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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vXzfSbvxGbYxqqZYbnZGYwP</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000500008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600508</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000500008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Morfometria do mioc&#225;rdio humano em indiv&#237;duos senis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Toscano</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Elisa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tashiro</surname>
            <given-names>Tetsuo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio Antonio Ferraz de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>S&#237;lvia Regina Arruda de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas </institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>374</fpage>
      <lpage>377</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Realizar uma avalia&#231;&#227;o quantitativa nas c&#233;lulas do mioc&#225;rdio humano de indiv&#237;duos senis, nas regi&#245;es ventriculares direita, esquerda e septal. M&#201;TODOS: Foram utilizados cinco cora&#231;&#245;es de cad&#225;veres de indiv&#237;duos sem enfermidades card&#237;acas, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 67 e 87 anos. Foram avaliados os seguintes par&#226;metros: &#225;rea da sec&#231;&#227;o transversa unit&#225;ria do mi&#243;cito (a o mioc); comprimento do per&#237;metro unit&#225;rio do mi&#243;cito (l o mioc); volume unit&#225;rio do mi&#243;cito (v o mioc); densidade volum&#233;trica dos mi&#243;citos (Vv mioc); n&#250;mero de mi&#243;citos por unidade de volume (Nmm ^&#179;mio). Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica utilizou-se o teste "t" de Student. RESULTADOS: A an&#225;lise das diferen&#231;as (p&lt;0,05) entre as regi&#245;es ventriculares direita (VD), esquerda (VE) e septal (S) do cora&#231;&#227;o humano revelou que os valores da a o mioc mostraram-se menores no VD (1,51 &#177; 0,10 &#181;m&#178;) e no S (1,55 &#177; 0,07 &#181;m&#178;) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao VE (1,84 &#177; 0,24 &#181;m&#178;). Os valores do l o mioc tamb&#233;m se apresentaram menores no S (5,11 &#177; 0,46 &#181;m) em rela&#231;&#227;o VE (6,2 &#177; 0,97 &#181;m). Do mesmo modo, o v o mioc e a Vv mioc apresentaram valores menores no VD (88,75 &#177; 25,37 &#181;m &#179;; 0,39 &#177; 0,03%) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao VE (122,41 &#177; 16,31 &#181;m &#179;; 0,41 &#177; 0,01%). CONCLUS&#195;O: Os resultados obtidos mostram que podem ocorrer modifica&#231;&#245;es nas dimens&#245;es da mioc&#233;lula da parede ventricular esquerda durante a fase senescente, entretanto, essas diferen&#231;as s&#227;o sutis e parecem significar a adapta&#231;&#227;o do tecido &#224;s mudan&#231;as funcionais que se instalam no decorrer da vida.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Mi&#243;citos card&#237;acos</kwd>
        <kwd>envelhecimento</kwd>
        <kwd>miocardio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold> ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Morfometria do mioc&#225;rdio humano em indiv&#237;duos senis</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jos&#233; Antonio Cardoso; Ana Elisa Toscano; Tetsuo Tashiro; Cl&#225;udio Antonio Ferraz de Carvalho; S&#237;lvia Regina Arruda de Moraes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal de Pernambuco e Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas - USP - Recife, PE &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Realizar uma avalia&#231;&#227;o quantitativa nas c&#233;lulas do mioc&#225;rdio humano de indiv&#237;duos senis, nas regi&#245;es ventriculares direita, esquerda e septal. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram utilizados cinco cora&#231;&#245;es de cad&#225;veres de indiv&#237;duos sem enfermidades card&#237;acas, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 67 e 87 anos. Foram avaliados os seguintes par&#226;metros: &#225;rea da sec&#231;&#227;o transversa unit&#225;ria do mi&#243;cito (a<sub>o</sub> mioc); comprimento do per&#237;metro unit&#225;rio do mi&#243;cito (l<sub>o</sub> mioc); volume unit&#225;rio do mi&#243;cito (v<sub>o</sub> mioc); densidade volum&#233;trica dos mi&#243;citos (V<sub>v</sub> mioc); n&#250;mero de mi&#243;citos por unidade de volume (Nmm ^<sup>3</sup>mio). Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica utilizou-se o teste "t" de Student. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A an&#225;lise das diferen&#231;as (p&lt;0,05) entre as regi&#245;es ventriculares direita (VD), esquerda (VE) e septal (S) do cora&#231;&#227;o humano revelou que os valores da a<sub>o</sub> mioc mostraram-se menores no VD (1,51 &#177; 0,10 &#181;m<sup>2</sup>) e no S (1,55 &#177; 0,07 &#181;m<sup>2</sup>) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao VE (1,84 &#177; 0,24 &#181;m<sup>2</sup>). Os valores do l<sub>o</sub> mioc tamb&#233;m se apresentaram menores no S (5,11 &#177; 0,46 &#181;m) em rela&#231;&#227;o VE (6,2 &#177; 0,97 &#181;m). Do mesmo modo, o v<sub>o</sub> mioc e a V<sub>v</sub> mioc apresentaram valores menores no VD (88,75 &#177; 25,37 &#181;m <sup>3</sup>; 0,39 &#177; 0,03%) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao VE (122,41 &#177; 16,31 &#181;m <sup>3</sup>; 0,41 &#177; 0,01%). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os resultados obtidos mostram que podem ocorrer modifica&#231;&#245;es nas dimens&#245;es da mioc&#233;lula da parede ventricular esquerda durante a fase senescente, entretanto, essas diferen&#231;as s&#227;o sutis e parecem significar a adapta&#231;&#227;o do tecido &#224;s mudan&#231;as funcionais que se instalam no decorrer da vida.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Mi&#243;citos card&#237;acos, envelhecimento, miocardio/citologia.</p>
    <p>O conhecimento do processo de envelhecimento do cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; importante para a melhor compreens&#227;o dos processos patol&#243;gicos que se instalam mais comumente no indiv&#237;duo senil. Contudo, uma das maiores dificuldades, encontradas no estudo dos efeitos do envelhecimento sobre o sistema cardiovascular, &#233; a de se isolar e se identificar os efeitos do processo normal ou fisiol&#243;gico de envelhecimento sobre aqueles relacionados com a presen&#231;a de estados patol&#243;gicos espec&#237;ficos associados<sup>1</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, outras dificuldades s&#227;o relatadas quando se deseja realizar uma investiga&#231;&#227;o apenas do processo fisiol&#243;gico de envelhecimento, tais como o estilo de vida de cada indiv&#237;duo (n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica e estresse, h&#225;bitos alimentares, ingest&#227;o de &#225;lcool e tabagismo). Todos esses fatores podem contribuir para desencadear altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular no decorrer do envelhecimento do indiv&#237;duo, embora sua espec&#237;fica contribui&#231;&#227;o seja muito dif&#237;cil de quantificar<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
    <p>O estudo dos aspectos pertinentes a morfometria e estereologia do mioc&#225;rdio humano &#233; importante para a compreens&#227;o dos mecanismos compensat&#243;rios observados nessa fase da vida. Entretanto, poucos s&#227;o os dados na literatura que tratam dos aspectos morfom&#233;tricos do cora&#231;&#227;o durante a fase senescente, embora este m&#250;sculo seja largamente estudado, sob o ponto de vista qualitativo nos mam&#237;feros, particularmente, no homem, em diversos processos patol&#243;gicos<sup>4-12</sup>.</p>
    <p>O presente trabalho tem por objetivo comparar as diferen&#231;as quantitativas nas c&#233;lulas mioc&#225;rdicas humanas das regi&#245;es ventriculares direita e esquerda e da parede septal em indiv&#237;duos senis, a fim de se obter subs&#237;dios que possam fornecer uma melhor compreens&#227;o dos processos patol&#243;gicos t&#227;o freq&#252;entes na fase senescente do indiv&#237;duo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudados os cora&#231;&#245;es de cinco cad&#225;veres de indiv&#237;duos, sem enfermidades card&#237;acas, de ambos os sexos, com idades variando de 67 a 87 anos, provenientes do Departamento de Anatomia da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <p>Os cora&#231;&#245;es foram cateterizados atrav&#233;s da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda, lavados com solu&#231;&#227;o salina a 9% e perfundidos com solu&#231;&#227;o fixadora de paraformalde&#237;do a 10% em tamp&#227;o fosfato 0,1 M (pH 7,3), at&#233; que se observasse a sa&#237;da do l&#237;quido pelo seio coronariano. Posteriormente, os cora&#231;&#245;es foram imersos no mesmo fixador durante 48 horas. Fragmentos menores do mioc&#225;rdio das paredes ventriculares direita (VD) e esquerda (VE), ao