;&#227;o total do gradiente de press&#227;o transvalvar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados 83 pacientes, portadores de estenose pulmonar valvar, no per&#237;odo de novembro de 1980 a dezembro de 2004, por apenas um observador na cl&#237;nica privada do autor. Dentre eles, 29 pacientes eram de grau discreto (gradiente de press&#227;o inferior a 40 mmHg), 27, de grau moderado (gradiente de press&#227;o entre 41 a 80 mmHg) e 27, de grau acentuado (gradientes de press&#227;o superiores a 80 mmHg). Dos 29 com estenose pulmonar discreta e sem displasia valvar, 13 pacientes, todos com gradiente de press&#227;o inferior a 30 mmHg, foram acompanhados por um longo prazo e constituem a casu&#237;stica deste trabalho. Foram acompanhados e avaliados evolutivamente com &#234;nfase na presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de sintomas, intercorr&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas, o tipo e intensidade do sopro card&#237;aco, sempre em correla&#231;&#227;o com achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, como eixo el&#233;trico de QRS e sobrecarga de ventr&#237;culo direito e, principalmente, ao gradiente de press&#227;o entre o ventr&#237;culo direito e o tronco pulmonar, avaliado pelo estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sopro card&#237;aco, caracterizou-se o tipo como de eje&#231;&#227;o e a intensidade do mesmo variando de + a ++++, conforme o grau, sendo + discreto, ++, moderado e acima de +++, acentuado. A intensidade +/++ referia-se &#224; de grau discreto a moderado. O estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi realizado por profissional habilitado e experiente na especialidade, em servi&#231;os hospitalares e/ou cl&#237;nicas especializadas, e de forma aleat&#243;ria, independente da fase evolutiva do defeito. O gradiente de press&#227;o entre o ventr&#237;culo direito e o tronco pulmonar foi avaliado pelo estudo Doppler ecocardiogr&#225;fico transtor&#225;cico, em corte paraesternal no eixo curto ou no corte subcostal. N&#227;o foi dada import&#226;ncia ao tamanho do ventr&#237;culo direito, em vista de que, em todos os pacientes mostrou-se ele normal, dada a discreta repercuss&#227;o da obstru&#231;&#227;o a n&#237;vel valvar pulmonar.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o se considerou uma limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo o fato do exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico ter sido feito aleatoriamente por v&#225;rios examinadores, dada a experi&#234;ncia dos mesmos na aquisi&#231;&#227;o da imagem diagn&#243;stica, assim como na avalia&#231;&#227;o acurada do referido defeito, realizado de maneira uniforme e padronizada. Alia-se, ainda, o fato de que o defeito seja simples, o que n&#227;o mostrou dificuldade para a feitura rotineira deste diagn&#243;stico, assim como da estimativa da repercuss&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A idade dos 13 pacientes, na fase inicial, variou de um m&#234;s a 15 anos, m&#233;dia de 34 meses, e com peso m&#233;dio de 15,1 kg, oscilando entre 3,6 a 60 kg. Na &#250;ltima avalia&#231;&#227;o, a idade m&#233;dia foi de 10,5 anos, variando de 3 a 24 anos e peso m&#233;dio de 41,1 kg, variando este de 14 a 93 kg. O sexo feminino correspondeu a 6 pacientes e o masculino a 7 pacientes. Em nenhum paciente constatou-se outro defeito card&#237;aco associado, mesmo a comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial. Em quatro deles havia forame oval p&#233;rvio.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o do gradiente de press&#227;o, observou-se diminui&#231;&#227;o do mesmo em 5 (38,4%) pacientes, correspondendo aos casos 4, 6, 8, 9 e 10, manuten&#231;&#227;o do mesmo em 3 (23%) pacientes, casos 3, 7 e 13, elimina&#231;&#227;o em 4 (30,7%) pacientes, casos 1, 2, 5 e 12, e acentua&#231;&#227;o a grau moderado em apenas 1 (7,6%) paciente, caso 11.</p>
    <p>O gradiente m&#233;dio de press&#227;o entre o ventr&#237;culo direito e o tronco pulmonar na fase inicial foi de 24,2 mmHg e o final, de 13,6 mmHg. Eliminando-se o caso 11, o &#250;nico que mostrou na evolu&#231;&#227;o &#224; acentua&#231;&#227;o do defeito, o gradiente m&#233;dio inicial dos outros 12 casos correspondeu a 24,4 mmHg e o final, a 10,25 mmHg. A "cura" da cardiopatia ocorreu em pacientes com gradientes de press&#227;o pr&#233;vios de 30, 19, 30 e 20 mmHg, correspondendo aos casos 1, 2, 5 e 12, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">tab.1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0378-00009-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Todos os pacientes permaneceram assintom&#225;ticos, desde a fase inicial at&#233; a &#250;ltima consulta cl&#237;nica. Nesse per&#237;odo de acompanhamento, em 4 deles houve aparecimento de intercorr&#234;ncias, como asma br&#244;nquica, broncopneumonia, infec&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria e lit&#237;ase renal. Nenhum paciente mostrou altera&#231;&#245;es no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor.</p>