n&#237;vel da face esternocostal, e da parede muscular do septo interventricular (S) foram coletados e colocados na solu&#231;&#227;o fixadora paraformalde&#237;do de 9%, por cinco dias. Em seguida, foram submetidos ao processo de desidrata&#231;&#227;o lenta, em solu&#231;&#227;o de metilbenzoato e pela mistura de benzol-parafina em propor&#231;&#245;es crescentes ap&#243;s a desidrata&#231;&#227;o, e, finalmente, inclu&#237;dos em parafina. Ap&#243;s a inclus&#227;o, cortes histol&#243;gicos com espessura de 6 &#181;m foram obtidos em micr&#243;tomo JB4A-SORVALL, com as fibras musculares card&#237;acas seccionadas aproximadamente paralelas ao seu maior eixo. Foram tamb&#233;m realizados cortes perpendiculares ao seu maior eixo, e corados pelo m&#233;todo da hematoxilina f&#233;rrica. Em cada corte foram analisados 30 campos microsc&#243;picos, escolhidos aleatoriamente.</p>
    <p>Para a an&#225;lise histocitom&#233;trica<sup>13,14</sup>, utilizou-se uma ocular com um sistema-teste de 100 pontos<sup>15</sup> em microsc&#243;pio &#243;ptico, com aumento final de 1.000X. Foram analisados os seguintes par&#226;metros: &#225;rea da sec&#231;&#227;o transversa unit&#225;ria do mi&#243;cito (a<sub>o</sub> mioc); comprimento do per&#237;metro unit&#225;rio do mi&#243;cito (l<sub>o</sub> mioc); volume unit&#225;rio do mi&#243;cito (v<sub>o</sub> mioc); densidade volum&#233;trica dos mi&#243;citos (V<sub>v</sub> mioc); n&#250;mero de mi&#243;citos por unidade de volume (Nmm ^<sup>3</sup>mio).</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada, comparativamente, entre as tr&#234;s regi&#245;es do mioc&#225;rdio (VE, VD e parede septal). Para a compara&#231;&#227;o de pares de m&#233;dias, foi empregado o teste "t" de Student. Todos os testes foram realizados com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise histocitom&#233;trica das mioc&#233;lulas nas tr&#234;s regi&#245;es do mioc&#225;rdio humano de indiv&#237;duos senis demonstrou que a &#225;rea da sec&#231;&#227;o transversa unit&#225;ria do mi&#243;cito apresentou-se menor (p &lt; 0,05) no VD (1,51 &#177; 0,10&#181;m<sup>2</sup>) e no S (1,55 &#177; 0,07&#181;m<sup>2</sup>) quando comparada ao VE (1,84 &#177; 0,24&#181;m<sup>2</sup>). O comprimento do per&#237;metro unit&#225;rio do mi&#243;cito, no mesmo grupo, tamb&#233;m se mostrou menor (p &lt; 0,05) no S (5,11 &#177; 0,46&#181;m) em rela&#231;&#227;o VE (6,2 &#177; 0,97&#181;m). Do mesmo modo, o volume unit&#225;rio do mi&#243;cito e a densidade volum&#233;trica dos mi&#243;citos apresentaram valores menores (p &lt; 0,05) no VD (88,75 &#177; 25,37; 0,39 &#177; 0,03&#181;m<sup>3</sup>) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao VE (122,41 &#177; 16,31 &#181;m <sup>3</sup>; 0,41 &#177; 0,01%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab.1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0374-00008-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais observadas no mioc&#225;rdio humano, em decorr&#234;ncia do processo de envelhecimento, n&#227;o est&#227;o totalmente elucidadas. Sabe-se que na fase de senesc&#234;ncia ocorre uma redu&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero dos cardiomi&#243;citos, acompanhada de uma hipertrofia dos mesmos<sup>16,17</sup>, proporcionando uma queda da reserva funcional do cora&#231;&#227;o, que pode favorecer a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e a fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nesta fase da vida<sup>17,18</sup>. O conhecimento das altera&#231;&#245;es histocitom&#233;tricas dos cardiomi&#243;citos nas diferentes regi&#245;es do cora&#231;&#227;o senil &#233; importante para a compreens&#227;o das mudan&#231;as que ocorrem no cora&#231;&#227;o nesta fase da vida. Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; &#225;rea da sec&#231;&#227;o transversa do mi&#243;cito, estudo experimental com ratos normotensos<sup>19</sup> demonstrou haver uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa da &#225;rea da sec&#231;&#227;o do mi&#243;cito nos animais com idade entre 18 e 24 meses, entretanto, esses autores n&#227;o especificaram as regi&#245;es card&#237;acas utilizadas como amostra para esse estudo. Outros autores demonstraram, em cora&#231;&#245;es humanos, que a &#225;rea da mioc&#233;lula pr&#243;xima &#224; regi&#227;o endoc&#225;rdica se apresentava maior que na &#225;rea pr&#243;xima as regi&#245;es epic&#225;rdicas<sup>6,20</sup>. No presente estudo, n&#227;o foi realizada uma pesquisa relativa &#224; &#225;rea da mioc&#233;lula com rela&#231;&#227;o a sua posi&#231;&#227;o nas diferentes camadas card&#237;acas e, sim, tomando como refer&#234;ncia as regi&#245;es do cora&#231;&#227;o, nas quais foi observada uma dimi&#173;nui&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea da sec&#231;&#227;o transversa dos mi&#243;citos apenas nas regi&#245;es ventricular direita e septal.</p>
    <p>Os mi&#243;citos dos indiv&#237;duos senis apresentaram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o no comprimento do per&#237;metro unit&#225;rio na regi&#227;o septal em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; regi&#227;o ventricular esquerda. O comprimento do mi&#243;cito &#233; uma dimens&#227;o dif&#237;cil de obter na mioc&#233;lula, particularmente no mioc&#225;rdio adulto, devido &#224; dificuldade na obten&#231;&#227;o de cortes longitudinais da c&#233;lula<sup>21</sup>, fato este que pode justificar a escassez de dados na literatura sobre o comprimento do per&#237;metro unit&#225;rio do mi&#243;cito, seja em trabalhos experimentais ou em humanos.</p>
    <p>Quando analisados os valores das tr&#234;s regi&#245;es do cora&#231;&#227;o, encontrou-se uma diminui&#231;&#227;o no volume unit&#225;rio do mi&#243;cito no ventr&#237;culo direito em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da densidade volum&#233;trica dos mi&#243;citos no ventr&#237;culo direito quando comparado &#224; regi&#227;o ventricular esquerda. N&#227;o foram encontrados na literatura, entretanto, dados acerca desses par&#226;metros histocitom&#233;tricos nas diferentes regi&#245;es ventriculares e na parede septal, na fase senil.</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise do n&#250;mero de mi&#243;citos por unidade de volume n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos. Entretanto, autores observaram que a diminui&#231;&#227;o da massa card&#237;aca, decorrente de uma cont&#237;nua perda de mi&#243;citos nas regi&#245;es ventriculares, ocorreria como um aspecto funcional da idade e daria lugar a altera&#231;&#245;es externas na espessura da parede de ambos os ventr&#237;culos<sup>1,22,23</sup>. Apesar de n&#227;o ter quantificado, nesse estudo, o n&#250;mero de mioc&#233;lulas em cada regi&#227;o, os valores da maioria dos par&#226;metros histocitom&#233;tricos, observados no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo comparados &#224;s outras duas regi&#245;es estudadas, podem sugerir um mecanismo compensat&#243;rio da perda celular.</p>
    <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es na estrutura ventricular parecem acarretar hipertrofia das mioc&#233;lulas, como &#233; observado na hipertens&#227;o ou doen&#231;a vascular, enquanto que a hiperplasia ou "pseudo-hipertrofia" resulta da reocupa&#231;&#227;o de &#225;reas de mioc&#233;lulas por tecido n&#227;o contr&#225;til como &#233; observado na doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica<sup>24,25</sup>. A hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica, por sua vez, &#233; a tentativa de adapta&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o &#224; sobrecarga de trabalho, evoluindo para a fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca quando o processo de adapta&#231;&#227;o &#233; esgotado<sup>26</sup>.</p>
    <p>O processo de envelhecimento normal estaria, assim, associado a uma s&#233;rie de mudan&#231;as. Entretanto, essas mudan&#231;as seriam graduais e relativamente moderadas, podendo diminuir a capacidade do cora&#231;&#227;o senil em se adaptar ao estresse imposto a partir da instala&#231;&#227;o de alguma doen&#231;a cardiovascular<sup>27</sup>. Ocorrem modifica&#231;&#245;es nas dimens&#245;es da mioc&#233;lula da parede ventricular esquerda durante a fase senescente do indiv&#237;duo. Isto pode estar relacionado &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero dessas c&#233;lulas e a prov&#225;vel hipertrofia das c&#233;lulas remanescentes, entretanto, essas diferen&#231;as s&#227;o sutis e parecem significar a adapta&#231;&#227;o do tecido &#224;s mudan&#231;as funcionais que se instalam no decorrer da vida.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Ana Elisa Toscano </p>
        <p>Rua Frederico, 39 - Encruzilhada </p>
        <p>52041-540 &#150; Recife, PE </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="aetoscano@ig.com.br">aetoscano@ig.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 12/02/05 </p>