    <p>A intensidade do sopro card&#237;aco e a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de sobrecarga ventricular direita discreta guardaram n&#237;tida rela&#231;&#227;o com o grau do gradiente de press&#227;o a n&#237;vel valvar pulmonar.</p>
    <p>Assim, considerando os per&#237;odos inicial e final e totalizando, portanto, 26 exames cardiovasculares, das 13 ocasi&#245;es nas quais constatou-se gradientes de press&#227;o inferiores a 19 mmHg, o sopro sist&#243;lico era ausente em 4 (30,7%) e de intensidade discreta, de +, em 8 (61,5%); e das 13 ocasi&#245;es com gradientes de press&#227;o superiores a 20 mmHg, o sopro era de intensidade +/++ em 11 (84,6%) deles. A sobrecarga ventricular direita, pelo eletrocardiograma, n&#227;o ocorreu em 12 (92,3%) das 13 ocasi&#245;es com gradientes de press&#227;o inferiores a 19 mmHg e foi ela discreta em 9 (69,2%) das 13 com gradientes acima de 20 mmHg. O eixo el&#233;trico de QRS situou-se, dentre os 13 pacientes com gradientes inferiores a 19 mmHg, entre 0 a 90&#186;. Dentre os 13 com gradientes superiores a 20 mmHg, em 2 deles o QRS situou-se acima de 90&#186;, em 10, entre 0&#186; a 90&#186; e em 1 a, &#150;20&#186;. Esse &#250;ltimo constituiu-se no &#250;nico paciente da s&#233;rie com orienta&#231;&#227;o superior do eixo el&#233;trico do QRS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0378-00009-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O conhecimento da hist&#243;ria natural da estenose pulmonar valvar permite-nos afirmar que os defeitos moderados e acentuados tendem a sofrer intensifica&#231;&#227;o da repercuss&#227;o<sup>2,3</sup> e os defeitos discretos, a diminui&#231;&#227;o da mesma<sup>2-13</sup>. A longevidade m&#233;dia deste defeito, quando se mostra com maior repercuss&#227;o, &#233; de 24,5 &#177; 4,5 anos, dado o aparecimento de fatores adversos na evolu&#231;&#227;o, respons&#225;veis por deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, principalmente representados pela hipertrofia, fibrose, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e arritmias<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>No entanto, Samanek<sup>4</sup> salienta, em estudo natural de v&#225;rias cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, que a estenose pulmonar apresenta o curso evolutivo mais favor&#225;vel dentre todas elas, com sobrevida de 97%, 96% e de 94% em 1, 2 e 15 anos, respectivamente. Neste material, 3% faleceram no primeiro ano, sendo que per&#237;odo mais seguro evolutivo correspondeu do 3&#186; ao 10&#186; ano de vida<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>A maioria das publica&#231;&#245;es menciona tamb&#233;m evolu&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel nas estenoses pulmonares valvares quando se mostram em grau discreto<sup>2-13</sup>. Poucas destas<sup>5,7</sup> mostram evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel do defeito discreto, dado o agravamento r&#225;pido do mesmo, semelhante &#224;queles defeitos com repercuss&#227;o maior, principalmente quando a exterioriza&#231;&#227;o for precoce na vida. Mody<sup>5</sup> observou que o aumento da severidade da les&#227;o foi notada em pacientes abaixo de um ano, mesmo os com discreta repercuss&#227;o, em uma progress&#227;o e rapidez maiores que em pacientes com idades superiores a um ano. O mesmo tipo de evolu&#231;&#227;o foi encontrado em 6 (15%) de 40 lactentes, com agravamento r&#225;pido da les&#227;o discreta, neste per&#237;odo et&#225;rio, por Anand e Mehta<sup>7</sup>. Estima-se que tal evolu&#231;&#227;o decorra de dois motivos. O primeiro pela presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar fisiol&#243;gica no per&#237;odo neonatal, causando um gradiente subestimado inicial; e o segundo, pelo r&#225;pido crescimento da crian&#231;a nos primeiros meses de vida, desproporcional ao do anel pulmonar e dos constituintes valvares. Tomita et al<sup>6</sup>, no entanto, contestam tais assertivas na constata&#231;&#227;o de evolu&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel dos pacientes com estenose pulmonar valvar discreta abaixo de um ano.</p>
    <p>Em contraposi&#231;&#227;o, em nenhuma publica&#231;&#227;o na literatura, exceto a de Gielen e cols.<sup>8</sup>, menciona-se a involu&#231;&#227;o total do gradiente de press&#227;o transvalvar pulmonar. De acordo com estes autores<sup>8</sup>, essa normaliza&#231;&#227;o ocorreu em 9 (28,1%) dentre 32 pacientes com estenoses pulmonares, caracterizadas como triviais, com gradientes de press&#227;o inferiores a 20 mmHg. Estes autores<sup>8</sup>, no entanto, n&#227;o comentam, nesta regress&#227;o, os outros eventos cl&#237;nicos dessa "cura", como o desaparecimento do sopro card&#237;aco, a normaliza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica, ao lado da regress&#227;o total do gradiente de press&#227;o entre o ventr&#237;culo direito e o tronco pulmonar, como ocorreu em 4 (30,7%) de nossos 13 pacientes. Os nossos outros resultados est&#227;o de acordo com a maioria dos outros achados da literatura, nos quais em 5 (38,4%) pacientes houve diminui&#231;&#227;o do gradiente, em 3 (23%) pacientes ocorreu manuten&#231;&#227;o do mesmo e em apenas 1 (7,6%) houve agravamento a grau moderado.</p>
    <p>Nesse aspecto, Anand e Mehta<sup>7</sup> encontraram agravamento do gradiente em 15% (6 de 40 lactentes assintom&#225;ticos), que necessitaram de interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ou de valvuloplastia percut&#226;nea. O mesmo tipo de evolu&#231;&#227;o foi encontrado por Gielen e cols.<sup>8</sup>, que em defeitos triviais e discretos notaram agravamento em 3 e 10%, respectivamente. Wennevold e Jacobsen<sup>2</sup> observaram acentua&#231;&#227;o em 1 (14,2%) dos 7 pacientes com gradiente de press&#227;o inferior a 50 mmHg. Lueker e cols<sup>12</sup> notaram acentua&#231;&#227;o discreta em 1 (12,5%) de 8 pacientes com gradientes de press&#227;o inferiores a 50 mmHg, em intervalo m&#233;dio de tempo de 7,8 anos, na crian&#231;a. Nugent e cols<sup>9</sup> tamb&#233;m j&#225; haviam mostrado acentua&#231;&#227;o do gradiente transvalvar pulmonar em 14% dos pacientes avaliados por estudo hemodin&#226;mico, em intervalo de tempo de 4 a 8 anos.</p>
    <p>Finalmente, pode-se afirmar que na estenose pulmonar discreta, com gradiente de press&#227;o inferior a 30 mmHg, descoberta e avaliada em qualquer faixa et&#225;ria, exceto a neonatal e primeiros meses de idade<sup>5,7</sup>, a evolu&#231;&#227;o &#233; geralmente favor&#225;vel at&#233; para a cura espont&#226;nea da les&#227;o e, raramente, observa-se, neste grupo de pacientes, alguma preocupa&#231;&#227;o para a necessidade de algum tipo de interven&#231;&#227;o na evolu&#231;&#227;o temporal.</p>
    <p>Apesar dessa perspectiva evolutiva favor&#225;vel, esses pacientes devem ser submetidos &#224; profilaxia da endocardite infecciosa, embora ela ocorra raramente nos pacientes portadores de estenose pulmonar, mesmo em graus mais acentuados, seguindo a orienta&#231;&#227;o atual da <italic>American Heart Association</italic>.</p>
    <p>Passa a estar, assim, a estenose pulmonar valvar agrupada a outras anomalias cong&#234;nitas que podem evoluir para a cura espont&#226;nea, de igual modo como ocorre com outros defeitos acianog&#234;nicos, como os com desvios de sangue da esquerda para a direita, principalmente representados pela comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular, mas tamb&#233;m pelo canal arterial e pela comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial.</p>
    <p>Esse conhecimento passa a ser fundamental para a devida orienta&#231;&#227;o dos familiares desses pacientes na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria, podendo-se, assim, tra&#231;ar antecipadamente uma perspectiva mais adequada para a estenose pulmonar valvar discreta.</p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Edmar Atik </p>
        <p>Rua 13 de Maio, 1954 &#150; Cj. 71 </p>
        <p>01327-002 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="conatik@incor.usp.br">conatik@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 16/02/05 </p>
    <p>Aceito em 22/04/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Campbell M. Natural history of congenital pulmonary stenosis. Br Heart J .1969; 31: 394.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Natural history of congenital pulmonary stenosis</article-title>
          <source>Br Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1969</year>
          </date>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Campbell</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Wennevold A, Jacobsen JR. Natural history of valvular pulmonary stenosis in children below the age of two years. Long-term follow-up with serial heart catheterizations. Eur J Cardiol .1978; 8: 371-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Natural history of valvular pulmonary stenosis in children below the age of two years: Long-term follow-up with serial heart catheterizations</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1978</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>371</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wennevold</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jacobsen</surname>