    <p>Aceito em 06/04/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Morphometry of human myocardium in senile individuals</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To carry out a quantitative assessment in human myocardium cells of senile individuals, in right, left and septal ventricular regions. METHODS: Five hearts from corpses of individuals without heart diseases, of both sexes, with age between 67 and 87 years old were used. The following parameters were assessed: myocyte unit cross section area (myoc. a o); myocyte unit perimeter length (myoc. l o); myocyte unit volume (myoc. v o); myocyte volumetric density (myoc. Vv); number of myocytes per volume unit (Nmm ^&#179;myoc.). The t-test of Student was used in statistic analysis. RESULTS: The analysis of differences (p &lt; 0.05) among right (RV), left (LV) and septal (S) ventricular regions of human heart showed that myoc. a o values were lower in RV (1.51 &#177; 0.10 &#181;m&#178;) and in S (1.55 &#177; 0.07 &#181;m&#178;) in relation to LV (1.84 &#177; 0.24 &#181;m&#178;). Values of myoc. l o were also shown lower in S (5.11 &#177; 0.46 &#181;m) comparing to LV (6.2 &#177; 0.97 &#181;m). Likewise, myoc. v o and myoc. Vv showed lower values in RV (88.75 &#177; 25.37 &#181;m &#179;; 0.39 &#177; 0.03%) in relation to LV (122.41 &#177; 16.31 &#181;m &#179;; 0.41 &#177; 0.01%). CONCLUSION: Results obtained show that there may be changes in dimensions of left ventricular wall myocyte cell during senescent stage. However, those differences are subtle and seem to mean the adjustment of tissue to functional changes that install along life.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocytes</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>aging</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardium</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold> ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Morphometry of human myocardium in senile individuals</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jos&#233; Antonio Cardoso; Ana Elisa Toscano; Tetsuo Tashiro; Cl&#225;udio Antonio Ferraz de Carvalho; S&#237;lvia Regina Arruda de Moraes</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal de Pernambuco e Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas - USP - Recife, PE &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To carry out a quantitative assessment in human myocardium cells of senile individuals, in right, left and septal ventricular regions.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Five hearts from corpses of individuals without heart diseases, of both sexes, with age between 67 and 87 years old were used. The following parameters were assessed: myocyte unit cross section area (myoc. a<sub>o</sub>); myocyte unit perimeter length (myoc. l<sub>o</sub>); myocyte unit volume (myoc. v<sub>o</sub>); myocyte volumetric density (myoc. V<sub>v</sub>); number of myocytes per volume unit (Nmm ^<sup>3</sup>myoc.). The t-test of Student was used in statistic analysis.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The analysis of differences (p &lt; 0.05) among right (RV), left (LV) and septal (S) ventricular regions of human heart showed that myoc. a<sub>o</sub> values were lower in RV (1.51 &#177; 0.10 &#181;m<sup>2</sup>) and in S (1.55 &#177; 0.07 &#181;m<sup>2</sup>) in relation to LV (1.84 &#177; 0.24 &#181;m<sup>2</sup>). Values of myoc. l<sub>o</sub> were also shown lower in S (5.11 &#177; 0.46 &#181;m) comparing to LV (6.2 &#177; 0.97 &#181;m). Likewise, myoc. v<sub>o</sub> and myoc. V<sub>v</sub> showed lower values in RV (88.75 &#177; 25.37 &#181;m <sup>3</sup>; 0.39 &#177; 0.03%) in relation to LV (122.41 &#177; 16.31 &#181;m <sup>3</sup>; 0.41 &#177; 0.01%).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Results obtained show that there may be changes in dimensions of left ventricular wall myocyte cell during senescent stage. However, those differences are subtle and seem to mean the adjustment of tissue to functional changes that install along life.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Myocytes, cardiac, aging, myocardium/cytology.</p>