              <given-names>JR.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Lange PE, Onnasch DG, Heintzen PH. Valvular pulmonary stenosis: natural history and right ventricular function in infants and children. Eur Heart J .1985; 6: 706-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Valvular pulmonary stenosis: natural history and right ventricular function in infants and children</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1985</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>706</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lange</surname>
              <given-names>PE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Onnasch</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heintzen</surname>
              <given-names>PH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Samanek M. Children with congenital heart disease: probability of natural survival. Pediatr Cardiol .1992; 13 :152-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Children with congenital heart disease: probability of natural survival</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>152</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Samanek</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Mody MR. The natural history of uncomplicated valvular pulmonic stenosis. Am Heart J .1975; 90: 317-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The natural history of uncomplicated valvular pulmonic stenosis</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1975</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>317</fpage>
          <lpage>21</lpage>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mody</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Tomita H, Ikeda K, Iida K, Chiba S. Mild to moderate pulmonary valvular stenosis in infant sometimes improves to the condition unnecessary to do PTPV: Doppler echocardiographic observation. Tohoku J Exp Med .995; 176: 155-62.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Mild to moderate pulmonary valvular stenosis in infant sometimes improves to the condition unnecessary to do PTPV: Doppler echocardiographic observation</article-title>
          <source>Tohoku J Exp Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>155</fpage>
          <lpage>62</lpage>
          <volume>176</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tomita</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ikeda</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iida</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chiba</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Anand R, Mehta AV. Natural history of asymptomatic valvar pulmonary stenosis diagnosed in infancy. Clin Cardiol .1997; 20: 377-80.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Natural history of asymptomatic valvar pulmonary stenosis diagnosed in infancy</article-title>
          <source>Clin Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>377</fpage>
          <lpage>80</lpage>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Anand</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mehta</surname>
              <given-names>AV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Gielen H, Daniels O, van Lier H. Natural history of congenital pulmonary valvar stenosis: an echo and Doppler cardiographic study. Cardiol Young .1999; 9: 129-35.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Natural history of congenital pulmonary valvar stenosis: an echo and Doppler cardiographic study</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Young</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>129</fpage>
          <lpage>35</lpage>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gielen</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daniels</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Lier</surname>
              <given-names>H.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Nugent EW, Freedom RM, Nora JJ, Ellison RC, Rowe RD, Nadas AS. Clinical course in pulmonary stenosis. Circulation .1977; 56(Suppl I): 38-47.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Clinical course in pulmonary stenosis</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1977</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>38</fpage>
          <lpage>47</lpage>
          <issue>Suppl I</issue>
          <volume>56</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nugent</surname>
              <given-names>EW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freedom</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nora</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ellison</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rowe</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nadas</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Freedom RM, Benson L. Congenital pulmonary stenosis and isolated congenital pulmonary insufficiency. In: Freedom RM, Yoo SJ, Mikailian H, William WG, editors. The natural and modified history of congenital heart disease. Toronto: Futura 2004; 107-18</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>The natural and modified history of congenital heart disease</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>107</fpage>
          <lpage>18</lpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Freedom</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benson</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freedom</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yoo</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mikailian</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>William</surname>
              <given-names>WG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Kirk CR, Wilkinson JL, Qureshi SA. Regression of pulmonary valve stenosis due to a dysplastic valve presenting in the neonatal period. Eur Heart J .1988; 9: 1027-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Regression of pulmonary valve stenosis due to a dysplastic valve presenting in the neonatal period</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1988</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1027</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kirk</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilkinson</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Qureshi</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Lueker RD, Vogel JH, Blount SG Jr. Regression of valvular pulmonary stenosis. Br Heart J .1970; 32: 779-82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Regression of valvular pulmonary stenosis</article-title>
          <source>Br Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1970</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>779</fpage>
          <lpage>82</lpage>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lueker</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vogel</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blount</surname>
              <given-names>SG Jr.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Ardura J, Gonzalez    C, Andres J. Does mild pulmonary stenosis progress during chilhood?: a study    of its natural couse. Clin . 2004; 27: 519-22.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Does mild pulmonary stenosis progress during chilhood?: a study of its natural couse</article-title>
          <source>Clin .</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>519</fpage>
          <lpage>22</lpage>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ardura</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gonzalez</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andres</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Mild pulmonary valve stenosis: the possible spontaneous cure in the natural history of the defect</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To determine the long-term natural history of patients with mild pulmonary valve stenosis METHODS: Throughout a 24-year evolutive period (1980 a 2004), 83 patients with pulmonary valve stenosis were evaluated, with 29 of them presenting a mild form of the defect. Of these 29, 13 patients had a long-term follow up. The mean age at the first and last follow-up visits was 34 months (1 month to 15 years) and 10.5 years (3 to 24 years), respectively. In addition to evolutive elements, those regarding clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic aspects were also assessed. RESULTS: All patients remained assymptomatic throughout the study. Regarding the pulmonary valve pressure gradient, 5 (38.4%) presented a decrease, 3 (23%) remained unchanged, 4 (30.7%) presented elimination and 1 (7.6%) presented accentuation to a moderate degree of involvement. The mean initial and final gradient was 24.2 mmHg (15-30) and 13.6 mmHg (0-54), respectively. The initial gradients of the 4 patients who achieved spontaneous cure were 30, 19, 30 and 20 mmHg. The systolic murmur and right ventricular overload had a direct correlation to the gradient pressure degree, subdivided at each 10 mmHg. CONCLUSION: The spontaneous cure of the mild pulmonary valve stenosis is possible to achieve, similarly to other acyanogenic anomalies.