      <p>The understanding on heart aging process is important for a better knowledge of pathological processes that more commonly settle in senile individuals. However, one of the greatest difficulties found in the study of aging effects on cardiovascular system is of isolating and identifying the effects of normal or physiological aging process on those related with the presence of associated specific pathological statuses<sup>1</sup>. Besides, other difficulties are reported when one wishes to carry out an investigation of the aging physiological process alone, such as the lifestyle of each individual (level of physical activity and stress, alcohol ingestion and smoking). All those factors may contribute to unleash changes in cardiovascular function in the course of individual's aging, although its specific contribution is very difficult to quantify<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
      <p>The study of aspects pertaining to morphometry and stereology of human myocardium is important for the understanding of compensatory mechanisms observed at that stage of life. However, there are few data in literature on morphometric aspects of the heart during senescent stage, although this muscle is widely studied, under qualitative point of view in mammals, especially in men, in several pathological processes<sup>4-12</sup>.</p>
      <p>The present work aims at comparing quantitative differences in human myocardial cells from right and left ventricular and septal wall regions in senile individuals, in order to obtain information that can provide a better comprehension on pathological processes that are very frequent in the senescent stage of the individual.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hearts from five corpses of individuals of both sexes, with ages ranging from 67 to 87 years old, coming from the Departamento de Anatomia (Anatomy Department) of Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo were studied.</p>
      <p>The hearts were catheterized through left coronary artery, washed with salt solution at 9% and perfused with fixative solution of paraformaldehyde at 10% in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.3), until fluid outflow through coronary sinus was observed. Subsequently, the hearts were immersed in the same fixer during 48 hours. Smaller fragments of myocardium from right (RV) and left (LV) ventricular walls, on the level of sternocostal side, and from interventricular septum (S) muscle wall were collected and placed in the 9% paraformaldehyde fixative solution for five days. Then, they were submitted to a slow dehydration process, in a methyl benzoate solution and through the mixture of benzol-paraffin in growing proportions after dehydration and finally, included in paraffin. After inclusion, 6 &#181;m-thick histological cuts were obtained in a JB4A-SORVALL microtome, with heart muscle fibers sectioned approximately parallel to their larger axis. Cuts perpendicular to their larger axis were carried out and dyeing through ferric hematoxylin method. Thirty microscopic fields, randomly chosen, were analyzed in each cut.</p>
      <p>For histocytometric analysis<sup>13,14</sup>, an ocular with 100-point test-system<sup>15</sup> in optical microscope, with a final enlargement of 1,000x. The following parameters were analyzed:myocyte unit cross section area (myoc. a<sub>o</sub>); myocyte unit perimeter length (myoc. l<sub>o</sub>); myocyte unit volume (myoc. v<sub>o</sub>); myocyte volumetric density (myoc. V<sub>v</sub>); number of myocytes per volume unit (Nmm ^<sup>3</sup>myoc.).</p>
      <p>Statistical analysis was carried out, comparatively, among the three myocardial regions (LV, RV and septal wall). For the comparison of pairs of means, the t-test of Student was used. All tests were carried out with a significance level of 5%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Histocytometric analysis of myocyte cells in three human myocardium regions of senile individuals demonstrated that the myocyte unit cross section area was smaller (p &lt; 0.05) in RV (1.51 &#177; 0.10&#181;m<sup>2</sup>) and in S (1.55 &#177; 0.07&#181;m<sup>2</sup>) when compared with LV (1.84 &#177; 0.24&#181;m<sup>2</sup>). Myocyte unit perimeter length, in the same group, was also smaller (p &lt; 0.05) in S (5.11 &#177; 0.46&#181;m) in relation to LV (6.2 &#177; 0.97&#181;m). Likewise, myocyte unit volume and myocyte volumetric density showed lower values (p &lt; 0.05) in RV (88.75 &#177; 25.37; 0.39 &#177; 0.03&#181;m<sup>3</sup>) in relation to LV (122.41 &#177; 16.31 &#181;m <sup>3</sup>; 0.41 &#177; 0.01%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_29500t1-body2">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_29500t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0374-00008-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Structural