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Pulmonary valve stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>congenital cardiopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>natural history</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold> ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Mild pulmonary valve stenosis: the possible spontaneous cure in the natural history of the defect</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Edmar Atik</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cl&#237;nica Dr. Edmar Atik - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To determine the long-term natural history of patients with mild pulmonary valve stenosis</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Throughout a 24-year evolutive period (1980 a 2004), 83 patients with pulmonary valve stenosis were evaluated, with 29 of them presenting a mild form of the defect. Of these 29, 13 patients had a long-term follow up. The mean age at the first and last follow-up visits was 34 months (1 month to 15 years) and 10.5 years (3 to 24 years), respectively. In addition to evolutive elements, those regarding clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic aspects were also assessed.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> All patients remained assymptomatic throughout the study. Regarding the pulmonary valve pressure gradient, 5 (38.4%) presented a decrease, 3 (23%) remained unchanged, 4 (30.7%) presented elimination and 1 (7.6%) presented accentuation to a moderate degree of involvement. The mean initial and final gradient was 24.2 mmHg (15-30) and 13.6 mmHg (0-54), respectively. The initial gradients of the 4 patients who achieved spontaneous cure were 30, 19, 30 and 20 mmHg. The systolic murmur and right ventricular overload had a direct correlation to the gradient pressure degree, subdivided at each 10 mmHg.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The spontaneous cure of the mild pulmonary valve stenosis is possible to achieve, similarly to other acyanogenic anomalies.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Pulmonary valve stenosis, congenital cardiopathy, natural history.</p>
      <p>The mean longevity according to the natural history of pulmonary valve stenosis was estimated by Campbell<sup>1</sup> as being 24 &#177; 4.5 years. At this evaluation, performed in 1969, regarding the moderate and severe degrees of the defect, 19 &#177; 7% survived up to 40 years of age. It is thus demonstrated that these defects with a higher impact tend to worsen with age, and are responsible for an adverse evolution in case they are not subsequently improved by interventionist techniques, by balloon-catheter or even surgery itself<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Dissimilarly, Samanek<sup>4</sup> subsequently stated in 1992, also by studying the natural history of congenital cardiopathies, that pulmonary stenosis is the most benign anomaly of all, with a survival rate of 94% up to 15 years of age.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, when the defect has a mild impact, its natural history tends to be even more favorable<sup>2-13</sup>, although the "spontaneous cure" is a rare occurrence<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>This study reports the natural history of mild pulmonary stenosis in a small series of patients followed by the author, with some of them presenting a complete transvalvular pressure gradient reduction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Eighty-three patients with pulmonary valve stenosis were followed from November 1980 to December 2004, by only one observer at the author's private clinic. Among them, 29 presented mild stenosis (pressure gradient lower than 41 mmHg), 27 had moderate stenosis (pressure gradient between 41 and 80 mmHg) and 27 presented severe stenosis (pressure gradient above 80 mmHg).</p>
      <p>Of the 29 patients with mild pulmonary stenosis, 13 of them, all with gradient pressure &lt; 30 mmHg, had a long-term follow-up and comprise the series in this study. These patients were followed and evaluated regarding the natural history with emphasis on the presence/absence of symptoms, clinical complications, cardiac murmur type and intensity, always correlated with electrocardiographic findings, such as the electrical axis of the QRS complex and right ventricle overload, and mainly the pressure gradient between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk, evaluated by echocardiography.</p>
      <p>Regarding the cardiac murmur, it was characterized as the ejection type, with the intensity varying from + to ++++ according to the degree, with + being mild, ++ moderate, and &gt; +++, severe. The +/++ intensity refers from mild to moderate intensity. The echocardiography study was carried out by a skilled professional with broad experience in the specialty in hospital services and/or specialized clinics; the study was carried out randomly, regardless of the evolutive phase of the defect. The pressure gradient between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk was evaluated by transthoracic Doppler echocardiographic study, in a parasternal short axis view, or subcostal view. The size of the right ventricle was disregarded, as all patients showed normal sized ventricles due to the mild obstruction effect at the pulmonary valve level.</p>
      <p>The fact that the echocardiographic study was randomly performed by several examiners was not considered a limitation, given the professionals' experience in acquiring diagnostic images as well as the accurate evaluation of the defect, which was carried out homogeneous and consistently. In addition, this is a simple defect, which does not bring any difficulty for its routine diagnosis as well as its outcome analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients' mean ages at the initial phase ranged from 1 month to 15 years, with a mean of 34 months and a mean weight of 15.1 kg, ranging from 3.6 to 60 kg. At the last evaluation, mean age was 10.5 years, ranging from 3 to 24 years and a mean weight of 41.1 kg, ranging from 14 to 93 kg. Six patients were females and 7 patients were male. None of the patients presented another associated cardiac defect, even at the interatrial communication. Four of them presented a pervious foramen ovale (PFO).</p>
      <p>Regarding the natural history of the pressure gradient, a decrease was observed in 5 patients (38.4%), corresponding to cases 4, 6, 8, 9, and 10; 3 patients remained unaltered (23%), corresponding to cases 3, 7 and 13; 4 patients (30.7%) presented elimination, corresponding to cases 1, 2, 5 and 12, and accentuation to a moderate degree was observed in just one patient (7.6%), case 11.</p>
      <p>The mean pressure gradients between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk at the initial and final phases were 24.2 mmHg and 13.6 mmHg, respectively. Eliminating case 11, the only one that showed accentuation of the defect during the natural history of the disease, the mean initial and final gradients of the other 12 cases corresponded to 24.4 mmHg and 10.25 mmHg, respectively. The "spontaneous cure" of the cardiopathy occurred in patients with previous pressure gradients of 30, 19, 30 and 20 mmHg, corresponding to cases 1, 2, 5 and 12, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0378-00009-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>All patients remained assymptomatic from the initial phase up to the last clinical consult. During follow-up, 4 patients presented intercurrences such as bronchial asthma, bronchopneumonia, urinary infection, and renal lithiasis. No patient showed neuropsychomotor development alterations.</p>
      <p>The intensity of the cardiac murmur and the presence or not of mild right ventricular overload had a clear correlation with the degree of pressure gradient at the pulmonary valve level. Thus, considering the initial and final periods and totaling 26 cardiovascular assessments, at the 13 occasions in which pressure gradients were below 19 mmHg, the systolic murmur was absent in 4 (30.7%), and had a mild intensity (+) in 8 (61.5%); at the 13 occasions in which pressure gradients were above 20 mmHg, the murmur had a +/++ intensity in 11 (84.6%) of them. The right ventricular overload evaluated by electrocardiogram, did not occur in 12 (93.3%) at the 13 occasions with pressure gradients below 19 mmHg, and was mild in 9 (69.2%) at the 13 occasions with pressure gradients above 20 mmHg. The electrical axis of the QRS complex was situated, among the 13 patients with gradients below 19 mmHg, between 0 and 90&#186;. Among the 13 with gradients above 20 mmHg, 2 presented the QRS complex axis above 90&#186;, 10 between 0 and 90&#186;, and 1 at &#150;20&#186;. The latter was the only patient in the series with a higher orientation of the electrical axis of the QRS complex (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0378-00009-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The knowledge of the natural history of pulmonary valve stenosis allows us to state that moderate and accentuated defects tend to undergo the intensifying of their effects<sup>2,3</sup> and the mild defects, their decrease<sup>2-13</sup>. The mean longevity of this defect, when presenting its more accentuated effects, is 24.5&#177;4.5 years, given the concurrent adverse events in the evolution responsible for the deterioration of the ventricular function, represented mainly by hypertrophy, fibrosis, cardiac failure and arrhythmias<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>However, Samanek<sup>4</sup> stresses that, during the study of the natural history of several congenital cardiopathies, pulmonary stenosis presents the most favorable evolutive course among all of them, with a survival rate of 97%, 96% and 94% at 1, 2 and 15 years of age, respectively. In this series, 3% of the patients died in the first year, with the safest evolutive period corresponding from the 3<sup>rd</sup> to the 10<sup>th</sup> year<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Most