changes observed in human myocardium, due to aging process, are not completely elucidated. It is known that at senescence stage a reduction in the number of cardiomyocytes takes place, followed by their hypertrophy<sup>16,17</sup>, causing a decrease of heart functional reserve, which may favor ventricular dysfunction and heart failure at that stage in life<sup>17,18</sup>. Understanding of histocytometric changes of cardiomyocytes in different areas of aging heart is important for the comprehension of changes taking place in the heart at that stage in life. Concerning the myocyte cross section area, an experimental study with normotensive rats<sup>19</sup> demonstrated the existence of a significant decrease of myocyte section area in animals with age between 18 and 24 months. However, those authors did not specify the heart areas used as sample for that study. Other authors demonstrated, in human hearts, that the myocyte cell area close to endocardial region was shown larger than in the area near epicardial regions<sup>6,20</sup>. In the present study, a research related to the myocyte cell area with relation to its position in different heart coats was not carried out, but taking as reference the heart regions, in which a decrease of myocyte cross section area was only observed in right ventricular and septal regions.</p>
      <p>Senile individual myocytes showed a decrease in length of unit perimeter in septal region in relation to left ventricular region. The myocyte length is very difficult to obtain dimension in myocyte cell, especially in adult myocardium, due to the difficulty of obtention of longitudinal cuts in the cell<sup>21</sup>, a fact that can justify the scarcity of literature data on the length of myocyte unit perimeter, either in experimental works or works with human beings.</p>
      <p>When the values of the three heart regions were analyzed, a decrease in myocyte unit volume in right ventricle in relation to the left ventricle, and a decrease of myocyte volumetric density in right ventricle, when compared to the left ventricular region, was found. However, data on those histocytometric parameters in different ventricular regions and on septal wall at senile stage were not found in the literature.</p>
      <p>There was no difference between the groups in the analysis on the number of myocytes per volume unit. However, authors observed that the decrease in cardiac mass, due to a continuous loss of myocytes in ventricular regions, would take place as an age functional aspect, and it would give place to external changes in wall thickness of both ventricles<sup>1,22,23</sup>. Despite not having quantified, in this study, the number of myocyte cells in each region, values from most histocytometric parameters observed in the left ventricle, compared to the other two studied regions, may suggest a compensatory mechanism of cell loss.</p>
      <p>Changes in ventricular structure seem to cause myocyte cell hypertrophy, as observed in hypertension or vascular disease, whereas hyperplasia or "pseudo-hypertrophy" results from reoccupation of myocyte cell areas by non-contractile tissue, as observed in ischemic heart disease<sup>24,25</sup>. Myocardial hypertrophy, for its turn, is the attempt of adjustment of the heart to work overload, evolving to heart failure when the adjustment process is depleted<sup>26</sup>.</p>
      <p>The normal aging process would be, then, associated to a series of changes. However, those changes would be gradual and relatively moderate, with the possibility to decrease aging heart capability in adjusting to the stress imposed from settlement of some cardiovascular disease<sup>27</sup>. Changes in dimensions of left ventricular wall myocyte cell take place during the senescent stage of the individual. That may be related to the reduction of the number of those cells and the probable hypertrophy of remaining cells. However, those differences are subtle and seem to mean the adjustment of the tissue to functional changes settling along the life.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold> Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Ana Elisa Toscano </p>
          <p> Rua Frederico, 39 - Encruzilhada </p>
          <p> 52041-540 &#150; Recife, PE - Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="aetoscano@ig.com.br">aetoscano@ig.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 02/12/0</p>
      <p> Accepted on 04/06/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