of the publications also mention a favorable evolution in pulmonary valve stenosis when they present a mild degree of severity<sup>2-13</sup>. Few of these<sup>5,7</sup> show an unfavorable evolution of the mild defect, due to the rapid worsening of the condition, similar to what is observed in more severe defects, mainly when exteriorizing occurs early in life. Mody<sup>5</sup> observed that the increase of defect severity was noticed in patients younger than 1 year, even those who presented mild effects, at a faster progression rate than in patients older than 1 year of age. The same type of evolution was observed by Anand and Mehta<sup>7</sup> in 6 (15%) of 40 infants, with a fast worsening of the mild defect at this age range. It is thought that such evolution is due to two reasons. The first, by the presence of a physiological pulmonary hypertension in the neonatal period, causing an initial underestimated gradient; and the second, due to the child's rapid growth in the first months of life, which would not be proportional to the pulmonary ring and the valvular elements. Tomita et al<sup>6</sup>, however, have contested such reports by observing a favorable evolution in patients with mild pulmonary valve stenosis younger than 1 one year of age.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, no study in literature except that by Gielen et al<sup>8</sup>, has mentioned the total elimination of the pulmonary valvular pressure gradient. According to these authors<sup>8</sup>, this normalization occurred in 9 (28.1%) of 32 patients with pulmonary stenosis characterized as minor, with pressure gradients &lt; 20 mmHg. These authors<sup>8</sup>, however, do not report, concomitantly with the elimination of the defect, on the other clinical events of this "cure", such as cardiac murmur elimination, electrocardiographic normalization, along with the total elimination of the pressure gradient between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk, as observed in 4 (30.7%) of our 13 patients.</p>
      <p>Our remaining findings are in accordance to most of the other findings in literature, which show that 5 (38.4%) patients presented a gradient decrease, 3 (23%) remained unchanged and only 1 (7.6%) presented worsening of the defect to a moderate degree.</p>
      <p>Regarding this aspect, Anand and Mehta<sup>7</sup> observed a gradient worsening in 15% (6 of 40) of assymptomatic infants, who needed surgical intervention or percutaneous valvuloplasty. The same type of evolution was observed by Gielen et al<sup>8</sup>, who noticed worsening in 3 and 10% of minor and mild defects, respectively. Wennevold and Jacobsen<sup>2</sup> observed worsening in 1 (14.2%) of 7 patients with pressure gradient &lt; 50 mmHg. Lueker et al<sup>12</sup> observed a mild worsening in 1 (12.5%) of 8 patients with pressure gradient &lt; 50 mmHg during a mean period of 7.8 years, in children. Nugent et al<sup>9</sup> had also noticed worsening of the pulmonary transvalvular gradient in 14% of the patients evaluated by a hemodynamic study, during a period of 4 to 8 years.</p>
      <p>Finally, it can stated that, in mild cases of pulmonary stenosis with a pressure gradient &lt; 30 mmHg, diagnosed and evaluated at any age range, except neonatal and first months of life<sup>5,7</sup>, the evolution is usually favorable up to the spontaneous cure of the defect, and complications that would necessitate some type of intervention are rarely observed in this group of patients in the course of the natural history.</p>
      <p>Despite the favorable evolutive perspective, these patients must undergo the prophylaxis of infectious endocarditis, although it seldom occurs in patients with pulmonary stenosis, even in those cases with more severe defects, according to the current guidelines of the American Heart Association.</p>
      <p>Thus, the pulmonary stenosis can be grouped with other congenital anomalies that can evolve to spontaneous cure, similarly to what occurs with other acyanogenic defects such as left-to-right blood flow, mainly represented by interventricular communication, but also by the arterial canal and interatrial communication.</p>
      <p>This knowledge becomes fundamental when providing adequate assistance to these patients' families during daily clinical practice, allowing an early outline of a more appropriate perspective for mild pulmonary valve stenosis.</p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Edmar Atik </p>
          <p> Rua 13 de Maio, 1954 &#150; Cj. 71 </p>
          <p> 01327-002 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="conatik@incor.usp.br">conatik@incor.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 02/16/05 </p>
      <p> Accepted on 04/22/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
